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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


m 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historicai  IVIicroroproductions 


institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1980 


d. 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


□ 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maos/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

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mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


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sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


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Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

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Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
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Pages  detached/ 
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I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

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□    Pages  detached/ 
I 


"7j    Showthrough/ 
—I    Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

IPX 14X 18X 22X 

I  \  \  \  \  \  \  I  \  n  TT 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

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sion, o:  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
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first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reproduit  grfice  A  la 
gAnirositA  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avec  le 
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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmte  en  commenpant 
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dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
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premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

I 


I 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


•v 

I 


-.c 


THE    WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


VOLUME   XXV 


HISTORY  OF  NEVADA,  COLORADO,  AND  WYOMING 

1540-1888 


SAN    FRANCISCO 
THE   HISTORY  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1890 


ISntered  according  to  Act  of  Congross  In  tho  Vear  1889.  by 

HUBERT  H.  BANCROFT, 
U.  the  Office  of  tUe  Librarian  of  CougrenH,  at  Washington. 

All  liiy/Us  Ikstrvtd, 


PREFACE. 


T.v  tliis  voliimo  I  have  grroupcil  to.rrotlier  the  Iiistory 
of  wliat  arc  fomnionly  torinod  tl.o  silver  aiul  cont(>..- 
nial  states,  includi.ijj:  also  the  partially  interveni.i.r 
tcrntory  of  Wyoming,  which,  with  Utah  and  soutl" 
«Tn  Itlalio,  whose  annals  are  jclated  elsewhere,  f(,rni 
the  central  division  of  our  Pacific  coast  domain,  extend- 
ing eastward  from  Calif,)rn;a  to  the  limits  of  the  field 
oer'upic-d  l,y  this  series.  Here  is  a  region  full  of  natu- 
ral wonders,  with  a  climate  and  configuration,  a  moun- 
tam,  lake,  and  river  system,  a  fauna  and  fiora  a 
geology  and  mineralogy,  all  of  them  peculiar  and 
distinct. 

As  the  discovery  of  gold  peopled  the  state  of  Cali- 
fornia, so  did  that  of  tlic  Comstock  mines  draw  popu- 
lation to  Nevada.     Virginia  City  and  a  nu.nher  of 
smaller  towns  in  this  vicinity  sprang  up  almost  in  a 
liight.     Year  by  year  the  output  of  the  great  lode 
increased,  eclipsing  even  the  glories  of  Potosi,  and  so 
r.  uuemg  the  value  of  silver  that  men  began  to  say  it 
would  soon  be  ranked  among  the  base  metals.     After 
the  advent  of  the  railroad  the  heaviest  machinery  in 
the  world  was  liere  erected,  and   with  the  develop- 
ment of  two  immense  bonanzas,  the  total  yield  swelK-d 
into  the  hundreds  of  millions.     Elsewhere  in  Nevada 
ospecially  in  the   Pioche  aud   P:ureka  districts,  rich' 
mineral  deposits  have  been  unearthed,   but   none  of 


r 


vi  PIIEFACE. 

tlicin  ai)i)roat'hiiig  tliu  inarvelloua  treasures  of  Coin- 
stock. 

Next  to  lior  mini)),i;  iiitorcsts  conifs  stock-ralsinnr, 
tloc-ksand  lu^rds  thrivini>- on  the  nutritious  buiicli-grass 
conunon  to  the  entire  reLjion  between  tlie  Sierra  No- 
vjula  and  tlie  Rocky  Mountains.  Thou<,di  witli  an 
avera!j!,('  rainfall  of  little  more  than  five  inches  a  year, 
ill  places  the  soil  i;.  fertile,  and  the  climate  favorable 
to  the  j»roduction  of  cereals  and  fruits,  a  yield  of  ;30 
or  40  bushels  to  the  acre  of  wluiat  or  barlev  bein<if 
not  unusual.  In  18G0  there  were  less  than  100  farms 
in  the  entire  territory;  in  1889  there  were  over  2,000, 
with  about  10,000,000  acres  classed  as  irrii»'able  la^id. 

Since  her  admission  to  statehood,  the  political  an- 
nals of  Nevada  are  such  as  would  do  honor  to  an  older 
and  more  conservative  community.  Especially  is  she 
to  be  commended  for  her  liberality  in  the  sui)port  of 
public  institutions.  Her  financial  condition,  also,  is  of 
the  soundest,  with  a  revenue  lar<>ely  in  excess  of  ex- 
penditure, a  sur[)lus  in  the  treasury  amounting,  at 
the  close  of  1888,  to  about  $1,250,000,  and  a  school 
fund  of  e(jual  amount  invested  in  state  and  national 
bonds. 

In  the  same  year  that  witnessed  the  discovery  of 
the  Comstock  lode  occurred  the  ijreat  miu;ration  to 
Pike  peak,  wdien,  in  the  summer  of  18.59,  an  army 
;)f  150,000  men  traversed  the  j)lains  between  the 
Missouri  and  the  base  of  the  Rockv  Mountains.  Of 
these  at  least  one  third  turned  back,  discouraged  by 
evil  reports,  and  of  those  who  arrived  on  the  ground 
probably  less  than  20,000  remained  as  permanent  set- 
tlers. But  here  was  the  nucleus  of  a  population,  and 
that  of  the  best  material   for  empire-building — men 


I'UKFACE. 


vu 


)f  Com- 

-raisiunr, 
L'h -grass 
;rra  Ne- 
witli  an 
i  a  year, 
iivoral)lo 

1(1  of  no 

L'V  beinyf 
)U  farms 
jr  2,000, 
ble  land, 
tical  an- 
an  okler 
ly  is  she 
[)[)ort  of 
so,  is  of 
s  of  ox- 
til  ig,  at 
a  scliot)! 
national 


:)vcry  of 
ation  to 
In  army 
ien  the 
ins.  Of 
mod  by 
ground 
lent  set- 
Ion,  and 
-men 


resolute  of  will,  inured  to  hardship,  and  with  all  the 
tiicrgy  and  ndaptahility  of  the  typical  jyioiieci'.  As- 
suredly then'  was  no  laek  of  resources  in  this  ofeat 
and  goodly  region,  with  its  magniHeent  soil  and  cli- 
mate, its  majestic  canon  and  river  systems,  its  series 
of  natural  parks,  its  gardens  of  the  gods,  its  virgin 
foi-ests,  and  its  untold  mineral  wealth. 

Much  attention  has  been  jjfiven  to  irrigation,  several 


tl 


d  miles  of  < 


ith  I) 


)f 


iti 


lonsand  miles  ot  canal,  witli  hrancliesot  mucii  gi-catir 
leuuth  distributing  their  waters  over  the  thirsty  eaith. 
And  yet  not  ten  per  cent  of  all  the  irrigable  land  in  ( 'ol- 
oiado  is  under  cultivation.  Within  recent  years  stock- 
raising  has  attained  to  the  second  rank  among  her- 
industries,  ami  is  i)rv)bably  destined  erelong  to  sur[)ass 
even  mining  in  aggregate  value.  In  manufactures  a 
i»egiiming  has  been  mad(%  and  in  this  direction  also  the 
outlook  is  of  the  brightest.  The  public  institutions 
of  the  centeimial  state,  and  especially  her  public 
scjiools,  are  second  to  none,  and  in  this  respect  the 
young  commonwealth  is  worthy  of  all  commi.'udation. 
No  less  remarkable  is  the  character  of  her  legislation 
and  her  [)ublic  men,  the  former  never  being  disgr-aced 
by  the  misappropriation  of  the  peo})le's  funds  or  the 
latter  by  deeds  of  violence. 

In  Wyoming,  with  the  awe-inspiring  grandeur  of 
her  scenery,  with  her  rare  geologic  formations,  her 
mountain  peaks,  among  the  highest  on  the  continent, 
lier  magnificent  plateaux  and  rolling  plains,  her  gvy- 
sers  and  volcanoes,  and  her  water-shed,  dividing  the 
streams  tliat  flow  toward  the  Atlantic  and  J^icitic,  we 
have  a  veritable  wonderland.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  the 
trapper  was  followed  by  the  gold-hunter,  and  the  lat- 
ter by  the  farmer  and  stock-raiser,  causing  this  region 


viU 


IMlKFArR 


to  bloom  forth  Into  civilization  like  u  flower  in  tlif 
wililorncss.  Almost  lK'ti)ro  tlu;  world  was  awaro  of 
its  existence,  there  was  established  here  a  Hourisiiin^*' 
conunonwealth — full-tled<r(.d  as  spran*:;  Minerva  fnun 
the  cranium  of  Jove.  With  resources  unlimited, 
tliouj^h  as  yet  almost  ujitouched,  a  ijreat  future  is 
assured  for  this  territory,  soon  t()  bo  adn>itted  amoiiiif 
the  sisterhood  of  states. 

In  prcpariniLif  the  material  for  this  volume,  I  have 
consulted,  in  addition  to  all  the  printi'd  books,  period- 
icals, and  public  documents  bearin<jf  on  the  subject- 
matter,  a  larj^e  number  of  valuable  maimscripts 
furnished  l)y  the  actors  in  the  scenes  which  they 
describe — men  representin»>;  all  classes  of  people, 
fiom  the  pioneers  to  those  who  now  control  the 
affairs  of  state  or  the  chaimels  of  trade  and  industry. 


PI 

m 


CONTKXTS  OF  TTITS  A'OLrMi:. 


IIISTOIJY   OF   NEVADA. 

ClIArTKR    I. 

TMK  CKI'.Vr    IIASIN.  ,.^,.^ 

riaiii  of  Evapnnition,  or  Klovati'd  Sink — Its  Situation — Prominent  f'liar- 
iictoristics — I'lit!  Name  (irciit  Ha.siii  InM|)[>r(ii>riati' — A  (irouji  <ii 
lliisiiis  -  Woiiilcrs  of  tlio  Ui'gion-  A  Tra[ii)er'a  Story— ( 'aves  Cli- 
iiiatii  AtmoHjiliure-  Aridity — Sand — Storms  ami  ('loiid-lnirxts  'I'lio 
Mira^u-  Soil,  l'onli>.'uaratiiiii,  and  Scuiii'ry— Ilaiii-fail  and  'rcnijK'ra- 
turc-Ciiangi- of  StMsons  Altitildu  and  (ii-ologii.:  Formation  Me  •■ 
tain  SyHtem — Lakes  and  Sinks — RiviTs — Si>rin);s — Donerts— I'lauts 
anil  Animals  Hini-  ind  Kislics  Minerals  and  Metals — Sod  and 
Agriculture     .N«.u.i,i.v  lature 1 

C II  APT  K 11    II. 

KAKI.IHUT    EXIM.OIiA'riONS. 

1.540  i.s:a 

Near  Ajiproach  of  C'oronado's  Expedition,  and  Especially  of  Pcilro  do 
Tohar — Party  of  Spaniards  under  Anza — WandtTinijs  of  Katlier 
Francisco  <!arces — I'ctcr  Font's  Journal  and  Map— Mytliical  Streams 
Other  Ancient  Maps  -Ap]iroacli  of  I'ominguez  and  Escalantc  to 
Nevada  -I'eter  SUeiii  Ogdeii  for  the  Hudson's  Kay  Company  I 'is- 
covery  of  Mary  or  Ogdeii  lliver  Ailveiit  of  Free  Trappt'rs  -  Henry. 
Ashley,  Hridger,  and  (ireen — Expedition  to  California  of  .li'ileiliah 
S.  Smith-  Nevada  Traversed  from  West  to  East — Influx  of  Trap|>ers 
from  the  Xortli  Tiio  Wolfskill  Exiied.ition-  I'artii's  under  Nidever, 
Frajip,  and  W'yatt— Encounter  with  the  Savages  .loseph  Walker's 
Visit  to  California  and  Ketiirn — lU-treatinent  of  Indians-  Meck's 
Statement-  Something  of  Carson  and  lieckwourtii -f> 


CHAPTER    III. 

PASHACIK   OF  TllK    KMIHUANTS. 

lS:?t   184(). 

Trapping  Becomes  fJcncral — Opening  of  the  Emigration  Epoch— The  Road 

to  California — Progress  of  the  Hartleson  ( 'ompany  throur'i  Nevada  — 

5^dHeIl,  Henshaw,  and  Nye— Belden,  Riekman,  Chiles,  and  Welier 

(ix) 


f 

I 

I 


contj;nt.s. 


it 


-  Wiiat  tlioy  Severally  Sail'  of  It- Searcli  for  Ogdeii  liivcr  -  They 
Aliamlnii  tluMf  Wagdii:!  Friendly  Iiitercoiirse  witii  the  Slio.sliones — 
Varieil  Ailveiitiires — l>i:4seii.siiiii — Search  for  a  l\iss--()ver  theSierra 
-Hastings  and  liis  ISotik — t'liiles  over  a  New  li'nute— Walker  (Juides 
a  I'arty  into  ( 'alifornia  over  his  Uetiiru  Koute  of  ISIil  —  First  \Vai;oiis 
to  Traverse  the  Entire  C\>untry — Fremont's  Kxpeditions--  l'',lisha 
St(!vens  or  the  Murphy  Company — Snyder,  Swasey,  l{laeUI)nrn,  and 
'I'odd  Company — Siihlette  from  St  Louis  Walker,  Carson,  Talbot, 
and  Kern- -Expedition  of  Scott  and  the  Apjdegates  from  Oregon. . . 


4il 


I      I 


CHAPTER    IV. 

SKTTl.KMr.Nl'. 

1S47  18()(). 

Cessii  I  from  Mexieo-  Advent  of  the  Mormons — Colonization— Mormon 
Station — Tratlie  with  Emigrants  Intercourse  with  California  (iov- 
ernment  Assumed — Land  Claims  Made  and  Recorded-  Cattle  Trade, 
Farminif,  and  Huihling — First  Settlers-  Petition  for  Annexation  to 
California — Movements  toward  a  Territorial  Clovernnient — ('ontliets 
with  the  Latter-day  Saints — Political  and  Judicial tiu 

ClIAPTEll    V. 

TIIK,   COMSl'OCK    I.UDK. 

lS4i»  KSCO. 

t'lintifMiration — Placer  Cold — Early  Minini;  intlold  C.inon  Silver  Found 
l»y  tiie  (Jroscii  Brothers — Death  of  tlie  I  >ise(A  ereis  Comstoek,  Old 
Virginia,  and  Associates  —Johntown  and  (JoM  Hill  Claiiiisainl  Loca- 
tion.- ()[)hir.  Silver  City,  or  N'irginia  Town  1  lise<i\eries  Else\^  iiere 
W.ilsii  anil  W'liodworth- -Testing  and  Si  p.iratini,'  Introduetion  of 
Mills  —  l'roccs.><es  -Description  of  tiie  Caiit'ornia,  a  Ue[)i'esentative 
Mill ItU 


I 


i 


C'HAITKR    VI. 

ivuTiiKi:  i>i:vi;i.oi'.MK.Nis  on    tiik  luMsrorK. 

1800-1888. 

f^peculation  and  Litigation  Fight  hetween  the  Djihir  and  Huriiing  Mos- 
cow A'iolenl.  Fluctuations  of  Su|(posiil  N'aiue.s  Mining  Laws-  State 
tif  Society-  Wild  E.xtravaganee  San  Fiaiicisco  Stocli-hoanl  For- 
tunes Made  and  Lost — Miner's  Life — Association  and  Ohli.gations — • 
Yields  and  Dividends — The  Honai  /a  Firm,  Mackay,  Fair,  Flood,  and 
()'l5iien  -Manipulations— Tl>c  Sutro  Tunnel— (li'ology  of  the  Com- 
Btock  Lode 121 


CONTENTS.  3ri 

CHAITKU    VII. 

TKKIUI'DKIAl.    OIKiAM/AlION, 

is,v.»-is.;4.  r,,,. 

Till'  N.iinc  Noviula — Area  ami  Limits — Tlio  ti^uoation  f>f  Houiulary- 
('imiiiiid.sious  :iiul  Surveys — DitHcultii-s  with  (.'aliinrnia-  Tiriiimial 
Olliccrs — UoviTiior  ISyc — First  Logislatiiro — (.'(kIc  of  Laws  .iiid 
C'liiirso  (if  Legislation — County  Oi'Ljaiiizations  and  Oiru-crs  Capital 
— Juilicial  I'istriets  and  Judiciary — State  oi  Society — Educational 
— Ncwsjiai.er  Truss — Corruption  of  Lawyera  aud  Judges I JO 


CHAI'TKK    VI 11. 

STATIC   (lOVKliNMKNT. 
18li4-KS8I. 

Legislation — Movcnieiits  toward  State  Organization— The  Uninn  Tarty — 
Union  Sentiments — Military  Companies  (iovernor  Hlasdel  First 
State  Lei;i.slature  —  Finances — Taxation  — Strugi^les  for  SenatorshipH 
-Money  All-powerful — (Jovernor  Kradley  (Jovenior  Kinkcad  — 
Tolities  of  the  IV'riiid  Monopoly  and  I'olitieal  Coiruptiun  Silver 
in  Congress — Tulilic  Institutions ITli 


CIIATTKR    IX. 

1  Mil  AN      WAliS. 

I84'.i   KSSl'. 

California  Kniii:rants  of  hS4Sl — Suhseqiient  ])eeds  of  Violence — Wiiine- 
nnieca  antl  the  Tah  Utes — Outld'cak  of  1S(J0-  Attitude  of  Vcuiig 
Winncmiiiea  'llie  Shoshoiies— Attach  on  Williams'  Station  ()r- 
ga'ii/.atioii  ot  I'orees  -iiatlle  of  Tyramid  Lake  Death  of  Ormsliy 
Movements  ef  Troops  Further  Finhtin;^  Continued  TrouMes  - 
The  (ioih  L'te  War — Treaties  and  Keservations '-'0."> 


CHAI'TKK    X. 

iMATKUrAI,    liKSOriiCKS    ASH     IIKVKl.Ol'MKNT. 
I.SH>     ISSli. 

(,i>uestionaiile  Value  of  Mines  Traiispoii  ition  Roads  aud  Railroads  - 
Mail  Routes  and  Telegraphs  Stiiges  Tony  Fxpiess  Steamliiiafs 
l''islieries- Metals  I'.oiik  Keviews  Amieiillure  Climate  Whirl 
winds  and  K  irtlnniakes  I'Mora  au<l  Fauna  Live-stoelc  Cattle 
Raising  Lands  and  Surveys  Coiniiies  of  Nevada-  Summary  of 
liesources  Society  —  Educational.  L'eligious,  anil  Benevolent  Insti- 
tutions— Newspapers— Bibliography 


l-2i 


xii 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   Xr. 

rROORKSS   OK   KVKNTS. 

1881-1888. 


I'AOK 


Finances — Rciluction  of  Expenses— Public  Buildings — State  Prison  War 
— .St:ito  University — Piihliu  Charities  Kilucatidniil  Allairs — Pro- 
posed Annexation  of  Southern  Idaho — Mining — Kailroads — Politic.-*.  'MO 


HISTORY   OF    COLORADO. 
CHAPTER    I. 

niY.SICAI,    KKAirii KH. 

Mountain  Ry.stem— Primeval  Waters — Upheaval,  Evaporation,  and  Gla- 
cial Action— Dry  Rivers — Flora  and  Fauna — Primitive  Man — Caftons) 
anil  llivcr  Sysstuins — Series  of  Parks — Climate — Soil  Furcsts — (Ico- 
logical  ForiD.itions — Minerals  and  .Metals  -(  miM  ami  .Silver — (.'oal 
and  Iron— Pi  ecious  Stones — Land  and  Water  Elevations 323 

CHAPTER   II. 

DI.-<COVEHY   AND  OCCt^l'ATION 
ir)41^18.")3. 

What  Coronado  Failed  to  do — p'sealante's  Expedition — Spanish  and 
FreiK'ii  Occupation — Pike's  and  Long's  Expeditions — Early  (iold 
Discoveries — Adventur(!s  of  the  Williams  Party — Santa  Fe  Trail — 
Trajipers  and  Traders — Forts — Tlie  Rent.s,  Vasque?;,  St  Vrain,  and 
Others  -El  Puehlo — La  .Junta — Immigration — Fremont's  ICfforts — 
The  Mormons  at  Puehlo — Military  Exj)editions — fiovcrnment  Sur- 
veys by  (Uinnison,  Hayden,  Wlieeler,  and  King 338 

CHAPTER  III. 

001. i>  in.srovKitiEs. 
18.53  lS.-)<). 

Mythological  Mines — Men  from  (ieorgia — The  Chcrokees — Hicks  and 
Russell — The  Lawrence  Party — Other  Companies — Auraria  versus 
Pi'Mvir  -Tiie  Town  Builders —Early  Merchants  and  Manufaet\irers 
First  (luidc  Books  and  .TournaLs — G-old  Discoveries  on  Uoulder 
Creek  and  Clear  Creek — Russell  and  Gregory — Central  City  and 
Fair  Play — Piozieor  Biography 303 

CHAPTER    IV. 

PUOOUE.SS    OF   SKTTLEMENT. 

18.59-1860. 
The  .Arkansas  Valley— Road  into  South  Par).    -El  Pasvi  Claim  Club- 
Colorado  City  Company — Irrigation — Tlie  Fighting  Farmers  oi  Fon- 


CONTENTS. 


taino  City— Cafton  City— Clear  Creek — Pueblo — California  f!ulch — 
Pioneers  in  the  .Several  Lmalities— Oro  City— Leadvillo— Frying 
Pan  (liili;li—Koa(l-inal;ing- Mining  l>oveloi)munts — Freigiiting — 
Mail  Facilities — I'ony  Exiiress— Stage  Cunipaniea 387 

CIIAITER    V. 

OKdANIZATION    OK    (iOVK.KN  MENT. 

1S5S-1801. 

Bleeding  Kansas — Representative  from  Arapahoe  County — Provisional 
Governniunt — T>'rritory  or  State  of  Jetl'erson — Elections  ami  Conven- 
tions—(Jovernor  Steele — Divers  (Governments — Popular  Trihunal-s 
— Tlie  Turkey  War — Squatters — The  Name  Colorado — Territorial 
Organization — (Jilpin,  Governor — Boundaries — Condition  of  the 
Country — Seal— Mint — Legislative  Proceedings — (Jilpin's  Military 
Operations — The  Colorado  Regiments  in  the  Civil  War   401 


323 


338 


■rs 
drv 
iiid 


3C3 


CHAPTER   VI. 

POLITICAL    AFFAIKS. 
18(il-188«, 

Gilpin'a  Heroic  Successes — Superseded  by  .loJni  Evans — Wold  atid  E11)ert 
■ — Legislative  Action — Coinage — Bennett — Failr.re  to  Estahli.ih  State 
(iovernment — Further  Efforts  and  Final  Success — Current  Terri- 
torial Afl'airs— Organic  Law— Governor  Cummings-  Bradford  -  Cliil- 
cott — Hunt,  McCook,  and  Elbert-  Governor  Routt — Cliatfee — Postal 
Routes — Patterson,  Boone,  and  Brotnwell — Tiie  Judiciary — Politics 
und(?r  State  Organization — Teller — Population  and  Lands — (lovern- 
ors  Pitkin,  Grant,  and  Ea ton— Senators  Hill  and  Boweu 42'> 

CIIAI'TER    VII. 

INDIAN    WAKS. 

18()0-1SS0. 
Tribes  and  Treaties — Aboriginal  Brigan<iage — Unrecorded  Outrages  of 
the  Wiiite  Men — Appropriations— White  Force  in  the  Field-'llie 
Colorado  Regiments — Depredations  on  the  Overland  Mail  Company 
—Communication  Cut  oft' -The  S:iud  Creek  Massacre — Chivington 
Censured  by  Congress,  but  Tliaiiked  by  tlu;  Peojili;  of  Colorado — 
Forts  and  Reservations — West  of  the  Mountains  Wide-spread  Hos- 
tilities and  Battles 4.'"i."» 


h — 
'on- 


CHAPTER   VIH. 

MATKKI-VL    rUOOHESS. 

1859-1875. 
Placer    and    Quartz.    Mining— Rcfactory    Ores — Processes — .Smelting — 
Swindling  Corporations — The    Flood— Indian    Hostilities— Agricul- 


XIV 


CONTENTS. 


PAOK 


tiirc — Proflucts  and  Prices — Discovery  of  Silver— Localities  and 
Lodfs— 'Ihe  San  Juan  Country — Adventures  of  .loiiii  Baker's  Party 
— Great  .Sufferings — Ariiliitectural  Remains  of  Primitive  Peoples — 
Pile's  Expedition^Treaty  Violations — Opening  of  Koads — Silver 
Lodes — San  Miguel  Gold  District — Ouray 482 


'«* 


CHAPTER   IX. 

rUKTIIKK    DKVKLOl'MKNT. 

1875-1886. 

California  Oulch  Rcdivivus — Hills  of  Silver — The  Carbonate  Mines— Men 
of  the  Period — Ors^anization  of  Leadville — Monetary  and  Political 
Institutions — Output  of  the  Mines — Vigilance  Connnittees  — Miners' 
Strike— Martial  Law  Proclaimed — Disaffected  Utes — Tlie  (lunnison 
Country — SeientiHc  and  Mining  Expeditions — Tiie  Gunnison  CoKmy 
— Coal — Towns  Established — Bibliography — Newspapers 504 

CHAPTER   X. 

AORICULTUUE   AND   STOCK     RALSINQ. 

1861-1886. 

Land  Surveys — Analyses  of  Soils — Altitudes— Irrigation — Importance 
of  the  Subject — Convention — Laws  and  Regulations — A  Most  Per- 
fect System — Ditching — Greeley  and  the  Union  Colony — Land-in- 
vestment, Canal,  and  Irrigating  Companies — Grain-growing  Districts 
— Products— Horti  dtural  and  Agricultural  Societies — Granges- 
Failure  of  Cooperative  Commerce — State  Board  of  Agriculture — 
Agricultural  College — Stock-raising — Native  Grasses — Incorporated 
Cattle  Companies — Sheep  and  Horses 533 


CHAPTER   XI. 

DENVER   AND   ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 

18.->9-18S6. 
Survey — Denver  Lands— Municipal  Organization — Tlie  Queston  of  Capi- 
tal—Post-office and  Assay  Office— Railways-Telegraphs — Street 
Railways—  Pul)lic  Buildings— Schools  and  Churches— Style  of  Archi- 
tecture-Water System  and  Drainage — Manufactures — Smelters— 
Ciiand)cr  of  Commerce— Exposition  (Grounds  and  Buildings — Bank- 
ing— Society  and  Culture— Biography 543 


CHAPTER   XII. 

COUNTIE.S   OF   COLORADO. 

1859-1886. 
Bent  County— Industries,  Towns,  and  People— Boulder  County— Early 
Settlers— Quartz  Mining — Coal  and  Iron — Chaffee  County— Discov- 


CONTENTS. 


XV 


PAOK 


482 


erieg  and  Devolopmeut— I'lear  Creuk  County— Earliest  Smelting 
.Sta:ni)  Milli— Conejos  County — Costilla  -Custer— Men  ami  Towns 
^-Miuiny— Delta,   Dolores,   Douglis,   Eagle,    Elbert,   El    Paso,   ami 
Fremont  Counties— Tlie  (ireat   Kailroail  War— Caiion  City  and  its 
Institutions •"■* 


504 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

COrNTlE.S  OF  COLORADO   CONCl  IPED. 

ISo'J-ISSG. 

(iarfielil  County— Its  (ireat  Possibilities— Cilpin  County  and  Central  City 
—  Exjiiess,  TelegraiJJi,  Ne\vspa[)ers,  Banks,  .Schools,  ami  (liurelies, 
Lil>rary,  Fire  Deiiartmt'iits,  Military  ami  IJcnevoleiit  Institutions- 
IJiograidiy-  (iniiul  County — (lunnison  ami  lliuTtano  Counties  -  N  a- 
riety  of  Products  in  .IcH'erson  County — iiolilen,  Lake,  and  La  I'lata 
Counties — Biograi)liy — Larimer,  Las  Animas,  Mesa,  Montrose,  Ou- 
ray, Park,  Pitkin,  Pueldo,  Kio  tirande,  Ko\itt,  .Saguaelie,  San  Juan, 
tSan  Miguel,  8amuiit,  and  Weld  Counties — Society — Retrospect. . . . 


GOO 


CHAPTER   XIV. 

LATKU     KVKNTS. 

188()   18SS. 

Elements  of  (Jreatncss — Mining  versus  Agriculture — Land  and  Water 
Monopoly— Material  Progress — Railroads — Development  of  Denver 
--Election  Cami>aign—  Legislation — Excellence  of  .Statutory,  Insti- 
tutional, and  Social  Regulations — Character  of  Public  Men — Bio- 
graphical      ti-13 


HISTORY   OF    WYOMING. 


CHAPTER    I. 

MIYSICAL    FKATIUES. 

Boundaries  and  Surf-.-o — Tho  Hills  and  Plains  of  Laramie — (Jeologio 
History  The  River  Platte— Black  Hills-  Deserts  Wiiicli  are  not 
Deserts— Mountainous  Eormations  and  Upheavals — Minerals  and 
Metals— Eontana,  the  Land  of  Rivers-  Rolling  Plain  of  the  Nortii- 
west — Forests  and  Lakes  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone — Scenes  of 
Beauty  and  (irandeur  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Creeks,  and  Two-Ocean 
and  Other  Passes-  Specimens  of  World  Forgings  and  Weldings — 
•  leyser  Basins -Mud  and  Water  Volcanoes— Paint  I'ots  Sul[>hur 
Mountain  — Subterraneaii  Rundjlings — Climate — Animated  Nature  .  .   ti.")9 


xvi 


CONTENTS. 


CUAITER   II. 

EABLY    EXPLORATIONS. 
1050- 1850. 


PAOK 


Unfounded  Rumors  of  Spanish  Occupation—  Pre-historic  Aboriginal  In- 
liabitants — Westward  Exploration — Vereudrye,  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
Lisa,  and  Williams — Missouri  Fur  Company — Henry  Fort — Long's 
Expedition — Ashley  on  Utah  Lake — Other  Trappers  ami  Traders-  ~ 
I'Wt  Bridgcr — Missionaries  of  Oregon — The  Gallant  Pathtinder — 
Battalion  of  Mounted  Volunteers — Forts  Lctavenworth,  Kearny,  and 
Laramie — Scott  and  his  Blutt's — The  Pathway  of  the  Nations 672 

CHAPTER   TIL 

SE'rrLEMENT   AiNU   (iOLU-HUNTING. 

1847-18G3. 

Pathway  to  the  Pacific — Coming  of  the  Latter-day  Saints — Military 
Men — Prospecting  for  (told — An  Angry  Englishman — Bridger  and 
his  Fort — Mormon  War — The  Latter-day  Saints  Abandon  Wyo- 
ming— Movements  of  Army  Forces — (Jovornmeut  Expedition — ■ 
Roads  Ordered  Opened — Placer  Gold  Discovered — The  Morrisitea 
— Indian  Hostilities — Military  Men  ami  Frontiersmen — Legends  of 
the  Wind  River  Mountains — Swift  Petrifactions 0U4 

CHAPTER  IV. 

INDIAN    WARS. 
1S41-18()8. 

Emigrant  Parties— Cheyennea  antl  Sioux — Force  at  Fort  Laramie- 
Fleming's  Attack — fJrattan's  Defeat— A  Bloody  War — Life  at  Fort 
Laramie— Movements  of  the  Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes — Efl'ect  of 
Colorado  Lnmigration  and  Civil  W^ar — Continued  Depred.itions — 
Peace  Proposals — (iold-hunting  on  the  Bighorn — Carrington's  Expe- 
dition—  Futterman's  Defeat — Atl'airs  at  the  Forts — Continued  Hostil- 
ities— Treaty  Commission TOO 


CHAPTER  V. 

POLITICAL,    SOCIAL,    AND    MATERIAL    AKFAIHS. 

1867-1888. 

(itild  Discovery— Soutli  Pass  City  Organi7.e<l — Organi/ation  of  Coun- 
ties— Founding  of  Cheyenne — Advance  in  Town  Lots — Mad  Klement 
— Vigilance  Committees — Newspapers  Establislied — A  Magic  City — 
The  Name  Wyoming — Territorial  Organizati(m--  Female  Sntfrage — ■ 
Judicial  Districts — County  Seats  and  County  Othcers — Elections — 
Law  Making  — Military  Posts — Administrp.tiou  of  Covernor  Camp- 
bell—Thayer, Hoyt,  and  Hale— Massacre  of  Cliineso — Legislation..  736 


CONTENTS. 


xrii 


PAUK 

TJnal  Ill- 
Clarke, 
—Long's 
railurs — 
liiuler -- 
•ay,  ami 
la 672 


Military 
ger  aud 
1  Wyo- 

litioii— 
urisites 
feuds  of 


PAOB 


CHAPTER  Vr. 

MILITARY  AND    INDIAN   AFFAIRS. 

1849-1886. 
Stansbury's    Observations-Belief    in    the    Presence    of   Gold-Indian' 
r,.at.e«     Att.t„de  of  the  «avages-S,„ith's  I^plohs-Mditary  Ma. 
a«re  of  Ind.an.-Indian  Chiefs  at  Washington  City-Divers  Md 
ary  E.^.ed.t.ons     (.dd  Appearing-Inevitfble  Destiny       UeR  a 
luT'lo:     ';^    I  '^•'^^  -The  Ar.„y  of  the  United  States  Brought 
Civiiiitio^;   ^""*'""""«'/,"'l  B'oody  Fighting-Final   Trinmph  of 
C.vdizdtion-Slavery  and  Savagism  Exterminated ....  764 

CHAPTER  VII. 

RF.SOURCEH   AND    DEVELOPMENT 

1868-1888. 

''"'plJItrorprn'"*'*  ^n*--B-th  of  Towns,  and  Growth  of 
l'oi,ulat.on-P,oneers  and  Prominent  Men-Co„,merce  and  Indus- 
tr.es-Grasses  and  Grazing-Ranchos  an.l  Ranges-Stock-rais".  7 

nZt :;  T  ''r'j'T  ''•^"-^^"•^  ^^^-^^^  -d  saies-;:  z~ 


•amie- 
at  Fort 
Sect  of 
tions — 
)  Kxpe- 
Hostil- 


Couu- 
U'lnent 
City- 
rage— 
;ious — 
Camp- 
,tion . .  I'M 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED 


IN     THE 


HISTORY  OF  NEVADA,  COLORADO,  AND 

WYOMING. 


Abs.araka.     Home  of  the  Crows.     Philadelphia,  18C8. 

Agricultural  Statistics  of  the  State  of  Colorado.      1883. 

AlaiiKi.-ta  ((Jolo),  Democrat;  (razette;  Iiuiupeiulunt;  News. 

Allan  (Alex.),  Uuiiiiniscciiccs.     MS. 

Amador  (Cal.)  Despatch. 

American  Almanac.     Boston  and  New  York,  1830  et  seq. 

American  Antiquarian  and  Oriental  Journal.      Cleveland  and  Chicago,  1878 

ct  seq. 
American  Quarterly  Review.     Philadelphia,  18'27  et  seq. 
Animas  City  (Colo)  Southwest. 
Antioch  (Cal. )  Ledger. 

Anza  (.Juan  B.),  Diurio  de  un  Expeilicion  desdc  .Sonora.     MS. 
Ap[)lcgate  (.Jesse),  Views  of  Oregon  History.     MS. 
Appluton's   Haud-book   of  American   Travel.     New  York,    18(JI,   1866,  and 

1867. 
Arricivita  (J .  D.),  Cronica  Serafica  y  Apostolica.     Mexico,  171)2. 
Aspen  (Colo),  Sun;  Times. 
Atlantic  Monthly.     Boston,  1858  et  seq. 
Aurora  (Nov.)  Times. 

Austin  (Nev.)  Directory  1866.     Austin,  1866. 
Austin  (Nev.)  Ileese  River  Reveille. 
Aux  ((jieorge),  Mining  in  Color.ado  and  Montana.     MS. 
Avery  (A.),  Hand-hook  of  New  Mexico.     Denver,  1881. 
Ayer  (K.  L.),  Leadvillo  and  its  Silver  Mines.     Cliicago,  1879. 

Babbitt  (A.  T.),  The  Grazing  Interest  and  Ticef  Supply.     MS. 

Biker  (Wni  and  P.  J.),  (hardening  and  Agriculture  in  Colorado.      MS. 

Balch  (WniR.),  The  Mines,  Miners,  and  Mining  Interests  of  the  United 
States.      Pliiladelphia,    188'2. 

Bildwin  (Charles  P.),  Mining  in  Colorado.     MS. 

B:ddwin  (Bcnjauiin  F.),  Statement.     MS. 

Ballon  (W.  T.),  Adventures.     MS. 

Bancroft  (Charles),  The  Footprints  of  Time.     Burlington,  1S77. 

Bincroft  (F.  J.),  Tho  Air  We  Breatlie.     n.  p.  1878. 

Bancroft  (Hubert  H.),  Colorado  Springs.     .MS.;  Colorailo  Notes.     MS. 

Bancroft  (Hubert  H. ),  History  of  California,  7  vols;  History  of  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico;  History  of  Texas  and  tlie  North  Mexican  States,  2  vols; 
History  of  tlie  Nortiiwest  Coast,  2  vols;  History  of  Oregon,  2  vols;  His- 
tory of  Utah;  History  of  Wa.-,hington,  Idaho,  and  Montana;  Native 
Races  of  tho  Pacific  State,    5  vols;  Popular  Tribunals,  2  vols. 

(xix) 


AUTHOIUTIES   COXSULTKD. 


Biitiprnft  Library,  NewHpiinor  Scraps  Classifu'cl  iimlcr  Uo-nliiigiof  AgriiniUiire, 
C:ilil< --  ..  .     . 

niaili,  utf. 


Ciiliiorniii,   Nevai 


VHpanor  S 
la,  New 


Mexico,    Wyoming,    Miiiiii;,',    liidiaiiM,     Kail- 


BarluT  (.loliii  W.),  and  H(!nry  Howo,  HiHtory  of  all  tin;  Wustuni  Stjitcs  and 

'I'lTiitoriij.-i.     C'iiiuiuiiuti,  1807. 
IJarci. I  (('.),  |{io|i{raj»liy.     MS. 

Haraoliy  ( \V.  Ucniy),  Lifo  and  Labor  in  the  Far  Wo-it.      I-oiidon.  <^to.,  1SSI. 
Hirii.r,'(|)riiia.s),  Kroni  tlio  Atlantic  to  tiic  I'acilic  Overland.      N.  V.,  ISii.i. 
lii.skin  (I).  L.)it  «'().,  History  of  tin.'  Arkansas  N'ailcy,  ('oloralo.      Cliicaj^o, 

I.SSl.     History  of  tlic  City  of  Denver,  Arapahoe  Co.,  Colo.     Chicago,  JSSO. 
Ihssctt  (Alduii),  Statement.      MS. 
Hittli;  .Mountain  (Ncv.)  .Messenger. 
i;aylc  (Wdliain),  I'.ditics  ami  .Mining.     MS. 
Huiidie    (.1.    IL),    The    Undeveloped    West.     Philadelphia,    IHIX     Western 

Wilds.     Cincinnati,    ISTi). 
Heattie  (A.  S.),  The  First  in  Nevada.      MS. 
liv-'cki'r    ((icorgo    F.),    Monograph  on  the  (leology   of   the  Coinstock    Loile. 

Wasiiington,  1882. 
IJi.'ckwith  (K.  (r.),  Report  of  Kxploration  for  a  I'acitic  Uailroad,  n.  p.,  n.  d. 
H.'l  leii  (.lo.iiah).  Statement  of  Historical  Facts.      MS. 
Hi.diiiont  (Nev.)  Cot'rier. 
IJeuicia  (Cal.)  Chronicle. 

Uciinctt  (dohn).  Mining  and  Smelting  in  Colorado.      MS. 
Hontley  (J.  A.),  IJiograpliical  Sketch.      M.S. 
Best  (ilnmphrcy),  Stock-raising  in  Colorado.     MS. 
Bickji'y  and  Hartwell's  Sontiicrii  Colorado. 

Bidwcll  (.lohn),  California,  1841   S.      MS.;  Journey  to  California,  1841.      MS. 
JJigiicy  (F.  ().),  Colorailo  Tales  anil  L"L!eiids,  etc.      I'uehlo,  187."). 
Bird  (Is.ihclla  L.),  Lady  »  Life  in  the  Rocky  Mountaim.      New  York,  1881. 
Bismarck  (Dak.)  Triinme. 

Blai'k  Hawk  (Colo),  Colorado  Miner;  Journal. 
lilak'.''.s  Rjview  (in  Mining  Maga/.inc,  1800,  221-."). 

Blatchly  (A.),  Mining  aiKl  .Milling  in  the  Reese  River  region.     N.  Y.,  1857. 
Boetlcher  (Charles),  The  Flush  Times  of  Colorado.      M.S. 
Boise  I'ity  (Idaho)  News. 

liiiiid  (N.  T. ),  Karly  History  of  Colorado,  Montana,  and  Idaho.      MS. 
lioiiwick  (.lames),  Tiie  Mormons  ami  the  Sdver  .Mines.     Loudon,  1S72. 
Boulder  (Cido),  B.iulder  County  Herald;  News;  I'ioueor;  News  and  Courier; 

Rocky  .Mountain  Kagle;  Sunsiiine  Courier;  Valley  News;   Mirror. 
BowL's  (.Samuel),  Across  the  Continent.     Sjiriu'iticdd,  ISlJt'i;  The  Switzerland 

of  .\nierica.      Springtiehl,  180'.);  Our  New  West,      llartf.ird,  I8i;'j. 
Boyer  (L  ins(ui).  From  the  Orient  to  the  Occident.     New  York,  1873. 
Bo/ema  I  (.Mout.)  Avant-Cimrier. 

BiMekeft  (.Vll)ert  U.),  in  the  Western  Monthly,  April,  1809. 
Bnidford  {\.  A.),  History  of  Colorado.     MS. 
Bradley  (Lewis  R.),  Biographical  Sketch.     MS. 
Briggs  (Rol)ert),  Biogra[)iiical  Notes.      M.S. 

Bristol  (s.i.uuel  A,),  Tlie  Newspaper  Press  of  Wyoming.     Cheyenne,  18S4. 
Browne   (.1.  Rims),  Adventunjs  in  the   Ajtaciie  i'oiiutry.     A   Tour   through 

Arizona  and  Sonora,  with  Notes  im  the  .Silv(!r  Rjgions  of  Nevada.      New 

York,  I  SOD;  Report  upon  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  .States  and  Ter- 

tories  West  of  tlie  Rocky  Mountains.      Wasiiington,  1807-8. 
Buchinun   (T.   B.),   A  Plea  for  Silver  Coin.ige  and  the   Double  Standard. 

Denver,  1885. 
Ruckland's  Indian  Fighting.     MS. 
Buckman   ((leo.   Rex),  Colorado  Springs  and  Mmitou.      Bn.ston,  n.  d. ;  Kx- 

pei'iences   in   Colorado.      MS.;    Historical    Rocky    Mountain    Oiitiiost, 

Li|)iiiiicott's  Magazine,  Decemlier,  188.);  Riii'hes  .iml  Rancher.s,  Lippin- 

cott's    .Magazine,   May,    1882;   Com.-spondence   Topeka   Capital,    Boston 

Uuiiie  Journal,  Philadjlphia  Press,  etc. 


I 
s 


AUXnOIilTIES  COi;SULTKD 


XXI 


Cafloii  City,  1882. 

MS. 

Kxperieiioes  iu  Wyoming. 


Unci  (.1.  W.),  HiToos  (if  tho  PlaiiiM.     Kiiiixfia  City. 

IJiuMi'i  \'i«ta  (Ciiiii),  MiiuM-;   Heniiil;  C'hiitf.^o  County  Times;  DenuuTiit. 

liiiri-liai'd  (11.  (.'.),  Kf|H>i't  ii[)oii  tliu  I'rodiiutiim  .>f  tlic  I'ruciouit  Mc-tulii  in  the 
United  Status.      U'asiiin^toa,  1881  ut  bocj. 

liiirko  (.lohn),  Dictation.     M.S. 

Burton  (llicliard  K.),  Ti»o  City  of  the  Saiiitti.  Lomloii,  18(il;  Nlvv  York, 
18ti-_'. 

Byurs  (Win  N.),  TLo  Cuntunnial  Stato.  MS.;  History  of  Colorado.  MS.; 
liitiTviuw  with.  MS.;  Tiie  Ncwspaiu'r  I'rcs-t  of  I'cilitrado.  MS.;  Tho 
Sand  Crcuit  Atl'air.  .MS,;  In  l)(tail  .NIimi's  (iiilcii.  .MS.;  ('iirrus]Minih!iiue 
with  .Mrs.  Jai'ksoii,  in  N'.  Y.  Trihiiiic,  Fob.  ."),  '2'2,  and  March  3,  1880;  also 
ill  Out  Wo.it,  Oct.  187:}. 

Cadwallailcr  (.Mien).  Map  and  Guide  to  tho  White  Pine  Mines.     Sau  Fran- 
cisco, IStt!». 
Caliill  (Luiit),  Kccollectioiis  of  Kit  Carson.      MS. 
(,!,ilif(iriiia  Sciiatj  and   As.sonihly  Journals.      18r)()  ct  sccj.     Statutes.      1850 

et  sc<j. 
Canipliell  (L.  .M.),  Climate  and  Agriculture  of  Colorado.     MS. 
Candalaria  (Xev.),  True  Fissure. 

Cinoii  City  (Colo),  l)eiiiocrat;  Mercury;  liecord;  Times. 
Canon    City   (iraiid   Army  College   and    Military   Institute,   Catalogue  and 

Uegiilations. 
Carton  City  Land  Investment  Co.     Prospectus. 
Capyless  (Kdgar),  DicUition.     MS. 
Carey  (.J.  .M.),  Politics  and  I'eople  of  Wyoming. 
Carliii  (Win  P.).  History  of  Fort  IJridger.     MS. 

MS. 

Carmichaul  (IX  F.),  Statement.     MS. 
Carpentfr  (C.  H.),  Mining  in  (,'olorado.     MS. 
Carpenter  (.M.  li. ),  Mining  Code.     Denver,  187!). 

Carson  City  (Nev.),   Appeal;  Independent;   Index;   Nevada  Tribune;   Post; 
Silver   Age;    State    Democrat;   State   J'   ^jistcr;   Territorial    Knterprise; 
Times. 
Cassiily  (James),  Capture  and  Execution  of  Coe's  Itand  of  Horse  Thieves. 

MS. 
Citalogiio  of  the  National  Mining  ami  Industrial  Exposition.     Denver,  1884. 
Central  City  (Colo),  Colorado  Herald;   Evening  Call;  Mining  Life;  Miners' 
Register;    Register;    Register-Call;    Rocky    Mountain   Gold   Reporter; 
Times. 
Chaml)erlain  (H.  D.),  Dictation.     MS. 
('hainl)ers  (Alex.),  History  of  Fort  Hridger.     M.S. 
Chapnis  (J.  E.),  Statement.      M.S. 
Cherry  Creek  (Nev.),  White  Pino  News. 
Cheyenne  (Wyo.),  Directory,  1883-4;  Cheyenne,  1883. 
Cheyenne  (Wyo.),  Argus;  Leader;  News;  Rocky  Mountain  Star;  Sun. 
Cheyenne  Board  of  Traile  Report.     Cheveniie,  1888. 
<  "hiles  (.Jos.  B.),  A  Visit  to  California.      !MS. 
Chipluy  (.Jam;!S  N.),  Towns  about  Leadville.     MS. 
Chivington   (.1.  M. ),  Tho  First  Colorado  Regiinijnt.     MS.;  The  Prospector. 

MS.;  Speech  in  Hett's  Tales  of  Colorado  Pioneers. 
Chubbuck  (Theo.),  The  Battle  of  Sand  Creek,  Colorado.     MS. 
CI  irk  (C.  A.).  Statement.     M.S. 
Clark  (C.  M.),  Trip  to  Pike's  Peak.     MS. 
Clark  (W.  M.),  Statement.     .MS. 
(.'lawson  (C.  C),  Letters  in  Deer  Lodge  New  Northwest,  May  18  and  June 

1,  187-2. 
Clear  Creek  and  Boulder  Valley,  Colorado,  History  of.     Cliicaifo,  1880. 
Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado,  Statistical  History.     Georgetown,  u.  d. 
Cleveland  (Ohio)  Leader. 


xx!l 


AUTHOUITIKS   (.OXSULTKn. 


(.'i>li)riiilt>. 
MS 


MS. 


I>.^iivur,  imi. 


Dciivor,  I  SSI,  1883. 


MS. 


<'i)iist  Roview.     Sail  Fraiicincr>,  1S7I  et  hi'h. 
('i)i'liiMii  {{'.  H.),  Hixtory  <it  Kurt  Luraiii.i!.      MS. 
Ciichraii  (Will  A.),  BiiiKi'itpliieal  Skutcli.      MS, 
r<ilHii  (().  ('.),  '1'Ik'  liattlu  III'  S;iii<l  Creek,  Cnloraili 
( 'itlliiis  (('liarlu.'*),  Tliu  KiH'ky  Mmiiituiii  4m)1iI  Kugimi. 
( 'iilliiM  ('I'liiH   H|,  Stateinuiit.      MS. 
Ciiliirailo,     A  Cliaiicu  Uiscovury.     MS, 
( 'iilorailo  Aiitel(i[)u. 
<  'iilorailo  ( 'dllege. 

I 'iiliirailo  (.'iinileii.svil  Iii<liistrial  Information. 

( 'olorado  Direotorii^H. 

( 'oloratlo  Farm  Laiiils.      iJeiiver,  IS7!>. 

( 'oldrado,  Hi.Hti)ry  of.     Cliicajjo.  ISSO. 

(-'oliira  lo  Historical  .Society,  Kxtrauts  from  Karly  UccoriU. 

t'lilorado  Mining  C'aiii[iM.     .NIS. 

Ciilorailo  Mining  l)iri;ctory,  ISS.S. 

( 'iilciraili)  Xottn.      .MS. 

t'olorado  I'tx'ket  (iiiide.      Denver,   n.  d. 

<'oliirado  I'ress  and  I'uoplo.      MS. 

( 'dliirailo  11  gistcr. 

(.'olorado  Uuiniiiisoiiiico!!.      MS. 

(Colorado.     Tiiu  Legend  of  hair  Play.      MS. 

i  'olorado  Mincii  and  Settler's  (liiiile,  etc.      Denver,  1880. 

Colorado  State  and  Territorial  iJocuiiieiit.s;  .loiirnaUof  tlio  Legislature;  Gov- 
ernor's .Messages;  Reports  of  Secretary  of  State;  Treasurer;  Ainlitor; 
State  ( leoliigist;  State  Hoanl  of  Agriculture;  Penitentiary;  Mute  an  1 
Blind  Institute;  Sup't  of  Instruction;  State  Hoard  of  Health;  Liws; 
(General  Seliool  Kleetioii,  Stock,  and  Mining  Laws;  (/ode  of  Civil  I'ro- 
eotlure;  Constitution  of  State;  (,'ontesteil  Election,  etc. 

Colorado;  Treaties  with  the  Indians.     M.S. 

( 'omo  (Xev.)  Sentinel. 

Congressional  (ilol)e.      Washington,  IS.'ili  et  seci. 

Congressional  llecord  (continuation  of  Cong,  (ilolie). 

Contrilditor.     .Salt  Lake  (.'ity,  187!)  et  sei|. 

Cook  (D.  .r. ),  Hands  [][>  I  1  or  Twenty  Years  of  Detective  Life.     No  imp. 

Corhett  (Tlios  IJ. ),  Colorado  Directory  of  Mines.  Denver,  187!);  Legislative 
Manual.      Deliver,  1877. 

(;orbett(W.  W.),  The  Ftmnding  of  Cheyenne.     MS. 

Corhin  (H.  H.),    Dictation.      .M.S. 

Corregan  (R.  A.),  and  D.  F.  Lingaiie,  Colorado  Mining  Directory,  I88:J. 
Denver. 

Coyner  (David  H.),  The  Lost  Trapper.     Cincinnati,  1850  and  1859. 

(Jarter  ((ieoige   K.),  Biography.      MS. 

Craillel)(Uigli  (W.  M.),  Nevada  Biography.      MS. 

Crofutt  ((ieorge  A.),  Crovutt's  (Jrip  Sack  (tnide.     1881. 

Crowell  (B.  F.),  Farming  in  Colorado.      MS. 

Culver  (Win  K.),  Land  Frauds  in  '  'est  Los  Anima'-,.     M.S. 

Cushman  (S.  11.)  and  J.  P.  Watei  lan,  The  Gold  Mines  of  Gilpin  County, 
(-'olorado.     Central  City,  187n 

Cutler,  The  Maxwell  Dynasty.     I  ^ 

Dailey,  Early  Times  in  Colorado.  S. 

Daly  ((,'harles  P.),  Annual  Aildre.ss  American  Geographical  Society's  Re- 
port,  1 873. 

Darrow  ((ieorge  G.),  Biographical  SI    cch.      M.S. 

Dartt  (Xiary),  On  the  Plains  and  Air,    ig  the  Peaks.     Philadelphia,  1879. 

Davidson  (Win  A.).  Indian  .\dventiiies  in  California,  and  Mining  and  Agri- 
culture in  Colorado.      M.S. 

Divis  (C.  C),  History  of  Colorailo.      MS. 

Davis  {J.  C),  Dictation.     M.S. 


: 


AUTHORITIKS  CONSULTED. 


XXIU 


Dayton  (Ncv.)  Lyon  County  Sentinol. 

Heail  MciiH  (iiilcli,  and  Otlnr  SkutohcH.     MS. 

I»f  «  (iiiFHi-y  (M.  L. ),  <il».'nwo<Ml  SjiringH.     MS. 

Detiroot  (Henry),  Riport  on  tin?  Mineral  l)e|)oHitn  nnil  Other  Prnpcrtionof  the 

Nevailii  Consoliiliited   liorax  Ciinipiiny.     San   KraneiHco,   IH^l;  Sketvliea 

of  the  WaMhiK!  Silver  Minen.     San  Franciweo,  18(10. 
|)i'er  liOilge  iMont. ),  Jn<lejienil(-nt;  New  North wuat. 
Del  M.tr  (Alex.),  HJHtory  of  the  I'ruuiouH  MetuU.     London,  1880. 
|)el  Norte  (Colo),  Tlie  Prospector. 
Delano  (A.),  Life  on  the  IMiins,  IKIII. 
l>fnni.son  (CiiarkM),  Koeky  .Monntain  Health  Kcaorts. 
MenviT  National  .^lillin^  Kx[)ositiou  1884,  Catalogue. 
Ih-nver  .Municipal  Ueports. 
Ih-iiver  University,  Circular  1884. 
I)unver  Newspiip.Ti:  Colorado  Farmer;   Oazette;  (Jrcat  West;  Inter-Ocean; 

.lournal  of  Coninierce;  Oiiinion;   Kepulilicaii;  Uocky  .Mountuin   Herald; 

llocky  Mountain  News;  Triltuiie;   V'idetto. 
jienver  and  UioCrandeU.  U.,  First  Annual  Report.      I'hilatlelphia,  1873. 
Descriptive  Aini'rica. 

Dilke  (Cliarlcs  W.),  IJre.-itcr  llritain.     Pliiladelphia,  18()9. 
IMxon  (William  H.),  .New  America.     1'hiladelphia,  I8(i7. 
Dolihins  (.laine.s  S. ),  Mining,  Siock-ruising,  and  Indian  Adventures  in  Colo- 
rado.     .MS. 
Diicuinento.i  Historicos  Muxicauos.     MS.      !.'>  vols. 
Dollotl'l.lolin  W.),  Biography.     MS. 
Dominguux  y  Kscalaiite,  Diario  y  Durrutero,  etc.,  in   Doc.   Hist.   Mex.,  'Jd 

series,  i.  .S7.">  .")88. 
Dotson  (I'eter  K.).  Doings.     MS. 
Dow  (T.  K.),  A  Tour  in  America.     Melbourne,  1884. 
|)ownif\-illo  (Cal.)  .Mountain  MesseiiKcr. 
Dunhar  (.Mrs  .S.  ,J.),  The  Health  Resorts  of  Colorado  Springs  an<l  Manitou. 

Colorado  Sprin>,'s,  n.  d. 
Du),'gan  (Martin),  The  Marshalship  of  Leadville.      .M.S. 
Dunraven  (Karl  of),  The  iJreat  Divide.     New  York,  J870. 
Durango  (Colo),  Democrat;  Herald. 

Kurle  (Frank),  Solidad,  in  CliafTee  County.     C(dor!ido  Springs,  1884. 

Earhart  (W.  R.).  Tiie  Climatic  IiiHuenco  of  Colorado.      MS. 

Katon  (H.  C. ),  Cunnison,  Yesterday  and  To-day.      MS. 

Edwards  (Melvin),  Letter  to  E.  1'.  Newkirk.     MS. 

EUinger(\V.  H.),  Statement.      M.S. 

Elbert  (.Samuel  H. ),  I'ublic  Men  and  Measures.  M.S.  Speech  before  the  Con- 
vention of  Trans-Missouri  States.     Denver,  1873. 

Elich  (John,  Jr),  Statement.     MS. 

VAko  (Nev.)  Independent. 

Elliott  (Ezra  T.),  Statement.     MS. 

Elliott  (Wallace  W.  &  Co.),  History  of  Arizona  Territory.  San  Francisco, 
1884. 

El  P.aso  County,  As  It  H.is  Been  and  Is.     MS. 

El/.el  ((Jabriel),  Statement.     MS. 

Ernest  (T.  P.),  Statement.     M.S. 

Esmeralda  (Nev.)  Herald. 

Eureka  (Nev.),  Leader;  Sentinel. 

Evans  (AUiert  C),  White  Pine,  Its  Geographical  Location,  Topography,  etc. 
San  Francisco,  1809. 

Evans  (Gov.  .John),  Interview  with.     MS. 

Evanston  (Wyo.),  Age;  Chieftain;  Times;  Uinta  County  Argus. 

Everett  (Win  R.),  Statement.      MS. 

Extract  from  Early  Records.     MS. 


II 


XXIV 


AUTHORITIi!.cs  CONSULTED. 


Faitliful  (Emily),  Three  Viaits  to  America.     New  York,  1884. 

Farayiu  (M.  E.  (}.),  Exploration  Miiieralogique,  1801). 

Farmer  (E.  .).),  Ku.soiircea  of  tlie  Rooky  Mountains.     Cleveland,  18S.3. 

Farnliain  (Tlioinas  J. ),  Travels  in  the  Great  Weateru  Prairies.  Poughkcep- 
Hie,  1841. 

Farrell  (N.  E.),  Colorado  as  It  Is.     Chicago,  1868. 

Faurot  (C.  S.),  Farming  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Fisher  (I.  U.).  Camping  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     New  York,  1880. 

Fisher  (John),  Statement.     MS. 

Fisher  (L.  P.),  Newspaper  List. 

Flowers  (.laco!)),  Dictation.     MS. 

Fohr  (Franz),  Smelting  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Folsom  (Cal. )  Telegraph. 

Folwell  (J.  A.),  Eirly  Experiences.     MS. 

B\)nda  ((tcorgo  F. ),  Statement.     MS. 

Font  (Pedro),  Journal.     MS. 

Fort  Collins  ((,'olo).  Courier;  Express. 

Fossett  (Frank),  Colorado.  Denver,  1878;  Colorado:  Its  Gold  and  Silver 
Mines.     New  York,  1880. 

Fowler  (Warren  R.),  Around  Colorado.     MS. 

Fowler  (W.  R.),  A  VVoman's  Experiences  in  Colorado.  MS.;  Around  Colo- 
rado.    MS. 

Fox  (J.  J.),  Mason  Valley  Settlers.     MS. 

Fox  (M.  P.),  Coal  Mines     .  Colorado.     MS. 

France  (Cyrus  W.),  Biographical  .Sketch.     MS. 

Fremont  (John  C. ),  Exploring  Expedition.  New  York,  1849;  Washington, 
1845. 

Foebel  (Julius),  Central  America.     London,  1859. 

Galaxy,  The.     New  York,  1872  et  seq. 

Galveston  (Texas)  News. 

(Jarces  (Francisco),  Diario  y  Derrotero,  etc.,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Hex.,  series  ii,, 

torn,  i.,  '2"25-374. 
Gazlay's  Pacific  Monthly.     New  York,  18C5. 
Genoa  (Nov.),  Scorpion;  Territorial  Euterijriae. 
Georgetown  (Colo)  Colorado  Miner. 
Gibbons  (General),  Lecture  on  the  Wonders  of  Yellowstone  Park,  in  Helena 

Gazette,  Sept.  29,  1872. 
Gilpin  (William),  Notes  on  Colorado.     London,  n.  d. 
Gilpin  (Wm),  Pioneer  of  1842.     MS. 

Goddard  (F.  B.),  Where  to  Emigrate  and  Why.     New  York,  1869. 
Gold  Hill  (Nov.),  Message;  News. 

Golden  (Colo),  The  Transcript;  Golden  Globe;  Golden  Eagle. 
Gordon  (S.  Anna),  Camping  in  Colorado.     New  York,  1879. 
Govo  (Aaron),  Education  in  Denver.     MS. 
Governor's  Message,  in  Western  Mountaineer,  Nov.  22,  1800. 
Gratf  (J.  F.),  Gray  beard's  Colorado.     Pliiladelphia,  1882. 
Graham  (J.  C.)  &  Co.,  Utah  Directory,  1883-4.     Salt  Lake  City,  u.  d. 
(irand  Junction  (Colo)  News. 
Grass  Valley  (Cal.)  Union. 
Greeley  ( Horace),  Overland  Journey  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco.    New 

York,  1860. 
Green  River  (Wyo.)  Sweetwater  Gizetto. 
Greeidiow  (Robert),  History  of   Oi-egon  and   California.     New  York,   184.'>; 

Boston,  1844,  184.'),  1847;  London,  1844. 
Runnison  (Colo),  News;  Press;  Roview;  News-Democrat;  Review- Press;  Sun. 
(lunnison  (Almon),  Rambles  Overland.     Boston,  1884. 
Gunnison's  Journal,  in  Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  Vol.  II. 

Hague  (James  D.),  Mining  Industry.     Washington,  1870. 


AUTIiORniES  CONSULTED. 


^83. 
oughkcep- 


nd   Silver 
mid  Colo- 

ishiugton, 

scries  ii., 
1  Helena 


Hall  (Edward  H.),  Ouide  to  the  Oreat  West.     New  York,  1SG5-6. 

Hall  (Frank),  Annual  Report  of  tbe  Denver  Chamber  of  t'oiiiiiieiee.     Denver, 

lhS4. 
Hall  (Win  H.),  Report  ou  tiie  ProMenis  of  Irrigation.     Sacramento,  1884. 
H  lUett  (Mosus),  Colorado  Courts,  Law,  ami  Litigation.     M.-S. 
Jlallipwull  i.Iolin  K.),  Cuniiison  Colorado's  Bonanza  County.      Denver,  1883. 
Hansen  (1*.  N),  .Mining  aliout  Eureka.     iMS. 
Harper's  New  -Moutlily  .Magazine.     New  York,  1850  et  seq. 
Hart(H.  Martym),  Boy-Education.      Denver,  n.  d. 

Hastings  ( Lanst'ord  \V.),  Orajion  and  California.     Cincinnati,  1845,  1849. 
Hiwes  (.li'S:<e),  Charlatan  ism  in  Coh)rado.     No  imp. 
Hawl.y  (A.  H.),  Like  Talioe.     M.S. 

Haydrn  (F.  v.).  The  Cruat  West.     Blooinington,  Ills,  1880. 
Hayilcn  (F.  V),  U.  .S.  (icnlogical  ami  (Jeograpliical  Survey  of  Colorado  and 

Adjacent  Territory,  1874.     Washington,  187(). 
Hayes   (.\.   A.  Jr),  New  Colorado   and   the   Santa   Fe  Trail.     New   York, 

ISSit. 
Hayes  (Benjamin)  Scrap  Books;  Indians;  Emigrant  Notes;  Mining;  Nevada; 

Railiiiads;   I'lilitics. 
Hayf(.rd(.I.  H.),  Dictation.     MS. 

Health,  Wealth,  ami  I'luasure  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 
Heap  i<iwin  H.),  Central  Route  to  the  I'acilic  from  the  Valley  of  the  Missis- 

.sippi  to  California,  etc.      l'hila(leli)hia,  1854. 
Helena   (Mont.),   (J.izette;    Herald;    Independent;    Democrat;  Post;    Repuli- 

licau. 
Helm  (W.  .\.),  The  Gate  of  the  MoHntain,s.     MS. 
Miko  Silver  Minini;  t 'ompany's  Report,  18GG. 
Hill  (Ali.'e  Polk),  Tales  of  Colorado  Pioneers.     Denver,  1884. 
Ilittell  (Jolin  .S.),  Hand-Book  of  .Mining.      San  Francisco,  IS(J1. 
Hollister  (O.  J.),  The  Mines  of  Colorado.     Springtielil,  1807;  History  of  the 

First  Regiment,  Colorado.     Denver,  1803. 
Horn  (Hose'i  B. ),  Overland  (iuide.     N<;w  Y'ork,  1852. 
Horn  (T.  (r).   Report  on  Mineral  Springs  in  Colorado,  in  State  Board  of 

Heidth  Report,  1870. 
Horn  (T.  (i.).  Scientific  Tour.     MS. 
Howard  tiuarterly  (The).     Sai,  Francisco,  ]8()7  et  acq. 
Howheit  (Irviim),  Indian  Troiihles  of  Ctdorailo.      .MS. 
Hutl'akcr  ((iranville  W.),  Early  Cattle  Trade  in  Nevada.     MS. 

I.lahoCity  (Id.)  World. 

Industrial  Ca/.etteer  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 

IngersoU  (Ernest),  Crest  of  the  Continent.      Chicago,  1S.S5. 

Innian  (Col  Henry),  Stories  of  the  Santa  Fe  Trail.      Kansas  City,  1881. 

Irving  (Washington),  Bonneville's  Advotures.     New  York,  1800. 

.Jennings  (William),  Carson  Valley.      M.S. 

.lohn.soii  (.\.  B.),  Cood  Times  in  (iuniiison.      .MS. 

.lohnsiiii  (E.  P.),  Memorial.     Cheyenne,  1880. 

.lol.:i.so:i  (A.  R.)  and  Tuthill  (T.  H.),  Cheyenne  Directory,  1883.  Chey- 
enne, I8S:J. 

.Tohnsoii  (\ev.),  Oold  Caflon  Switch. 

.lones  (Fvaii),  Indian  Fighting.     .MS. 

Jone.s  (.lohii  P.),  Speech  on  the  Silver  Question.  April  '24,  1870;  Speech  on 
tlie  O[)tional  Standard,  ,Tune  i.*2  and  ,luly  15,  1S70;  Speech  on  Silver 
Demotietizatioii,  Fel).  14,  1878. 

Jones  (W.  A.),  The  Reconnaissance  of  Northwestern  Wyoming.  Washing- 
ton, 1875. 

Jouesborougli  (Tenn.)  SeutincL 


i 

i    ■ 


XXVI 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Kansas  Laws,  1859. 

Kansas  City  (Mo.)  Times. 

Kully  (.1.  VVells),  Nevada  Directory,  1862.     San  Francisco  and  Virginia  City, 

18t>U. 
Kelly  (William),  An  Excursion  to  California,  etc.     London,  1851,  2  vols. 
Kelso  (\Vm  F.),  Statement.     MS. 
Kennedy's  Uictatiiin.     MS. 

Kent  (L.  A.),  Leadville  in  Your  Pocket.     Denver,  1880. 
King  (Clarence),  Mountaineering  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.     Boston,  1874,  1882. 
Kinkead  (<iov.  J.  H.),  Nevada  and  Alaska.     MS. 
Klein  (Jacob),  Founders  of  Carson  City.     MS. 
Kneeland  (Sam.),  The  Wonders  of  Yosemite.     Boston,  1871. 
Knox  (Thomas  W.),  The  Underground  World.     Hartford,  1878. 

Lake  City  (Colo),  .Silver  World;  Crescent;  Mining  Register. 

Laml)  (Levi),  Early  Mining  Camps.     MS. 

Laramie  (Wyo.),  Boomerang;  Frontier  Index;  Sentinel. 

Laramie  (Mrs  S.  L. ),  The  Ca])tHre  and  Escape.     I'lnladelphia,  1871. 

Las  Vegf'..s  (N.  M.),  Mining  World. 

Leadville  City,  Directory,  1880. 

Leadville  Chronicle  Annual,  1881. 

Leailvillo,  ('arbonate  Chronicle;  Democrat;  Herald;  Reveille. 

Leadville,  Colorado,  The  most  Wonderful  Mining  Camp  of  the  World,  etc. 
Colorado  Springs,  1879. 

Lee  (D. ),  and  J.  H.  Frost,  Ten  Years  in  Oregon.     New  York,  1844. 

Ltildy  (M.  A.),  Dictation.     MS. 

Le  ?\vre  (O.  E.),  Statement.     MS. 

Legend  of  Fair  Play  in  San  .Tuan.     MS. 

Losseg  (W.  H.),  in  Report  Sec.  of  the  Interior,  1867-8,  iii.,  j).  40-2. 

Lewis  and  Clarke,  Exjiedition  to  the  Sources  of  the  Missouri,  etc.  Phila- 
delphia, 1814;  N.  Y.,  1861;  London,  1814-15. 

Lcyner  (Peter),  Boulder  County,  Colorado.     M.S, 

Londoner  (Wolfe),  Colorado  Mining  Camps.      M.S. 

Lomloner  (W(dle),  Vigilance  Committees  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Long  (Stephen  H. ),  Account  of  an  Exploring  Expedition  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    Philadelphia,  IS'i.'i. 

Longmont  (Colo),  Sentinel;  Press;  Ledger;  Colorado  Banner;  Post  Valley 
Home  and  Farm. 

Loomis  (Abner),  Biography.     MS. 

Lord  (Elliot),  Comstock  Mining  and  Mines.      Washington,  1883. 

Los  Angeles  ((Aal. )  Evening  Express. 

Lovcland  (Wni  A.  H.),  Dictation.     MS. 

Luman's  Dictation.     MS. 

Lytic  (Ueorge),  Dictation.     MS. 

Manitou  Grand  Caverns.     MS. 

Marcy  (K.  15.),  Thirty  Years  of  Army  Life  on  the  Border.    Now  York,  1866. 

Mariposa  (Cal.)  Cazettc. 

Martin  (Thomas  S,),  Narrative  of  Fremont's  Expedition  in  1845-6.     MS. 

Marysvillo  (Cal.),  Appeal;  Democrat. 

Mater  (Charles),  Business  in  Leadville.     MS. 

Matthews  (Mrs  M.  M.),  Ten  Years  of  Nevada,  1870-80.     Buffalo,  1880. 

Maxwell  (.Tames  P.),  Biographical  Sketch.     MS. 

Mayer  (Brantz),  Mexico,  Aztec,  Spanish,  and  Republican.     Hartford,  1852, 

2  vols. 
Maysville  (Colo),  Mining  Lodger. 

McAlli.ster  (Henry,  Jr),  Colorado  Land  and  Improvement  Companies.     MS. 
McCabe  (.rames  1).,  .)r),   A  Comprehensive  View  of  Our  Country  and   its 

Resources.      Philadelpiiia,  1876. 
McCamnion  (Hugh),  Dictation.     MS. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


XXVII 


V^irginia  City, 
51,  2  vols. 

n,  1874,  1882. 


1871. 


3  World,  etc. 
844. 


0-2. 
etc.     Phila- 


locky  Mouii- 
Post  Valley 


m 


York,  1866. 
6.     MS. 

,  1880. 
tfor.l,  1852, 

lilies.     MS. 
try  auJ   ita 


MS. 


San  Francisco,  1879. 
Hel.iia,  187(). 


McCIellan  (R.  G.),  Republicanism  in  America.     Svn  Francisco.  1809. 

McCluru  (A.  K.),  Three  Tliousaud  Miles  through  the  Kocky  Mountains. 
I'hiladeliiliia,    ISO!). 

McHattoii  ((.'.  K.),  Statement.     MS. 

Mclntire  (A.  W.),  Statement.     M.S. 

Meagher  (.JaMie.s  F.),  Ohservatioiis.     MS. 

Mears  (Otto),  Roatl  Construction  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Meldrum  (A.),  Cohirado  .Mines.     .MS. 

.MeMrum  (N.  H.).  Iinlian  D'MTedations  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Meliiie  (.James  K. ),  Two  Thousand  Miles  on  Hor.sehack.     New  York,  1867. 

.Metecirohigical  Observations  Made  at  the  Carson  Observatory,  1883-4. 

.Moxici)  l-'inanuier. 

.Meyer  (Fenbnaiul),  Statement.     MS. 

Milwaukee  .Monthly  .Magazine,  June,  1872. 

.Mining  lixlustry  (Tlie).      Denver,  1881. 

Mniing  .Miiga/iue.     New  Vork,  1853  et  seq. 

Mining,'  Review  and  Stock  Ledger,  1870  and  1878.  San  Francisco,  1870  and 
1878. 

Minniss  (.T.  F.),  Climate  and  Soil  of  Colorado. 

Miseellaneous  Historical  Papers.     MS. 

Missoula  (.Mont.l,  Missoulian;  Pioneer. 

Mix  (M.  1>.),  Oil  Districts  of  Colorado.     MS. 

.Mixoii  (Frank),  Statement.     MS. 

Motlatt  (1>.  H.).  Sketches  on  Banking.     MS. 

.Molinclli  &  Co.,  Eureka  and  its  Resources. 

Montana  Historical  Society  Contributions. 

Montana  ('ouneil  .lournal.      Virginia  City  and  Helena,  1806  et  seq. 

.Montgomery  (A.  \V.),  Statement.     MS. 

Moore  (.Tolin  C. ),  Early  Days  in  Denver.     MS. 

Moore  (.M.  R.),  Press  and  People  of  Colorado.     MS. 

.Morrison  (R.  S.),  and  Jacob  Fillins,  Mining  Rights  in  Colorado.  Denver, 
1875  and  1881. 

Mullan  (John),  Report  on  the  Construction  of  a  Military  Road,  etc.  Wash- 
ington, 1803. 

Munkers((;.  W.),  Statement.     MS. 

Murphy  (Jolin  A.),  Climate  and  Agriculture  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Nagles  (H.  M.),  Dictation.     MS. 

National  Almanac,  l>S(i4.     Philadelphia,  1864. 

Nelson  (W.  H.),  Stock-raising  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Nevada  Constitutional  Convention,  Debates  and  Proceeedings.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1800. 

Nevada,  Senate,  Assenddy,  Council,  and  House  .Journals;  Governor's  Mes- 
sages and  Reports;  Laws  and  Statutes;  Stati;  Controllers'  Reports; 
Attornies-general's  Reports;  State  Treasurers'  Reports;  Secretaries  of 
State's  Reports. 

Nevada  Silver  Convention,  1885,  Proceedings. 

Nevada  City  (( 'al. )  DemocnJt. 

Nevers  (Samuel  A.),  Novaila  Pioneers.     MS. 

New  Mexico,  Pointers  on  the  Southvvest.     Topeka,[1883. 

New  Mexico  Revista  Catolica.     Las  Veyai^,  1870. 

New  York  Financier;  Herald;  Mining  News;  Times;  Tribune;  World. 

Newland  (Win),  Statement.     MS. 

Xewlin  (J.  W.),  Proposed  Indian  Policy.     Philadelphia,  1881. 

Xidever  (Ceorge),  Life  and  Adventures.     MS. 

Niles' Register.     Baltimore  and  Philadeljdiia,  1811  et  seq. 

Nims  (F.  C.),  Across  the  Continent  by  the  Scenic  Route.     Chicago,  n.  d. 

Ni.sbet  (Robert  C),  Cohirado  Climate  and  AttricuUnre.     MS. 

Norris  (P.  W.),  Fifth  Annual  Reiiortof  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  1881. 

Nortli  American  Review.      Boston,  1811)  et  seij. 


p 


AUTHORITIES  COXSULTIID. 


■'V 


m\ 


North  Pacific  Review.     San  Francisco,  18()'2. 

Norton  (II.  1).  VV'onderlanil  Illustrated,     Virginia,  Mont.,  1873. 

Ohinertz  (Millie),  Female  Pioneering.     MS. 

Old  (K,  O. ),  Statement.      MS. 

Olymitia  (Wash.)  Pioneer. 

Omaha  (Xeh. ),  Kei»nl)lican. 

Oregon  City  (Or.)  Eiicerprise. 

O.sborii  (\Vm  B. ),  Politics  in  Gilpin  and  Ijariiner  Counties,  Colorado.     MS. 

Oswald  (A.  F.),  Californien  und  Seine  Verhaltnisse.     Leipzig,  1S4'J. 

Ouray  (Colo),  Times;  Solid  Muldoou. 

Out  West,  Dec-Jan.  1S73-4. 

Outcalt  (John  B. ),  Grazing  in  Gunnison.     MS. 

Overland  Monthly. 

Owyhee  Avalanche. 

Pahor  (W.  E.),  Colorado  us  an  Agricultural  State.     New  York,  188.3. 

Pabor  (Wm  E. ),  Farmers'  (Juide  to  Northern  Colorado.     Denver,  1S82. 

Pacific  Coast  Annual  Mining  Review  and  Stuck  Ledger.  San  Frauciiico, 
187S. 

Pacific  Coast  Directories. 

Pacific  Coa-it  Mines.     San  Francisco,  187C. 

Pacific  Railroad  Reports.     Was.'iington,  1.3  vols. 

Packard  (D.  C. ),  Insurance  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Painter  (Ciiarles  F. ),  Statement.     MS. 

Parker's  Letter-hook.      MS. 

Parker  (Samuel  J.),  The  Northwest.     MS. 

Parsons  (C.  S.),  Biography.      MS. 

Parsons  (George  H.),  Colorado  Springs.      MS. 

Parton  (.la^nes),  Tlie  Discovery  of'  Pike's  Peak.     MS. 

Patterson  (A.  H.),  Statement.     MS. 

Petaluini  (Cil.)  .\rgu3. 

Peter  (De  Witt  C),  Life  and  Adventures  of  Kit  Carson.     New  York,  18.")y. 

Peterson  (.\.),  Irrigation,  etc.      MS. 

Peto  (S'r  S.  Morton,  Bart),  Resources  and  Prospects  of  America,  etc.  Lon- 
don and  New  York,   ISiiG. 

Petteiigdl's  Newspaper  Directory,  1S7S.     New  York,  1878. 

Phil;ideli)hiv  Press. 

Pliillips  (( r.  W. ),  Climate  and  Irrigation  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Phillips  (.J.  Arthur),  Mining  and  Metallurgy  of  (.iold  and  Silver.  London, 
1853. 

Pierce  (.John),  Report  in  U.  S.  Mess,  and  Doc.  Interior  Dept,  18()(i-7. 

Pike  (Z.  M.l,  An  Account  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi, 
etc.,  18i)."i-7.      Philadelphia,  1810. 

Pike's  Peili  Discovery.      MS. 

Piociie  (Nev. )  Record. 

Pitkin  (F.  W.),  Political  Views.     MS. 

Pitkin  (Coh*;.  Independent;   Mining  News. 

Placerville  (Cal.),  American;   Mountain  Democrat;  Observer. 

Playcr-Frowd  (J.  G. ),  .Six  Months  in  California.     Loudon,  1872. 

Poore's  Congressional  Directory. 

Poore's  Railroad  Manual. 

Porter  (Rol)ert  P.),  The  West;  Census  of  1880. 

Portland  (Or.),  Oregonian;  West  Shore. 

Potosi  Mine,  Annual  Report,  1881. 

Potosi  Mining  and  Smelting  Co.,  Prospectus.     San  Francisco,  n.  d. 

Powell  (Nevada),  Tiie  Land  of  Silver.     San  Francisco,  187t). 

Powell  (J.  W.),  Exploiatiuu  of  Colorado  River,  etc.,  18GS)-72.     Washington, 


Al'TII./RlTi::S  CONSULTED. 


XXIX 


irailo.     MS. 
41). 


883. 
188-2. 
Fraucisco, 


ork,  18.5U. 
etc.     Lcm- 

London, 


shington, 


Prelile  (neorj;c  II  ),  Hi.story  of  tlie  Origin  ami  Devclopmuut  of  Steam  Navi- 
gutiim.     riiilii>lul]iliia,  188.'{. 
rcuti.s-i  i()\v(,'iii,  .Statement.      MS. 


I' 


I're.icdtt  (Ariz. 

V 

V 


M. 


ICO   ( 


ti,  1  riioiiia*),  Through  Cafion  tie  .''-hca.     MS. 

Sir  Hii.so  Laniliert,  Bart),  Tiie  Two  Anierieas,  etc.     Pliilaiklpia,  1877. 
rriai'i' (Ilir.'iiiK  f'llorado  Kxiierienues.      MS. 
I'rcu'oi'ilini!'  l""ir.<t  National  C'oiiviMitin!!  of  Cittlonien.     St.  Louis,  1884. 
I'rowcr.s  (Mrs  J.  \V.),  Indian  Depredations.      MS. 

I'ulIpIo  (Ci.loi,  Chieftain;   Democrat;  Daily  News;    Banner;    Evening   Star; 
Coiiiinereial  Standard. 

<iuiiuy  (Cal.)  Union. 

Uae  (\V.   F. ),  Westward  by  Rail,   the  New  Route  to  the  East.     London, 

1870. 
Rand  (tieorgci,  AjTriculture  in  Colorado.      MS. 
Rami.  .MeNaily,  &('o."s  Overland  Guide.    Chicago,   ISS^;   Illustrated  Cuide 

to  ('(iliirido,  New  .Mexico,  and  Arizona.     Clueago,  n.  d.,  and  1S7U. 
Randall  (»i.  M.i,  Bio-raphy.      MS. 

R.iper  (W.  11.  H.)<.V  Co  s  Directory  of  Colorado  Springs, 
lliwlms  (Wyo.i,  .Journal;  Tnhniie. 
liayiiioiid  (R    \^'.),  Camp  and  CaUin.  etc.     New  York,  1880;   Mining  Inilus- 

try  of  tiic  States  and  Territories  of  tlie  Ro<'ky  M<niiitains.     New  York, 

1874;  Sdver  and  tiold,  etc.     New  York,  187;!;  Statistics  of  Mines  and 

Milling.      Wa.shiiigtoii,  1873. 
RaynohCs  Report  in  L'.  S.  Sen.  Ex.  Doc,  No.  77,  p.  14,  v(d.  ii.,  40th  Cong., 

•_M  S.-ss. 
Reel  (Herliert  W.),  Biograjdiical  Sketches.     MS. 
RoL'so  (.loliii),  Mormon  Station.      MS. 

Ri'iuy  (.fule  ),  and  .luliiis  BrencliKy,  Journal.      London.  IStil.  2  vols. 
Reno  (N.'V.i,  Crescent;   Daily  Nevada   Democrat;   Daily  Record;   Gazette; 

State  .louriial. 
llevue  de-i  Deux  Mondes,  1831)  et  seq. 
Reviiicrs  (B.  11. 1,  Statement.     MS. 


ice  (.laMie 


i),  I'olitics  in  I'ueblo.     MS. 


iieliar 


ds  (t! 


.1.),  H 


lography. 


MS. 


Rieiiardsoii  (.lames),  Wonders  of  Yellowstone  Park.     London,  1874. 


Ricliardsoii  (Sylvester).  History  of  (i 


n  Coiintv. 


MS. 


Richthofvii  (Ij.inm  F. ),  The  Ciunstock  Lode,  its  C'liaraeter,  and  the  Probable 

Mole  of  its  Continuance  in  jiepth.     San  Francisco,  18111). 
R'co  (Colo)  News. 


R 


(  Uigust),  Statement.     MS. 


d. 


Rnlierts  (E.  1,  Colorado  Springs  and  Manitou.     Chicagn 

Rocky  .Mou:it:uM  Directory  and  Colorado  ( iazetteer,  1871.      Denver. 

Rocky  .Mountain  News  Illustrated  Aliiiaiiac,  188'_'. 

Roller  (W.  W  ).  Colorado  Sketcln 


Mf 


Rosit.l  (Colo),  I; 


Merra  .louriri 


Ros'*  (.Ti'iic-:^  a*id  George  (Jary,  From  Wisconsin  to  California  and  Return. 

Madi-ion,   ISCH. 
Ro<!si  (I'AlilieV  Souvenirs  d'un  Ynynce  et  California.     Paris.  1804. 
Routt  (.To),.,  T,.).  Territorv  .■nid  State.      MS. 
R..we!l  MM.nrles  .!.).  Lemlville.  Colorado.      MS. 
\l'\\<'\\  ,V  ("o.'s  G;i7etteer. 

1!m  Id  lAnsoii),  Eirlv  Affairs  in  CiAo.,  City.     MS. 
l'u<-el  (A).  Irrication  and  Ind'.iii  .\tr,iirs  in  Colorado.     MS, 
Ryan  (.John  J.),  Laramie  Co.      MS, 

Sicrmiontn  fCal  ).  Rep;  R.>('ord;  Record-Union;  Union;  Transcript. 
Safford  (A.  K.  P.),  Narrative.      MS. 


SBB 


XXX 


AUTHORITinS  CONSULTED. 


Salida  (Colo),  Mountain  Mail;  Sentinel  Newa. 

iS;ilt  Liiku  (Utali),  Herald;  Tribune. 

iSan  Francisco  (L'al.)  Ne\vsj)ai)er.s:  Alta;  Bulletin;  Cal.  courier;  C'al.  Farmer; 
Call;  Ciironicle;  Courier  lie  San  Francisco;  Examiner;  (ioMeu  Era; 
Herald;  Mercantile  (iazette  and  Prices  Current;  Mining  Review  and 
Stock  Ledger;  News  Letter;  I'ost;  Report;  Stock  Exchange;  Stock  Re- 
])ort;  Times. 

San  Jo.ie  Archives.     MS. 

San  Jo.sii  (Cal.),  Mercury;  Pioneer. 

San  .luan  and  Other  Sketches.     MS. 

San  Rafael  (Cal.)  Journal. 

Santa  Fti  Trail. 

Saunders  (William),  Through  the  Light  Continent.     London,  1879. 

Scenes  in  tiie  Rocky  Mountains.     Philadelphia,  1846. 

Schell  (H.  S.),  History  of  Fort  Laramie.     MS. 

Scihird  ((Jeorge  A.),  Biography.      -MS. 

Scott  (Charles  H.),  Report  of  the  County  Clerk. 

Scribner's  Monthly  Magazine  and  Century  Magazine.  New  York,  1871  et  seq. 

Seely  (VV.  L. ),  The  Nichols  Mining  Company.     MS. 

Selig  (Joseph),  Dictation.     MS. 

Seliguian  (Henry),  Short  Biography  of  Jesse  Seligman.     MS. 

Sheldon  (M.),  South  Pueblo.     MS. 

Sheridan  ((Jen.),  in  Secretary  of  War's  Re[)ort,  41  st  Congress,  2d  Session. 

Sliinn  (Charles  H.),  Mining  Camps.     New  York,  1885. 

Silver  (Sanmel  D.),  The  Mines  of  Cororado.     MS. 

Silver  City  (Nev.),  Times. 

Silver  Cliff  (Colo),  Miner;  Prospector;  Tribune. 

Silversmitli  (Julius \  Practical  Hand-book  for  Mines.     New  Y'oi'k,  1866. 

Silverton  (Colo),  Democrat;  Herald;  Miner. 

Simonin  (L.),  in  Revue  des  Deux  Moiides,  Nov.  1875,  305-12. 

Simpson  (James  H.),  Exploration  of  the  (Jreat  Ba.sin.     Washington,  1876. 

Slater  (M.  H.),  Indian  Troubles  in  tiie  E;irly  Days  of  Colorado.     MS 

Slaughter  (.John),  Life  in  Cr)lorado  and  Wyoming.     MS. 

Slaughter  (Wm  M.),  Early  Experiences  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Smith,  Report  on  Development  of  Colorado,  1881-2,  in  State  Geologist'.-* 
Report. 

Smitii  (.1.  Alden),  and  M.  Beshoar,  Coal  and  Iron  Lands  near  Trinidad,  Col- 
orado.    Print  and  MS. 

Smith  (Jas  P.),  Statement.     MS. 

Smith  (Sanmel  T. ),  Dictation.     MS. 

Smithsonian  Annual  Reports.     Washington,  1853  et  seq. 

Snider  (Oeorge  W. ),  Discovery  of  the  Cave  of  the  Winds  and  Manitou  Grand 
Caverns.     MS. 

Snyder  (A.  C),  Dictation.     MS. 

Solly  (S.  Edwin),  Colorado  for  Invalids.     Colorado  Springs,  1880. 

Sonoma  (Cal.)  Democrat. 

Sopris  (Richard),  Settlement  of  Denver.     MS. 

Spence  (Thomas),  The  Settlers'  Guide  in  the  Unitad  States.  Nev  York, 
1862. 

Stallcup  (John  C),  Statement.     MS. 

Standart  (Stephen  H.),  Live  Stock  in  Colorado.     MS. 

Stanley  (Edwin  I.),  Rambles  in  Wonderland,  etc.     Now  York,  1878. 

Stansbury  (Howard),  Expedition  to  the  Valley  of  Groat  Salt  Lake.  Phila- 
delphia, 1855. 

.Stanton  (I.  N.),  Statement.     MS. 
lOiid  (J.  H),  Town  Building  in  Colorado.     MS. 

HC^hbins  (T.  C. ),  Statement.     MS. 

S',o(!"  (Alden  H.),  W'ith  the  RiHe  Regiment.     MS. 

lb  rt wart  (.Fames  (i.),  Stttlements  in  Colorado.     MS. 

iStowiii't  (Wm  M.),  Speech  on  Courts  in  Nevada.     Washington,  18C5. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


XXXI 


Cal.  Farmer; 

(JoMiiu   Era; 

Kuview  and 

c;  Stock  lie- 


79. 


,  1871  et  8oq. 


(I  Session. 


k,  1866. 


toil,  1876. 
MS 


Geologist's 
iuidad,  Col- 

iiitou  Grand 
Nov;  York, 


78. 

ke.     Phila- 


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Stone  (\V.  F. ),  General  View  of  ('olorado.  MS.;  Land  Grants.  MS.;  Inter- 
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Stuart  (Granville),  Montana  as  It  Is.     New  York,  1805. 

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road; ra'eiit-ottice;  Postmaster-general;  I'ost-otKces;  t^tiarterina»ter- 
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'.  WTiecIerh 
1874,  et  Htq. 
Ue.-w>lutloiiii; 
*ter;  IS^iik-); 
iiiiiiercc  aiitl 
iry;    E-iuca- 

l>i>cii'iieiit<; 

<  ■iiiiiiiiittee 
tf-s.-ig"  aii'l 
I'a.itic  Kail- 
artt.Tiiia-iUT- 

I>ifUiiifiit.-«; 
;  (.'ifUiDiittee 


(ler  County, 
St  Louis, 

)rise;  Union. 

ng  the  Mor- 
M.S. 


1.     MS. 

Meridian; 
CO,  1864. 
■6, 


'#•' 


HISTORY  OF  NEVADA. 


CHAPTEK  I. 

THE   GREAT   BASIN. 
Plain  op  Evaporattov,  or  Elevated  Sink— Its  SrnrATioN— Prominent 

CnARACTERISTIC«--THE  NaME  GREAT  BaSIN  INAPPROPRIATE— A  GrOCP 

OP  Basins— Wonders  of  the  Region — A  Trapper's  Stort— Caves- 
Climate— Atmosphere— Aridity — Sand— Storms  and  Clocd-bursts 
— The  Mirage— Soil,  Conpiouration,  and  Scenery — Rain-fall  and 
Temperature — Change  of  Seasons — Altitude  and  Geologic  Forma- 
tion— Mountain  System — Lakes  and  Sinks  —  Rivers — Springs — 
Deserts — Plants  and  Animals — Birds  and  Fishes — Minerals  and 
Metals— Soil  and  Agriculture — Nomenclature. 

About  midway  between  the  Panamd  Isthmus  and 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  midway  between  the  great 
Cordillera  and  the  Pacific,  lies  a  broad  Plain  of  Evapo- 
ration, or  following  the  popular  idea  an  elevated  sink, 
the  Great  Basin  it  has  been  called,  being  almost  wholly 
rimmed  by  mountains,  though  not  always  and  alto- 
gether concave,  and  whose  waters  have  no  visible 
outlet  to  the  sea.  From  three  to  five  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  it  extends  irregularly 
over  some  nine  degrees  of  latitude  and  nine  of  longi- 
tude, that  is  to  say  from  the  34th  to  the  43d  parallel, 
and  from  the  111th  to  the  120th  meridian,  the  Wah- 
satch  and  Nevada  ranges  standing  as  its  eastern  and 
western  bounds,  narrowing  oflf  between  the  ranges 
north  of  Salt  Lake  and  the  Humboldt  River  toward 
the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon, and  narrowing  likewise 
in  the  south  toward  the  Colorado  plateau.     Nearly 

all  of  Nevada  comes  within  this  compass,  and  a  large 

(1) 


Il 


9  THE  GREAT  BASIN. 

part  of  ITtali,  together  with  smaller  portions  of  Ore- 
gon and  California,  The  eastern  rim  extends  through 
Utah,  which  lies  between  latitude  37°  and  42°,  and 
longitude  109°  and  104°,  and  divides  the  area  almost 
equally  into  two  natural  sections,  one  being  the  dis- 
trict of  the  great  basin,  and  the  other  the  region 
drained  by  the  Colorado  and  its  tributaries. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  features  of  the  great 
basin  is  that  it  is  so  little  like  a  basin.  To  call  it 
a  platter,  a  gridiron,  or  a  well-filled  cullender,  or  a 
basket  of  chips  would  be  to  ap})ly  a  more  character- 
istic designation.  When  Fremont  gave  to  the  region 
this  name  he  had  seen  the  Wahsatch  and  Nevada 
ranges,  the  two  great  sides,  and  he  knew  something 
of  the  Blue  Mountains;  but  the  interior  of  this  vast 
circle  ho  had  not  visited.  He  was  not  aware  that  his 
basin  was  full  of  mountains,  some  of  them  as  high  as 
the  rim,  completely  filling  the  dish,  so  that  in  truth 
there  is  little  dish  left.  It  makes  no  great  difference, 
however,  what  we  call  a  thing,  so  long  as  we  under- 
stand what  is  meant  by  the  name. 

Far  more  appropriately  we  might  cut  up  the  inte- 
rior and  enumerate  a  series  of  basins,  rather  than  call 
it  all  one  basin.  There  are  the  two  great  ranges,  how- 
ever, which  border  so  great  a  portion  of  the  area,  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  so  far  ex- 
ceeding in  length  the  minor  divides,  as  to  give  and  leave 
the  impression  of  oneness,  notwithstanding  the  dis- 
tinctiveness of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  basin,  whose  low- 
est point  is  4,170  feet  above  the  sea;  of  Lake  Sevier 
basin,  4, GOO  feet;  of  Humboldt  River  basin,  4,147 
feet;  of  Carson  River  basin,  with  an  altitude  at 
Carson  Lake  of  3,840  feet;  of  Walker  River  basin, 
its  lowest  point  above  the  sea  being  4,072  feet;  of 
Mojave  River  basin,  1,150  feet,  and  so  on. 

But  call  it  what  we  may,  and  we  may  as  well  call 
it  great  basin  as  any  other  name,  the  country  is  full 
of  peculiarities — I  would  say  wonders,  were  it  true 
that  one  part  of  the  universe  is  more  wonderful  than 


i 


M 


?  of  Ore- 

i  through 
42°,  and 

3a  ahnost 
the  dis- 

le  region 

:he  great 
ro  call  it 
dcr,  or  a 
;haractcr- 
he  region 
I  Nevada 
omething 
this  vast 
e  that  his 
IS  high  as 
b  in  truth 
difference, 
we  under- 

I  the  inte- 
than  call 
ijxes,  how- 
area,  the 
30  far  ex- 
and  leave 
the  dis- 
hose  low- 
ke  Sevier 
5in,  4,147 
titude  at 
ver  basin, 
I  feet;  of 

well  call 


try 


IS 


full 


I 


re  it  true 
3rful  than 


■WONDERS  OF  THE  REGION.  8 

another.  Its  altitude  and  distance  from  the  ocean,  the 
aridity  of  the  soil  where  there  is  so  much  water,  the 
succession  of  desert  and  oasis,  of  mountain  and  plain — 
iiimuneral>lel)Jisins  within  basins — and  all  well  sprinkled 
with  niotuls;  of  streams  fringed  with  green  foliage, 
willows,  alder,  and  Cottonwood,  of  salt-water  lakes 
and  those  that  are  fresh,  or  nearly  so,  of  hot  and  cold 
sprij)gs,  of  siidvs  and  swamps  and  mud-flats,  of  lonely 
biittes  and  rocky  chasms,  of  sulphurous  valleys  and 
delightful  sun-bathed  summits,  not  to  mention  foot- 
prints of  laces  and  sjK'cies  long  gone  by,  men  and 
beasts,  land  animals  and  sea  animals,  of  which  we  talk 
much  and  know  little.  There  are  elevations  of  life 
and  do])ressions  of  death,  one  of  the  latter  literally  so 
called,  ])eatli  A'alley,  one  of  the  dry  sand-lakes  com- 
mon in  the  region  through  which  passes  the  old  trail 
from  Salt  Lake  to  Los  Angeles,  a  spot  seemingly 
accursed,  forty  miles  long  by  twenty  broad,  and  sur- 
rounded except  at  two  points  by  steep  momitains. 
Wonderful  things  are  said  of  it,  namely,  that  it  is  far 
below  the  level  of  the  sea;  that  it  never  rains  there 
and  is  totally  devoid  of  moisture;  that  nothing  grows 
there,  not  even  sage-brush;  that  it  is  inhabited  only 
by  horned  rattlesnakes  and  scorpions,  and  that  the 
shadow  of  a  bird  or  wild  beast  never  darkens  its  white 
glaring  sands.  The  quietude  of  death  nmst  indeed  be 
present,  if  it  be  true  as  stated,  that  the  wagon-tracks 
of  a  l)arty  which  perished  there  in  1848  are  ap[)arently 
as  fresh  and  distinct  now  as  the  day  they  were  made. 
JSTany  strange  stories  the  old  trapper  James  Bridger 
used  to  tell;  for  instance,  how  in  the  winter  of  1830 
it  began  to  snow  in  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt 
J^ake,  and  the  snow  fell  for  seventy  days,  until  the 
whole  country  was  white-coated  to  the  thickness  of 
seventy  feet.  Vast  herds  of  buffaloes  were  caught 
by  this  snow,  caught  and  pinched  to  death,  and  the 
ejucasses  preserved;  and  finally,  when  spring  came, 
all  Bridger  had  to  do  was  to  tumble  them  into 
Salt  Lake,  and  have  pickled  buffalo  enough  to  feed 


<■; 


M 


4  THE  GREAT  BASIN. 

himself  and  the  whole  Uto  nation  clown  to  the  time 
of  their  extermination.  And  thia  in  why  there  have 
been  no  buftaloes  in  that  region  since.  Anotlier 
plienomenon,  witnessed  only  by  this  keen  observer 
and  most  truthful  narrator,  is  that  since  his  arrival 
in  the  country,  Bridger  Butte  has  changed  consider- 
ably its  locality. 

Caves  are  more  remarkable  than  crags,  I  suppose, 
because  there  are  fewer  of  them  in  the  world;  and 
for  the  same  reason  we  notice  specially  stone  trees 
when  we  pay  but  little  attention  to  trees  of  wood.  I 
carmot  enumerate  all  the  crags  in  the  great  cullender, 
nor  all  the  natural  trees,  but  I  can  mention  a  cave  or 
two,  and  tell  of  a  petrified  forest.  What  has  been 
regarded  a  rival  to  the  great  cave  of  Kentucky,  and 
called  the  mammoth  cave  of  Nevada,  and  sometimes 
Mormon  Cave,  by  reason  of  historic  pretensions  given 
elsewhere,  is  situated  in  the  White  Mountains,  some 
twenty  miles  from  Patterson.  Through  a  low  open- 
ing, requiring  a  man  to  stoop  to  enter  it,  the  visitor 
passes  twenty  feet  to  a  rapidly  widening  vault,  and 
thence  to  a  succession  of  immense  chambers  with 
limestone  pendants,  or  having  a  roof  so  high  that  the 
torch-light  fails  to  discover  it.  He  may  go  a  great 
distance  in  this  way  and  still  not  find  his  progress 
barred.  There  is  a  cave  near  Fort  Ruby  which  dis- 
charges quite  a  stream;  another  in  the  Shell  Creek 
range,  one  of  whose  apartments  is  sixty  by  eighty 
feet  in  area,  and  which  likewise  figures  somewhat 
in  history;  another  in  the  mountaiT'^,  east  of  Carson 
River;  and  yet  another  near  Rush  Lake.  On  the 
plain,  thirty  miles  or  so  from  the  Blackrock  Moun- 
tains, is  a  petrified  forest,  the  stumps  of  solid  rock 
standing  alone  amidst  the  stunted  sage  brush. 

The  climate  is  likewise  distinctive.  The  air  is  light 
and  dry,  the  sun  bold  and  brazen-faced,  yet  harmless 
and  kind.  There  would  be  moisture  enough  were  it 
not   so   quickly  absorbed.     The   atmosphere,  which 


CLIMATE. 


the  time 
lere  have 
Another 
observer 
is  arrival 
consider- 

'.  suppose, 
orld;  and 
one  trees 
wood.  I 
cullender, 
a  cave  or 
has  been 
ucky,  and 
lometimes 
ons  given 
tins,  some 
low  open- 
[he  visitor 
rault,  and 
bers  with 
1  that  the 
3  a  great 

progress 
vhich  dis- 
lell  Creek 
)y  eighty 

lOmewhat 
)f  Carson 
On  the 
;k  Moun- 
lolid  rock 
h. 

lir  is  light 
harmless 
fh  were  it 
:e,  which 


may  be  called  Asiatic,  is  so  light,  elastic,  and  porous 
that  water  seems  never  to  satisfy  it;  and  what  the 
air  does  not  secure  the  soil  stands  ready  to  absorb. 

There  are  sand-clouds  and  sand-storms  at  regular 
seasons,  and  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of 
Nevada 'frequent  cloud-bursts.  There  is  a  westerly 
wind  which  prevails  in  the  spring  and  autumn  with 
disastrous  effect;  it  is  equivalent  to  the  north  wind 
of  California;  and  so  full  is  the  warm  air  of  those 
saline  particles  whicli  floating  in  it  make  the  mirage, 
that  often  on  the  deserts  and  by  the  salt  lakes  this 
hallucination  presents  itself. 

In  the  valleys,  and  especially  round  the  great  lakes, 
every  variety  of  soil  presents  itself;  likewise  through- 
out the  whole  region  there  is  infinite  variety  of  con- 
figuration and  scenery.  But  although  anomalous,  the 
climate  is  very  uniform.  Though  barred  by  the  Sierra 
from  the  sea,  the  country  is  nevertheless  near  enough 
to  the  ocean  to  feel  the  general  ameliorating  effect  of 
Pacific  currents,  and  yet  so  isolated  and  inland  as  to 
share  some  of  the  qualities  possessed  by  the  climates 
beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains  which  those  west  of 
the  Sierra  do  not  enjoy.  There  is  a  marked  individ- 
uality in  the  atmosphere  about  Salt  Lake,  which  so 
rapid  evaporation  tinges  with  a  blue  haze,  while  almost 
everywhere  else  in  this  region  the  air  is  exceedingly 
pure  and  transparent.  It  is  in  the  spring  that  the 
atmosphere  u  most  fully  charged  with  moisture,  the 
winters  being  cold  and  drier,  though  the  temperature 
seldom  reaches  zero. 

The  average  rain-fall  of  Utah  is  twenty  inches  for 
the  year,  four  tenths  of  which  comes  in  the  spring, 
one  tenth  in  summer,  three  tenths  in  autumn,  and 
two  tenths  during  winter.  The  summers  of  Nevada 
are  generally  hot,  and  except  in  the  more  sheltered 
spots  the  winters  are  cold.  But  in  the  several  deep 
valleys,  though  the  wind  is  sometimes  strong,  and 
there  is  frost  everywhere,  the  fall  of  snow  is  light,  and 
the  temperature  generally  mild.     Thus  we  have  here 


6  TflE  GREAT  BASIN. 

what  may  properly  be  called  a  wet  and  a  dry  season, 
but  the  former  is  not  so  pronounced  as  in  Calilbrnia, 
nor  is  thu  dry  season  wholly  dry. 

Climatic  changes  are  not  so  abrupt  here  as  in  many 
other  localities.  Seasons  glide  one  into  another  al- 
most imperceptibly.  Due  warning  is  given  of  the 
approach  of  winter  by  the  masses  of  dark  clouds 
which  come  moving  slowly  over  the  plains,  and  which 
hover  in  the  mountains  about  the  higher  peaks.  An 
increasing  wind  is  significant  of  a  gathering  storm,  and 
the  winds  are  often  busied  several  days  in  sweeping 
up  a  storm,  after  which  they  assume  some  degree  of 
regularity.  Spring  comes  in  March,  often  with  snow 
or  cold  rains  and  wind.  April  drops  some  showers, 
and  even  May  spurts  thunder  and  lightning  between 
her  smiles.  Then  comes  summer  settled  and  serene. 
Over  the  central,  northern,  and  western  portions  of 
Nevada,  the  temperature  is  at  90°  at  midday,  rising 
sometimes  to  100°  to  fall  at  night  to  70°.  Toward 
autumn  the  heated  air  becomes  giddy,  and  sends  the 
dust  dancing  in  whirlwinds  over  the  plains.  Thunder 
storms  are  frequent  in  eastern  Nevada  from  midsum- 
mer till  autumn. 

The  basins  proper  are  for  the  most  part  ranged 
round  the  edge  of  the  so-called  great  basin,  and  are 
lower  than  the  central  area,  whose  valleys  will  average 
an  altitude  of  5,500  feet,  while  many  interior  ranges 
of  mountains  assume  great  height;  hence  the  bottom 
of  the  basin  should  be  pictured  in  the  mind  as  raised 
in  the  centre ;  that  is  as  not  being  of  basin-shape  at  all, 
as  we  have  seen;  and  while  around  the  base  of  the 
rim  of  the  still  so-called  basin  there  may  be  a  land  of 
lakes  and  sinks  and  streams,  the  middle  interior  is 
high-ribbed  with  compact  ranges  and  narrow  valleys. 

As  to  geological  formations,  the  mountains  between 
Utah  Lake  and  the  Kobah  Valley  may  be  called  of 
carboniferous  origin;  thence  to  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  over  the  desert  to  the  Goshute  region,  the  ground 


■H 


GEOLOGY.  7 

■shows  signs  of  igneous  action ;  while  about  the  Hum- 
boldt Mountains  the  characteristics  of  the  Devonian 
af'e  appear.  The  strata  of  the  sand-stone  and  siliceous 
limestones  around  the  porphyritic  and  other  igneous 
rocks  composing  the  Champlin  Range  seem  to  have 
been  much  disturbed  when  these  mountains  were 
made.  From  this  point  toward  the  north  and  toward 
the  south-west  ashy  elevations  are  seen,  dark,  scorched, 
and  vitreous,  as  if  the  fashioning-fires  had  not  been 
long  extinguished.  Here  and  there  throughout  the 
whole  region  post-pliocene  formations  appear.  Lime- 
stone predominates  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada,  then 
granite,  sienite,  serpentine,  and  slate,  all  marked  by 
overflows  of  basaltic  trap-rock  and  trachytic  lavas. 

Over  the  blue  walls  of  the  Wahsatch  toward  the 
east,  outside  of  the  great  basin  though  still  in  Utah, 
we  have  the  great  valley  of  the  Colorado  and  Green 
rivers,  with  the  usual  mountains,  plains,  and  valleys, 
and  the  more  unusual  buttes,  lines  of  cliffs,  outlying 
masses  of  high  angular  stratified  rocks,  and  deep  nar- 
row gorges,  to  whose  escarpments  the  strata  of  shales 
and  limestone  give  a  terraced  and  buttressed  appear- 
ance. 

The  region  drained  by  Bear  River  is  for  the  most 
part  rugged  and  sterile;  some  of  the  ranges  of  hills 
which  divide  the  country  into  a  succession  of  parallel 
valleys  are  bare,  or  covered  only  with  grass,  while 
over  the  low  mountains  are  scattered  dwarfish  pines 
and  cedars.  Here  are  wide  areas  void  of  vegeta- 
tion, dreary  wastes  of  rock,  with  here  and  there  clay 
baked  by  the  sun  until  it  resembles  stone  rather 
than  soil.  Volcanic  action  is  everywhere  apparent, 
lava  and  scoriated  basalt  prevailing,  with  bituminous 
limestone,  trap,  and  calcareous  tufa.  The  lava  forma- 
tions west  of  Soda  Springs,  in  whose  vicinity  rise  sev- 
eral extinct  volcanoes  .  - )  worthy  of  special  attention. 
In  south-eastern  Nevada  is  a  volcano  basin  covered 
with  lava  and  scoriae,  and  having  withal  a  crater-rim 
two  hundred  feet  broad  and  eighty  feet  deep.     Not 


■l\\ 


'8  THE  GREAT  BASIN. 

far  from  the  sink  of  the  Humboldt  is  another 
crater,  i 

North  and  east  of  the  Carson  Lake  country  are 
high  mountains  and  intervening  plains;  south  of  the 
same  region,  after  passing  some  distance,  a  gradual 
depression  occurs,  which  terminates  in  Death  Val- 
ley, four  hundred  and  sixty-four  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ocean. 

The  Uintah  Mountains  are  a  branch  of  the  Wah- 
satch,  stretching  off  toward  the  east.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintah  ranges  the  gulches 
of  the  summits  are  high,  and  filled  with  never  melting 
snow;  thence  the  latter  range  gradually  declines 
toward  the  eastern  end,  where  it  breaks  into  little 
ridges  and  hills.  Through  the  Uintah  Mountains, 
cutting  for  itself  a  channel  slowly  as  the  mountains 
uprose,  and  which  now  appears  as  a  series  of  canons, 
runs  Green  River. 

North  of  the  Uintah,  Green  River  continues  through 
a  deep  narrow  valley  or  canon  about  a  thousand  feet 
below  the  open  plain  of  country  yet  farther  north. 
All  the  watercourses  are  eroded,  and  the  rocks,  com- 
posed of  hard  limestone,  laminated  shales,  and  sand- 
stones, appear  to  be  the  sediments  of  a  lake.  To  the 
west  is  a  stretch  of  buff  mauvaises  terres,  with  rocks 
of  shales  and  sandstone  so  soft  as  to  be  easily  rounded 
into  beautiful  forms  by  the  wind  and  water. 

South  of  the  Uintah  are  many  isolated  ranges,  trend- 
ing for  the  most  part  to  the  north-east  and  the  north- 
west. There  is  a  district  here  of  low  rounded  eleva- 
tions called  the  Yellow  Hills,  whose  rocks  are  yellow 
clays  and  shales,  some  of  the  latter  of  a  slate  color, 
and  others  pink.  "  Looking  at  it  from  an  eminence," 
says  Powell,  "  and  in  the  light  of  the  midday  sun,  it 
appears  like  a  billowy  sea  of  molten  gold."  South 
of  this  is  a  stretch  of  bituminous  bad-lands,  and  then 
a  series  of  canons  and  cliffs. 

The  mountain  system  comprising  this  region  may 


MOUNTAIN  SYSTEM. 


I   another 

untry  are 
ith  of  the 
a,  gradual 
eath  Val- 
the  sur- 

bhe  Wah- 
the  junc- 
e  gulches 
r  melting 
declines 
nto  little 
ountains, 
lountains 
f  canons, 

;  through 
sand  feet 
;r  north, 
ks,  com- 
ad  sand- 
To  the 
th  rocks 
rounded 

s,  trend- 
north- 
eleva- 

3  yellow 
color, 

inence," 

J  sun,  it 
South 

nd  then 


be  likened  in  form  to  a  gridiron.  Enclosed  within 
the  rim  are  ranges  lising  abruptly  from  the  plain, 
being  at  the  base  from  one  to  twelve  miles  wide,  and 
all  trending  off  toward  the  north,  almost  always  con- 
fining their  variations  between  the  true  and  the  mag- 
netic north.  And  their  distance  apart  is  scarcely 
greater  than  their  breadth  of  base;  so  that  this  re- 
gion called  plains  is  in  truth  more  a  succession  of 
minor  mountains  and  valleys,  the  tops  of  the  eleva- 
tions alone  being  anywhere  near  upon  a  level.  The 
length  of  these  ranges  is  from  fifty  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles,  and  their  height  two  or  three  thou- 
sand fe<!t,  t]  ough  there  are  peaks  in  the  Goshute 
Rang;>  five  '.  six  thousand  feet  above  the  plain,  or 
ten  or  elo^oii  thousand  above  the  sea.  Floyd,  the 
highest  peak  of  the  Oquirrh  Range,  is  4,214  above 
the  plain  and  9,074  above  the  sea.  The  pass  through 
the  Ungoweah  Range  is  8,140  feet  above  the  sea. 

The  Wahsatch  Mountains  are  the  meteorological 
monarch  of  Utah,  dividing  the  state  into  two  un- 
equal parts,  the  greater  being  the  eastern.  Rising 
in  the  Bear  River  region,  they  curve  gently  toward 
the  east,  passing  the  eastern  borders  of  Great  Salt 
and  Utah  lakes,  then  sweep  round  south-west  to  the 
Rio  Virgen.  Next  stretching  southward  from  the 
southern  end  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  the  order 
given,  are  the  paralli  1  id  rges,  the  Oquirrh,  the  Onaqui, 
and  the  Lakes;de  and  (\^dar  mountains.  Then  comes 
the  Great  Amet.car?  jCcscrL  After  that,  entering 
Nevada,  we  have  tl:«i  i  'oo^  j  Creek,  Toano,  Antelope, 
Snake,  Cedar,  and  Mormon  line  of  elevations;  next 
west  the  Peoquop,  Shell  Creek,  Ely,  Highland,  and 
Valley  ranges;  then  the  Goshute,  East  Humboldt, 
East  Ruby,  Eagon,  Butte,  White  Pine,  and  Hiko 
line,  and  so  on  through  eight  or  ten  other  lines  and 
lateral  ridges  unt'^  the  entire  state  is  covered  and  the 
great  Sierra  No  ;  da  reached. 

The  mountain  ^f  Nevada  are  made  mostly  of 
granite,  limestone,  .ate,  sienite,  and  porphyry,  dome- 


fl'  ;''■  ' 


'■  i 


M 


10 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


shaped  or  with  otherwise  rounded  contour,  but  ^iome- 
times  shooting  up  in  pyramidal  spires. 

The  first  explorers  of  this  country,  namely  the 
fur-hunters  and  emigrants,  were  warned  by  the  natives 
to  avoid  alike  the  entanglements  of  the  deep  canons 
leading  northward  from  the  river  discovered  by  Og- 
den,  and  the  heart  of  the  arid  desert  which  no  man 
had  yet  dared  to  penetrate.  Both  the  savages  and 
the  emigrants  were  right  in  bending  their  trail  to  the 
course  of  the  Humboldt,  as  subsequent  surveys  proved, 
though  not  altogether  for  the  reason  named.  Besides 
waterless  plains  there  ai  /-  -^  minor  ridges  running 
north  and  south  which  muc  passed  over  or  round 

by  one  travelling  straight  ac^  ^ss  from  Utah  Lake  to 
Carson  Lake. 

Were  there  fewer  mountains  there  would  be  more 
deserts;  for  besides  breaking  withering  blasts,  the 
mountains  act  as  reservoirs,  holding  about  their  sum- 
mits masses  of  snow,  enough  to  fill  a  hundred  lakes 
and  rivers,  portions  of  which  are  slowly  melted 
during  summer,  and  distributed  over  the  parched 
plains. 

There  are  many  places  in  both  Nevada  and  Utah 
which  show  sisfns  of  having  been  once  the  beds  of  vast 
bodies  of  water.  One  of  these  is  the  region  round 
Truckee  Meadows  and  Steamboat  Valley,  including 
Washoe  and  Carson  valleys,  where  there  is  to-day 
nmch  good  arable  land  which  may  be  watered  through- 
out the  season  from  the  Truckee  and  other  streams. 
At  Great  Salt  Lake,  Stanbury  counted  on  the  slope 
of  the  ridge  thirteen  benches,  one  above  the  other, 
each  of  which  had  been  successively  the  border  and 
level  of  the  lake.  The  highest  of  these  water-marks 
is  two  hundred  feet  above  the  valley,  which  is  itself 
now  well  above  the  lake.  Here  then  was  an  inland 
ocean,  whose  islands  are  now  mountain  tops.  Thus 
as  this  whole  vast  mountainous  interior  was  once 
beneath  the  surface  of  one  body  of  water,  so  we  may 


GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


11 


but  fiome- 

me\y  the 
he  natives 
ep  canons 
id  by  Og- 
h  no  man 
vages  and 
rail  to  the 
ys  proved, 
,.  Besides 
}s  running 
r  or  round 
h  Lake  to 

d  be  more 
ulasts,  the 
their  sum- 
dred  lakes 
[ly  melted 
parched 


and  Utah 
ids  of  vast 
ion  round 

including 

is  to-day 
1  through- 
r  streams. 

the  slope 
the  other, 

order  and 

ter-marks 
!h  is  itself 

an  inland 
Thus 

was  once 
io  we  may 


safely  conclude  that  later  there  were  many  inland  seas 
and  lakes  now  dead. 

Great  Salt  Lake  is  in  several  respects  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  bodies  of  water  in  the  world.  Its 
equal,  approached  perhaps  in  Asia,  is  found  nowhere 
in  America.  It  is  in  form  an  irregular  parallelogram, 
some  seventy  miles  in  length,  and  from  twenty  to 
thirty  in  width.  Stanbury  calls  it  three  hundred 
leagues  in  circumference  and  thirty  in  breadth.  It 
contains  twenty-two  per  cent  of  solid  matter,  that  is 
to  say  20.196  common  salt,  and  1.804  sulphate  of 
soda;  i^  is  six  and  a  half  times  derser  than  the  ocean. 
Where  the  water  has  been  and  reti.-eJ  wagon  loads  of 
dry  salt  may  be  shovelled  up.  The  surface  is  ordina- 
rily quite  motionless,  though  at  times  it  is  stirred  into 
briny  foam.  It  is  not  inhabited  by  fish.  The  shores 
are  bare  and  forbidding ;  its  airs  lack  the  invigorating 
qualities  of  ocjan  breezes.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
Bear  River  and  some  smaller  streams  at  the  northern 
end,  and  several  from  the  east  and  south.  The  lake 
has  periods  of  rising  and  receding,  being  ruled  some- 
what by  the  rain-fall  in  the  regions  whose  drainage  it 
receives.  On  the  whole  its  area  seems  to  be  increasing 
rather  than  diminishing,  owmg  perhaps  to  increased 
moisture  in  the  atmosphere  caused  by  civilized  occu- 
pation, and  resulting  at  once  in  greater  falls  of  rain 
and  less  evaporation. 

A  promontory,  fifteen  hundred  or  two  thousand  feet 
in  height,  juts  into  the  lake  from  the  north.  It  is 
some  ten  miles  in  length,  the  northern  end  being  com- 
posed of  sandstone,  shales,  and  limestone;  while  at 
the  southern  end,  instead  of  limestone,  there  is  a  sur- 
face rock  of  conglomerate,  with  bowlders  of  serpentine 
and  porphyry.  All  along  the  base  of  the  promontory 
the  water  springs  forth,  sometimes  pure  and  fresh,  but 
often  highly  impregnated  with  salt  and  sulphur.  The 
rivulets  scarcely  reach  the  lake,  however,  before  they 
sink  into  the  intervening  sand  and  mud-flat,  which  is 


Ii    i 


12 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


about  two  miles  in  width,  and  wholly  void  of  vegeta- 
tion. Several  islands  break  the  surface  of  the  dense 
water.  The  largest,  Antelope  Island,  is  a  long  rocky 
eminence,  three  thousand  feet  above  the  water,  six- 
teen miles  long,  and  from  three  to  five  wide.  It  is 
connected  with  the  mainland  by  a  sand-flat  which  is 
usually  dry  in  summer. 

On  Castle  Island,  sometimes  called  Fremont  Island, 
eight  or  nine  hundred  feet  high,  and  fourteen  miles  in 
circumference,  is  a  place  where  through  the  argillace- 
ous schist  three  holes  have  been  worn,  and  upon  the 
summit  stands  like  a  ruined  castle  an  oblong  rock 
whence  the  island  derives  its  name.  There  are  no 
trees  or  water  upon  this  island,  but  on  its  sides  grows 
grass  in  which  the  blue  heron  lays  its  eggs;  and  the 
wild  onion  and  parsnip  are  found  there  in  profusion; 
also  a  highly  nutritiou  ;  bulbous  root  the  natives  use, 
called  sego.  Sage  near  the  summit  attains  remarkable 
size,  being  sometimes  eight  feet  high,  while  the  stalk 
is  six  inches  in  diameter.  Then  there  are  Stanbury, 
Carrington,  Gunnison,  and  Hat  islands  which  were 
explored  and  named  by  Stanbury,  the  first  after  him- 
self, the  second  in  honor  of  his  Mormon  friend,  and 
the  third  after  his  lieutenant.  Hat  Island  was  named 
by  his  men  by  acclamation. 

Utah  Lake  is  a  magnificent  body  of  water,  all  the 
more  acceptable  in  this  arid  and  salt-stricken  region 
from  being  fresh,  having  an  outlet  through  the  River 
Jordan  into  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

After  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  size  and  importance, 
come  Pyramid  Lake  and  Walker  Lake,  the  first  lying 
near  the  eastern  rim,  and  the  other  two  near  the 
western.  Indeed,  most  of  the  great  lakes  are  at  the 
base  of  the  two  great  ranges  of  mountains.  The 
size,  shape,  and  relative  positions  of  Pyramid  and 
Walker  lakes  are  noticeable,  the  former  being  thirty- 
two  by  nine  and  a  half  miles,  and  the  latter  thirty 
miles  in  length  by  about  nine  in  width.  The  shore 
of  Pyramid  Lake  is  in  places  rocky,  elsewhere  pre- 


LAKE  SYSTEM. 


IS 


of  vegeta- 
the  dense 
long  rocky 
water,  six- 
ide.  It  is 
t  which  is 

mt  Island, 
in  miles  in 
!  argillace- 

upon  the 
►long  rock 
ire  are  no 
des  grows 
j;  and  the 
profusion; 
itives  use, 
3markable 

the  stalk 
Stanbury, 
lich  were 
ifter  him- 
'iend,  and 
'^as  named 

jr,  all  the 
in  region 
ihe  River 

portance, 
irst  lying 
near  the 
re  at  the 
ns.  The 
mid  and 
g  thirty- 
er  thirty 
he  shore 
lere  pre- 


senting a  beach  like  the  sea.  The  large  granite 
bowlders  which  lie  scattered  about  the  border  have  a 
calcareous  coating  from  an  inch  to  a  foot  in  thick- 
ness. There  are  precipices  on  the  side  next  the 
Sierra,  which  rises  precipitously  in  places  three  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  surface.  During  winter  the  lake 
is  sometimes  almost  obscured  by  storms  of  snow, 
which  raise  the  waves  six  feet  high  and  send  them  in 
foaming  surf  along  the  narrow  beach,  in  good  imita- 
tion of  the  ocean. 

Not  a  single  lake  in  the  great  basin  has  a  visible 
outlet.  Pyramid  and  Walker  lakes  are  called  fresh- 
water sheets,  though  the  former  at  least  holds  in 
solution  a  little  salt.  The  waters  of  Carson  Lake 
are  slightly  alkaline.  Tahoe,  a  picturesque  sheet 
thirty  miles  long,  and  from  eight  to  fifteen  wide, 
though  partially  in  Nevada  is  not  within  the  basin 
proper,  but  rather  perched  upon  the  rim,  a  mile  and 
a  quarter  above  the  ocean  level ;  its  waters  are  purely 
fresh,  very  deep,  and  exceedingly  clear,  and  have  out- 
let by  way  of  the  Truckee  River  into  Pyramid  Lake. 
The  small  streams  flowing  into  Tahoe  would  not  be  suf- 
ficient to  sustain  the  volume  of  water  throughout  the 
year  without  the  aid  of  the  springs  hidden  beneath  the 
surface.  Three  varieties  of  trout  here  make  their  home, 
some  of  which  attain  a  weight  of  nearly  thirty  pounds. 

Lake  Winnemucca  is  a  shallow  basin  stretched  be- 
side Pyramid  Lake ;  at  times  it  is  nearly  dry,  like  the 
mud-lakes  to  the  north  which  during  the  dry  season 
are  mere  alkali  flats. 

Walker  Lake  is  an  irregular  fresh-water  sheet,  fed 
by  Walker  River,  and  containing  fish.  To  the  south- 
west in  California  is  Lake  Mono,  and  a  little  beyond 
a  salt  pond  about  twelve  miles  across,  in  which  fish 
cannot  live.  The  borders  of  Columbus,  Fish,  and 
Teal  lakes,  now  nearly  dry,  are  bordered  by  marshes. 
Indeed  we  must  not  too  closely  follow  the  map  in 
estimating  the  areas  covered  by  water  in  Utah  and 
Nevada,  as  many  of  the  spots  so  represented  are  mere 


I 


1 

i           -i 

1   ' 
i 

!   ■: 

k. 

14 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


mud-flats,  and  covered  only  occasionally  if  at  all. 
The  term  mud  lake  cornea  in  this  wise.  Over  many 
of  the  valleys  and  plains  of  Nevada  is  spread  an  im- 
pervious surface  of  stiif  clay.  This  surface  is  in 
places  level,  and  again  plate-shaped,  and  in  the  de- 
pressions water  gathers  during  the  rains  to  the  depth 
perhaps  of  a  foot  or  two,  to  be  evaporated  when  the 
sun  comes  out.  Evaporation  accomplished,  a  thin 
argillaceous  deposit  is  left,  beneath  which  the  groun«l 
is  usually  miry.  Then  there  are  lakes  like  tlie  Hum- 
boldt and  Carson  whose  waters  rise  during  the  rains 
and  overspread  a  wide  area,  receding  during  the  sul>- 
sequent  evaporation  leaving  the  same  result,  namely, 
mud-flats.  Round  some  of  the  lakes  and  along  some 
of  the  rivers,  notably  the  Humboldt,  are  what  were 
originally  tule  lands,  which  being  readily  drained  are 
converted  into  rich  meadows. 

The  term  sink  was  applied  by  the  early  immigrants, 
who  followed  the  Humboldt  River  to  its  end,  where, 
as  they  supposed,  it  sank  into  the  ground;  so  that 
Humboldt  Lake  was  first  called  the  sink  of  the  Hum- 
boldt, or  rather  of  Ogden  River.  The  part  played  by 
evaporation  was  not  at  first  fully  considered.  There 
is  still  the  sink  of  the  Carson,  which  takes  the  waters 
of  Carson  River  after  a  rest  at  Carson  Lake.  Both 
Humboldt  and  Carson  lakes  are  shallow;  the  former 
is  fifteen  miles  long  and  eight  or  ten  wide,  and  the 
latter  is  ten  miles  in  diameter.  The  waters  of  both 
contain  salt  and  alkali.  The  sink  of  the  Carson  is 
surrounded  by  sloughs,  tule  swamps,  and  sandy  wastes, 
wide  over  which  the  brackish  water  spreads  in  winter, 
contracting  again  during  summer.  The  waters  of 
Washoe  Lake  are  alkaline ;  they  spring  from  beneath, 
and  have  an  outlet  into  the  Truckee. 

The  rivers  of  Nevada  are  not  large,  but  they  are 
many  and  serviceable;  and  though  as  a  rule  swift 
running  there  are  few  important  water-falls.  They 
all  send  their  waters  in  the  end  to  some  lake  or  so- 


RIVER  SYSTEM. 


IS 


if  at  all. 
)ver  many 
L'ad  an  ini- 
faee  is  in 
in  the  de- 
the  depth 

when  the 
d,  a  thin 
tie  ground 
the  Huni- 

the  rains 
J  the  .sul>- 
t,  namely, 
ong  some 
diat  were 
rained  are 

migrants, 
id,  where, 
;  so  that 
;hc  Hum- 
clayed  1)V 
There 
le  waters 
Both 
e  former 
and  the 
of  both 
arson  is 
y  wastes, 
1  winter, 
aters  of 
jeneath. 


called  sink.  Among  the  more  notable  rivers  hero 
and  in  Utah  are  the  Humboldt,  three  hundred  miles 
in  length;  Bear  River,  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
long;  Sevier,  Spanish,  Jordan,  Timpanogos,  Malade, 
ancT  Weber,  springing  from  the  Wahsatch  range,  and 
the  Carson,  Truckee,  Walker,  Owen,  and  Mojavo 
having  their  source  in  the  Nevada  range.  These  are 
from  thirty -five  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles 
in  length,  from  four  to  forty  yards  in  width,  and  from 
one  to  twenty  feet  in  depth,  varying  with  locality  and 
the  season.  Precipices  and  canons  mark  the  course 
of  many  of  them,  even  of  the  smaller  streams — 
instance  Pumbar  Creek. 

The  water  flowing  through  Carson  Lake  outlet, 
loading  into  the  sink  of  the  Carson,  fifty  feet  wide  and 
three  or  four  deep,  although  of  a  suspicious  milky  cast, 
is  nevertheless  pronounced  good.  Walker  River,  one 
hundred  yards  wide  and  five  or  ten  feet  deep,  is  of  a 
yellow  color,  something  like  that  of  the  Missouri;  to 
the  taste  the  water  is  soft  and  palatable.  The  banks 
in  places  are  grassy,  besides  growing  willows  and  cot- 
tonwoods. 

The  Timpanogos  is  a  bold,  dashing  stream,  from 
thirty  to  a  hundred  feet  in  width,  and  two  feet  deep. 
The  water  is  beautifully  clear  and  pure,  and  no  wonder 
the  trout  delight  in  it.  Of  the  same  character  is  Weber 
River,  twenty  or  thirty  yards  wide,  with  its  thickets 
of  willow,  and  its  groves  of  cottonwood  and  maple. 

In  the  progress  of  westward-marching  empire  few 
streams  on  the  North  American  continent  have  played 
a  more  important  part  than  the  Humboldt  River  of 
Nevada.  Among  the  watercourses  of  the  world  it 
can  lay  claim  neither  to  great  beauty  nor  to  remark- 
able utility.  Its  great  work  was  to  open  a  way,  first 
for  the  cattle  train  and  then  for  the  steam  train, 
through  a  wilderness  of  mountains,  througli  ranges 
which  otherwise  would  run  straight  across  its  course. 
It  is  the  largest  river  of  this  region,  and  the  only  one 
hereabout  running  from  east  to  west.     Most  of  ihe 


1 

1 
1 

1 
1     < 

11 

J  ' 

!   1 

1  ! 

1  i 

1 

!| 

1 
i      ) 

,      J 

2  ' 

! 

1!^     I 


16 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


others  are  with  the  mountains,  north  and  south.  The 
source  of  the  Humboldt  is  in  the  Goose  Creek  range 
seven  thousand  feet  above  the  ocean,  and  it  follows 
a  south-westerly  course  to  Humboldt  Lake  where  it 
ends. 

After  leaving  the  Humboldt,  the  Truckee  River 
proved  the  next  best  assistant  to  the  emigrant,  direct- 
ing him  as  it  did  by  the  best  route  over  the  steep 
Sierra.  It  was  rugged  and  difficult  enough,  but  it 
was  the  best.  Carson  River,  coming  in  from  the 
south-west,  has  served  a  good  purpose  in  floating  wood 
down  to  treeless  districts  below.  Next  in  size  to  the 
Truckee  of  Nevada  are  Walker,  Quin,  and  Amargoso 
rivers,  which  pursue  their  tortuous  courses  for  a  hun- 
dred or  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  the  latter  disappear- 
ing in  Death  Valley.  Las  Vegas  and  Rio  Virgen  are 
tributaries  of  the  Rio  Colorado. 

The  drainage  of  Utah  is  divided  by  the  Wahsatch 
Mountains,  the  Colorado  drainage  being  on  the  east 
side,  and  the  desert  drainage  on  the  west.  Green 
River  in  many  places  flows  over  a  narrow  bed  be- 
tween walls  of  white  and  red  sandstone.  From  its 
mouth  the  Colorado  cuts  for  its  waters  a  canon  to  the 
ocean.  Deep  Creek,  on  the  west  side,  and  which 
sinks  at  Curlew,  is  an  important  stream  for  purposes 
of  irrigation.  The  Jordan,  called  also  the  Utah,  car- 
ries the  waters  of  Utah  Lake  rapidly  down  the  in- 
cline to  Great  Salt  Lake,  nearly  losing  itself,  however, 
before  reaching  its  destination.  The  little  streams 
of  melted  snow  coming  down  from  the  mountains  are 
subject  to  considerable  fluctuations,  consequent  upon 
the  quantity  of  snow  and  the  progress  of  its  melting. 

The  hot  and  cold  springs  are  almost  innumerable. 
The  rattlesnake  chooses  as  a  resort  those  in  Round 
Prairie,  in  the  vicinity  of  Rattlesnake  Creek.  In 
one  of  these  springs  the  thermometer  marks  a  tem- 
perature of  109°  50'.  Time  was  when  the  snakes  held 
full  possession  of  this  watering-place.     The  springs  of 


SPRINGS  AND  DESERXa 


17 


uth.    The 

sek  range 

it  follows 

where  it 

ee  River 
it,  direct- 
the  steep 
:h,  but  it 
from  the 
iing  wood 
ze  to  the 
Lmargoso 
3r  a  hun- 
isappear- 
irgen  are 

Vahsatch 

the  east 

Green 

bed  be- 

rrom  its 

m  to  the 

1  which 

purposes 

ah,  car- 

the  in- 

owever, 

streams 

ains  are 

it  upon 

nelting. 


Boar  r.ivcr  arc  many  of  them  impregnated  with  divers 
minerals.  Twenty  Wells  a  valley  is  called  having  cold 
springs  from  half  a  foot  to  several  feet  in  diameter, 
in  wiricli  the  water  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  ground 
as  fast  as  it  is  drawn  out.  From  several  large  crev- 
ices in  a  low  mound  a  mile  long,  and  seven  hundrod 
feet  in  length,  emerges  the  sulphuric  vapor  which  gives 
the  name  to  Steamboat  Springs,  the  surgings  of  the 
boiling  water  being  heard  below.  Sixty  columns  of 
steam  may  be  counted  on  a  clear  cool  morning,  rising 
to  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  There  are  also  Steamboat 
Springs  in  Utah,  on  Bear  River,  and  hot  springs  all 
along  the  western  base  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 
In  most  of  these  waters  are  found  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia, carbonate  of  lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  and  sul- 
phate of  lime.  Near  Walker  River  is  a  spring  having 
a  temperature  of  165°  at  the  surface. 

From  a  basin  ten  feet  in  diameter  within  another 
basin  ninety  feet  in  diameter,  near  Pyramid  Lake, 
comes  with  sulphuric  smell  a  thick  dark  hot  fluid 
which  looks  like  tar.  The  rocks  lying  within  the 
outer  basin  are  covered  to  the  thickness  of  nearly  a 
foot  with  a  black  resinous  substance. 

There  are  deserts  and  deserts,  not  to  mention  dry 
valleys,  alkaline  valleys,  and  the  like.  There  are  the 
Smoke  Creek  desert,  the  Granite  Creek  desert,  the 
Black  Rock  desert,  and  the  Sage  desert  of  northern 
Nevada,  and  the  large  deserts  in  the  south.  West 
and  south  of  Great  Salt  Lake  stretches  the  Great 
American  desert  for  a  distance  of  a  hundred  miles,  a 
flat  surface,  declining  slightly  northward  toward  the 
lake,  and  broken  occasionally  by  isolated  mountains. 
It  is  a  spot  shunned  alike  by  man  and  beast;  even  the 
birds  seem  loath  to  fly  over  it.  Whatever  of  soil 
there  may  be  is  of  an  argillo-calcareo-arenaceous  char- 
acter, in  which  appears  a  small  growth  only  of  arte- 
misia  and  greasewood.  Near  the  lake  the  lower  and 
yet  more  level  and  salt-covered  ground,  which  was 

Hut.  Nkv.    3 


18 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


once  part  of  the  lake  bottom,  is  little  more  than  a 
mud-flat,  on  which  wagons  cannot  safely  venture. 
Indeed,  there  is  little  doubt  that  this  whole  desert 
area  was  at  one  time  submerged. 

Indigenous  plants  and  animals  are  few,  not  how- 
over  from  lack  of  possibilities.  Mark  the  prophecy : 
the  valleys  of  this  whole  region  will  one  day  be  rich 
fields  and  gardens,  supporting  flourishing  populations. 
At  some  seasons  of  the  year  the  flora  of  Nevada 
appears  to  be  little  else  than  sage-brush  and  grease- 
wood;  at  other  seasons  hills  and  plains  are  brilliant 
with  flowering  herbage.  Large  tracts  are  wholly 
destitute  of  vegetation.  Among  things  man  may  eat, 
besides  insects  in  abundance  and  some  reptiles,  are 
pine-nuts,  currants,  and  gooseberries.  Then  there  is 
a  sugar  coming  from  a  kind  of  cane  growing  in  the 
tule  swamps  about  Humboldt  and  Carson  lakes,  while 
in  the  neighboring  hills  flax  and  tobacco  are  sometimes 
met  with.  In  the  south  there  are  the  cactus  and 
mezquite. 

On  most  of  the  mountain  ridges  of  Utah  are  dwarf 
cedars;  mahogany  is  likewise  frequent,  that  is  to  say 
mountain  mahogany  as  the  people  call  it,  and  also 
pine,  balsam,  and  ash.  At  a  distance  the  mahogany 
of  these  mountains  looks  like  an  appletree  with  a  live- 
oak  leaf.  Along  the  Timpanogos  and  its  tributaries 
are  found  box-elder,  Cottonwood,  and  oak;  willow, 
sugar-maple,  and  birch;  in  the  mountains  are  pine, 
fir,  and  juniper,  and  in  the  valleys  are  red  and  black 
currants,  service-berries,  and  a  blue  berry  called  the 
mount? in  grape.  The  rolling  highlands  between 
Weber  River  and  Salt  Lake  are  heavily  timbered,  and 
support  in  places  a  dense  undergrowth.  The  Sevier 
district  also  abounds  in  timber.  Along  the  Colorado 
as  it  leaves  Utah  are  low  and  stunted  pines  on  river 
banks  so  high  that  the  Spaniards  who  were  first  there 
fancied  themselves  amidst  the  clouds;  even  during 
summer  the  cold  wind  sometimes  sweeps  in  from  the 
north  in  a  manner  most  uncomfortable.    The  streams 


* 


FLORA  AND  FAUNA. 


10 


■)re  than  a 
y  venture, 
lole  desert 

not  how- 
prophecy  : 
ay  be  rich 
apulations. 
y£  Nevada 
nd  grease- 
e  brilliant 

e  wholly 
,n  may  eat, 
ptilcs,  are 
in  there  is 
ing  in  the 
ikes,  while 
sometimes 
;actus  and 

are  dwarf 
it  is  to  say 
r,  and  also 
mahogany 
v'ith  a  live- 
tributaries 
k;  willow, 
I  are  pine, 
and  black 
called  the 
3  between 
bered,  and 
'he  Sevier 
3  Colorado 
3S  on  river 
first  there 
en  during 
1  from  the 
iie  streams 


3 


of  Nevada  arc  bordered  by  cottonwood,  willow,  birch, 
and  wild  cherry,  with  hero  and  there  a  mixture  of 
wild  vines,  and  rose  and  berry  bushes. 

On  the  hills  of  Nevada  are  two  kinds  of  bunch 
grass,  which  may  be  distinguished  as  coarse  and  fine, 
the  tormer  being  in  smaller  and  more  scattered  bunches 
and  seeking  the  lc»wer  levels.  Both  are  very  nutri- 
tious, the  finer  variety  bearing  an  oat-shaped  seed. 
Clover  is  sometimes  found  on  the  river  banks. 
Washoe  valley  is  a  natural  meadow ;  so  is  Mountain 
IMcadow,  the  latter  a  plateau  seven  or  eight  thousand 
feet  liigh,  walled  by  mountains,  watered  by  melted 
snow,  and  carpeted  with  luxuriant  grass.  Utah  pre- 
sents a  great  variety  of  grasses. 

Into  the  arms  of  the  connnonwealth  in  some  way 
should  be  twined  the  artemisia,  or .  wild  sage,  so 
abundant  is  it  everywhere  throughout  this  region. 
Beside  it  i)lace  some  greasewood  and  lynogris,  under 

'  icli  last  let  a  rabbit  be  seen.  This  aromatic  shrub 
hcs  the  land  in  gray,  which  mingling  with  the 
gioen  of  the  greasewood  bronzes  all  nature. 

Among  mammals  may  be  mentioned  the  bighorn, 
or  Rocky  Mountain  sheep,  the  great-tailed  fox,  the 
mink,  ermine,  badger,  wolverene,  and  muskrat.  There 
are  sage-hens  and  hares  to  shoot;  a  few  coyotes  may 
be  heard  on  the  hills.  In  the  reptile  line,  besides 
rattlesnakes  there  is  not  much  to  boast  of  but  horned 
toads  and  spotted  lizards. 

Curlews,  pelicans,  and  ducks  frequent  the  region 
round  Carson  Lake.  Myriads  of  geese  and  ducks, 
with  swans,  cover  the  surface  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake 
at  certain  seasons,  there  shrieking  their  discordant 
notes,  while  at  other  times  and  places  there  is  the 
stillness  of  the  grave,  a  dead  sea  indeed.  There  are 
also  on  the  lake  blue  herons,  white  brant,  cormorants, 
and  gulls,  which  lay  their  eggs  in  the  crevices  on  the 
islands.  Other  birds  might  be  mentioned  as  frequent- 
ing these  and  other  parts  of  the  great  basin,  such  as 
the  hawk,  and  burrowing  owl,  the  long-winged  blue- 


20 


THE  r,RKA7  BASIN. 


i 


,1:   I 


bird,  the  tltniouso,  lark,  snow-bird,  finch,  woodpecker, 
kill-doer,  sajifo-oock,  crane,  bittern,  and  so  on. 

Fine  larij^e  trout  abound  in  the  fVesli- water  lakes; 
in  C^irson  Jjake  are  lish  of  a  smaller  kind,  notably 
chubs  and  nudlets.  In  Keese  River  trout  are  I'ounil 
two  and  a  halt'})0unds  in  weight.  Of  four-leijij^ed  rep- 
tiles, and  insects,  there  is  present  the  usual  variety. 

In  that  section  of  Nevada  of  which  Carson  Lake 
is  the  centre,  the  mineral  deposits  arc  the  wonder  of 
the  world.  Not  to  mention  the  silver  veins  of  the 
Comstock  lodt*,  whoso  history  i>i  a  sense  and  duriiiij 
an  epoch  is  the  history  of  Nevada,  there  are  salt 
marshes,  borax  beds,  and  chalk,  soda,  and  sulphur 
beds  almost  without  end.  The  waters  of  North 
Soda  Lake  which  cover  an  area  of  400  acres  to  a 
depth  of  1270  I'eet  contain  thirty-three  per  cent  of 
soda,  (^oal  is  likewise  there,  aiul  |)eat  beds,  and 
(piicksilver.  The  sulphur  and  cinnabirr  deposits  of 
Steamboat  SpriuiiS  have  attracted  nuich  atieution. 
In  A'eatch  canon  is  majj^nesia;  in  the  Kuby  lvanij;e  are 
mica  mines;  south-east  IVom  IMne  Grove  is  a  valley 
of  salt;  east  of  the  Kio  Virgen  are  salt  blulfs;  in  the 
IVavine  district  is  cojijx'r;  a  mineral  wax  in  southern 
Utah  is  mentioned;  Utah  has  also  copper,  bismuth, 
graphite,  al.  'u,  and  gypsum. 

Coal  has  been  found  in  the  vicinity  of  tlie  Tim|>a- 
nogos  River  where  there  is  a  stream  called  Coal 
Creek;  and  on  Weber  River  iron,  coal,  chalk,  and 
gold  exist  in  quantities.  Then  there  are  the  scoi'es 
of  districts  on  either  sitleof  the  river  .Ionian,  between 
Great  Salt  and  Utah  lakes,  containinur  names  world- 
I'amous,  and  signilicant  of  precious  metals;  and  in  the 
regions  of  Green  and  Bear  rivers,  in  the  Juab  A'alley, 
and  all  along  down  the  Wahsatch  Range  to  the  Se- 
vier country  are  vast  coal  Jields,  anil  on  to  the  south- 
west, 'vhich  region  is  thickly  studded  with  cedar  ami 
bullion  cities,  sulphur  s|)rings,  salt  lakes,  coal  canons, 
and  granite,  iron,  and  silver  mountains. 

There  is  iron  and  other  mineral  wealth  south  of 


MINERAL  AND  ALLU\'IAL  L.\XT>S. 


91 


oodpeckcr, 
11. 

iter  lakos; 

(I,  iu)t;il)ly 

arc  i'ouiul 

al  variety. 

VHow  l^ako 

woiuk-r  of 

ins  of  the 

iiul  durinjjf 

l;  are  salt 

d  sul|)hur 

of  North 

iiores  to  a 

)r  cent  of 

bods,    and 

leposits  of 

atieution. 

Kanu(!  are 

s  a  valU\y 

s;  in  the 

southern 

bismuth, 

0  Tinipa- 
K'd  Coal 
lidk,  and 
w  scores 
between 
es  world- 
nd  in  the 
b  Valley, 
)  the  St^- 
le  south- 
edar  ami 
canons. 


Fil 


the   Elko  disti 


lead, 


S 


:* 


d 


south  of 


j'llmore;  ni  tne  Elko  district  are  gold,  silver,  lead, 
nntiniony,  coal,  and  mineral  soap;  in  the  Esmeralda 
rei,non  silver,  ujold,  l)orax,  salt;  the  Eureka  district 
lias  its  Sulphur  range  and  Diamond  range  of  moun- 
tains, and  its  mines,  mining  companies,  and  mills  with- 
out end. 

To  the  !iorth  agriculture  has  somcwliat  usurped  the 
place  of  mining.  Wheat,  barley,  oats,  ryo,  and  pota- 
toes grow  abundantly,  as  well  as  berries  and  fruit. 
There  are  good  grazing  lands,  and  stock-raising  has 
assumed  considerable  proportions.  Antimony  and 
sulphur  have  attracted  attention,  and  many  gold  and 
silver  mines  have  bein  worked.  (Jold,  silver,  <M>pper, 
lead,  and  antimony  are  found  in  the  Battle  Mtuuitain 
country,  and  in  the  Piocho  district  are  many  famous 
mines.  Hound  Pyramid  Lake  mines  have  i)een  ope'ied, 
an<l  Esmeralda,  Eureka,  Keese  Piver,  and  White  Pino 
have  long  been  terms  synonymous  with  great  wealth. 
In  a  wt)rd,  throughout  the  entire  length  and  breadtli 
of  the  great  basin  mineral  and  metalliferous  tieposits 
ahoun<l,  the  largest  veins  thus  far  having  been  found 
in  high  altitudes;  an<l  who  shall  tell  whether  the  half 
of  them  have  been  yet  discovered. 

This  country  though  sometimes  called  (U^aert  is  by 
no  means  all  desert.  There  are  many  v alleys,  such 
as  (^arson.  Walker,  Push,  Puby,  Pleasant,  Stt>|)toe, 
Anteloj)e,  and  Crosman,  portions  of  whicji  are  good 
for  cultivation.  The  altitude  of  Steptoe  Valley  is 
(',14(5  feet,  while  the  lower  part  of  Carson  A'alley  is 
'{.S40  feet  above  the  sea.  The  higher  vjdK'Vs  grow 
roots,  cereals,  and  tin'  more  hardy  plants,  while  in 
Carson  \'alli'y  and  in  the  region  of  (ireat  Salt  Lake, 
and  elsewlnM-e,  garden  vegetables  tlourish.  And  when 
I  see  so  much  of  this  earth  which  was  at  first  j  lo- 
nouiiced  worthless  for  man  afterward  placed  uiidei- 
tribute,  and  made  to  bloom  and  bring  forth,  1  hesitate 
iM'tnie  J  wholly  condemn  any  portion  of  it.  Water 
transforms  the  sage-ct)vered  alkaline  soil  into  an  Eden, 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


!    I 


and  water  abounds  on  every  side  if  only  it  may  be 
utilized.  Nevertheless,  there  are  here  some  desert 
spots  which  will  never  be  reclaimed — instance  the 
region  between  Carson  Lake  and  the  Sedaye  Moun- 
tains, and  that  extending  from  Simpson  Springs  in 
the  Champlin  Mountains  to  Sulphur  Springs  at  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Goshute  Mountains. 

One  cause  of  the  barrenness  of  certain  tracts  in 
Utah  and  Nevada  is  the  rapidity  with  which  water 
is  absorbed  after  it  comes  down  from  the  mountains. 
I  have  observed  that  the  lakes  and  rivers  are  gen- 
erally at  the  base  of  mountains,  where  likewise,  of 
course,  are  found  the  fertile  spots,  while  the  deserts 
are  somewhat  removed  from  high  elevations.  As  a 
rule  the  mountain  streams  disappear  before  finding 
another  stream;  the  thirsty  earth  drinks  them  up; 
and  thus  are  irrigatea  patches  along  the  foothills, 
which  are  oases,  as  compared  with  the  un watered 
plain,  growing  coarse  grain  and  shrubs. 

Significant  names  are  White  Valley  and  Alkali 
Valley;  but  these  in  reality  are  scarcely  more  efflor- 
escent than  the  margins  of  Steptoe  and  Meadow 
creeks,  and  of  Reese  and  Walker  rivers.  At  a  little 
distance  the  appearance  there  is  as  if  the  ground  was 
covered  with  pure  snow,  which,  bordering  the  gen- 
erally bronzed  aspect,  produces  a  new  scenic  effect. 
It  is  said  that  the  alkali  poisons  vegetation  and  ren- 
ders worthless  the  soil ;  but  to  this  an  antidote  may 
yet  be  found.  It  does  not  seem  to  injure  the  water 
of  running  streams,  though  wells  dug  under  it  are 
often  worthless.  There  is,  nevertheless,  much  good 
agricultural  land  along  Walker  River,  as  well  as  on 
the  banks  of  the  Truckee  and  Quin. 

As  in  much  of  the  water,  so  in  most  of  the  soil, 
there  is  a  little  salt,  this  being  the  result  of  universal 
confinement.  Often  it  is  found,  as  at  the  Malade 
River,  that  the  lowlands  are  rich  and  moist,  while  the 
higher  plains  are  dry  and  gravelly.  Then  again  there 
are  large  tracts  like  that  westward  from  the  Malade, 


AGRICULTURAL  POSSIBILITIES. 


23 


T  it  may  be 
some  desert 
nstance  the 
daye  Moun- 
Springs  in 
•ings  at  the 

in  tracts  in 
vhich  water 

mountains, 
jrs  are  gen- 
likewise,  of 
the  deserts 
ons.  As  a 
fore  finding 
J  them  up; 
e  foothills, 

unwatered 

and  Alkali 
nore  eflBor- 
d  Meadow 
At  a  little 
ground  was 
X  the  gen- 
3nic  effect, 
n  and  ren- 
idote  may 
the  water 
der  it  are 
luch  good 
v^ell  as  on 

'  the  soil, 
universal 
3  Malade 
while  the 
fain  there 
)  Malade, 


f 


where  the  land  is  poor  and  with  no  water  but  a  few 
brackish  springs.  East  of  Utah  Lake  is  a  strip  of 
f,^ood  land  i'roni  three  to  ten  miles  wide;  and  over  the 
mountains  broad  i'ortile  tracts  are  found  along  the 
borders  of  Green  Kiver  and  its  tributaries.  In  the 
valleys  about  the  Carson  sink  is  much  good  land, 
while  the  foothills  bordering  the  deserts  afford  food 
ior  numerous  herds.  Washoe  and  Steamboat  valleys 
offer  great  advantages  to  the  farmer  and  stock-raiser. 
Combined  with  agriculture  in  this  section  are  the 
mining  and  timber  interests. 

The  Jordan  A'alley  is  low,  yielding  but  little  water, 
though  most  of  it  may  be  irrigated  from  the  Jordan 
lUver.  Wheat,  barley,  oats,  potatoes,  and  the  vine 
grow  well  here.  At  the  northern  end,  near  the 
great  lake,  are  extensive  saleratus  flats,  and  on  the 
border  of  the  valley  many  springs  of  brackish  water. 
The  land  in  Tuilla  Valley  is  much  of  it  too  strongly 
impregnated  with  alkali  to  permit  production. 

Apples  grcnv  in  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
and  also  peaches,  apricots,  and  melons;  but  wheat  is 
the  great  staple,  from  ibrty  to  seventy  bushels  to  the 
acre  being  sometimes  ])roduced.  It  is  only  in  the 
warmer  valleys  that  corn  is  raised,  but  barley  and 
oats  thrive  elsewhere.  There  would  be  great  pas- 
toral possibilities  but  for  lack  of  means  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  stock  in  winter;  such  at  all  events  is  the 
complaint,  but  in  more  rigorous  climates  than  this 
large  hertls  are  frecjuently  raised. 

In  regard  to  nomenclature,  I  will  mention  here  the 
origin  of  a  lew  names,  leaving  that  of  others  to 
ai)pear  during  the  ])rogress  of  this  Jiistory.  The  ori- 
gin of  the  word  Utah  I  have  given  in  a  note  at  the 
end  of  the  second  chapter  of  the  Uistorii  of  Utah. 
The  word  Nevada,  in  Sj)anish  signifying  'covered 
with  snow,'  'white  as  snow,'  'snow-fall,'  is  borrowed 
ofcour.se  for  the  naming  of  this  state  from  the  moun- 
tain range  upon  its  western  border.     Skull  Valley,  in 


i 


i :  1  ■' 


1      I 


1      i 


94 


THE  GREAT  BASIN. 


the  Great  Salt  Lake  desert,  was  so  called  from  the 
skulls  of  Goshutes  whose  bodies  had  been  buried  in 
springs,  according  to  their  custom.  Captain  Simpson 
named  a  valley  after  George  H.  Crosman,  deputy 
quartermaster-general;  a  peak  in  the  Oquirrli  Moun- 
tains, Floyd,  in  honor  of  the  secretary  of  war;  Bean, 
and  Reese,  from  whom  comes  Beeso  River,  at  first 
called  New  River,  were  long  residents,  and  served 
as  guides  for  Simpson  and  others;  Shell  Valley  was 
so  called  from  being  covered  with  shale.  Simpson 
named  a  stream  alter  Lieutenant  Marmaduke,  of  the 
United  States  army,  a  stream  and  caiion  after  Lieu- 
tenant J.  L.  Kirby  Smith,  his  assistant,  a  valley 
after  Captain  I.  C.  Woodruff,  a  creek  for  Lieutenant 
Putnam;  a  pass,  creek,  and  canon  he  called  Gibral- 
tar. He  named  Dryflat  Valley,  Alkali  Valley,  Black 
Mountains,  Edward,  Clay,  McCVirthy,  and  Dodge 
creeks,  Fountain,  Lee,  and  Barr  springs,  Phelps  Val- 
ley, and  many  others,  mostly  after  his  men,  com- 
paratively few  of  which  names  have  been  retained. 
Steptoe  Valley  is  from  Colonel  Steptoc,  of  the  United 
States  army;  while  all  that  is  Carson  comes  of  cou^'se 
from  Kit  Carson,  the  famous  frontiersman.  There 
was  a  class  of  path  and  pass  tinders,  such  as  Hastings, 
Beckwourth,  and  others,  whom  the  readers  of  this 
history  will  well  know.  The  aboriginal  names  will  be 
easily  recognized. 

In  the  northern  part  of  Rush  Valley  is  a  small  lake 
filled  with  rushes  which  gave  the  place  the  name. 
Mount  Davidson  was  called  Sun  peak  by  the  early 
settlers,  who  thereby  fixed  in  the  imagination  a  high 
point  t»)urhed  by  the  sun's  rays.  J^ater  the  njinie  of 
an  eminent  scienti.st  was  very  [>r()i)erly  substituted. 

The  name  and  naming  of  Lake  Tahoe  have  first 
and  last  caused  no  little  discussion.  In  his  report  of 
184.')-G  Fremont  calls  this  sheet  Mountain  Lake,  but 
on  his  map  of  1848  he  lays  it  down  as  Lake  Bonpland. 
There  were  those  who  thought  to  do  John  Biglcr 
further  honor  than  making  him  governor  of  Califor- 


from  the 

buried  in 
»  Simpson 
11,  deputy 
rli  Moun- 
ar;  Bean, 
r,  at  tirst 
id  served 
alley  was 

Simpson 
:e,  of  the 
ter  Lieu- 

a  valley 
eutenant 
1  Gibral- 
^y,  Black 
I    Dodge 
3lp.s  Val- 
3n,  corn- 
retained. 
)  United 
)f  cou.'^se 
There 
Hastings, 

of  this 
i  will  be 

lall  lake 
■  name, 
le  early 
a  high 
ianie  of 
uted. 
k^e  first 
port  of 
ke,  but 
ipland. 
Bigler 
>alifor- 


NOMENCLATURE, 


25 


nia,  by  setting  on  foot  the  name  Lake  Bigler.  Noth- 
ing could  have  been  in  worse  taste — particularly  when 
wo  consider  that  only  a  portion  of  the  lake  belongs  to 
California— than  in  applying  to  a  liquid  so  beautifully 
clear  and  cool  the  name  of  one  who  so  detested  water. 
A  legislature  might  make  the  name  legal,  but  no  stat- 
ute-book could  render  the  proceeding  reputable.  The 
Indian  name,  always  the  most  appropriate,  in  this  in- 
stance the  most  beautiful  and  most  applicable  that 
could  be  devised — Tahoe,  'big  water —the  lalie  has 
been  fortunate  enough  finally  to  secure. 


f;: 


i   i 


1    ! 


CHAPTER  II. 

EARLIEST    EXPLORATIONS. 
1540-1833. 

NXAR    AlTROACn   OF  CORONADO'3   EXPHDITION,    AND   ESPECIALLY   OP    PeDEO 

DE  ToBAR — Party  of  Spaniards  unokr  Anza — Wanderings  of 
Father  Francisco  Garces — Peter  Font's  Journal  and  Map- 
Mythical   Streams — Other   Ancient  Maps — Approach  ok    Domin- 

OUEZ    AND     KhcALANTE     TO     NEVADA — PeTER     SkEEN    OgDEN    FOR    THE 

Hudson's  Hay  Company — Discovery  of  Mary  or  Ooden  River — 
Advent  ok  Free  Trappers — Henry,  Ashley,  Bridoer,  and  Green — 
Expedition  to  California  of  Jedediah  S.  Smith— Nevada  Trav- 
ersed from  West  to  East — Influx  ok  Trappers  from  the  North — 
The  Wolfskill  Expedition — Parties  under  Nidever,  Frapp, 
AND  Wyatt — Encounter  with  the  Savages — Joseph  Walker's 
Visit  to  California  and  Return  —  Ill-treatment  of  Indians — 
Meek's  Statement — Something  of  Carson  and  Beckwourth. 

In  my  History  of  Utah  and  clse\vhere  I  make  men- 
tion of  the  visit  of  Pedro  de  Tobar,  of  Coronado's 
expedition  of  1540,  to  the  Moqui  villages,  then  called 
Tusayan,  where  he  heard  of  a  large  river  to  the  north 
and  west.  I  have  told  how,  when  Tobar  returned 
to  Cibola,  or  Zuni,  where  the  army  rested,  Captain 
Garcia  Lopez  de  Cdrdenas  set  out  with  twelve  men 
to  explore  said  river.  Some  say  the  direction  he  took 
from  Moqui  was  westerly;  some  intimate  it  was  to 
the  north  of  west;  I  am  inclined  to  the  latter  view. 
In  either  event  it  is  not  probable  that  the  territory 
now  called  Nevada  was  entered,  or  that  any  portion 
of  it  was  seen  by  the  members  of  that  expedition, 
though  such  discovery  is  possible. 

There  may  have  been  expeditions  into  the  country 
of  the  Yutas  from  Cibola,  or  Zuni,  from  Moqui,  or 
from  the  country  of  the  Mojaves,  of  which  there  is  no 

(30) 


CORONADO  AND  CARDENA&  H 

record.  After  the  occupation  of  New  Mexico  by  the 
Spaniards,  excursions  in  every  direction  were  com- 
mon; so  that  it  is  unsafe  to  say  of  any  one  of  them 
that  it  was  the  first.  It  is  true  that  in  making  and 
placini^  upon  record  an  expedition  of  any  considerable 
in)[)()rtance,  any  other  important  excursion  then  known 
to  have  taken  place  at  some  former  period  would 
bo  likely  to  receive  mention;  and,  indeed,  was  often 
mentioned. 


Pbobablk  Route  of  Cardenas. 

The  first  European  to  enter  within  the  present 
limits  of  Nevada  of  whom  we  now  have  knowledge, 
and  without  dt)ubt  in  ray  mind  absolutely  the  first  to 
(;nter,  was  Father  Francisco  Garcds,  of  the  order  of 
St  Francis,  who  set  out  from  Sonora  in  1775  with  a 
party  under  Colonel  Anza  for  California,  and  who 
stopped  at  the  junction  of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  to 
•jxplore  for  a  mission  site.  Of  the  expedition  to  Cali- 
fornia was  Father  Pedro  Font  who  wrote  a  narrative 
of  it,  and  drew  a  map  which  included  not  only  his 


28 


EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


own  wanflerintjfs  but  thc^se  of  Garcds.*  If  Garces  is 
ri^lit  in  his  reckoning,  and  Font's  map  is  correct,  tlie 
friar  was  in  Nevada  at  the  time. 

The  month  of  January  1776  was  occupied  in  estab- 
lishiiiga  residence  on  the  spot  where  later  sto<xl  Fort 
Yuniu,  the  examination  of  the  rancherfaof  San  Pablo, 


I     CHEW 


Padre  Font's  Map,  1777. 

below  on  the  river,  which  was  found  to  be  a  suitable 
site  for  a  mission.  In  BV'bruary  he  visited  the  Yam- 
ajabs,  that  is  to  say  the  Mojaves,  arriving  on  the 

'  Tliese  wanderings  are  designated  by  dotted  lines.  See  i4»*j,  D'nirio,  MS., 
198  et  »«.•<).;  Foiil'i  Jonniul,  MS.,  4.")  et  seq.;  ArrkivUii,  Croii.  Sn-iij.,  M'A  v% 
m(\.;  Hi"',  ('a'.,  i.  '27.3-8,  tliis  series. 

'  'Acrt)8«  a  8ierr.i  to  S.into  Angol  Springs  34"  31'  (in  Clienieluieves  coun- 
try); 01  N.  E.  and  N.  w. ;  "I  N.  N.  K.  across  ii  sierra  to  Yaniujal)  nation,  nhuee 
ranclicri'as,  Lii  Pufion,  were  ucruiM  the  river  (3o  on  Font's  map).'  JJut.  CaU, 
L  273,  note,  tliis  series. 


n 


i 


TRAVELS  OF  GARCES. 


99 


— » 


west  l)aii1<  of  the  river  nearly  opposite  their  village  on 
the  L'Htli.-' 

(Juices  (lid  not  cross  the  river  at  this  time,  but  two 
tlioiisaml  people  of  a  nature  superior*  to  that  of  the 
Yuiii.is  came  to  him  on  the  west  side.  "I  showed 
1 1n  111  a  picture  of  the  vir<,Mn,"  says  the  friar,  "and 
tlirv  were  well  pleased,  but  the  picture  of  the  damned 
tlu'V  thought  it  sorrowful  to  see."  The  Yamajabs 
spoke  of  their  neighbors  and  enemies,  on  the  north- 
cast  the  Yavipais-cuercconaches,  on  the  east  the 
^';iL,Miallapais,  and  on  the  south  the  Yalchedunes.  Jio- 
lore  penetrating  farther  these  ]»arts  the  friar  deter- 
iiiiiicd  to  visit  his  brother  priests  at  San  Gabriel. 
Some  of  the  Yamajabs  accompanied  hinj,  and  the 
month  of  j\Iarch  was  chieily  occupied  in  the  journey 
west. 

( )n  the  9th  of  April  Garces  set  out  fi-oni  San 
( labiiel  and  proceeded  by  way  of  San  Fernando  Val- 
ley to  the  Tulare  Valley,  whence  he  crossed  to  the 
^lojave  River,  and  returned  to  his  former  position  on 
1  lie  Colorado,  after  having  traversed  as  discoverer  a 
wide  extent  of  country.  Garces  then  took  uj)  his  east- 
w.ird  line  of  exploration  which  extended  to  the  Moqui 
country  as  elsewhere  explained. 

The  peoj)le  inhabiting  this  part  of  Nevada,  and 
located  to  the  north  of  the  Yamajabs,  are  named  on 
I'oiit's  map  the  Chemeguabas,  and  north-east  of  these 
the  l^ivachas,  and  the  Baoniora.  Two  laryfe  rivers 
loward  the  north-west  are  likewise  given  on  Font's 
iiiii]),  both  flowing  from  Nevada  through  the  Sierra 
into  California.  Garces  did  not  explore  these  rivers 
but  was  told  of  them  by  the  natives  when   in  the 

'  For  detail  of  the  route  from  the  mouth  of  the  flila  to  the  Mojave  country, 

v!iiili  was  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Coloniilo,  soe  //m/.  Cal.,  i.  "JT"*,  note. 

'  Sei"  A'a/jiv  /{iicfx,  i.  477  et  .seq.,  tliis  series.     'Ksta  gcnte  es  niiiy  sana  y 


J  7  il'  iSifn'iiihi  <•  (If  J 1 1  a,  til  Rio  ('oloraao  /xira  reromirtr  Ins  nfiriniien  (/tie  hahitun 
.-"  •  mdniiiicH,  y  d  los  pueblos  del  Moqui  dtl  Nudv-Jlexico.  lu  Doc.  Hist.  Alex,, 
bLiie  ii.  toni.  i.  225-374. 


80 


EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


Tulare  Valley,  and  he  in  turn  reported  them  to  Father 
Font.  They  are  named  in  the  map  "  Rio  de  San 
Phelipe,"  and  '*  Rio  de  que  se  viene  noticia  por  el 
P.  Garces,"  and  are  probably  the  origin  of  the  San 
Buenaventura  River  myth.  Garcen  states:  "  I  wa.-, 
also  told  that  hence  seven  days' journey  to  the  north 


Map  by  Joun  Hakris,  1005. 

was  a  ^reat  river^  running  north-east  and  connecting 
with  the  San  Felipe,  the  latter  dividing,  and  one  of 

*The  friar  thought  this  might  be  the  San  .Ton<^|Hin,  emptying  into  San 
Francisco  JJjiy,  w  hicii  intlecd  it  w  as,  or  perhaiw  it  was  a  lirunch  of  tiie  CoUiiii 
l>ia.      '  Kstc  gran  rio  rjue  cone  li  los  3(>'  jMiedc  ser  el  (jnc  cntra  al  puerto  do 
^^an  Francisco  en  la  California,  6  al  bi-azo  del  rio  Colombia.'  Diario,  in  Doe. 
Ilist.  Alex:,  Biirie  ii.  toui.  i.  *JU7. 


I 


SOME  OLD  MAPS. 


31 


n  to  Father 
lio  do  San 
icia  por  el 
of  the  San 
3s:  "I  wa."> 
)  tlio  nortli 


?  4  Vlll.ul 


Mn«i 


3.A 


jnnectuiir 
nd  one  of 

■ing  into  San 
uf  thuColiiiii' 
>  al  pucrtu  do 
iario,  iu  iJoc. 


tlio  hranclies  flowinj^  toward  the  north.  They  gave 
mo  to  uiultrstand  tliat  the  first  was  three  times  larj^er 
than  the  other.  They  wanted  inc  to  go  and  see  it, 
savint;  that  all  along  tlie  way  were  good  people.  This 
1  Lrreatly  desinjd  to  do.  They  estimated  the  distance 
t(»  lit;  from  thirty-five  to  forty  leagues,  a  trip  of  seven 
(lavs,  as  they  march  slowly  on  account  of  their  fre- 
(jiuiit  hathing  and  unprotected  f»;et.  I  concluded  not 
to  go,  having  no  present  to  give.  Here  runs  the 
Sicira  San  Marcos"  to  the  north-west,  and  hetween 


Granata  ]Nova. 

this  sierra  and  that  of  the  San  Luis  can  be  soon  vast 
jilains  which  without  doubt  are  the  tulares  mentioned 
hy  Father  Font  in  his  diary  and  map;  this  Sierra  of 
San  Marcos  being  the  one  seen  by  him  at  the  distance 
of  forty  leagues,  white  with  snow,  and  east  of  the 
tulares;  and  although  the  distance  is  not  so  great,  the 
mountains  open  gradually,  so  that  farthest  away  can 
be  seen  only  the  Sierra  of  San  Marcos."^ 

•On  Font's  map  the  mountains  north  of  the  'Rio  de  quien  se  vienc  noticia 
por  (1  V.  (iarcOs'  are  called  the  Sierra  Nevadii,  and  south  of  that  stream  and 
duwii  to  tlie  'Rio  de  San  Phelipe'  the  Sierra  dc  San  Marcos. 

'  '  Dijunuunie  tanibieu,  '^ue  sictc  dios  de  caniiuu  ul  uurte  habia  una  agua  ^ 


32 


EARLIEST  KXPLOUATIOXS. 


I! 


TIkto  nro  many  curious  <»M  maps  sliowinij  tli«^  J?cn- 
oral  (■(>ii('('|»ti»)ii  ot'  the  country  aliout  that  time,  or 
rallieisliowiiiLj  the  ahility  ot"  n»a|)-niakers  for  drawiuj; 
oil  llieir  ima;4;iiiatioii,  whidi  I  iiiij^Hit  reproduce;  and, 
indeed,  many  ot"  then»  have  l)een  ^iven  in  various 
vohunes  ot"  this  historical  series,  n(»tahly  in  tlie  Ilis- 
torij  iif  tin'  Noi'tlnrcst  Cott.sf,  in  connection  with  an 
ohicidation  ot"  the  ^^reat  Nortliern  Mystery.  A  map 
drawn  hy  Jolin  Harris  in  IGOf)  seems  to  ^ivo  tiie 
name  Quivira  to  a  vast  region  wliich  ond>races  Ne- 


Utah  and  Nevada,   1795. 

rio  muy  gramlc,  quo  corria  del  nordeste  y  se  jiintaba  con  el  de  San  Felipe, 
porquc  Oste,  oonio  <lir<?,  cu.anilu  se  divide  en  dos  brazos  Ueva  el  luio  el  runiljo 
del  norte;  y  <lul)an  &  entender  que  el  priinero  era  trcs  vecea  mayor  (jiie  el 
otro;  qnorian  <jiic  fuera  &  yerlo,  que  por  to<lo  a<(uel  caiiiino  liabia  buena  gente. 
Yo  lo  di'seuba  niuclio,  i>irque  conHideraIja  de  distaneia  hasta  treinta  y  einco 
6  cuarentu  leguas,  pues  auii([ue  ellos  reputaban  neccsarios  aietc  dias,  es  ponjue 
anilau  poco  A  cauna  du  que  se  ItaiWtn  niuclio  y  no  tieuen  defensa  en  lom  pic^s. 
I'or  lUtiiuu  no  me  »letermii'«5,  asi  iionjue  no  tenia  que  regalar  conio  por  lo  (jue 
dije  anilijv  de  Sebastian  y  los  jnmajiibs:  por  aqui  corre  la  sierra  de  San  Mar- 
cos at  norueste,  y  entre  ella  y  lade  Sun  Luis  se  ven  unos  llanos dilatadiMimos, 
que  sin  duda  son  los  tulares  de  que  liacrn  inencinu  en  su  d'ario  y  niapa  el 
padre  Font,  sieiido  esta  sierra  de  San  Miircos  la  que  eomo  A  distaucia  de  cua- 
renta  leguas  vcia  uevada  al  orientc  de  los  tulares;  y  aunquo  aqui  no  hay  esta 
distancia,  se  van  abriendo  las  sierras,  dc  modo  que  d  lo  ultimo  solo  r.e  v6  la  de 
San  Mdrcos:  2  leguas.'  iiiario,  Doc.  Jiut.  Mtx.,  serie  ii.,  torn.  i.  207-8. 


\ 

J 


FROM  WIXTEUnOTIIAM. 


33 


vadn  in  roninion  witli  otlior  undcfiiKHl  countries. 
From  til.'  Uixtoiir  ^'iilrcrsr/le  des  Jndes  Orn'nf((/rs, 
J>,'ul.<er  I'll  iff'HX  llmrs,  foletf  en  Latin  pur  Autoim' 
Mm/u',  Dnvay,  Hill,  T  copy  tho  (Jranata  Nova  ct 
(';(lilunii;i.  Nvlii<'li,  liowt-vtT,  j>res«!nts  little  historical 
siLriiifiiaiM'c,  The  work  from  which  it  is  taken  |>ur- 
i..7rt->  to  contain  an  acc(»unt  of  the  "  ilescoviurte, 
ii,iMi.ration,  situation,  et  conciuete,  faicte  taut  par  les 
r.)rtiii;ais  (pie  par  les  (  astillans,  Ensemhle  leurs 
iiKiins  ot  1^  lij^ion."  A  Latin  poem  of  twenty-four 
lines  introtluces   the  general   history,   which    begins 


^  /  Y'«jH.«i.n«t',V/ri'.:v. 


#^?w^^ 


Rectok's  Map,  1818. 

witli  comments  on  the  ancient  costnographers  and 
tlic  <liscovery  of  Columlnis,  the  first  bo<»k  giving  the 
liistttiv  of  the  Spanish  Americas,  and  closing  with  a 
sotnu't  in  French.  Book  ii.  contains  numerous  maj)S, 
with  a  brief  description  of  the  countries,  fourteen 
lines  being  devoted  to  California. 

In  a  map  of  North  America  drawn  to  accompany 
Wiiitirbotham's  history,  published  in  New  York  171)5, 
Xrvada  is  a  blank  save  the  delineation  of  a  stream 
with  its  tributaries  flowing  eastward  into  a  nameless 
lake,  presumbably  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  three  towns 
ul"  Axaas,  Ijagopas,  and  Quivira,   and  a  section  of 

UisT.  Net.    a 


EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


the  Sierra  Nova«la  from  opposite  San  Francisco  Bay 
southward  toward  Lower  California. 

In  January  1818  was  filed  in  the  j^eneral  land  office 
a  map  of  western  North  America  by  William  Rectoi'. 
United  States  surveyor  for  Missouri  and  Illinois," 
whose  greatest  peculiarity  so  far  as  the  western  slop(^ 
is  concerned  lies  in  draining  into  the  Willamette  tin 
whole  rt\gion  north  of  the  latitude  of  San  Francisco 
J^ay,  and  east  of  the  Columbia  and  Colorado  rivers, 
the  Siskiyou  Mountains  being  crowded  south  to  ac 
conunodate  this  arrangement. 


WhilUii't 


C.r.ml«.»lh.r 
fVlKHrmiffrnf 


C.V.,iir. 
II 

n 


■'        _i u  Ct\j|!t 


FlNLEV's  Mai',   1H20. 

In  1826  A.  Finley,  of  Philadelphia,  presented  quite 
an  elaborate  map,  the  unknown  regions  being  W(  !i 
filled  from  ill-founded  reports,  or  from  the  injagination. 
Thus  the  Rio  San  Felipe  is  made  to  How  from  south- 
ern Nevada  due  west  through  tlu;  Sierra  into  ]\[on- 
terey  Bay.  Tlie  Rio  ]3uenaventura  mystery  is  here 
multiplied,  so  that  from  the  great  lakes  three  lur^u- 
streams  are  tnade  to  flow  in  the  most  direct  course, 
regardless  of  intervening  mountains,  to  the  ocean. 
T\\G  one  most  southern,  t'  t  Rio  Buenaventura,  rises 

'Licnt.  Warron,  who  proBcnts  a  rpdiicod  copy  in  Par.  R.  Itept.,  xi.  2.S, 
■aya  tliu  iiiup,  though  thu  iiiOBt  coinpletu  up  to  that  time,  wati  uovvr  puhliHiicil. 


■ancisco  Bav 

il  land  office 
iam  Rector, 
nd  Illinois,^ 
o.stcrn  slojH 
laniotto  tilt 
n  Fraiiciscd 
•rado  rivers, 
louth  to  ac 


PETER  SKEEN  OODEN. 


ss 


noiir  tlic  source  of  tlie  Lewis  branch  of  the  Columbia 
and  (■iii|)ti('.s  into  Lake  Salado,  which  may  be  Great 
Salt  L;ikt>,  or  Utah  Lake,  as  one  chooses;  thence  it 
takt's  up  a  direct  course  for  San  Francisco  Bay. 
Fi(»m  Lake  Timpanogos,  the  original  Lake  Ashley, 
or  I'tali  Lake,  but  now  greatly  enlarged  and  ])laced 
iioilh  of  Salt  Lake,  if  indeed  Timpanogos  be  not  itself 
(ireat  Salt  Lake,  How  directly  to  the  ocean  the  rivers 
Timpanogos  and  Los  Mongos,  the  former  finding  the 


Escalante's  Routb. 

sea  bclov,'  Cape  Mendocino,  and  the  latter  just  south 
of  ( 'ape  Orford. 

Alll.ough  th(!  San  Felipe  was  purely  an  imaginary 
str..jrn,  Friar  Garces' branch  of  it  lunning  toward  the 
north  was  a  reality,  being  none  otlur  than  the  San 
.bta(|uin.  From  the  Colorado  Garces  proceeded  east- 
waid  and  visited  the  Aloqui  tcAvns,  returning  to  the 
N  aiiia  jabs  after  a  month's  absence.  Then  he  descen«led 
llie  ( 'oiorado. 

Next   to  enter  Nevada,   or  at  least  to  touch   its 


S0  EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 

border,  following  the  roconl,  were  the  two  friars, 
Francisco  Atanasio  Dominguez  and  Silvcstre  Yelez 
de  Escalante,  who  were  near  Nevada,  on  or  not  far 
distant  from  the  path  later  called  the  old  Spanish  trail 
between  Great  Salt  Lake  and  Los  Angeles  when  they 
determined  to  abandon  their  purpose  of  going  to 
Monterey,  and  turned  eastward  from  the  eastern  line 
of  Nevada,  near  its  junction  with  the  southern  bound- 
ary of  Utah,  crossing  the  Colorado  in  latitude  37^ 
An  account  of  this  expedition,  which  is  of  primary 
importance  to  the  history  of  Utah,  is  given  at  length 
in  the  volume  of  this  series  relating  to  that  subject. 

We  come  now  to  more  defined  discoveries.  In  the 
spring  of  1825,  while  prej)arations  were  in  progress 
for  the  transfer  of  the  metropolitan  post  of  the  Pacific 
from  Astoria,  or  Fort  George,  to  Fort  Vancouver  on 
the  Columbia,  Peter  Skeen  Ogden,'^  then  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  set  out  fiom 
head-quarters  with  a  party  of  tra[)pers  for  the  region 
round  the  head-waters  of  Stiake  River,  or  the  Lewis 
Ijrancli  of  the  Columbia,  Passing  by  the  country  of 
the  Walla  Wallas,  they  set  their  traps,  working  their 
way  southward  up  the  stream  until  they  reached  the 
]>oint  whc.e  later  was  built  Fort  Boise.  Thence  they 
struck  to  the  west  of  south,  followed  up  the  Owyhee, 
and  alter  some  exploration  of  its  tributaries  at  length 
ilropped  down  upon  the  Humboldt,  now  first  beheld 
by  Europeans. 

It  was  now  mid-summer,  and  one  of  the  party 
b«.'coming  enamored  of  a  damsel  native  to  that  region, 
he  married,  that  is  to  say  bought,  her,  thereby  secur- 

•  Ho  wa«  a  son  of  Chief  JuBtice  Ogilen  of  Qv»e?)r'j,  and  prior  to  tliis  time 
Imil  Krrvc<l  lH(tli  ill  the  Facilic  Fur  (."onipimy  and  in  the  Northwest  roinpany. 
Later  he  row!  to  the  position  of  chief  factov  ami  iiiauager.  At  Fort  Vancou- 
ver he  was  seeond  only  to  l)ougla»,  who  riiu^cecded  iMcLougldin,  and  indeed 
at  one  time  was  chief  factor  in  cliiirge.  He  w.is  sliort,  dark,  and  exceedin).'ly 
toii^'h,  with  an  iiiexliaiistihh'  fund  ot  hnnior,  and  coiise(|nently  a  gre^it  favor- 
ite. He  died  at  tlic  age  of  (iO  in  (hogon  City  in  l."*.">4.  See  U'lxt.  Unyoii,  i. 
3'2,  this  series;  AjijiUtjaO'^  ]'itux,  MS.,  llii  Altan'6  liem.,  MS.,  9. 


;i  i 


two  friars, 
/estre  Velez 
ri  or  not  flir 
^punish  trail 
s  wlion  thoy 
)f  goiiijr  to 
eastern  lino 
lern  l>ound- 
ititiule  37'. 
of  primary 
!U  at  lenorth 
lat  subject. 

es.     In  the 
in  profrro.ss 
the  Pacific 
ncouvcr  on 
in  the  ser- 
;  out  from 
the  region 
the  Lewis 
country  of 
'king  th<'ir 
ached  the 
lence  tliey 
3  Owyliee, 
i  at  length 
rst  beheld 

he  party 
at  region, 
ihy  secur- 


r  to  this  time 
f'st  Coiiipaiiy. 
Fort  Viiiicou- 
1,  ami  iiiikt'il 
1  t'xi'oediiijrly 
I  K''t'«t  fii\H>r- 
iKt.  On  yon,  i, 


MARY  CK  OODEN  RIVER. 


87 


in",  with  the  greater  safety  of  the  party,  wife,  ser- 
vant, and  beast  of  burden.  This  was  the  way  the 
British  fur-hunters  managed  the  business,  in  strong 
coni:r?!st  to  which  we  shall  presently  see  how  the  first 
band  of  trappers  from  the  United  States  beb  v  d 
toward  thesj  same  Shoshones.  To  the  native  woman 
thus  honored  was  given  the  name  Marie,  or  Mary, 
who  ill  turn  gave  her  newly  acquired  appellation  to 
the  stream,  which  T  r  a  time  was  called  Mary  River. 
But  as  usual  in  such  cases  the  wife  Mary  was  soon 
dropped;  and  then  the  river  dropped  the  name  Mary, 
having  no  claim  to  it  on  aboriginal  grounds,  and  took 
on  the  more  appropriate  one  of  Ogden,  from  its  enter- 
j)rising  and  humane  discoverer,  which  name  by  right 
it  should  bear  to-day,  instead  of  that  of  Humboldt, 
b}'  which  it  is  generally  known.^" 

During  this  same  summer  of  1825  free  trappers 
from  the  United  States  percolated  through  the  hills 
from  the  Bear  River  region,  where  Henry  and  Ashley 
were  in  camp  the  previous  winter,  and  came  down 
into  north-eastern  Nevada.  In  the  History  of  Utah 
I  have  told  how  James  Bridger  discovered  the  Great 
Salt  Lake  while  endeavoring  to  determine  the  course 
(»f  Bear  River  on  which  a  wager  had  been  laid.  After 
reporting  his  discovery  to  his  comrades  at  the  rendez- 
vous in  Cache  Valley,  Bridger  with  a  few  others  sot 
their  traps  on  the  western  side  of  the  great  lake,  and 
gradually  working  their  way  westward,  before  the 
season  was  over  they  came  upon  Ogden  and  his  party. 
And  thus  met  in  this  isolated  sterile  wilderness,  com- 
ing from  such  widely  different  quarters,  these  Euro- 
peans— French,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  English — s«nne  by 
way  of  Canada  and  the  Columbia  Riv'er,  others  by 
wav  of  the  United  States  and  the  River  Platte,  but 
all  animated  by  the  same  lofty  sentiment,  all  aiming 
at  the  same  nol 


o 


bject, 


During  the  following  seasons  there  were  many  more 

'"See  Wnrren,  in  Par.  P.  RepL,  xi.  .16.     The  name  Humboldt  was  con- 
fcrrcil  liy  FrOiiiuut  witliout  a  shuduw  uf  right  ur  rcunou. 


i 


''  i 


'i  f. 


M 


88 


EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


American  trappers  who  found  their  way  into  Nevada, 
so  much  so  as  to  render  the  Ogden  River  region  les.s 
attractive  to  the  people  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, ^or  while  Bridger  was  trapping  and  exploring 
to  the  west  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  William  H.  Ashley 
was  bringing  his  company  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
njcn  i'roni  St  Louis,  and  was  building  Fort  Ashley 
on  Utah  Lake.  Thence  in  1826  many  Americans 
penetrated  the  wilds  of  Nevada:  so  that  soon  the  fur- 
bearing  parts  were  well  known  to  mountain  men, 
among  the  most  prominent  of  whom  was  Mr  Green, 
who  gave  his  name  to  Green  River. 

In  August  of  the  year  last  named,  Jedediah  S. 
Smith  set  out  from  Great  Salt  Lake  with  fifteen  men, 
and  journeying  southward  past  Utah  Lake,  turned 
south-westwardly,  and  following  the  old  Spanish  trail 
from  the  great  lakes  to  Los  Angeles,  crossed  the 
south-eastern  corner  of  Nevada,  and  reached  San  Ga- 
briel Mission  in  December.  After  divers  adventures 
and  misadventures  in  southern  California,  he  pushe<l 
northward  up  by  the  western  base  of  the  frowning 
Sierra  to  the  lands  of  the  Mokelumnes  and  Cosumnes. 
On  tlie  27th  of  May,  1827,  he  found  himscir  with  but 
two  men,  seven  horses,  and  two  nmles  laden  with  pro- 
visions and  hay,  attem[)ting  the  ascent  of  what  he 
calls  Mount  Joseph,  whose  summit  was  then  crowned 
with  snow.  The  mountains  were  crossed  in  eiufht 
days,  with  the  loss  of  two  horses  and  one  nmlo. 
Twenty  days'  march  to  the  eastward  from  the  base  of 
Mount  Joseph  brought  him  to  the  south-western  coi- 
ner of  (irreat  Salt  Lake.  The  country  traversed  he 
j>ronounced  arid  and  witliout  game.  For  two  days  he 
was  wholly  without  water,  working  his  weary  way 
over  a  plain  which  yielded  no  vegetation.  Afterward 
he  came  upon  some  s})rings,  gathered  round  which 
were  hordes  of  natives,  whom  he  pronounced  the  most 
miserable  wretches  on  earth.  When  he  reached  Utah 
he  had  but  <jne  horse  and  one  mule  left,  and  thes< 
were  so  exhausted  that  they  could  scarcely  carry  the 


WOLFSKILL,  NIDEVER,  FRAPP,  AND  WYATT. 


39 


0  Nevada, 
•cgion  los.s 
Bay  Coni- 

exploriii^LT 

I.  Ashley 
iicl  twenty 
rt  Ashley 
Americans 
n  the  fur- 
tain  men, 
Ir  Green, 

dediah  S. 
teen  men, 
e,  turned 
inish  trail 
3.ssed  the 

1  San  Ga- 
Iventures 
le  pushed 

1  frownin*: 
osu  nines, 
with  but 
kvith  pro- 
what  Ik- 
crowned 

hi  eight 
le  mule. 
)  base  of 

orn  cor- 

rsed  lit! 
lays  he 

IV  wav 

•     ^  * 

terward 
1  which 
he  most 
d  Utah 
d  these 
irry  the 


I 


few  things  yet  remaining."  Before  the  season  was 
over,  with  fiesh  supplies  and  eight  men  Smith  re- 
traced his  steps  to  California  where  part  of  his  orig- 
inal ci)ni[)any  had  been  left.     Thence  he  proceeded  to 

Jt  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  first  crossing  by  a 
white  man  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  of  the  entire 
I)ivadth  of  what  is  the  state  of  Nevada,  was  not  in 
the  usual  direction  of  marching  empire,  but  from  west 
to  east,  a  doubling  of  progress  upon  its  own  track,  or 
like  a  ray  of  scrutinizing  intelligence  flung  back  from 
tilt-  ocean. 

In  1828-9  some  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
trap|)ers  who  were  in  Nevada  under  Ogden  passed 
over  the  Sierra  into  California,  probably  following 
Smith's  last  trail.  During  the  next  decade  the  few 
trappers  on  the  Columbia  seeking  the  Sacramento 
took  McLeod's  nit)rc  western  route,  while  those  en- 
tering California  by  way  of  Santa  Fc  did  not  touch 
Nevada. 

A  trapping  party  under  Wolfskill  came  from  Taos 
in  1830,  and  followed  one  old  Spanish  trail  toward 
Salt  Lake,  and  another  away  from  that  region  toward 
i^os  Angeles.  As  this  country  had  been  explored 
hefore,  and  as  nothing  worthy  of  note  happened  on 
the  way,  we  will  look  in  upon  the  doings  of  the  trap- 
j)ers  who  every  year  rendezvoused  in  the  Green  River 
i(%qon,  and  thence  spread  out  in  every  direction  in 
search  of  the  nmch  loved  beaver-skins. 

Alter  lengthy  trapj)ing  excursions  on  the  eastern 
si(K;  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  between  Texas  and 
Nebraska,  George  Nidever  in  November  1831  crossed 
li'oni  the  Platte  to  Green  River  where  he  went  into 
winter  quarters.  Early  in  August  1832  three  parties 
under  Ni<lever,  Frapp,  and  Wyatt  set  out  from  the 
J'ierre  Hole  rendezvous  on  trapping  expeditions  to 

"  There  is  nothing  furthor  known  as  to  Smith's  route.  For  a  full  account 
(if  liiw  uiivcntin'f!)  witli  all  tl>o  cviilcnoo  sec  //m/.  ('alijhrnia,  ami  //■  .  A'orlh' 
VI  .y  '  'luisf,  tlii.i  serict.  It  in  posfiihli!  thut  In;  niiidu  tliiti  possugo  without  dia- 
cu\ L'liiig  lluiiibulUt  liivct-,  tliougJi  it  u  uut  pi-ubablu. 


I 


I 


p 


! 


40 


EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


the  westward.  Nidover's  destination  was  Ogdcn 
River,  which  he  then  called  Mary  River,  "a  small 
stream  about  south-west  of  Salt  Lake."  Frapp's  com- 
pany were  mostly  Canadians  and  half-breeds.  For 
some  distance  the  route  of  the  three  bands  was  the 
same,  and  they  continued  together.  Their  first  camp 
was  fifteen  miles  from  the  rendezvous.  Next  morn- 
ing on  starting  they  discovered  a  band  of  four  hun- 
dred war-painted  Blackfeet  coming  down  upon  them 
fierce  for  tight.  Hastily  throwing  up  a  breastwork  of 
their  packs,  they  despatched  a  boy  on  one  of  their  fleet- 
est horses  back  to  the  rendezvous  to  notify  the  assem- 
bled trappers,  and  then  turned  to  receive  the  enemy. 
As  soon  as  the  savages  were  within  range  shooting 
set  in  on  both  sides.  Spreading  out  in  a  long  line  the 
Blackfeet  attempted  to  surround  the  trappers.  Con- 
spicuous among  the  savages  was  a  tall  and  well-built 
chief,  arrayed  in  a  bright  scarlet  coat  and  mounted  on 
a  mao:nificent  horse  Wishing  to  be  regarded  a  jjreater 
and  braver  man  than  his  companions,  he  rode  some 
distance  in  advance  of  them,  intimating  that  he  would 
fight  single-handed  any  one  of  the  trappers,  or  all  of 
them  together.  Presently  one  of  Wyatt's  men,  Godin, 
a  Canadian,  advanced  to  meet  the  chief.  Godin  was 
also  well  mounted,  and  carried  a  short  rifle  concealed 
from  view.  The  antagonists  continued  slowly  to  ad- 
vance until  they  were  separated  by  less  than  fifty 
yards,  when  quick  as  a  flash  Godin  raised  his  gun  and 
fired.  The  proud  chieftain  fell  dead  to  the  ground. 
In  an  instant  Godin  was  upon  him;  the  scarlet  coat 
was  stripped  from  the  fallen  hero;  and  before  the 
savages  could  arrest  him,  he  flew  back  under  heavy 
fire  to  his  comrades,  whom  he  reached  in  safety  with 
his  trophy.  Reenforcements  from  the  rendezvous  ar- 
riving the  Blackfeet  retired.  A  council  of  war  was 
held  and  William  Sublette  chosen  leader.  The  sav- 
ages were  well  posted  in  some  timber  near  by;  never- 
theless the  trappers  determined  on  immediate  attack. 
In  the  encounter  which  followed  William  Sinclair, 


i 


I  ! 


i 


WALKER'S  EXPEDITION. 


41 


as  Ogden 
,  "a  small 
app's  coni- 
eds.  For 
Is  was  thu 
first  camp 
i3xt  morn- 
four  hun- 
pon  them 
stwork  of 
their  fleet- 
he  asscm- 
le  enemy. 

shooting 
g  line  the 
rs.  Con- 
well-built 
ounted  on 
a  greater 
ode  some 
he  woulfl 

or  all  of 
n,  Godin, 
odin  was 
ioncealed 


y 


to  ad- 
an  fifty 
gun  and 
ground, 
rlet  coat 
bre  the 

heavy 
ty  with 
v^ous  ar- 
var  was 
he  sav- 

never- 
attack, 
linclair, 


Phrlps,  Sublette,  and  others  were  wounded  and  fifty 
Black t'l'et  killed. 

Hastening  forward  from  that  hostile  region  the 
three  conijianies  soon  parted,  and  Nidever  set  his  traps 
on  OjL^nleti  River,  where  ho  remained  with  fair  success 
till  October,  when  he  returned  to  the  eastern  slope  for 
t!ie  w  inter,  and  came  again  the  following  spring  to 
Green  River."  It  may  have  been  this  expedition 
that  cau.sed  one  writer  to  make  the  somewhat  ludi- 
crous mistake  of  sending  Nathaniel  Wyeth  with  Sub- 
lette to  trap  on  Ogden  River  in  1832.  It  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  say  that  Wyeth  was  never  on  Ogden 
River. 

Josejih  Walker  was  of  Bonneville's  expedition 
which  encamped  on  Salmon  River  during  the  winter 
of  1832-3,  and  in  the  spring  divided  into  trapping 
j)arties,  taking  various  directions  from  the  Green 
River  rendezvous.  With  thirty-five  or  forty"  men 
Walker  set  out  as  Irving  says  to  trap  beaver  on  the 
northern  and  western  sides  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  in- 
tending to  pass  entirely  round  th.')t  brat^kish  sheet 
before  the  season  was  over;  but  finding  the  country 
along  the  north-western  border  desolate  and  void  of 
water,  the  party  turned  about  and  trapped  toward  the 
nortii  and  west. 

Nidever,  however,  who  accompanied  the  expedition, 
and  who  was  fully  aware  of  Bonneville's  purpose,  and 
the  intentions  of  the  party  before  leaving  the  rendez- 
vous, says  nothing  of  any  intended  survey  of  the  lake, 
and  that  idea  probably  arose  in  the  mind  of  Bonne- 
ville while  reciting  his  adventures  to  Irving." 

"  XiJever's  Life  and  Adv.,  MS.,  49-55. 

"  Xiilever,  Life  and  Adv.,  MS.,  58,  says  36;  Bonnevilln  40. 

"Oil  the  other  haud  Nidever,  L\f'e  and  Adv.,  MS.,  58,  distinctly  states: 
*  In  the  spring  tiiere  were  a  large  uuinlxir  of  trappers  gatiiered  at  the  rendez- 
vous in  Clreen  River  Valley,  and  among  them  C'apt.  Walker  and  company 
IkiuikI  for  California.  We  joined  him,  making  a  party  in  all  of  'M.  V\M>n 
i\\v  linakingun  of  the  rendezvous  we  started  southward,  intending  to  trap  a 
sill  lit  time  on  tlie  Mary's  River.'  A  party  of  15  free  trappers  under  .Sinclair 
is  niintioned  hy  Irving,  Adveii.  Bonmt'ille,  72-.1,  as  present  at  the  rendezvous 
of  \H',1'2,  and  taking  part  in  sulNie<|Uent  events,  but  not  as  part  of  Walker's 
cuniiuiuy.     Geo.  Nidever  watt  one  of  the  15,  and  be  relates  in  hia  L{/'t  atul 


; 


l! 


Ilii 


ill 


t 


42 


EARLIEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


But  whether  originally  impelled  by  the  Salt  Lake 
survey  or  the  Calit'ornia  expedition,  they  had  not  pro- 
ceeded far  before  the  barreiniess  of  the  country  and 
the  absence  of  water  turned  their  attention  toward 
the  snowy  mountains  seen  in  the  north-west.  There 
they  would  be  sure  to  find  cooling  streams,  and  doubt- 
less multitudes  of  beavers;  so  striking  out  in  that 
direction  they  soon  came  upon  a  little  hnnik,  which 
increased  in  size  as  they  followed  it  towani  the 
mountains,  until  it  disappeared  in  a  lake  to  which 
there  was  no  outlet. 

On  the  way  they  found  the  Shoshones  exceedingly 
troublesome.  They  stole  the  traps  and  com|K.lled  the 
white  men  to  keep  a  constant  guard  to  prevent  attack. 
Finally  they  offered  to  permit  the  strangers  to  pa.s8 
through  their  country  if  they  would  give  up  their 
horses  and  })rovisions.*''  This  the  white  nieii  refu.<ed 
to  d<>;  and  after  some  stray  shots  on  both  sides,  one 
of  which  struck  a  man  named  Frazier,  further  attempts 
at  traj>ping  were  abandoned,  and  both  sides  pref»ared 
for  battle.  Nevertheless  the  white  men  continued 
their  march,  doubling  their  guard,  and  making  a  de- 
tour from  the  trail  when  necessary  to  avoid  ambus- 
cade when  passing  through  narrow  defiles  and  thickly 
woixled  places. 

One  day  in  passing  a  thick  and  quite  extended 
growth  of  willows,  from  which  as  usual  they  had 
turned  aside  to  avoid  surprise,  four  hundred  Shoshones 
eniertrod  and  formed  into  several  distinct  bands  ac- 
to    the   villages   to    which    they    belonged. 


cordin<r 


A'IfrnturiK,  MS.,  most  of  the  events  of  the  time  and  place  notice<l  hy  Irving, 
with  Home  variations  in  detail  wliieli  it  dinm  not  concern  my  preiw:iit  puqiotie 
to  mention,  'i'he  original  company  under  Robert  Bean  hail  left  Fort  Smith 
alM>ut  44)  stmng  in  May  18>tO.  It  included  many  men  afterward  wxdl  kuon-n 
in  California,  which  country  they  entered  at  dillercnt  times  and  W  ditfereut 
mutes.  Such  were  liralmm,  Naile,  Nidever,  W^ihiams,  I'rice,  LecHe,  and 
I»yc.  Their  adventures  ai"c  related  at  some  lengtli  hy  botli  Nidever  and  I)j'e 
down  to  the  time  that  the  party  was  divided  in  New  Mexico  in  the  spring  of 
1H.'{|,  and  tile  later  adventures  of  the  mrty  of  l.'>  that  went  north  to<>m.-n 
River  liy  Nidever,  who  says  that  Uraliam,  Naile,  and  Price  were  still  with 
him. 

'"They  8|>oke  the  Snake  tongue,  a  language  wbioh  most  ot  oor  men  vex* 
familiar  with.'  A'idevir's  Li/e  anilAde.,  MS.,  58. 


BATTLE  WITH  THE  SHOSHOXES. 


43 


10 


rera 


rrosontly  thirty-four  of  the  enemy  advanced,  and 
fit'tt'cn  wliite  men  stepped  forth  to  meet  them.  The 
litter  ])ermitted  tlic  savages  to  approach  quite  near 
\)v\\>vv  making  a  move;  but  when  they  did  fire,  if  we 
iii.iv  hcliove  one  who  was  present,  it  was  with  sueli 
t  (  lliiig  effect  that  but  one  of  the  number  escaped  alive 
During  this  march  there  were  many  dastardly  deeds 
counnitted  which  Mr  Nidever  fails  to  reniember,  such 
as  shooting  down  the  unoffending  of  either  sex  or  any 
age,  and  that  without  provocation.*' 

As  to  the  way  by  which  they  left  the  sink  of  the 
Humboldt,  and  crossed  the  desert  and  the  Sierra  into 
(  aliCornia,  there  is  much  uncertainty.  Said  Bonne- 
ville, "they  struck  directly  westward,  across  the  great 
chain  of  Californian  mountains.  For  three  and  twenty 
days  they  were  entangled  among  these  mountains,  the 
])eaks  and  ridges  of  which  are  in  many  places  covered 
with  perpetual  snow.  For  a  part  of  the  tinio  they 
were  nearly  starved.    At  length  they  made  their  way 

'".VfV/ewr'*  Life  and  Adv.,  MS.,  59-60. 

"  Tlic-  tirst  publishcil  uarrative  of  this  expedition  was  in  tho  Jonishoroii;ih, 
Ti'ini.  Si')itlnel  of  Marclt  8,  1837,  a  brief  account  from  the  statcnient  nf 
.stt'phou  Meek  wlio  had  rctumuil  to  Tcnuesace,  and  reprinted  in  A'iUs'  lii'(j- 
ixh  I-  (if  Maruh  *2.")th,  vol.  lii.  50.  Meek  aava  that  on  Sept.  9th  tlioy  Wfie 
Biirnitiinlcil  luid  attacked  by  a  largo  body  of  natives  witli  a  losa  of  live  nicii 
uoiiiiditl,  uiid  one — Wm.  SmuU— billed,  the  natives  Ijeiug  rcpuLsi-d  witli  a 
In.ss  (if 'J7  killed.  On  Sept.  IGth  the  hunters  attacked  l.'iO  luttivcH,  scattd  uiid 
einiikiii^',  killed  18,  and  took  5  captives,  who  were  beaten  uiul  ivKaseil. 
litiniiL'villo  represents  that  the  natives  wore  i)e«ceful  and  timid,  kei'iiiii^ 
nioiif  by  day  but  pilfering  somewhat  at  night.  A  trap|M:r  having  lo.st  liiti 
traps  vuw'cd  to  shoot  tho  tirst  Digger  ho  saw,  and  did  so.  SuliHcijuently 
guilty  cuuHuienuo  led  tho  party  to  imagine  themselves  in  a  hostile  cuiiiitry, 
and  nt  a  furd  farther  down  the  river  they  attacked  a  crowd  of  inotrcn.sive 
]ii'(i|iK',  »h(xitiug  'I'i,  and  meeting  no  resistance.  Irving  paints  this  outiaj^u  in 
viviil  coliirs.  Nidever  by  way  of  excuse  says  that  the  natives  were  inciras- 
ingly  bold  and  hostile  from  tho  llrst,  stealing  all  they  could  lay  their  iiainlH 
(III,  and  attempting  to  shoot  Frazier  while  setting  his  traps.  It  was  iicctH- 
saiy  to  give  up  trapping  almost  entirely,  and  only  by  the  greatest  )>ii  can- 
ticins  did  tho  comimny  escape  annihilation.  Finally  tliey  turned  iisidt-  fiuni 
tliL'ir  trail  Just  in  time  to  avoid  an  ambush,  and  were  attacked  by  sonio 
liuiulreds  of  savages,  of  whom  33  were  killed.  Nidever  adniiti<i,  however, 
that  a.  little  later  ho  could  not  resist  the  temptation  to  kill  two  Indians  with 
one  shot,  thus  avenging  his  brother  who  hud  I>cl-u  treacherously  murdered 
poinetinie  before,  tinuly  Joseph  M'jck,  according  to  ViHur'^  I'irir  of  i fie 
^^V■'^  Ud,  admits  that  the  attack— in  which  7."»  savages  fell,  but  Meek  exag- 
gerates everything,  stating  that  Walker  had  118  men — was  unmovoked  e.\- 
•:'.'\>t  by  the  thefts  and  constantly  increasing  numbers  of  the  Indians;  but  he 
detenils  the  act  as  a  necestiity,  though  it  did  not  seem  so  to  Bonneville,  who 
was  not  an  cxpcrien«».>d  ludiou-lighter. 


li 


!|       ! 


I      I  ' 


u 


EARUEST  EXPLORATIONS. 


throujrh  them,  and  came  down  upon  the  plains  of 
New  California.  They  now  turnecil  toward  the  south, 
and  arrived  at  the  S])ani8h  village  and  pOHt  of  Mon- 
terey." Stephen  Meek  tells  us  "  they  travelled  now 
four  days  across  the  salt  plains,  when  they  struck 
the  Californian  Mountains,  crossing  which  took  fif- 
teen days,  and  in  fourteen  days  iLore  they  reached 
the  two  Laries" — Tulares;  "killed  a  horse,  and  sub- 
sisting on  the  same  eleven  days  came  to  the  Spanish 
settlements."  Joseph  Meek  is  represented  as  giving 
the  route  somewhat  definitely  westward  to  Pyramid 
Lake,  up  the  Truckee  River,  and  a'^ross  the  moun- 
tains— by  the  i)resent  railroad  line  very  nearly — into 
the  Sacramento  Valley,  and  thence  southward.  This 
authority  also  states  that  they  met  a  company  of 
soldiers  out  hunting  for  cattle-thieves  in  the  San 
Jose  Valley,  and  were  taken  as  prisoners  to  Mon- 
terey— a  dramatic  ending  to  the  long  journey  em- 
anating probably  from  the  trapper's  imagination." 
Finally,  a  newspaper  version,  founded  on  Walker's 
own  statements,  and  corroborated  to  some  extent  by 
that  of  Nidever,  gives  what  I  suppose  to  have  been 
the  correct  route  from  th*)  sink,  south-westward  by 
way  of  what  are  now  Carson  Lake  and  Walker  lake 
and  river,  over  the  Sierra  near  the  head-waters  of 
the  Merced,  and  down  into  the  San  Joaquin  Valley.*^ 
Bonneville  had  been  quite  lavish  in  fitting  out  this 
expedition ;  and  when  Walker  and  the  men  returned, 
and  the  captain  learned  that  such  of  his  property  as 
had  not  been  consumed  in  the  desert  had  been  s(juan- 

'"  Yet  Sebastian  Pomlta  with  a  party  of  veeino$  from  Saa  Jot6  did  meet 
early  in  Novemlicr  a  coinnany  of  Bo-called  French  trappera  bound  to  Mun> 
ten-y.  San  Jo»i,  Arrh.,  MS.,  v.  27. 

"  Uiograpliical  elcetcliea  of  Cant.  Joa.  R.  Walker,  in  Sonoma  Drmorrat, 
Nov.  2.">,  187G;  and  in  Snii  Joa6  I'ioiuer.  Sept.  1,  1877.  Mr  ThompHon,  of 
tiio  lifjitocriit,  yuan  well  acquainted  with  Walker;  and  the  article  in  tho 
J'ioucer  was  founded  on  an  interview.  One  account  sayo  he  saw  Mono  I^ke, 
an<l  the  other  tiiat  ho  discovered  Yosoniite.  According  to  the  Pioneer,  Miis 
firMt  attempt  to  descend  to  the  west  wofl  near  the  head-waters  of  tho 
Tuohinine,  whicli  he  found  impossible;  but  working  a  little  to  tho  sonth- 
wcHt  he  struck  the  waters  of  the  Merced.'  Nidever  states  that  they  came 
down  between  tho  Merced  and  Tuolumne,  and  aooo  arrived  atGilroy's  rancho. 


CAUSOX  AM>  ni:rK\VOl'KTH. 


4.T 


I     dried  ill  ( 'ulifin'niii,  toj>;('tlM'r  with  the  furs  wliirh  tlicy 

^     liad  Ljiitlii'ied,  he  wns  very  aii;Lfry. 

I.  hus  Ix'oii  stutfd  tliat  (Miiistoplior  Carson  and 
.liii  irs  I'.  H('«kw<nirtli  wort' of  this  party;  orthatthcy 
were  in  Carson  valley  in  IHaiiand  with  seven  others 
passed  over  intt)  Calit'omia.  Caist.n  and  Heekwointh 
were  not  of  the  Walker  party,  nor  did  they  cross  tho 
Sierra  Nevada  to  ('aliforniu  in  \^li'.i.  Tiiev  niav  have 
hei'ti  in  Carson  or  some  other  valley  durinjj;  that  or 
stini(>  other  year;  indeed,  Carson  was  there  in  that 
vear;  they  were  traj)|>ers,  i^uides  or  lndian-<iLjht»'rs 
.iceordintf  to  eii'eiiinstances,  and  as  such  were  n.'ovin^ 
liither  and  thither  in  and  around  the  «iri'at  hasin.  ( )f 
I  in-  wanderings  of  the  fur-hunti'rs  there  is  no  coin- 
jili'te  record  ;  hut  of  the  names  of  visitors  to  Cjdif<»r- 
:iiadurini^  ilies»!  years  there  is  a  reronl.  (-arson  had 
hiiii  to  California  hefore  this  by  the  Santa  Fe  and 
Los  Anj^t.'les  trail."* 

'•Kit  Cariiiiiwas  liorn  ii«  Kimtiicky  in  I8«»».  In  IN28  he  went  to  Nowr 
Mi'xu'ii,  uiiil  tlii-ii(.'u  (iriK'i'cilcil  witli  Kwin^j  \'ciiing  to  L'alit'urniii.  tlu^  following 
M'.ii'  liy  tlj<-  iilil  Los  Anui'lu.s  trail.  'ri'a|i|iiiig  on  the  San  iloaipiin  lit;  ciircnin- 
ti  nil  a  p.irty  umliT  I'ctcr  Skcm  Oi;ilfn,  wlio  wnit  from  tluTu  to  tlio  ( 'oluni- 
Ilia  ri\i'r  wliih;  farson  rftnrnt'il  to  Ni'W  Moxii-o  liy  way  of  I^ios  Anjfcles.  In 
|s:!iM 'arsiin  ti'a|i|itMl  on  (iiccn  ami  Salmon  rivers,  visiU'il  .Tackson  lloir,  ami 
III  ls;il  trajipi'il  on  IV-ar  river,  tlit-n  todrccii  river,  ami  Inck  to  New  Mexico. 
Till'  follow  iiifi  year  he  wa.s  again  on  <irien  aixl  Snaku  rivers,  wintering  on  tlio 
Utter  stream,  ami  in  |h;<;<  ]iu  went  with  'I'lmmas  MeKay  of  the  lin<lson'.s  Hay 
ii>iii|i.iiiy  anil  live  otliiirs  to  tin;  lieail- waters  of  Oyilen  river,  uml  followeil  it 
to  the  sink.  Theiiee  McKay  proeeeileil  to  Walla  Walla,  ami  I'arson  to  Kort 
Mall.  iMiriiig  \S'M  ii  Carson  traiipeil  on  tho  Vellowstoiie  ainl  I'latte.aml  tho 
lolliiwiiii;  year  went  to  (lent  fort,  where  for  eight  years  lie  wan  official  linnter 
lor  the  |iost.  In  ISf'.'  he  visited  the  L'niteil  .States,  met  Krt'mont  onasteam- 
lioit.  ainI  engiigeil  to  act  as  his  guide.  I'lttiri  Lih'  of  Oirmn,  and  AUmiCs 
l.j'r  ij' i'lirniii,  jiassiin. 


I   I 


I 


{  ; 


CHAPTER   III. 

PASSAC.K  OF  THK  KMKHIAXTS. 
TRAriMNd  Bkcomes  Okneuai,— Opkmno  or  tiik  Kmioration  Kr«x"ii— Tiik 

KiiAli  TO  CaI.IKOHMa— I'UiHJUK.HS  «iK  TIIK  HvilTI.KSOS  <'ciMr.\NV  THIltH'CII 
KkVADA  — 1{|1>\VK1.I.,    Hk>S11\W,    AM)    NyK.       IlKl.DKS,   Ku  KM  AN,  (   11  II.K^, 

AND  Webku-  What  Thky  Skvkrai.i.y  Said  or  It— Skaiu  ii  kuk  Oimikn 

IllVKIl— 'I'llKV  AllANlMiN  TICK.lll  \V AliONS— FlllK.M.I.Y  InTKKCoI  IISK,  WITH 
TIIK  SlIiisIKiNKS  —  VaKIKIi  AIiVKNTIUKS — DlSSKN.sIliN  — SKAUfll  KUK  \ 
1'ASS— OVKK  TIIK  SiKKKA  — llASIIXliS   AND     HIS    ItooK— t 'llll.KS    OVKK   A 

Nkw  Uoitk  Wai.kkh  <!rii>Ks  a  I'auty  inio  (^ai.ikoknia  hvkk  his 
IvKTius  |{iiitk  ok  1S.H4-  Kik.>t  \Va(;i>>s  To  Tuavkksk  ihk  Kmiki 
Col  ntky  — Fiikjiont's  Kxi'Ki'iTioNH    Ki.irjiiA  Stkvknsou  tiik  MruiMi\ 

CoM>  ANY  — SSVDKU,    SWASKY,    111  ACKIll  UN,    AND    ToDD   t'oMIANY      Si  li 

i.K'iTK  FUoM  St  l-oi  is— Wai.kkk,  C::xon,  Tai.iiot,  and  Kekn- Kxi-k- 
DiTioN  or  Scott  and  the  Ai'1'i,e<;ate.s  ki.mm  ()kk(H)N. 

Aftfk  tho  roturn  of  WalkT  in  IH.'U  tr{H)piii«^  j)ar- 
tios  ill  NovjkIji  were  f're<|U(jnt  until  ^tiniu  lu'canu* 
Hoiirc'o.  As  one  was  very  like  anotlur,  and  all  unin- 
teresting in  detail,  it  is  not  necessary  to  report  them 
further.  I'resfiitly  a  fV*!sh  impetus  was  irivcn  to 
westward-manhing  empire  along  the  line  of  border 
Hcttlenients.  It  was  no  longer  furs  that  most  tilh-d 
men's  minds,  but  broad  fertile  lands  of  easy  tillage, 
temperate  airs,  and  a  near  markt;t.  Wh-  re  tluii- 
wore  so  many  blessings  provided  by  nature  without 
price,  as  j)resented  themselves  to  the  settler  in  the 
then  soM'alled  western  states,  it  is  no  \vo:>dtT  that 
lie  became  discontented  and  demande<l  yet  gr<.»ater 
favors.  Thus  it  was  that  from  IH.'Jl)  to  184(5  we  si'c 
parties  of  emigrants  w«Miding  tlu-ir  way  to  Oregon 
and  to  California,  some  of  which  pass  through  Nevada, 
giving  us  a  view  of  the  country  as  it  then  appeared. 


Tin:  lUltTI.KSOX  COMPANY. 


\\\ 


Aiiioiij,'  (ttli*  r-H  was  .loliM  liidwi  II  who  in  company 
lliiisliiiw   and    Miiliac'l   ('.  Xv«'  «'aino 


th   < 


n-(>ri;t' 


Irnni  Missouri  to  ( 'alit'oniia  in  IHll;  also  faniilirs  or 
ii.irtiis  iintltr  •losiali  Itrldm,  Hohert  liicknian,  tFolin 
llaiil'soM,  .loscpli  H.  Chili's,  and  CliarK-.s  W»'h«'i', 
.snnit  finu's  iMiitini,'  in  lar;^«T  conipanics,  son;*'  i»ound 
for  ()r<'j(on  and  sonj*'  for  California.  Tlu'n*  was  jtrcs- 
t  nt  ono  woman,  Mrs  liiiijainin  Kcls*  y,  an«l  lur  chiM. 
'ro<4ttli»'r  came  the  two  tiniiLrrations  l»y  th»'  usual 
rouft'.  n|i  the  IMatto  and  throu^di  the  So»ith  Pass  to 
luar  l{iv«r  Valley,  and  wlu'H  n.t  ar  Soda  Sprini^s 
tli.v  partrd  «'onij>any,  thost;  tor  On-Ljon,  and  with 
tJH'in  somr  wln>  had  ori;,nnally  intruded  to  <;o  to  Cal- 
ifiTiiia.  pro«'ctdiniLj  northward  to  Foit  Hall,  whilo 
tlif  otlii  IS  diitcted  their  steps  to  thi>  south,  and  pass- 
in-^  down  into  T'tah  turned  toward  X«'vada  ahout  ti-n 
miles  north  of  (Jrt'at  Salt  J^ako.  Later  emigrants 
passed  round  or  just  touehetl  the  north-west  corntT 
of  I'tah. 

Notliint;  was  k'  own  of  this  r<\<jfion  except  what  the 


tia|>pers 


had 


repo 


)rted: 


none   wei-o   known 


to   I 


lavc 


passed  across  tlu^  country  from  ami  to  California  .save 
tlie  parties  un<ler  Smith  an*'  Walkei*  respectively.  As 
these  had  followed  the  Oujtien  Hiver,  tlu'  emii^rants 
(l.rmed  it  necessai-y  tinst  of  all  to  (ind  that  stream. 
I  jiave  a  manuscript  narrative  hy  Mr  Chiles  tMititled 
J  \'isit  to  (yii/ijonila,  in  which  he  states  that  they 
tr,iv(lled  seven  months  with  no  ji^uide,  no  conipa.ss, 
notliinij  hut  the  sun  to  direct  them.  They  Inul  learned 
liom  l)r  Marsh  the  latituch;  of  San  Franci.sco  Jiay; 
tliey  knew  the  latitude  of  their  staitinif-point;  and  it 


u.is  thus  tlu'V  c 


ast  th 


lemseives  a« 


hi  ft 


I  wild 


upon  an  ocean 


ernes.s. 


I  if  wastes  am 

III  answer  to  in(piiries  of  Mr  Grant  at  Fort  Hall, 
tiny  were  told  that  west  of  Salt  Lake  "there  was  a 
Lireat  and  almost  impassable  desert  which  we  weio 
liahle  to  iieconie  involved  in  if  wc  went  too  far  to  the 
south;  that  there  wa.s  a  stream  runninor  west  which 
had  been  visited  by  some  of  the  trappers  belonging  to 


48 


PASSAGE  OP  THE  EMIGRANTS. 


I    I 


the  Hudson's  Hay  Company,  amonj[y  whom  it  was 
known  by  the  name  of  Mary's,  or  Oj^den's  river;  that 
we  must  try  to  strike  that  stream,  for  to  the  south  of 
it  we  would  find  no  feed  for  animals;  that  we  nmst  be 
careful  not  to  go  too  far  to  the  north,  for  if  we  did  we 
would  become  involved  in  a  maze  of  canons,  an«l 
streams  with  precipitous  cliffs  which  led  olf  into  the 
Columbia  River,  and  where  we  should  be  sure  to 
wander  and  starve  to  death."' 

After  travelling  for  seven  days  westwardly  from 
Bear  River,  round  the  northern  end  of  Salt  Imke, 
meanwhile  suffering  greatly  from  tiiirst,  they  camped 
the  27th  of  August  on  a  grassy  spot  beside  a  spring 
of  good  water,  there  determined  to  remain  until  a  way 
to  Ogden  River  should  be  found. 

Being  told  by  a  Shoshone  who  came  into  camp  that 
not  far  away  were  Indians  who  liad  horses,  Bi«lwell 
with  a  small  party  went  in  search  of  them  but  with- 
out (^iccess.  They  found,  however,  five  miles  from 
camp  a  native  curing  some  venison  which  he  had  just 
killed,  half  of  which  they  bought  for  twelve  .artritlges. 

Before  proceeding  further  with  the  train  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  examine  the  country  before  them. 
To  this  end,  (m  the  29th  Bartleson  and  Hopper  starte<l 
out,  and  in  ten  days  returned  saying  they  hatl  found 
Ogden  River,  distant  five  days'  travel.  Meanwhiio 
tlw  weather  had  become  cold,  ice  forming  in  the  water 
bui'kets,  and  the  company  had  nioved  Hl«)\vly  forward. 
Sig:ial  fires  iiad  been  kindled  by  the  natives  and  the 
atm<)sj)lii're  was  filled  with  dense  smoke. 

This  is  tiie  way  Mr  Belden  tells  the  same  story  in 
his  manuscript  entitled  Statement  of  Historienl  Fdetx: 
"  Wo  went  .)ii,  hunting  our  way  along  the  best  we 
could,  amongst  the  rocks  and  gullies,  riid  througii  the 
sage-brush,  working  ah)ng  slowly  for  a  number  of 
days,  aiming  to  travel  westwaiil  as  fast  as  we  (;oul'.i, 
havi?ig  no  other  guide  than  an  intention  to  get  west. 


IS. 


midwftl'H  Ctilifoniin,  I84I-S,  MS.,  32-3;  OidiodVa  Joumfy  to  Cat.,  1841 


WAGONS  ABANDONED.  4» 

After  travelling  several  days,  passing  over  a  very 
d'jacrt  country  where  there  was  scarcely  any  foocl  for 
our  animals,  and  very  rough  getting  along  with  our 
wagons,  we  finally  came  to  a  spot  where  there  was 
nu)i.st  ground,  some  springs,  and  a  little  patch  of  green 
gra.ss,  which  we  denominated  the  oasis.  We  cannxjd 
then'  about  a  week  to  recruit  our  animals.  While 
there  we  did  not  know  which  directioh  to  take,  nor 
liow  to  go;  but  we  had  heard  before  leaving  Missouri 
that  there  was  a  river  somewhere  in  that  section  of 
the  country,  which  was  then  called  Mary's  River, 
wliich  ran  to  the  westward,  und  this  we  thought 
might  be  a  guide  for  us  in  st)me  measure,  if  we  could 
strike  th«j  head-waterH  of  it  and  follow  it  west.  So 
while  the  company  were  camping  there,  three  of  the 
party  wlu)  had  the  best  animals  started  out  in  a  west- 
it1>  direction  to  explore  by  themselves,  and  sec  if 
they  couhl  find  any  such  river,  any  water  running 
west.  After  waiting  there  several  days  these  men 
cauje  lack  and  reported  that  the}'  had  found  a  small 
stream  of  water  that  seemed  to  bo  running  westward, 
and  they  thought  that  might  j)erhaj)8  be  the  head- 
waters or  some  branch  of  the  Mary's  River  that  we 
wisJied  to  find.  After  they  returned,  we  raised  camp, 
and  under  their  direction,  as  near  as  we  could  foHow 
it,  wo  travelled  two  or  three  days  I  think,  and  struck 
this  little  stream  they  had  spoken  of  We  followed 
it  down  and  found  it  trended  westvarvl,  *hough  vary- 
ing its  course,  and  it  proved  to  be  the  south  fork  of 
Mary's  Rive,".  We  followed  it  nW  the  way  down  to 
tile  sink  of  it." 

It  was  the  1  Hh  of  September  when  after  a  hot  day 
they  passed  through  a  gap  in  a  ridge  of  mountains 
uiul  ent-red  upoA  a  high  plain.  "It  was  painfully 
c\  itient,"  writes  J  idwell,  '*  that  wo  must  make  greater 
jii'ogress  or  wintc  r  would  set  in  before  we  could  reach 
the  Pacific  coast  That  night  we  determined  to  leavo 
niir  wagons.  S<  early  the  next  morning  we  set  to 
work  making  pack-saddles  for  our  animals.     We  had 

Bin.  Nkv.    I 


PASSAGE  OF  THE  EMIGRANTS. 


to  pack  mules,  horses,  and  the  oxen.  On  the  after- 
noon of  the  second  day  we  were  ready  to  start.  No 
one  of  us  had  seen  horses  packed . . .  the  packs  would 
turn  and  get  down  into  the  dirt.  Old  mules  that 
wero  almost  skeletons  would  run  and  kick  at  the 
packs.  The  work  oxen  would  jump  and  bellow  and 
try  to  throw  off  their  loads." 

The  night  before  they  had  cooked  supper  with 
fires  made  from  some  of  the  wagons  broken  up  for 
that  purpose;  and  as  they  were  about  to  start  a  Sho- 
wnone  sage  appeared,  sent  thither  from  the  mountains 
as  he  said  by  the  great  spirit,  who  had  told  him  that 
on  the  plain  below  he  would  find  a  strange  people  who 
would  give  him  many  things."  There  were,  indeed, 
many  articles  which  could  not  be  carried  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  wagons,  and  the  good  savage  might  as 
well  be  placed  in  possession  in  due  form.  "  The  first 
thing  given  him,"  says  Bidwell,  "  was  a  pair  of  panta- 
loons. He  immediately  turned  toward  the  sun,  and 
commenced  a  long  and  eloquent  harangue.  As  ho 
was  perfectly  naked  he  was  shown  how  to  wear  the 
pants.  As  article  after  article  was  given  him  during 
the  day,  he  turned  toward  the  sun  and  gave  thanks 
in  a  long  speech.  As  the  day  wore  on  and  he  had 
many  things  given  him  his  talks  grew  shorter,  but 
for  each  he  made  somewhat  of  a  speech.  The  first 
two  addresses  must  each  have  been  fully  half  an  hour 
long.     We  called  him  the  Persian." 

It  was  late  in  the  day  before  all  were  ready.  Be- 
fore them  was  a  range  of  mountains,  in  crossing  which 
the  company  were  scattered  and  some  of  the  animals 
lost.  All  were  suffering  for  water.  Dawson  and 
Bidwell  were  Bcnt  in  search  of  the  cattle,  but  tiio 
former  soon  returned  leaving  the  latter  to  proceed 
alone.  The  cattle  fell  into  an  Indian  trail  which  led 
into  a  grassy  country  where  was  water.  Observiii«» 
Indian  tracks  mingled  with  those  of  the  cattle  Bid- 


*Bidfceir»  Cnliforvm,  1841-8,  MS.,  36-7;  BidmlVt  Journey  to  CaL,  1841, 
18;  Uildtn't  Statement,  MS.,  0 


DOWN  THE  HUMBOLDT. 


n' 


well  prepared  himself  a«  well  as  possible  against  sur- 
prist!,"  and  continued  the  search  until  he  found  the 
oxen  \yuig  side  by  side  with  their  packs  undisturlied. 

Meanwhile  the  company  had  moved  forward,  and 
Bidwell,  unable  to  follow,  and  fearing  to  approach  any 
of  the  numerous  Shoshones  to  the  west,  hid  hinmelf 
till  morning.  Even  then  his  situation  was  not  greatly 
iinpif)ved.  On  his  north  wer'^  mountains,  and  on  the 
soutii  a  plain  of  hard  indurated  clay,  which  yielded  no 
impression  to  the  foot  of  man  or  beast.  Tying  his 
oxen  to  a  willow  bush,  in  the  absence  of  trees,  Bid- 
u<  11  rotle  hither  end  thither  not  knowing  what  to  do. 
]*reHently  he  saw  horsemen  approaching  from  the 
south,  and  supposing  them  to  be  Indians  he  hastt^ned 
toward  the  oxen  to  u-e  them  for  a  breastwork  in  case 
of  attack;  but  suddenly  his  horse  sank  into  a  slough, 
tilling  its  very  eyes  and  ears  with  mud.  Thereup«>n 
the  iiorsemen  came  up,  proving  themselves  to  be  hia 
friends  Cook  and  Thorne. 

Following  a  yLfath- westerly  course  along  the  base 
of  mountain  ranges  for  several  days  **  we  canie  to  a 
dry  desert  region,  without  grass  or  water,  and  with 
few  or  no  hills  to  the  south.  Being  obliged  to  camp 
without  water  it  was  the  opinion  of  all  that  we  hud 
come  to  the  borders  of  that  desert  spoken  of  at  Fort 
Hall.  The  only  remedy  was  to  go  north  and  cross  a 
mountain  chain  which  was  in  sight.  The  first  I'amp 
after  crossing  the  divide  was  on  a  small  spring  branch 
whicli  had  trout  in  it."  Indians  appeared  from  time 
to  time  in  some  numbers,  but  as  the  strangers  were 
weak  they  were  respectful,  and  no  troui>le  ensued. 

The  trout  stream  which  they  followed  soon  sank  into 
the  ground,  leaving  the  foot-sore  animals  on  the  dry, 
rocky  bed,  between  banks  impossible  to  scale.     The 

* '  I  examined  my  arms,  which  consisted  of  a  flitit-iock  riflo  and  a  pair  of 
(lrn|j;ooii  pistols  also  flint-lock.  All  our  comiiany  lia<l  tliesc  gnus  uiul  piHtois. 
Old  liunters  in  Missouri,  whom  1  asked  what  kind  of  guns  to  bring,  miid, 
"Don't  have  anything  to  '1o  with  those  ni-wfunglcd  things  called  cam;  ii 
VDii  do  you  will  lose  by  it.  If  they  once  get  wet  you  arc  gone;  but  if  you 
loH>'  your  flint  you  can  easily  pick  up  a  atone  tliat  will  take  its  place.'" 
BidueWt  Caiifornia,  1841-8,  MS.,  40. 


n 


PASSAGE  OF  THE  EMIGRANTS. 


course  was  northerly,  and  the  travellers  began  to  fear 
that  they  were  in  one  of  those  frightful  cations  spoken 
of  at  Fort  Hall,  and  which  would  lead  them  to  the 
Columbia.  Their  hearts  were  tilled  with  joy,  there- 
fore, as  they  emerged  into  an  open  country  on  the 
20th,  and  came  upon  a  stream  which  they  felt  satis- 
fied was  Ogden  River.  Its  course  was  at  first  north- 
west, and  this  troubled  them,  for  "  according  to  the 
map  Mary's  River  ran  w.  s.  w.,"  to  which  course  it 
presently  changed.  There  had  been  8on»e  antelope, 
but  now  they  had  to  kill  their  oxen  for  food.  On  the 
2 1st  they  came  to  some  boiling  hot  springs,  twenty 
within  the  circumference  of  a  mile,  and  exceedingly 
beautiful  and  transparent.  The  white  sediment  and 
the  rocks  which  walled  the  water  gave  to  it  a  variety 
of  brilliant  colors,  blue,  green,  and  red.  One  spring 
in  particular  was  of  striking  btmuty;  "it  was  about 
four  feet  in  diameter,  round  as  a  circle,  and  deeper 
than  we  could  see ;  the  cavity  looked  like  a  well  cut 
in  a  solid  rock."  The  natives  were  becoming  moro 
numerous.  '*  From  signs  the  valley  contained  thou- 
sands." 

All  the  misfortunes  of  the  journey  were  as  nothing 
in  comparison  with  that  which  now  befell  them.  It 
was  ascertained  one  day  as  they  followed  down  the 
Ogden  that  the  party  were  out  of  tobacco.  Some 
had  consumed  their  supply,  and  one  man,  William 
Belty,  had  lost  his  that  morning.  He  swore  the  Ind- 
ians had  stolen  it,  and  was  ready  to  shoot  the  first 
savage  ho  saw  in  consequence.  Some  cut  out  their 
old  pockets  and  chewed  them.  Belty  offered  his  mule 
to  ride  to  anv  one  who  would  give  him  tobacco  to 
chew  for  the  day. 

It  was  now  the  beginning  of  October;  and  at  the 
Humboldt  Mountains  Bartleson  determined  to  press 
forward  and  cross  the  Sierra,  leaving  thoso  to  follow 
who  could.  With  Bartleson  were  seven  of  the  com- 
pany, who  killed  an  ox,  and  taking  a  double  share  of 
the  meat  started  off.     Those  in  charge  of  the  cattle 


4 


OVER  THK  MOUNTAINS. 


S8 


wvre  unable  to  follow,  which  caused  much  ill-feeling. 
( )f  the  advance  party  was  Charles  Hopper,  thought  to 
l)c'  the  best  mountaineer  and  guide  in  the  company. 
"All  had  confidence  in  his  ability  to  find  the  best 
route  through  the  mountains.  As  long  as  we  could — • 
about  one  day — we  therefore  followed  their  tracks. 
Tlio  Humboldt  River  was  extremely  dry  that  year, 
and  as  we  approached  the  sink  it  ceased  to  run,  an<l 
we  were  enabled  to  cross  dry  shod  in  several  places  as 
we  descended  it.  The  seceding  party  having  passed 
what  is  now  known  as  the  Humboldt  range  of  moua- 
tains,  atul  followed  down  the  east  side  of  the  Hum- 
boldt River,  we  traverse<l  a  sand}'  plain,  where  the 
wind  had  completely  obliterated  the  tracks  of  the 
party  who  had  left  us." 

Thus  thrown  upon  themselves  to  find  their  way 
over  the  mountains  into  California  Benjamin  Kelsty 
<an«e  to  the  front.  "  As  soon  as  we  nuiehed  what  we 
supjKiscd  to  be  the  furthest  sink  oi'  the  Humboldt," 
<(»ntinues  Bidwell,  "but  which  I  am  now  inclined  to 
think  must  have  been  what  Fremont  afterwards  called 
('ai*son  Lake,  we  endeavored  to  make  our  course  more 
westerly;  for  we  knew  that  the  Pacific  ocean  lay  to 
the  west... The  first  stream  crossed  was  that  now 
known  as  Walker's  River,  so  called  by  Fr(5mont  in 
I.S44  I  thiidc.  This  river  we  ascended  to  the  foot  of 
tlie  iiigh  mountains  whence  it  came.  Here  we  deemed 
it  best  to  give  our  animals  a  rest,  for  men  and  animals 
were  much  in  need  of  it.  In  the  mean  time  njen  were 
sent  to  scale  the  mountains  to  the  west,  to  diwcover  if 
possible  a  jmiss.  They  were  gone  a  day  and  a  night, 
and  reported  that  the  mountains  wen*  barely  piussable 


At  this  time  we  had  but  two  oxen  lift,  anil 


Wl! 


had 


jiist  killed  the  best  one;  of  these,  and  were  diving 
nu'at  preparatory  to  scaling  tb«'  m<»uiitainH  tlu'  ntxt 
tiay.  The  meat  was  driid  to  make  our  loads  as  linht 
as  ]K)ssible,  beeaUHc  neither  nun  nor  animals  wci-o  able 
t(»  carry  heavy  burdiMis  ovit  the  nu»untainM." 
While  thus  engaged,  the  party  who  had  deserted 


fASSAOE  OF  THK  EMIGRANTS. 


Hi    ' 


nine  days  before,  came  up,  ^eary  and  halting,  from 
,the  east.  They  had  gone  south  too  far,  probably  au 
fur  as  Walker  Lake,  and  now  returned  crestfallen  and 
weak  with  dysentery  brought  on  by  pine  nuts  and 
fresh  nsh  given  them  by  the  natives.  "Boysl"  ex- 
claimefl  the  now  humbled  Captain  Bartleson  as  he  sat 
eating  the  wholesome  food  prepared  for  him  by  his 
late  abandoned  comrades,  "  my  hogs  in  Missouri  fared 
better  than  have  I  of  late,  and  if  ever  I  see  that  spot 
again  I  swear  to  you  I  will  never  leave  it." 

All  set  forward  next  morning,  the  17th.  The  as- 
cent was  made;  the  great  divider  of  waters  was 
passed:  and  on  the  second  day  the  party  were  out  of 
Nevada,  and  upon  the  tributaries  of  the  Stanislaus, 
where  we  will  leave  them  to  find  their  way  into  the 
valley  of  California.* 

*Mr  Belden's  account  is  as  followsl  'Before  we  atrnck  this  river,  we 
fouiut  we  were  so  delayed  by  our  wagons  that  we  coucludeJ  to  abandon 
tlieii),  and  wu  U'Hik  what  things  we  could  and  packed  them  nn  our  horses  and 
oxun,  and  what  we  could  not  carry  we  left  with  our  wagons  standing  in  the 
plains.  Wo  wtjro  then  within  sight  of  the  iSierra  Nevada  mountains,  which 
we  knew  we  had  to  cross.  But  M'e  couhl  see  no  appcaroii<;c  of  any  opening 
or  depression  which  we  mighl  avail  of  to  get  across.  Thcti  we  stnick  soutli, 
until  we  finally  came  to  wnet  id  known  as  Walker's  Uivcr.  We  then  fi)l- 
h>wed  the  west  branch  of  this  rivt-r,  I  think,  up  into  the  mountains.  Wlion 
we  Htruck  that  river,  however,  after  following  it  for  some  distance  and  cut- 
ting into  the  neighborhood  of  the  mountains,  without  tinding  any  deprcssuni, 
or  any  ])lace  wht-re  it  seemed  possible  to  cross,  there  was  some  division  ttf 
opinion  among  the  memlMirs  of  th^  company.  ()ur  provisions  had  given  out 
before,  while  we  were  travelling  down  Mary's  Kiver,  and  then  we  commenced 
killing  tiie  cattle  we  had  with  ua  and  eating  tlicm.  At  the  sink  of  the  Huni- 
bohlt  Jiiver  a  portion  of  the  comimny  who  had  tie  Iwst  uinmals,  aliout  ninu 
of  them,  parted  from  the  others,  and  said  they  were  going  to  travel  fast4>r, 
and  get  in  lH>forc  thcv  became  exhausted.  The  balance  went  on,  and  uh  I 
said,  got  to  Walker's  Kiver.  When  we  reached  there,  there  was  a  ditferencc 
of  opinion  ulMtiit  whether  wu  should  attempt  crcssing  the  mountains,  or  give 
iip  the  ox|)fdition  then,  and  turn  back,  and  try  to  get  Iwck  to  Fort.  Hull. 
.While  wu  were  stopping  there,  one  day  two  others  and  n)vself  left  the  party, 
and  went  up  to  some  of  the  liighur  {leaks  of  the  mountains  to  explore  and  hcc 
if  we  coidd  tind  any  place  where  we  could  cross.  We  returned  and  reportcil 
.that  we  could  see  no  oiMining  in  the  mountains,  that  so  far  as  wu  could  scu, 
the  mountains  Heemed  rather  higher  l>eyond  than  lower,  and  there  was  nn 
apitearance  of  any  en<l  or  termination  of  them,  and  very  little  chance  to  get 
itlirougli.  There  was  a  vote  taken  in  the  company  to  determine  whether  we 
should  go  on  and  try  to  ■'  t  across  the  mountains,  or  turn  Ixick  and  try  to 
reach  I<ort  Hall.  I  thinic  we  had  only  one  majority  for  going  sheud. 
Although  it  lo<ike<l  discouraging  on  the  niountaiufi,  my  idea  was  that  we 
should  |)erit)h  in  trying  to  g'-t  Ini 'k  to  Ft.  Hall,  and  we  had  Iwtter  take  mir 
chances  of  getting  across  thi-  mountains.  >S*>  we  decided  to  tiavd  on.  Tim 
uuxt  morning  we  were  packing  up  to  start  into  the  luouutaius,  and  iu  loukiug 


CHILES'  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


ing,  from 
obably  as 
fallen  and 
nuts  and 
oysl"  ex- 
as  he  sat 
m  by  his 
ouri  fared 
that  8put 

The  as- 

bters  was 

iro  out  of 

tanislaus, 

into  the 


lb  river,  we 
1  to  abandon 
ir  horses  niul 
ituling  ill  tlie 
itaiiis,  which 

oiiy  opening 
tnick  south, 
Ve  then  fol- 
lius.  VVlit'ii 
ice  and  pt- 
"  deprcsHKiii, 

division  of 
d  given  out 

couimenci'd 
of  thn  Iluiii- 

,  uliout  ninu 

•uvel   fu8t)T, 

)n,  and  uh  1 
u  ilitrerciR'*! 
ins,  or  trivo 

Fort  Hull, 
t  the  party, 
lore  and  Hnt 
nd  reportni 
u  could  see, 
lere  was  no 
anco  to  get 
whether  wr 

and  try  to 
ting  shfuil 
08  that  wi- 
IT  take  (iiir 
•I  on.     'I'Iki 


In  1842  L.  W.  Hafitings  led  a  company  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  to  Oregon.  The  following  year 
Hastings  passed  with  a  small  party  into  California. 
In  1845  he  ftublished  at  Cincinnati  The  Emiymnt's 
O'uide  to  Onyon  and  California,  copies  of  which  wore 
found  distributed  along  the  road  the  following  year. 

Joseph  B.  Chiles,  of  the  Bartleson  company  of  1841 , 
having  returned  tu  tlie  States,  organized  a  company 
which  in  1843  followed  the  usual  route  to  Fort  Hall, 
where  they  divided,  some  of  the  men  proceeding  by  a 
new  route  by  way  of  Fort  Boise  and  the  Malheur  and 
Pit  rivt'rs  to  the  Sacramento  Valley,  leaving  the  wagons 
and  families  in  charge  of  Joe  Walker,  acting  as  guide, 
to  \h}  taken  to  California  by  a  southern  route,  through 
Walker  pass  and  by  Owen  Peak,  the  one  by  which  he 
hud  returned  from  California  to  Great  Salt  Lake  in 
1H.')4.  This  they  accomplished,  following  down  the 
Humboldt  to  the  sink,  then  to  Walker  Lake,  and  over 
the  Sierra;  theirs  being  the  first  wagons  to  cross  the 
state,  as  Bartleson's  had  been  the  first  to  enter  Nevada. 

When  Frdmont  returned  from  Oregon  in  the  winter 
«)f  1843,  he  kept  along  the  eastern  case  of  the  Caa- 
<-ade  and  Nevada  ranges,  entering  Nevada  late  in 
December.  Snow  and  siige  brush  <rovere<l  the  valleys, 
but  gross  for  the  animals  was  found  on  the  hills  of 

Iwck  we  saw  the  dust  rising  on  the  trail  we  ha<1  travidled  the  ilay  Iwfore,  and 
>v('  uaitcd  to  see  wliat  it  was;  and  presently  wu  saw  the  nine  men  wli  >  ha<l  left 
us  scverni  days  )>efore  with  the  idea  of  going  ahead,  coming  n\>  on  our  trail, 
Miy  hungry  iuhI  forlorn -liMtking.  W\>  ha«l  a  iiuarter  of  \iouf  left  from  the 
LiHt  nniinitl  w*;  had  killed,  and  gave  tlieni  sometliiug  to  e^t.  They  had  nuule 
II  kind  of  I  ircle,  and  reached  our  camp,  having  stnick  onr  trail.  \\'v  then  all 
M>  lit  on  t4>^ether.  \\v  workcii  tmr  way  mto  tlie  inuuntains  with  a  givat  de»il 
of  •litKciilty  anil  hunlMhip.  The  way  wan  vcr\  mugh,  and  unc  day  in  wind 
Uiti  niund  tlie  side  nf  n  mountain  we  hwt  four  of  our  anniiaK  t\liii  misMxl 
then  footing  and  rollisd  down  the  mountain.  Wc  tinally  i-tvulicd  ti'c  >uni- 
iiiit  with  great  hilxir  and  ditiicultv,  and  after  getting  a  little  U>y<>nd  th« 
Minimit  on  the  other  s^de,  we  stnick  a  little  ntreani  of  watt^^r  that  mH-nied  Ut 
I  nil  wtiHtwaril,  and  wv  judged  that  we  lioil  ^»t  itvcr  tin  divide,  and  thought 
tliiit  liy  followini^  thu  strtmni  tut  veil  as  we  cmihl,  it  Mould  lead  w  down  the 
Mi'ttt-rly  b1o|mi  ot  thv  mountiun.  Meantime  we  had  cat(><i  tlm  I  -t  of  our  beef 
fiiiiii  our  cattle,  and  wc  were  reduced  to  the  iH^t-siiity  of  kiliiii»(  om  horsaa 
ami  mules,  and  living  on  them.'  /Hntorifnl  Fortin,  MS.  Knr  i-ontiBuatioB  of 
the  narrative  alter  crossing  the  Sierra  see  IJial.  Cal.,  this  saries. 


m 


m 


I.  i 


m  PASSAGE  OF  TIIE  KMIORANT& 

8li^ht  elevation,  dividing  the  successive  plains,  while 
in  the  mountain  pansus  were  Meen  lai'ge  cedars.  Th«.' 
ShoHhones  here  oncountere<l  stole  horses,  caught  hare, 
in  whose  skins  tlu^y  sontetinies  sought  to  cover  theiu- 
selves,  and  huddled  almost  naked  over  a  sage  tire. 

Following  a  grassy  hollow,  into  some  meadows,  on 
the  29th  the  party  came  to  a  willow  grove,  where  tliey 


FlttMONT'H  U«>UTK,    1843^. 

made  canip.  Next  day  they  saw  a  stream  enter  a 
canon  which  they  could  not  f(»llow,  but  doubted  not 
it  flowed  into  Mury  Lake.  "On  both  sides  tiu*  nioun- 
taiiiH  sIiowikI  oftun  stupendous  and  curious-l<N»kin<{ 
nx-ks,  which  at  seviTal  places  so  narrowe<l  tlu*  valU*y 
that  bcarceiy  u  pi.:su  was  left  for  the  cump.     It  waa  u 


FREMONT'S  EXPEDITION.  H 

singular  place  to  travel  through,  shut  up  in  the  earth, 
u  sort  of  chaHin,  the  little  strip  of  grass  under  our  feet, 
tlie  rougii  walls  of  bare  rock  ou  either  hand,  and 
narrow  H*rip  of  sky  above." 

N«'W  \  oar's  day,  1844,  saw  them  continuing  down 
till'  valley  "between  a  dry-looking  black  ridge  on  the 
Itl't,  and  a  more  snowy  and  high  one  on  the  right." 
TUo  grass  was  gone,  and  a  finely  |M)wdered  sand  and 
.saline  etfloreseenco  covered  the  ground.  Next  day 
tliev  crossed  south-easterly  the  dry  bed  of  a  largo 
muddy  lake.  In  a  dense  fog  which  scattered  the  men 
and  aiiiinals,  on  the  3d  of  January,  the  search  ior 
( )gdt'n  Kiver  was  continued.  "Our  situation  had  now 
lu'couie  a  serious  one,"  writes  the  lemler.  "We  had 
leached  and  run  over  the  position  where,  according  to 
\\\v  hest  maps  in  my  possession,  we  should  have  found 
Mary's  lake  or  river.  We  were  evidently  on  the 
verge  of  the  desert  which  had  been  reportetl  to  »is; 
and  tlie  appearance  of  the  country  was  so  forbidding 
that  1  was  afraid  to  enter  it,  and  determined  to  bear 
away  to  the  southward,  keeping  r\umi  along  the  moun- 
tains, in  the  full  expectation  of  rearhing  the  liuena- 
vciitura  River."  In  fact  the  search  for  this  mythical 
stitain  brought  upon  the  expedition  mu<h  i-onfusion, 
its  absence  being  scarcely  less  bewildering  than  the 
ctintinuing  fog.  They  had  but  to  useend  a  hill,  how- 
ever, to  find  it  all  bright  sunshine.  Then  they  crossetl 
the  bed  of  another  lake,  where  were  tnices  of  sheep 
and  antelope,  and  came  through  grass  to  .some  hot 
springs.  Since  leaving  The  Dalles  the  party  laid  lost 
til'teen  animals. 

On  t'iie  (ith,  with  Godey  and  Carson,  Fremont  pro- 
(•('t'de»l  in  advance  ti»  explore.  They  so(»n  eanu;  to 
<;iass  with  springs  ov»'rshadowe<l  with  eottiuiwoo*!, 
Ii.irhingcrs  of  better  lands.  On  the  mountains  tiny 
Niw  iu'avy  tind»er,  wITuh  led  them  to  iider  that  they 
ui  ic  not,  far  from  the  I*acifie.  While  Carson  and 
Kivniont  were  again  reconnoitring  they  came  upon  a 
bin  el  of  green  water,  which  they  estimated   to  bo 


I 


i': 


'I   i 


i  1 


m  PASSAGE  OF  TBE  EMIGRANTS. 

twenty  miles  in  width.  "It  broke  upon  our  eves  like 
the  ocean.  The  nei)(hboring  peaks  roue  hi^h  above 
us .  .  .  the  waveH  were  ourlinu  in  tlie  breeze,  and  their 
durk  ffrcen  color  showed  it  to  be  a  body  of  def|» 
water."  It  lay  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra,  coniuiuni- 
cutin^  lit  what  they  call  the  western  end  with  u  seriis 
of  basins.  Wild  sheep  were  seen;  also  ducks  and  fisli. 
HiHiii^  from  the  middle  of  the  lake  was  a  remark- 
able rtM-k,  estimated  by  them  to  Ihj  six  hundred  feet 
in  hoijrht,  in  form  like  the  pyramid  of  Cheops,  when- 
UfMin  they  called  the  sheet  I'yramid  Lake.  They 
were  surprised  to  Hnd  at  the  southern  end  a  lur^a- 
fresh-water  inlet  instead  of  an  outlet;  the  latter  did 
not  exist,  as  they  were  then  informed  by  the  natives. 
There  was  here  un  Indian  village,  whose  inhabitants 
brought  fish  of  excellent  (|uulity  to  trade. 

The  natives  made  a  drawing  on  the  ground  repre- 
senting this  river  as  issuing  from  another  large  lake, 
three  or /our  days  distant  over  the  mountains  toward 
the  south-west.  Then  they  drew  a  mountain,  uiid 
beyond  it  place<l  two  more  rivers,  from  all  which  the 
explorers  concluded  they  were  not  on  the  waters  of 
the  Sacramento,  or  even  of  the  Humlx>ldt,  though  at 
every  turn  they  still  expected  to  conie  u|K>n  the  great 
Buenaventura.  The  IGth  they  continued  their  jour- 
ney along  the  l>eautiful  Truckee,  which  they  called 
Salmon  Trout  Kiver;  on  their  right  was  the  great 
snow-enshrouded  Sierra,  while  at  their  feet  tlowetl  tlu; 
limpid  stream  in  places  almost  hidden  by  large  cotton- 
woods.  Carson  searched  everywhere  for  beaver  cut- 
tings, which  he  maintained  would  be  found  only  on 
streams  (lowing  into  the  ocean,  and  failing  to  find  sueli 
signs  he  Ix'came  convinced  that  the  waters  thereabout 
had  no  outlet  from  the  great  interior. 

They  then  crossed  to  Carson  Kiver.  Smoke-signal ■< 
rose  on  every  siile;  vet  the  natives  being  unmolested 
gave  no  trouble,  and  even  brought  pine-nuts  to  trudi . 
The  shoes  of  horses  and  men  were  becoming  w«)rri 
out,  and  the  conmiauder  determined  at  this  juucturu 


THE  MUEPHY  COMPANY. 


ou^h  at 

ir  jour- 
eulKil 
o  great 
ivetl  tint 
cotton- 
er  cut- 
only  oil 
rul  Kiich 
ruubouL 

sij^nnls 

olcHtt'll 

>  truth . 
worn 
lacturu 


in  pass  over  tho  mountains  into  California,  which, 
iil'tcr  prooeuding  south wuril  up  tho  eastern  branch  of 
Walker  Kiver  for  some  distance  and  returning,  ho 
ai-cDinplished  under  the  guidance  of  natives  near  where 
^^'alkur,  Hartleson,  and  others  had  crossed  before  him, 
and  Htill  searching  for  his  Hueimventura." 

Fremont  next  entered  Nevada  from  southern  Cali- 
roMiia  by  way  of  Tehuchapi  pass  in  April  1844.  The 
\ie\v  of  the  great  basin  eastward  from  this  point  was 
)i(»t  pleasing.  White  and  glistening,  under  a  h(»t  mist, 
lay  an  apparently  illimitable  desert,  with  blistering 
Iiiittes  and  isolated  black  ridges.  A  spur  of  the 
Sierra,  stretching  ea.sterly  son»o  fifty  miles,  showed 
peaks  of  snow  pronounced  by  the  natives  perpetual. 
1  )eMrending  the  eastern  slone  the  partv  followed  tho 
Santa  Fe  trail,  over  which  the  caravan  had  not  passed 
this  year,  so  that  at  the  camping-grounds  was  found 
good  grass.  They  were  troubled  occasionally  by  tho 
nalives,  through  whom  they  lost  one  man,  and  one  by 
accident.  They  were  joined  by  Walker  at  Las  Vegas, 
and  on  reaching  the  Rio  Vfrgen  they  ascended  that 
stream  and  arrived  at  Utah  Lake  the  latter  i>art  of 
May.  Thence  they  proceeded  by  way  of  the  Uintah 
liiver  and  Three  Paries  to  the  Kansas. 

A  party  under  Elisha  Stevens,  sometimes  railed 
tlu!  M^urphy  company,  passed  though  Nevada  in  1844, 
bv  the  usual  route  down  the  Humboldt  to  the  sink, 
n  their  way  from  the  Missouri  River  to  California, 
riie  names  of  the  party,  who  were  the  first  to  trav- 
erse the  entire  distance  in  wagons,  are  given  in  my 
Ilislorff  of  Cnlifornia.  There  were  one  or  two  women 
|ii('sent;  and  save  the  fact  that  the  party  under wcMit 
sonu!  suffering  at  the  sink  of  the  Ilumboldt,  where 

'  Krrinont'ii  report  ahowi  that  in  tliia  oxnniUtinii  ho  hn<{  not  ■oen,  or  did 
lint  ciiit'  to  uivit  htHid  to,  tlie  nruvioiiily  piihliHliud  hiHt4>ry  and  map  of  tliu  t'x- 
jilnnitionii  of  lionnuville;  for  niid  hu  done  so  lit<  would  prohuhly  not  hikvi-  U-eu 
l<  •!  into  thu  tirrur  tu  which  h<  .ttril>ut«d  a  uri-at  duul  of  hiu  hurdHliipH,  nf  eon- 
Ktaiit'y  IfNikinu  for  tliu  liyiMitiititivul  river  o7  Itueniiventura,  which,  um  lie  Hup- 
jHiMcl,  tukin;<  lt«  riiie  in  the  Uucky  Mountain*  emptied  itaulf  into  the  hay  ol 
•Sun  i'Vuncivcu,  aud  n|H>n  which  he  oxiHivted  tu  wiuter. 


o 
'I' 


# 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


;ff  iiM  iiM 


2.0 


1.8 


1-25      1.4    III  16 

«« 

6"     

► 

Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


.:*'  .4r 


W 


/ 


Z6 


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6^ 


a 


I  ! 


bU 


I'AiSSSAUlU  UJ*'  lllJtU  JJiMiUKAJN  19. 


they  arrived  about  the  first  of  November  and  re- 
mained a  month,  later  narrowly  escaping  the  thrilling 
adventures  afterward  involving  the  Donner  party, 
there  is  nothing  of  special  interest  to  mark  their  pro- 
gress through  Nevada. 

It  was  common  for  part  of  the  Oregon  immigration 
to  branch  off  at  Fort  Hall  and  go  to  California. 
Among  the  first  so  to  do  in  1845  was  a  party  of 
twelve  young  men,  among  whom  were  Jacob  R.  Sny- 
der, William  F.  Swasey,  Blackburn,  and  Todd,  who 
with  pack-animals  preceded  the  wagons.  Following 
these  was  a  party  of  fifteen  under  Sublette  from  St 
Louis;  and  next  the  Grigsby-Ide  company.  As  the 
emigrants  merely  passed  through  the  country  by  a 
well  beaten  road,  on  their  way  to  California,  seeing 
nothing  new,  doing  nothing  in  particular,  making 
no  stay  in  Nevada,  and  leaving  no  mark,  there  is 
little  to  be  said  of  them  in  this  place.  Speaking  of 
their  journey  along  the  Humboldt  Mrs  Healy,  who 
was  of  the  party,  says:  "  None  of  our  company  were 
killed  by  the  Indians;  but  John  Greenwood,  son  of 
the  pilot,  slio  J  down  an  Indian  by  the  roadside,  and 
afterward  boasted  of  it."  And  Thmnr'^  Knight  in 
his  manuscript  Statement  writes:  "  W  it  Independ- 
ence in  April  1845.  After  we  had  loai  ned  about  this 
country  from  Col.  Joe  Walker,  George  McDougall, 
Snyder,  Blackburn,  and  myself  determined  to  come 
here  if  possible,  as  we  did  not  like  the  idea  of  going  to 
Oregon.  We  came  on  to  Fort  Bridger,  in  the  Snake 
Indian  country.  There  we  fell  in  with  hunters  from 
whom  we  got  more  information,  and  we  crossed  the 
Bear  River,  and  went  north  to  Fort  Hall,  not  the 
Salt  Lake  route,  for  that  was  not  known  till  the  j'^ear 
afterwards.  We  got  a  book  written  by  Hastings, 
extolling  the  country  highly,  and  depicting  it  in  glow- 
ing colors.  We  read  it  with  great  interest.  We  met 
Hastings  on  the  way.  At  Fort  Hall  we  camped 
some  time,  and  recruited  our  animals,  which  had  bo- 


NOMENCLATURE  AGAIN. 


6l> 


come  very  much  jaded  at  that  time,  feed  being  scarce. 
There  the  party  divided,  and  those  of  us  who  were 
bound  for  Cahfornia  joined  some  others,  and  a  new 
party  was  made  up,  with  about  15  wagors.  We 
started,  and  went  down  and  struck  the  head  of  Mary's 
River,  at  that  place  only  three  or  four  feet  wide. 
The  Indians  killed  some  of  our  cattle,  and  some  of 
the  Indians  were  killed,  the  Shoshones;  they  had  no 
fire-arms  at  that  time.  They  would  come  around  after 
dark,  and  make  a  noise  like  a  coyote,  and  call  to  each 
other." 

Fremont  with  a  party  of  sixty  came  again  this  year 
by  way  of  Bent  Fort,  the  Arkansas  River,  and  Utah 
Lake.     Thence  they  passed  on  to  Nevada,  entering 


Fremont's  Route,  1845. 

near  Pilot  Peak.  On  the  5th  of  November  at  Whit- 
ton  Spring,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  head-waters  of 
Ogden  River  the  company  divided,  Fremont  with  a 
few  men  striking  due  south-west,  and  reaching  Walker 
Lake  the  23d.  The  stations  named  by  the  explorers 
were  Crane's  branch  of  the  south  fork  of  the  Hum- 
boldt; the  head-waters  of  the  south  branch  of  the 
Humboldt;  Connor  Spring;  Basil  Creek;  Boiling 
Springs;  Moore  Creek;  and  Secondi  Spring,  Sheep 
Mountain,  meaningless  terms  for  the  most  part  to-day, 
although  the  latitude  and  longitude  are  given.  The 
main  body  followed  the  Humboldt  to  the  sink,  and 
then  turned  south,  reaching  Walker  Lake  the  27th. 


m 


02  PASSAGE  OF  THE  EMIGRANTS. 

This  party  was  under  Joseph  Walker,  from  whom  the 
lake  was  named. 

Here  they  all  remained  for  two  days,  when  Fre- 
mont with  fifteen  men  crossed  into  California  by  way 
of  Walker  and  Truckee  rivers,  while  the  others, 
among  whom  were  Theodore  Talbot,  Joe  Walker, 
and  E.  M.  Kern,  on  the  8th  of  December  proceeded 
southward  to  Owen  Lake  and  on  to  Kem  River.' 


We  have  seen  the  veteran  trapper  and  pioneer  Jede- 
diah  Smith  crossing  Nevada  from  west  to  east  along 
what  was  later  the  track  of  the  emigrant  road  and 
the  railway.  A  more  difficult  and  dangerous  journey 
was  that  achieved  by  fifteen  men  from  Oregon  in 
1846,  under  Levi  Scott,  Jesse  Applegate,  and  Lindsey 
Applegate,  a  full  account  of  which  is  given  in  my 
History  of  Oregon.  Their  object  was  to  find  a  pass 
through  the  southern  end  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
by  means  of  which  immigrants  could  enter  the  Wil- 
lamette Valley  direct  by  travelling  due  west  from 
Great  Salt  Lake,  or  rather  by  bending  south  and  fol- 
lowing the  California  trail  along  the  Humboldt  for 
some  distance,  then  striking  northerly  toward  the 
Modoc  country  and  Klamath  Lake,  and  thus  avoiding 

•Thomas  S.  Martin,  in  his  Narrative  of  Frimonfa  Expedition  in  1845-6, 
MS.,  9-10,  gives  the  following  version:  '  We  left  Hardscrabble  with  about 
60  men;  followed  the  Ark.  to  its  head.  Here  we  crossed  the  dividing  ridge 
between  the  head-waters  of  the  Ark.  and  Grand  rivers.  On  or  near  the  top 
of  this  ridge  we  found  a  fine  lake  about  half  a  mile  across.  Striking  the 
Grand  River  we  followed  down  it  for  several  days,  and  then  left  it,  going 
about  due  west,  I  think,  across  to  Hams  Fork,  which  we  followed  down  to 
Utah  Lake.  Thence  by  Jordan  River  to  Salt  Lake.  Here  we  remained  22 
days  taking  soundings.  From  here  we  crossed  to  Mary's  River,  followed  it 
to  its  sink,  thence  due  south  to  a  large  lake,  and  thence  to  Carson  sink  just 
above  Lake.  Here  Fremont  took  15  men  to  cross  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  Bear 
River,  while  the  rest  of  us,  under  Lieut.  Talbot,  proceeded  southward  and 
crossed  at  the  forks  of  the  Kem  River.  Bill  Williams,  Capt.  Walker,  and 
Kit  Carson  were  with  us,  the  former  two  as  guides.  Bill  Williams  left  us  I 
think  before  we  left  Salt  Lake.  Fremont  was  to  meet  us  at  the  point  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  or  rather  a  little  above  it,  at  the  forks  of  the  Kem  River. 
Haying  reached  this  appointed  place  we  waited  18  days  without  hearing  any- 
thing of  Fremont  and  party.  Bv  this  time  provisions  had  given  out,  and  all 
the  men  threatened  to  leave  Talbot  if  he  aid  not  move.  \Ve  then  crossed 
over  to  the  San  Joaquin  and  followed  it  down  to  where  the  railroad  now 
crosses  it,  where  we  arrived  Feb.  17,  1846.' 


EXPLORATIONS  OP  THE  OREGONIANS. 


68'i 


the  Rogue  River  Valley.  Thence  their  course  was 
along  the  banks  of  the  main  stream  until  they  en- 
countered its  soutlieast  branch,  which  they  followed 
to  the  base  of  the  Siskiyou  Range,  and  from  this 
turned  eastward  toward  the  Cascades,  passing  through 
a  region  now  for  the  first  time  explored,  and  only  a 
few  miles  north  of  the  boundary  line  of  California. 
Ascending  the  slopes  of  the  latter,  a  stream  named 
Keene  Creek  conducted  them  to  a  small  valley,  after- 
ward known  as  Round  Prairie.  A  day  or  two  later, 
Long  Prairie  was  reached,  and  near  it  n  pass  from 
which,  following  a  ridge  trending  toward  the  north, 
they  reached  the  summit  of  the  Cascades  on  the  4th 
of  July. 

Crossing  the  mountains,  they  entered  the  valley  of 
the  Klamath,  and  following  the  course  of  the  river 
to  a  point  where  it  separates  from  the  lower  Klamath 
Lake,  crossed  by  a  ford  to  the  western  shore  of  the 
lake,  skirting  its  banks  until  they  arrived  at  Hot 
Creek,  where  they  encamped  on  the  very  spot  where 
three  of  Fremont's  party  had  been  murdered  a  few 
weeks  before  by  the  Modocs.  From  Hot  Creek  they 
made  their  way  to  Modoc  Lake,  thence  to  Goose  Lake 
and  Surprise  Valley,  and  over  the  ridge  dividing  tin. 
Pacific  lake  basin  from  the  great  interior  basin,  and 
after  innumerable  hardships,  they  finally  struck  the 
Humboldt  River  about  where  now  stands  Humboldt 
City.  They  were  now  upon  a  well  known  road, 
which  it  would  be  useless  for  them  to  travel  for  pur- 
p:)ses  of  exploration.  So  striking  northeasterly  they 
examined  the  country  in  that  direction  to  ascertain  if 
any  better  or  more  direct  route  might  be  found  than 
that  which  they  had  just  now  for  the  first  time 
marked  out.  They  continued  their  course  to  Thou- 
sand Springs  Valley,  and  satisfied  that  further  search 
was  needless,  the  company  divided,  part  going  to 
Bear  River  and  part  to  Fort  Hall. 

It  was  the  intention  of  the  Oregon  company  to 
locate  a  direct  road  to  Bear  River,  but  one  not  less 


J 


T 


64 


PASSAGE  OP  THE  EMIGRANTS. 


than  fifty  miles  to  the  southward  of  Fort  Hall,  which 
pijint  would  be  avoided  by  Americans  in  the  event  of 
hostilities  with  England,  then  threatened  by  the  de- 
termined attitude  of  both  nations  in  regard  to  the 
boundary  question.  But  as  provisions  ran  short,  the 
party  divided,  some  proceeding  to  Bear  River,  and 
the  remainder  turning  off  toward  Fort  Hall  for  sup- 
plies, hoping  also  to  induce  a  portion  of  the  emi- 
grants, then  probably  in  its  neighborhood,  to  journey 
by  the  new  route,  and  thus  open  the  road  for  travel. 


Cession  fr 
Static 

GOVER 

Trade 

NEXAT] 

er.vmk: 

JUDICI- 

In  the 

followed 

Mexico, 

was   inc] 

niont's  e 

ment — tl 

city  two 

in  so  doii 

such  a  st 

dalupe  Ir. 

owners  o 

attracted 

founders 

the  advei 

grims  to 

vegetable 

latter  mu 

rangemer 

Salt  Lak( 

themselv< 

particular 

H18T. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

SETTLEMENT. 

1847-1860. 

Cbssion  from  Mexico — Advent  of  the  Mormons— Colonization— Mormom 
Station— Traffic  with  Emigrants— Intercourse  with  California- 
Government  Assumed — Land  Claims  Made  and  Recorded — Cattle 
Trade,  Farming,  and  Building— First  Settlers— PErmoN  for  An- 
nexation TO  California— Movements  toward  a  Terrfi'orial  Gov- 
ernment— Conflicts  with  the  Latter-day  Saints— Political  and 
judiciat. 


In  the  sudden  occurrence  of  remarkable  events  which 
followed  the  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  the  settlement  of  the  great  American  basin 
was  included.  Much  notoriety  was  given  to  Fre- 
mont's explorations,  and  less  to  a  far  greater  move- 
ment— that  of  the  Latter-day  Saints,  who  founded  a 
city  two  thirds  of  the  way  across  the  continent,  and 
in  so  doing  forestalled  the  necessity  about  to  arise  for 
such  a  station  in  such  a  place.  The  treaty  of  Gua- 
dalupe Hidalgo  was  no  sooner  signed  than  the  new 
owners  of  the  California  territory,  by  discovering  gold, 
attracted  toward  it  a  stream  of  immigration.  The 
founders  of  Salt  Lake  City,  saved  from  nakedness  by 
the  advent  of  trains  of  starving  but  better  clad  pil- 
grims to  the  land  of  gold,  were  glad  to  sell  grain  and 
vegetables  to  the  westward  bound,  which  saved  the 
latter  much  suffering.  This  mutually  beneficial  ar- 
rangement of  demand  and  supply  was  not  confined  to 
Salt  Lake,  but  Mormon  and  other  traders  soon  posted 
themselves  along  the  line  of  travel  to  the  mines,  and 
particularly  in  the  valley  of  Carson  river,  where,  in 


HivT.  Nev.    6 


(66) 


I  ," 


M  SETTLEMENT, 

1849,  they  founded  the  first  settlements  in  what  is  now 
the  state  of  Nevada. 

Ceded  to  the  United  States  at  the  same  time,  and, 
indeed,  as  one  with  California,'  this  region  of  the 
Spanish  domain  had  not,  like  that  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  a  distinctive  name,  but  was  described  by 
local  names,  and  divided  into  valleys. 

In  March  following  the  treaty  with  Mexico  and  the 
discovery  of  gold,  the  inhabitants  of  Salt  Lake  valley 
met  and  organized  the  state  of  Deseret,  the  boundaries 
of  which  included  the  whole  of  the  recently  acquired 
Mexican  territory  outside  of  California,  and  something 
more.* 

Soon  afterward  a  company  was  organized  among 
the  same  people  to  visit  the  mines,  consisting  of 
eighty  men,  led  by  a  captain  named  De  Mont,  and 
having  for  secretary  H.  S.  Beatie,*  who,  becoming 
enamored  of  the  valley  of  the  Carson,  and  the  oppor- 
tunities offered  for  turning  an  honest  penny,  took 
possession  of  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Genoa, 
and  thereupon  erected  a  log  house.  Several  of  the 
company  remained  with  Beatie,  while  the  others  con- 
tinued on  to  the  mines.* 

After  putting  up  the  walls  of  the  first  house*  built 

^  Statutes  of  Cal,  1850,  16;  Hayden's  Oreat  West,  a  book  historical,  scien- 
tific, and  descriptive,  by  Prof.  F.  V.  Hayden,  once  U.  S.  geologist,  in  a  brief 
sketch  of  Nevatla  history,  says  that  it  was  at  first  a  'part  of  California  terri- 
tory, and  was  subsequently  attached  to  Utah, '  a  statement  which  is  some- 
what misleading. 

*The  Mormon  State  of  Deseret  included  what  has  nnce  become  Nevada, 
Utah,  Arizona,  portions  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Oregon,  and  in  Califor- 
nia the  counties  of  San  Diego  and  Los  Angeles  as  far  north  as  Santa  Monica, 
whence  the  line  extended  north  to  the  Sierra,  taking  in  half  of  Kern,  a  part 
of  Tulare,  all  of  Inyo  and  Mono,  a  part  of  Alpine,  the  whole  of  Lessen,  and 
a  part  of  Shasta  and  Siskiyou  counties.  See  Hut.  Utah,  this  series. 

*  Beatie,  from  whose  manuscript  narrative,  Tlie  First  in  Nevada,  I  take 
the  history  of  this  expedition,  was  bom  in  Va  in  1826.  He  moved  with  his 
parents  to  Mo.  at  the  age  of  10  years,  and  in  1840  to  K^,  returning  to  Va 
and  entering  college.  In  1848  he  immigrated  to  Utah  with  his  wife,  whom 
he  had  married  in  Mo.  From  that  period  his  history  is  a  part  of  the  history 
of  UUh. 

*  De  Mont,  Abner  Blackburn  and  brother,  Kimball,  and  Carter  were  five 
of  the  men  who  remained  in  Carson  valley.  Beatie  s  First  in  Nevada,  MS.,  2. 
Three  other  names  are  given  in  lieatie's  MS. — Pearson,  Smith,  and  Brown — 
but  I  am  not  certain  that  they  remained. 

^The  structure  is  what  is  called  a  double  log  house — that  is,  two  com- 
partmenta  connected  by  a  covered  passage-way,  after  the  style  of  the  Mis- 


BEATIE  IN  CARSON  VALLEY. 


67 


in  Nevada  since  the  disappearance  of  the  okl-tinie 
fabulous  cities,*  Beatie  and  one  of  the  Blackburns 
crossed  the  mountains  by  the  Carson  pass  to  the 
American  river,  to  purchase  supi)Hes  for  the  re 
n»aindcr  of  the  summer.  There  lie  learned  that  a 
large  inimigation  might  be  expected  from  tl.e  United 
States  to  California;  so  he  sold  three  yokes  of  cattle 
for  a  good  price,  and  purchased  provisions.  Return- 
ing to  Carson  valley,  the  cargo  was  quickly  disjposed 
of  to  the  immigration,  and  another  journey  made  to 
the  mines,  this  time  with  pack  animals,  and  by  tlie 
way  of  a  pass  over  the  mountahis  tliree  miles  south 
of  Beatie's  claim,  the  adventurers  crossing  the  streams 
on  bridges  and  floats  of  logs.'  At  tlie  end  of  tl  e  sum- 
mer the  little  party  in  Carson  valley  found  itself  better 
oH'  from  the  profits  of  trade  tl  an  many  who  had  spent 
the  time  digging  for  gold  in  California.  Other  traders 
had  come  over  the  mountains  from  the  west,  and  dis- 
posing of  their  goods  disappeared  with  the  immigra- 
tion. When  he  returned  to  Salt  Lake  in  September, 
Beatie  sold  his  house  and  claim  to  one  Moore,  of 
wliom  I  know  nothing  further,*  except  that  he  prob- 
ably sold  in  1851  to  John  Reese.  It  is  certain  that 
one  of  the  Mormon  party  kept  possession  until  Reese 
came.  Two  of  Beatie's  associates  went  to  California. 
The  other  five,  with  ten  who  came  back  from  the 
mines,  travelled  back  in  company  to  Salt  Lake,  and 
were  attacked  by  the  Bannacks  in  the  vicinity  of 
Bear  river,  losing  all  their  horses  and  provisions,  and 


scmri  frontier  in  the  past  generation,  It  had  neither  floor  nor  roof,  but  as  it 
t.li<l  not  rain  that  season,  was  not  uncomfortahle,  A  corral  was  also  con- 
structed, in  which  to  keep  cattle  and  horses. 

"Ithasheen  claimed  that  the  Mor^rau  exploring  expedition  to  southern 
Xevada  and  Utah  found  in  a  desert  valley,  two  dayn'  journey  south  of  Keese 
river,  renniants  of  an  extensive  city,  with  reeularly  laid  out  streets  and 
good  masonry.  The  ruins  were  covered  several  feet  deep  under  .••and.  The 
ro.-ider  may  t.ike  tlie  statement  at  what  he  deems  it  worth.  Corr.  iVT.  Y. 
Tri'mne,  in  E  kn  In'liwnihnt,  Oct.  23,  1877. 

'This  was  proUahly  the  route  openeil  by  the  returning  Mormon  battalion 
in  the  spring  of  1848.   See  HuA.  Cm-,  this  series. 

''Beatie  says  his  house  was  directly  west  of  Reese's  saw-mill,  subse- 
quently erected,  and  al)OUt  50  yards  from  where  Keese  built  his  trading  post 
Fint  in  Nevada,  MS.,  3. 


i    I' 


1:1 


68 


SETTLEMENT. 


being  relieved  by  a  company  from  Oregon  carrying 
provisions  to  Fort  Hall  for  the  new  military  post.* 

In  1850  there  were  about  twenty  trading  posts, 
built  of  saplings  and  green  boughs,  at  intervals  along 
the  length  of  the  Carsim  valley,  most  of  thom  estab- 
lislicd  by  men  from  California,  who  this  year  did  not 
reap  the  same  profit  as  before,  the  principal  part  of  the 
immigration  having  taken  the  route  by  the  Truckeo 
river.  As  there  was  no  communication  between  the 
two  routes,  the  traders  could  not  take  their  flour, 
which  the  immigrants  greatly  needed,  to  them;  in 
consequence  of  wliich  failure  to  meet  hi  Carson  valley, 
the  former  suffered  loss  and  the  latter  hunger.'* 

A  disease  resembling  cholera  prevailed  in  the  val- 
ley, which  took  off  ten  or  twelve  daily,  the  immigrants 
falling  easy  victims,  owing  to  previous  exhaustion. 
These  several  circumstances  retarded  the  settlement 
of  the  Carson  valley,  and  hi  1852  there  had  been  no 
houses  erected,  although  the  returning  Mormon  gold- 
hunters  made  selection  of  several  claims  as  they  passed 
homeward."  Reese's  establishment  was  called  the 
Mormon  station,  and  was  known  to  all  immigrants 
between  1851  and  1857."     Reese's  capital  in  trade 

•  I  find  that  some  have  placed  the  advent  of  the  Mormons  in  Nevada  as 
early  as  1847-8;  but  for  such  assertions  there  are  no  grounds.  The  founding 
of  Salt  Lake  <lid  not  take  place  till  1847,  and  the  Mormnns  vrere  in  no  con- 
dition to  send  out  colonies  at  that  time;  nor  was  there  any  object  for  so  doing 
before  tlie  State  of  Deseret  was  organized.  PoioeU'n  Nevcuiu,  a  book  whicli 
should  have  been  more  correct,  makes  the  same  mistake,  and  the  aiblitional 
one  of  stating  that  gold  was  discovered  in  Nevada  'during  the  absence'  of 
the  Mormon  settlers  in  1849.  In  Broiime'a  Min,  Jiegources,  87,  the  same  error 
in  date*  is  repeated  which  occurs  elsewhere;  as  in  Kelly's  Nvv.  Dir.,  18G2, 
95;  VirijiniiCUy  EntrrpiHse,  June  6,  1875;  San  Josd  Pioneer,  May  26,  1877. 

"  Those  who  did  reach  the  immigrants  on  the  Humboldt  desert  could  get 
a  horse,  an  ox,  or  mnle  for  12,  10,  or  even  2  pounds  of  flour;  while  the  50,0iM) 
pounds  of  that  commodity  at  the  trading  posts  on  the  Carson  route — so  siiid 
E.  Eyre,  a  trader — could  be  purchased  for  15  cents  a  pound.  Sacramento  Tnm- 
script,  Oct.  14,  1850;  Cal.  Courier,  July  2.3,  1850. 

"  I  take  this  statement  from  a  manuscript  by  A.  H.  Hawley,  called  Tji^ke 
Tdkoe,  full  of  pertinent  facts  and  suggestions.  Hawley,  who  was  born  in 
Vt  in  1813  immigrated  to  the  Pacific  coast  overland  in  1852.  He  speaks  df 
seeing  no  other  building  than  the  '  Old  Mormon  Station,'  kept  by  .John  lleese, 
except  the  abanded  and  never  completed  one  erected  by  Beatie,  and  16 
miles  farther  up  the  valley  a  brush-tent  called  Lucky  Bill's  trading  post.  Sue 
also  Sw.  Trantcript,  in  Cal.  Courier,  July  23,  1850. 

'^  Reese's  station  was  a  two-story  log  structure  shaped  like  an  L.  It  had 
a  frontage  of  30  feet,  a  depth  of  50  feet,  and  at  one  time  formed  2  sides  of  a 


i 


le 

1   i 

■ 

as 

■    i 

ng 

I'l 

)U- 

^K''    .f^' 

"g 
eh 
ual 
of 
ror 

i 
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li-', 

il 

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ii.l 

i«- 

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ill 

of 

se, 

IG 

iue 

ad 

a 

REESE'S  MORMOX  STATION.  60 

consisted  of  ten  wagon-loads  of  flour,  butter,  eggs,  and 
otlier  articles.  His  company  from  Salt  Lake  com- 
j)risod  John  and  Rufus  Thomas,  Stephen  A.  Kinsey, 
two  or  three  of  the  name  of  Leo,  Condic,  Brown,  and 
(Jibson,  and  a  few  passengers  fur  California — sixteen 
in  all.  He  stopped  for  a  short  time  near  the  eastern 
ciul  of  the  valley,  at  a  place  which,  from  the  debris 
around  the  camping-ground,  acquired  the  name  of 
Kagtown,  by  which  it  was  long  known ;  but  Kinsoy 
liaving  proceeded  to  the  western  end  of  the  valioy 
and  reported  Beatie's  former  location  a  better  one,  ho 
removed  in  July  to  that  spot." 

On  the  9th  of  September,  1850,  congress  defined 
the  boundaries  of  Utah,  which  did  not  extend  west 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada."  In  the  autumn  of  1851  a 
little  handful  of  settlers,  part  Mormon  and  part  gen- 
tile, in  order  to  be  enabled  to  take  and  hold  land 
claims,  assumed  to  form  a  government  for  themselves 
in  tliis  remotest  western  valley  of  Utah.  The  popu- 
lation at  this  time  did  not  number  more  than  t)no 
hundred,  and  of  these  not  more  than  twenty  were 
actual  settlers.  The  first  meeting  for  this  purpose 
was  held  on  the  12th  of  November,  A.  Woodward 
presiding.  The  resolutions  passed  provided  for  a  peti- 
tion to  congress  to  erect  a  distinct  territorial  govern- 
ment in  the  valley ;  for  the  survey  of  land  claims,  and 
the  appointment  of  James  H.  Haynes  as  surveyor. 
Tiie  governing  and  appointing  power  was  vested  in  a 
committee  of  seven,  namely,  William  Byrnes,  John 
Reese,  E.  L.  Barnard,  A.  Woodward,  H.  H.  Jameson, 
T.  A.  Hylton,  and  N.  R.  Haskill.     The  committee  on 

pentagon-shaped  fort.  The  land  which  Moore  purchased  from  Bcatie,  and 
Koesc  from  Moore,  was  also  purchased  a^aiu  from  a  chief  of  the  Washoes, 
uauuMl  Captain  Jim,  for  2  sacks  of  flour.    WriylU's  Buj  Bonnnzii,  20. 

'••Keese  was  born  in  N.  Y.  state  in  1808.  He  came  to  Utah  in  company 
with  Knoch  Reese,  hia  brother,  in  1849,  and  was  in  business  in  Salt  Lake  as  a 
iiieinber  of  the  firm  .1.  &  E.  Reese  at  the  time  he  removed  to  Carson  valley. 
Hfese's  Mormon  Station,  MS.,  1. 

"  Tlie  boundaries  of  Utah  as  first  organized  were,  west  by  California,  north 
l>y  Oregon,  east  by  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  south  by  lat. 
37  < 


V'''' 


I, 


!  i 


70  SETTLEMENT. 

resolutions,  or  laws,  consisted  of  John  Reese,  J.  P. 
Barnard,  William  Byrnes,  Washington  Loom  is,  and 
H.  H.  Jameson.  The  amount  uf  land  which  could  be 
taken  was  limited  to  one  quarter-section ;  a  recordhig 
officer  was  appointed,  who  was  also  treasurer. 

At  the  second  meeting,  held  on  the  19th,  John 
Roose  presiding,  this  pioneer  legislature  resolved  to 
give  claimants  a  right  to  sell  their  claims  and  take 
new  ones;  required  improvements  to  the  amount  of 
Hve  dollars  before  the  expiration  of  six  months;  gave 
authority  to  companies  to  take  claims  for  each  mem- 
ber, *and  to  hold  the  whole  by  improving  one  claim 
to  the  amount  of  five  dollars  each  ;  and  decreed  that 
timbered  land  should  be  common  to  all,  except  in  the 
case  of  lumber  manufacturers,  who  should  be  limited 
to  a  certain  number  of  acres. 

At  the  third  meeting  of  the  settlers,  which  occurred 
on  the  20th  of  November,  the  same  officers  presiding, 
it  was  agreed  that  a  justice  of  the  peace,  a  clerk  of  the 
court,  and  a  sheriff  should  be  elected,  and  that  E.  L. 
Barnard  should  be  magistrate,  William  Byrnes  sheriff, 
and  T.  A.  Hylton  clerk.  To  provide  against  abuses, 
citizens  should  have  the  right  of  appeal  to  a  court  of 
twelve  men  summoned  in  the  manner  of  a  jury,  from 
whose  decision  there  should  be  no  appeal.  A  con- 
stable and  clerk  of  these  courts  v  ere  also  provided  for. 
At  another  meeting,  in  May  U  j2,  J.  C.  Fain  being 
chairman,  it  was  decided  that  to  any  one  who  should 
build  a  saw-mill,  the  right  to  take  up  a  section  of 
timber  land  should  be  granted."  No  further  action 
appears  to  have  been  taken  in  the  matter  of  govern- 
ment before  the  intervention  of  the  territorial  author- 
ities of  Utah." 

'^  The  several  authorities  conflict  concerning  the  date  of  the  first  saw-mill. 
Beatie  says  that  in  1853,  on  revisiting  Carson  valley,  he  found  houses  built 
of  sawed  lumber,  but  there  is  reason  to  believe  those  he  mentions  were  made 
of  wagon-boxes. 

'^ft  has  1>een  later  reported  of  those  living  in  Carson  valley  in  185I-S, 
that  John  Reese  is  a  comparatively  poor  man  in  Salt  Lake  City;  Frank 
Barnard  wa<i  killed  by  an  immigrant  ir  the  winter  of  1852;  A.  Wooilward 
wa&  killed  by  Indians  at  Rocky  Point  on  the  Humboldt,  about  the  end  of 


LASiUa,  tiAULti,  AM>  EDES. 


n 


The  first  land  claim  recorded  ander  the  govem- 
iiH'iitof  Utah,  on  December  1852,  was  that  of  Reese, 
which  extended  from  his  trading  house  south  "to  a 
lone  tree,"  and  included  all  between  the  river  and  the 
mountains  on  the  west.  Five  other  claims  were  re- 
corded south  of  Reese's,  in  the  order  following:  E.  L. 
li-vniard,  S.  A.  Kinsey,  James  C.  Fain,  J.  Brown, 
ami  William  Byrnes.  J.  H.  Scott  and  brother  took 
a  claim  north  of  Reese,  these  seven  being  all  that 
wore  recorded  previous  tP  1853." 

The  land  law  was  amended  by  a  citizens'  meeting 
in  1853,  when  it  was  decreed  that  notice  of  a  claim 
must  be  given,  and  $100  worth  of  improvements  put 
upon  it  within  60  days.  A  married  man  might  take 
G40  acres,  and  a  single  man  half  that  amount.  Jo(>f'ph 
P.  Barnard,  Frank  Barnard,  George  Follensbee,  '. .  J. 
Rollins,  Frank  Hall,  and  W.  L.  Hall  came  over  the 
mountains  fro?  »  f  le  California  mines  in  November 
1851  to  look  for  gold  in  Carson  valley  ;  but  not  finding 
paying  diggings,  they  took  up  the  land  where  Carson 
City  now  stands,  and  erected  a  trading-post.  Frank 
Hall  one  day  shot  an  eagle  and  stretched  its  skin  on 
the  front  of  their  cabin,  from  which  circumstance 
travellers  first  called  this  Eagle  station,  then  Eagle 
rancho,  and  lastly  spoke  of  Eagle  valley,  which  name 
tiic  region  still  retains  ;  but  these  men  disregarded  the 
authority  of  the  self-constituted  government  in  the 
matter  of  land  claims.  In  the  autumn  of  1852  a  man 
named  Clark  erected  a  cabin  under  the  shelter  of  a 
timbered   spur  of   the  mountains,  near  the  site  of 


IS.*)] ;  R  L.  Barnard,  one  of  the  firm  of  Reese  ft  Co.,  absconded  in  the  antnmn 
(if  1854  with  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  a  large  drove  of  cattle,  and  broke  up 
tlie  linn;  N.  R.  Haskill,  in  the  eprins  of  1852,  attempted  the  assassination  of 
\Villiam  Byrnes,  shooting  him  fuU  of  bullets,  and  leaving  him,  as  he  believed, 
dyad.  A  miner's  court  compelled  Haskill  to  leave  the  coui.try,  together  with 
liiii  partner,  Washington  Loomis,  who  was  afterward  hanged  at  Ijos  Angeles 
f|>r  stealing.  Byrnes,  who  had  been  a  Texan  ranger,  recovered  from  the 
Hliooting,  and  became  an  inmate  of  the  Stockton  insane  asylum.  Thorring- 
ton  was  accused  of  murder  and  theft,  and  hanged. 

"The  records  of  this  government,  made  by  T.  6.  Barv^rd  and  T.  A. 
Hylton,  are  preserved  in  a  book  of  60  leaves,  6  by  7  inches  ui  size,  in  the 
possession  of  Martin  M.  Gaige  of  Canoa  City. 


I 


72 


SETTLEMiia^T. 


Franktown,  and  called  his  place  the  garden  of  Eden, 
to  which  fabled  spot  hv  fancied  it  bore  some  resem- 
blance." Like  the  first  Adam,  he  deserted  his  para- 
dise after  a  short  residence  for  a  more  lucrative  exist- 
ence in  the  outside  world. 

The  Utah  legislature,  on  the  3d  of  March,  1852, 
created  out  of  western  Utah  the  counties  of  Weber, 
Deseret,  Tooele,  Juab,  Millard,  Iron,  and  Washing- 
ton. The  territory  was  divided  by  parallel  lines  run- 
ning east  and  west,  and  the  first  three  named  divisions 
occupied  the  northern  part  of  what  is  now  Nevada 
down  to  about  the  present  northern  line  of  Washoe 
count  V.  The  next  two  divisions  on  the  south,  Juab 
and  Millard,  included  all  of  the  Carson  valley  settle- 
ments. Judges  were  appointed  for  a  term  of  four 
years.  For  Weber  and  Deseret,  Isaac  Clark  ;  for 
Tooele,  Alfred  Lee ;  for  Juab,  George  Bradley  ;  for 
Millard,  Anson  Call ;  for  Iron  and  Washington,  Chap- 
man "Duncan.  It  would  seem  from  these  appoint- 
ments that  the  Mormons  were  scattered  over  the 
whole  territory,  or  that  it  was  their  intention  to  send 
out  colonies. 

In  roads,  bridges,  and  mail  contracts  they  became 
prominent.  In  December  1852  John  Reese  and  Israel 
Mott'*  secured  a  franchise  for  five  years  to  construct 
a  toll-bridge  over  the  Carson  river,  and  improve  the 


road 
estabi 
(lino, 
which 
son  \'i 
<;  ratio  I 


"B.  L.  King  settled  in  1852  at  the  month  of  a  cafion  in  Eagle  valley,  which 
bears  his  name.  A  man  named  Bowen  tarried  through  the  summer  and  raised 
a  crop,  hut  went  away  in  the  autumn.  A  few  others  in  Carson  valley  in  185'2- 
3  were  Lee,  Condie,  and  Gibbon,  Mormons;  and  Joseph  Webb,  T.  G.  Barnard, 
and  James  Fennimore,  or  Old  Virginia  as  he  was  called,  gentiles.  Jaco1>  II. 
or  '  old  man '  Rose,  was  another  atom  of  humanity  which  found  lodgment 
about  this  time  at  the  mouth  of  King's  cafion  in  Eagle  valley.  G.  W.  Dodjit; 
and  John  Campbell,  who  had  been  mining  in  Gold  oafinn,  took  up  a  claim  in 
Washoe  valley,  and  Christopher  West  located  himself  near  them.  On  tho 
Truckee  meadows  lived  a  Mormon  named  Jameson.  Dagget  took  a  pla'-c 
two  miles  west  of  Tleese,  and  John  Redding  in  Jack's  valley.  Jones,  James, 
and  Hay  ward  settled  in  Carson  valley  about  1852. 

1*  Mott,  with  his  wife,  left  Salt  Lake  for  Cal.  with  a  train  in  May  18.52. 
He  first  settled  4  miles  above  Reese,  and  built  a  house  out  of  the  beds  of 
wagons  abandoned  in  the  valley.  He  made  a  window-sash  with  a  jack-knifo, 
paying  75  eta  a  light  for  7  by  9  inch  glass  to  put  in  it.  He  was  the  founder 
of  Mottaville.  His  wife,  who  was  the  first  female  settler,  married  a  second 
time  to  A.  M.  Taylor,  and  later  resided  in  Carsnu  valley 


PROGRESS  EN  1852-53. 


78 


road  up  the  mountains  beyond.  A  mail  route  was 
established  between  Salt  Lake  City  and  San  Bernar- 
dino, and  a  post  established  at  Las  Vegas  spring, 
which  was  for  the  protection  of  this  route.  At  Car- 
son valley  this  w-as  a  prosperous  year.  The  immi- 
gration was  large  and  hungry.  At  Mormon  station 
turnips  grown  in  the  virgin  soil  of  the  valley  sold  for 
a  dollar  a  bunch;  watermelons,  potatoes,  and  corn 
brought  extravagant  prices ;  wheat  and  barley  were 
also  marketable  for  cash,  or  cattle,  which  were  better 
than  cash.  Reese,  who  was  the  principal  trader, 
bought  out  a  would-be  rival,  Ben  Holladay,  after- 
ward famous  as  a  stage-owner. 

In  1853  the  settlements  had  very  much  increased, 
and  land  entries  became  frequent."*  A  number  of 
fiimilies  had  been  added  to  the  population,  a.id  some 
of  the  forms  of  social  life  begun  to  be  observed  that 
year,  notably  a  marriage,  a  divorce,  and  a  ball."  It 
was  a  year  later  before  a  school  was  opened. 

^  J.  H.  Scotland  Charles  Ferguson  filed  a  claim  April  11  th;  also  the  same 
day  J.  H.  Haynes  and  David  Barry,  and  Thomas  and  E.  H.  Knott.  On  May 
I'Jth  Charles  A.  Daggett  filed  a  claim;  May  17th  R.  T.  Hawkins  in  Jack  a 
valley;  July  22d,  L.  M.  Young  and  James  Greene;  Sept.  30th,  L.  Olds  and 
John  Olds;  Oct.  5th,  John  L.  Cary  and  Thomas  Knott  sold  a  farm  to  W.  B. 
Thorrington  for  $600.  Oct.  6th,  four  sixth  of  the  Eagle  rancho  was  sold  by 
Frank  and  W.  L.  Hall  to  EL  L.  Barnard,  two  sixths  having  already  been  sold 
to  them  by  their  former  partners,  A.  J.  Rollins  and  George  FoUensbee. 

^'  Mrs  Laura  M.  Dittenrieder,  who  arrived  June  9,  1853,  was  at  that  time 
the  wife  of  James  B.  Ellis.  Her  liusband  took  a  land  claim  1^  miles  below 
where  Dayton  now  stands,  and  erected  a  substantial  log  house.  Oct.  4,  1854, 
KUis  accidently  shot  himself.  Mrs  Ellis,  like  an  intelligent  woman,  kept  a 
jmirnal,  in  which  she  wrote  the  following  facts:  SpafTord  Fiall,  from  Fort 
Wayne,  Indiana,  kept  a  tnuling  post  and  station  at  the  Gold  caflon,  on  what 
is  now  Mine  street.  Opposite  to  it  was  a  blacksmith  shop  made  of  wagon 
beds.  The  only  women  she  found  in  western  Utah,  outsiile  of  Carson  valley, 
wore  Mrs  McMarlin,  Mrs  Cosser,  her  12-year8-old  daughter,  and  the  wife  of 
the  blacksmith  named  Henry  Van  Sickle,  who  went  to  Cal.  before  winter. 
In  her  place,  however,  came  a  family  with  several  daughters,  one  of  whom 
niarrie<i  Lucien  Olds,  and  another  Al.  Squires,  both  of  Car.son  valley.  The 
Halls,  after  selling  Eagle  rancho,  returned  to  Cal.  and  Frederic  Bishop 
resided  at  the  rancho,  later  the  propert}-  of  Reese  and  Barnard.  'Ihat 
autumn  Walter  Cosser  began  business  in  the  mercantile  line,  at  a  point 
which  eventually  became  Iknown  as  Johns  ion.  In  March  1854  Thomas 
Knott  1)egan  building  a  saw-mill  for  John  Cary,  at  the  head  of  Carson  valley. 
The  first  plank  was  sawed  on  the  2M]\  of  July;  the  first  lumber  protluced  in 
western  Utah  bringing  $100  per  1,000. 

The  marriage  and  divorce  occurred  under  the  following  circumstances: 
An  inunigrant  named  Powell,  whose  wife  had  died  on  the  road,  had  among 
Lis  childreu  a  daughter  14  vears  of  age,  named  Mary,     While  the  father  was 


,4 


i, ''^1"  I 


74 


SETTLEMENT. 


■: 


In  February  1853  there  was  presented  in  the  legis- 
lature of  California  a  petition  of  forty-three  citizens 
of  Carson  valley,  praying  to  be  annexed  to  California 
for  judicial  purposes  until  congress  should  otherwise 

absent  looking  for  a  place  to  live,  Benjamin  Cole,  a  young  man  from  Missouri, 
iiiiiuced  the  child  to  marry  him,  the  ceremony  being  performed  by  a  justice 
of  the  peace  named  Parke> .  Having  no  home  to  take  her  to,  he  left  her  with 
Mrs  Co;jser  while  he  proceeded  to  erect  a  cabin,  and  that  motherly  Scotch 
woman  advised  Mary  to  remain  with  her  until  her  father's  return,  to  which 
the  girl  consented.  The  husband  demanded  his  wife,  but  Mary  declined  to 
leave  the  protection  of  Mrs  Cosser  until  her  father  should  sanction  it.  This 
late  prudence  created  a  feud  in  society,  some  approving  it,  and  others  advo- 
cating the  rights  of  Cole.  On  the  return  of  Powell  he  took  possession  of  his 
child,  and  started  with  his  family  for  Cal.,  followed  by  the  irate  bridegroom 
anil  his  friends,  with  the  purpose  of  abducting  the  girl.  But  the  Cosser- 
Powcll  party  also  mounted  their  horsea  and  rode  after  them  to  prevent  any 
forcible  measures.  To  avoid  a  bloody  conflict,  Powell  at  length  offered  to 
abide  by  the  decision  of  his  daughter  if  the  other  party  would  do  the  same, 
to  which  they  agreed,  and  Mary  declaring  her  desire  to  go  with  her  father, 
Cule  returned  to  Gold  cafion.  The  divorce  was  even  less  informal  than  the 
m.vrriage,  for  no  other  proceedings  were  ever  instituted. 

Tlie  tirst  ball  was  held  on  the  last  night  of  1853,  in  a  room  over  Spafford 
Hall's  store,  at  the  mouth  of  Gold  cafion.  There  were  present  9  females, 
great  and  small^U  of  womankind  there  was  in  western  Utah  except  three 
— and  about  100  men.  While  the  dancing  was  going  on  the  VVashoes  made  a 
dejceut  on  the  horses  of  the  company,  and  drove  them  all  off.  The  animals 
Were  recovered,  with  the  exception  of  two  which  had  been  roasted  and  eaten. 
Spafford  Hall,  having  been  accidently  wounded  and  disabled,  sold  his  sta- 
tion to  James  McMarlin,  his  clerk,  early  in  1854,  and  returned  to  Indiana. 
Jo!m  McMarlin,  on  the  way  to  join  his  brother,  was  killed  by  Indians  at 
Slippery  Ford  a  few  years  later.  Asa  Kenyon  located  himself  at  Ragtown, 
where  the  overland  road  first  touched  Carson  river.  Above  Ragtown  4  miles, 
a  blacksmith,  Thomas  Pitt  had  a  station,  and  called  his  place  The  Willows. 
James  and  Harvey  Hughes,  from  Mo.,  established  themselves  not  far  from 
Honey  lake  on  Carson  river;  and  John  Smith  purchased  the  trading  post  of 
a  Californi^in  at  thn  west  end  of  Twenty -six  Mile  Desert,  which  place  became 
later  known  as  Coonie's  rancho.  George  Brown  settled  at  a  station  on  the 
river  about  3  miles  above  old  Fort  Churchill.  J.  S.  Child  and  Moses  Job 
were  traders  who  established  stations  near  Cosser's.  Job's  peak  was  named 
in  honor  of  the  latter;  and  the  former  became  an  induential  citizen  of  Nevada. 
On  the  1st  of  Mny,  1854,  the  first  white  child  was  born  in  western  Utah,  a 
boy,  named  James  Brimmel  Ellis,  who  died  in  1869  at  Virginia  City.  In 
July  1851  Charles  H.  Albrecht  and  family,  from  St  Louis,  were  encamped  at 
Ellis'  place.  Among  his  party  was  Rachel  F.  Albrecht,  his  sister,  who  cap- 
tivated a  miner  named  James  Dover.  The  enslavement  was  mutual  and  tlie 
couple  wished  to  marry,  but  there  was  neither  justice  of  the  peace  nor  minis- 
ter on  that  side  ot  the  mountains.  In  this  dilemma,  by  the  advice  of  Mrs 
Ellis,  a  marriage  contract  was  drawn  up,  signed  in  triplicate,  and  witnessed, 
as  follows:  '  Carson  River,  July  4,  1854.  By  these  presents  we  hereby  cer- 
tify, in  the  presence  of  witnesses,  that  we  will,  from  this  time  henceforth,  to 
the  end  of  our  lives,  live  together  as  man  and  wife,  obeying  all  the  laws  of 
the  U.  S.,  as  married  persons.  In  witness  we  set  our  hands  and  seals,  this 
4th  day  of  July,  1854.  James  Dover,  Rachel  F.  Albrecht.  Witnesses:  James 
B.  Ellis,  Charles  H  Albrecht,  Augustus  0.  Albrecht.'  The  contract  w.is 
published  in  the  Placerville  H^oiititnin  Democrat  of  July  29,  1854.  For  8 
years  the  obligation  was  kept,  but  at  the  end  of  that  time  Mrs  Dover  left 
her  husband,  and  went  to  live  with  her  brother  at  Placerville,  n^^d  finally 
was  regularly  divorced. 


wan 


CARSON  COUNTY  CREATED. 


75 


provide.  The  committee  to  which  the  petition  was 
referred  asked  that  jurisdiction  be  extended  east- 
ward to  120°  of  longitude,  as  far  north  as  the  42d 
parallel,"  and  south  to  the  intersection  of  the  35th 
l)arallel  with  the  Colorado  river.  This  action  on  the 
jiart  of  the  people  caused  the  Utah  government  to 
take  action  for  their  relief. 

On  the  I7th  of  January,  1854,  the  legislature  of 
Utah  passed  an  act  creating  the  county  of  Carson, 
which  embraced  all  of  western  Utah,  from  above  the 
j)resent  southern  line  of  Humboldt  county,  south  as 
far  as  about  latitude  38°,  and  east  as  far  as  to  about 
the  118th  meridian.     It  was  made  the  3d  judicial  dis- 

After  Thomas  Knott  had  built  the  saw-mill  for  John  Cary  he  erected  a 
s;iw  and  grist  mill,  with  a  stationary  thrasher,  for  Reese,  at  Mormon  station. 
The  dishonesty  of  E.  L.  Barnard,  before  mentioned,  crippled  Reese  finan- 
cially, wlio  was  unable  to  pay  for  his  mill,  which  added  cieut  to  his  disaster. 

Tlie  land  claims  recorded  in  1854  were  J.  C.  Fain  and  E.  L.  Barnard,  Feb. 
2Sth;  H.  Van  Sickle  and  Post,  March  28th;  R.  De  Frost  and  Frederick 
IJisliop,  April  2d;  John  Stephens,  April  6th;  Joseph  Williams,  May  18th; 
A.  V.  Siewart  and  A.  Clark,  and  C.  D.  Daggett,  May  27th;  George  Lambe, 
Ootolier  30th;  Nicholas  Johnson,  Dec.  4th;  R.  Sides,  R.  Abernethy,  and  J. 
M.  lialdwin,  Dec.  20th.  There  were  also  several  transfers  of  claims.  The 
claim  of  Samuel  Blackford  in  Jack's  valley  had  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Julius  Peltier,  who  sold  it  to  George  Fogle  Nov.  29th.  The  farm  of  one 
liruwn  was  sold  by  the  constable,  and  bought  in  by  Samuel  Blackford  for 
§787.32.  G.  B.  Parker,  who  had  purchased  the  Clear  Creek  rancho,  first 
takun  by  Georse  Mires  and  C.  Phillips,  sold  it  to  R.  Sides  and  RoUand  Aber- 
nuthy  Dec.  7tn.  Joseph  Brown  sold  a  farm  to  Rufus  Adams  Dec.  26th. 
Jan  3,  1856,  VV.  P.  Cosser  recorded  a  claim;  A.  L.  Kenyon,  Jan.  12th;  I.  N. 
i{i\,  Jan.  20th;  Reese  &  Co.  transferred  land  and  property  to  Thomas 
Knox,  valued  at  $4,000,  to  pay  him  for  erecting  the  mills  already  mentioned. 
TliR  transfer  was  made  Jan.  23d.  On  the  same  day  J.  &  E.  Reese  &  Co, 
sold  or  conveyed  to  William  B.  Thorrington  if 23, 000  worth  of  property  to 
make  gnnd  a  loan.  The  Eagle  rancho  was  included  in  this  transfer.  On  the 
li)tli  of  Feb.  the  same  firm  conveyed  the  remainder  of  their  property  to  their 
cruilitors.  On  the  12th  of  March  W.  P.  Allen  and  E.  A.  Parkerson  recorded 
a  land  claim.  Nicholas  Ambrosia  recorded  a  claim  on  the  24th  of  March.  The 
last  entry  on  this  record  was  of  a  sale  by  Julius  Peltier,  of  land,  to  R.  D. 
Siilcs,  J.  M.  Baldwin,  and  L.  B.  Abernethy.  James  B.  Ellis  kept  a  record 
of  arrivals  of  Cal. -bound  emigrant  wagons,  in  1854,  upto  July  1st,  finding 
thum  to  foot  up  213  wagons,  360  horses  and  mules,  7,528  cattle,  and  7,150 
sliocp.  In  this  year  John  Reese,  accompanied  by  a  sergeant  and  3  men  of 
thu  U.  S.  troops,  pioneered  a  new,  shorts  r,  and  straighter  route  1)etween  Salt 
Luke  and  Carson  valley  than  the  oae  previously  travelled  down  the  Hum- 
lii>l(lt.  It  was  expected  that  Steptoe,  who  was  to  march  to  Oregon  with 
troops,  would  come  this  way.  The  road  was  not  opened  until  I860,  when 
Ri;c8ti  again  piloted  Capt.  Simpson,  of  Johnston's  army,  with  10  wagons, 
across  the  conntry  by  this  route,  afterwnrd  adopted  as  the  mail  route  and  a 
vairnn-road.  A  school  was  taught  in  the  winter  of  1854-5,  at  the  residence 
of  Israel  Mott,  by  Mrs  Allen.  Prices  were  high,  but  not  so  high  as  they  had 
been,  which  is  proof  of  a  full  market. 

«Cai  Jour.  Sen.,  1853,  90, 130-1,  »nd  App.  Doc.,  46. 


t  ■ 


76 


SETTLEMENT, 


trict  of  the  territory,  United  States  Judge  George  P. 
Stiles  being  assigned  to  preside  in  it.  Stiles,  Hyde, 
and  Haywood  were  also  commissioners  to  establish  a|)- 
proximately,  together  with  commissioners  from  Cali- 
fornia, the  boundary  between  Utah  and  that  state, 
Tlie  organic  act  authorized  the  governor  to  ap[)oint  a 
probate  judge,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  organize 
the  county,  the  person  selected  being  Orson  Hyde, 
Accordingly,  on  the  15th  of  June,  District  Judge 
Stiles,  Probate  Judge  Hyde,  United  States  Marshal 
Joseph  L.  Haywood,  and  John  and  Enoch  Reese, 
with  an  escort  of  thirty -five  men,  arrived  at  Mormon 
station  from  Salt  Lake  City,  An  election  was  called 
to  take  place  September  20th  for  the  choice  of  county 
officers,  which  resulted  in  the  election  of  James  C. 
Fain,  sheriff;  Henry  W.  Niles,  surveyor;"  Charles 
D.  Daggett,  prosecuting  attorney ; "  R.  D,  Sides, 
treasurer ;  H,  M.  Hodges  and  James  A,  Williams, 
constables ;  Nicholas  Ambrosia  and  Henry  Van 
Sickle,  justices  of  the  peace;"  Henry  D.  Sears, 
William  P.  Allen,  and  James  McMarlin,  selectmen," 
whose  duties  were  to  act  as  associates  with  the  probate 
judge,  and  attend  to  the  care  of  the  county's  poor, 
orphaned,  and  insane.  There  was  but  little  business  in 
the  courts  during  the  ante-mining  period  of  western 
Utah  history/'     The  first  criminal  prosecution    oc- 


The 


!    ! 


*•  Niles  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  probate  court  Oct,  2d,  by  Orson  Hyde, 
also  ex-officio  clerk  of  the  county  court. 

'''*  Appointed  assessor  and  collector  in  Dec  1855, 

^  James  McMarlin  was  appointed  justice  of  the  peace  for  Gold  Cafion 
Dec.  3<L 

^^Fain  resigned  in  May  1856,  Russell  Kelly  appointed.  Niles  resigncii  in 
May  1856  from  the  office  of  surveyor,  Orson  Hyde  appointed.  Kesigned 
from  the  clerk's  office  Dec.  1855,  8.  A.  Kinsey  appointed  in  Marcii  1^5(3. 
Hotlges  resigned  in  May  1856,  Daniel  Woodford  appointed.  Wootlford  was 
killed  by  Indians  at  Slippery  Ford  in  1857. 

''The  first  lawsuit  on  record  was  brought  by  John  Reese  against  George 
Chorpenning,  the  surviving  partner  of  Woodward  &  Co.,  in  March  1853,  to 
recover  S075  for  supplies  furnished  them  while  carrying  the  mail  from  Salt 
Lake  to  C'al.  It  was  brought  before  E.  L.  Barnard,  magistrate,  and  judgment 
rendered  against  Woodward  &  Co.  for  the  amount  and  $25  costs.  The  prnp- 
erty  sold  to  satisfy  the  judgment  brought  $499;  but  as  Reese  b  ought  it  all  in, 
it  \a  probable  that  he  obtained  full  value.  Among  the  effects  sohl  was  '  Mor- 
mon Station  to  J.  Reese,  $130,'    The  second  suit  was  brought  in  April  1854 


ORGANIZATION  OF  COURTS. 


77 


curred  November  2,  1855,  a  negro  man  named 
Thacker  having  been  arrested  for  using  threatening 
l;ui*'"uai'e  against  A.  J.  Wyckoff  and  Mrs  Jacob  Kose. 
Tlie  judge  held  that  "  a  man  may  have  malice  enough 
ill  his  heart  to  kill  another,  and  judgment  and  dis- 
cretion to  prevent  him  from  committing  the  deed ;  he 
may  have  the  ability  to  cut  a  lady's  heart  out  and 
roast  it  upon  the  coals,  and  at  the  same  time  he  may 
liave  the  good  sense  not  to  do  it."  The  judgment 
rendered  was  that  Thacker  should  pay  $50  and  the 
costs  of  the  suit ;  he  was  advised  for  his  own  safety  to 
return  to  California.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  pro- 
bate court  Charles  D.  Daggett  and  Samuel  C.  Perren 
were  admitted  to  practise  in  that  court. 

Judge  Stiles  ai)pears  to  have  returned  to  Salt  Lake 
with  Marshal  Haywood  after  settling  upon  an  approx- 
imate western  boundary  for  Utah,"  as  no  proceedings 
of  the  United  States  court  are  recorded  before  1856. 
IMean while  few  events  of  importance  had  occurred,  the 
most  noteworthy  act  of  the  people  being  an  attempt 
to  shake  off  the  authority  of  Salt  Lake  by  draughting 
a  territorial  constitution  or  compact  for  the  govern- 
ment of  Carson  valley.'*  On  the  27th  of  October, 
1855,  a  special  term  of  court  was  held  at  the  house  of 
Jolm  Reese  for  the  purpose  of  granting  "  the  sole  and 
exclusive  right  to  take  out  any  portion  of  the  waters 
of  Carson  river  which  they  may  desire  in  a  ditch  or 
canal,  for  mining  and  other  purposes,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Gold  canon,  to  J.  C.  Fain,  Jolm  Reese,  Stephen  A. 
Kinsey,  John  McMarlin,  James  McMarlin,  Christo- 
])hcr  Merkley,  Morris  Fitzgibbon,  and  Orson  Hyde." 
This   is   the  first  mention  of  any  citerprise  of  this 

l)y  Henry  McCalla  vs  Thomas  Knott,  judgment  rendered  81 1.3.43.  No  other 
anpoars  on  record  before  the  organization  of  Carson  county.  The  first  session 
of  tliu  probate  court  was  held  Oct.  3,  when  the  complaint  of  .Tames  Mclntyre 
Vs  Asa  A  Knouse,  to  recover  $187.7"),  was  tiled.  The  case  was  tried  on  the 
12tli,  at  the  house  of  one  Cowan.  Mclntyre  lost  his  case,  and  was  ordered 
to  pay  S.'W  no. 

'^Bcufie's  First  in  Nemda,  MS.,  7. 

"Tins  instrument  was  draughted  by  William  A.  Cornwall  of  CaL  S.  F. 
AUii,  Oct,  27,  1864. 


78 


SETTLEMENT. 


nature."     There  was  some  increase  in  the  population, 
but  the  number  of  women  was  still  small." 

In  January  1856  the  inhabitants  of  Carson  valley 
again  petitioned  the  California  assembly  to  annex 
them  for  judicial  and  other  purposes.  A  resolution 
was  passed  in  that  body  asking  congress  to  make  the 
118th  meridian  the  east  boundary  of  California." 
This  move  a  second  time  aroused  the  Utah  authori- 
ties, although  congress  denied  the  prayer.  No  at- 
tempt to  form  a  religious  colony  in  Carson  was  made 
before  1856."  At  this  time  there  was  a  movement  on 
foot  in  Salt  Lake  and  eastern  Utah  to  reinvigorato 
the  church  of  Latter-day  Saints  by  founding  new  col- 
onies or  missions,  and  also  by  preaching  a  reformation 
among  the  members.  A  colony  of  between  sixty  and 
seventy  families  was  ordered  to  Carson  valley  in  the 
spring,  most  of  which  arrived  before  the  election  in 
September,  when  the  Mormons  took  the  conduct  of 
aflairs  into  their  own  hands,  being  considerably  in  the 
majority  over  the  gentiles."     With  this  colony  came 

**0n  the  27th  of  May,  1854,  at  a  citizens'  meeting,  it  was  resolved  that  in 
the  use  of  water  no  settler  should  be  deprived  of  sutticient  for  hnuschold  pur- 
poses; that  it  should  nut  be  diverted  from  its  original  cliannels,  and  when  t\V(^ 
or  more  levied  on  the  same  stream  they  should  share  water  according  to  tlie 
number  of  acres  cultivated,  each  usins  on  alternate  days  when  water  ua-i 
scarce.  The  sole  right  to  take  water  from  Carson  river  compelled  settltTs 
to  pay  a  water  rate.  Jacob  H  Rose  fell  heir  to  the  ditch  beff>re  its  comple- 
tion, and  when  the  work  was  finished  found  the  foot  to  be  higher  than  the 
head. 

"  The  Reese  brothers  had  brought  their  families  from  Salt  Lake,  Alex- 
ander Cowan  had  arrived  with  his  wife,  destined  to  become  famous  a  few 
years  later  as  the  richest  woman  in  Nevada,  and  the  wife  of  Sandy  Bowers. 
Miss  Mary  Wheeler  was  married  Oct.  28,  1855,  to  Squire  Mott,  son  of  Hiram 
Mott,  the  officiating  justice  being  Orson  Hyde.  Miss  Mary  Gibson  w.h 
married  Nov.  6,  1855,  to  Henry  Van  Sickle  by  Judge  Hyde,  at  the  house  if 
Niles  and  Sears.  Miss  Sarah  Jane  Thompson  was  married  Oct.  2,  18G6,  tn 
Stephen  A.  Kinsey,  at  the  house  of  Judge  Hyde,  in  Washoe  valley,  by  tliat 
dignitary. 

^■'Sen.  Misc.  Doc.,  48;  34th  cong.  Ist  sess.;  H.  Com.  Rept,  116,  34th  coiig. 
3d  sess. 

"William  Jennings,  in  his  Carson  Valley,  MS.,  2,  says  that  amission  ^^■1s 
got  up  in  1852  by  the  two  Reeses  and  others.  On  page  3  he  says:  'The  Car- 
son valley  people,  I  think,  were  mostly  apostate  Mormons  before  1856.  The 
Reeses.'  he  continues,  '  were  only  partially  connected  with  the  church.' 

'*The  following  Mormon  ofiicers  were  elected:  Richard  Bently,  recorder; 
Russell  Kelly,  sherifif  (joined  the  Mormon  church);  William  Nixon  and  I'er- 
meus  Jackman,  selectmen;  Chester  Loveland,  justice  of  the  peace;  Nelsou 


anothJ 
who  hi 
above! 
ruted 
who  e^ 
grand 
inond, 
church! 
cisco,  y\ 

The 

Jack,  al 

(ienoa, 

Hyde  a 

A  saw-] 

and  Fr 

buror  of 

took  its 

An  at 

of  eastei 

broad,  r 

small  dii 

and  fieic 

architect 

was  done 

dress  th( 

nient  was 

the  least 

these  pa 


Merkeley  an( 
pointed  asse 
lS.i6;  Sac.  U 
"Among 
Merkley,  Jes 
i"^.  who  wer 
S'vMa,  MS., 
and  (ieoree  \ 
William  Nix( 
tlement,  Allx 
ker,  Cherry,  s 
^"^  Klein  a  k 
If'oG;  Citmon 
Wri.jht'g  Bi:] 
19,  1859;  Id., 


THE  MORMONS. 


70 


another  judge  of  the  3d  district,  W.  W.  Dnimmond, 
who  held  a  term  of  court  in  Mott's  barn,  four  miles 
above  Mormon  station.  No  business  was  really  exe- 
cuted beyond  convicting  two  men  of  grand  larceny, 
who  escaped  after  being  sentenced,  and  impannelling  a 
grand  jury,  which  brought  in  no  indictments.  Drum- 
mond,  who  was  not  beloved  by  the  authorities  of  the 
church,  departed  inmost  immediately  for  San  Fran- 
cisco, whence  he  sailed  for  the  east. 

The  new-comers  settled  in  Carson,  Eagle,  Washoe, 
Jack,  and  Pleasant  valleys,  founding  several  towns." 
(xenoa,  at  Mormon  station,  was  named  by  Judge 
Hyde  after  the  birthplace  of  Christopher  Columbus. 
A  saw-mill  was  erected  by  Hyde  in  Washoe  valley, 
and  Franktown  was  settled  and  named.  The  little 
burg  of  Dayton,  at  the  mouth  of  Gold  canon,  also 
took  its  rise  in  1856." 

An  attempt  was  made  to  form  society  on  the  plan 
of  eastern  Utah.  The  settlements  were  laid  out  with 
broad,  regular  streets,  on  either  side  of  which  ran 
small  ditches  carrying  water  for  irrigating  gardens 
and  fields,  as  well  as  for  supplying  families.  The 
architecture  w^as  of  the  simplest  and  rudest;  nothing 
was  done  for  ornament,  but  everything  for  use.  In 
dress  the  same  principle  prevailed ;  personal  adorn- 
ment was  unknown.  To  work  and  get  the  most  with 
the  least  self-indulgence  was  the  law  laid  down  to 
these  patient  builders  of  Zion.      Their   one  amuse- 


in 


Merkeley  and  Seth  Dnstin,  constablea;  Charles  D.  Daggett  (gentile)  was  ap- 
pointed assessor,  collector,  and  treasurer.  Placerville  Anmri-an,  Sept.  13, 
lS.i6;  Sac.  Union,  Sept.  15,  1856. 

^  Among  the  members  of  the  mission  '.vho  came  in  1855  were  Christopher 
Merkley,  Jesse  M.  Perkins,  Reulien  Pei'kius,  Shepherd,  and  William  Hutch- 
iui.  who  were  sent  on  the  special  business  of  tlie  church.  BiMtii''ii  first  in 
Xi-mda,  MS.,  7.  Other  colonists  of  the  same  year  were  Clu-ster  Loveland 
and  (tenive  Hancock.  In  1856  came  William  Jennings,  ChristopluT  Layton, 
William  Nixon,  R.  Walker,  Peregrine  Sessions,  who  founded  Sessions"  .set- 
tlement, Alliert  Dewey,  William  Kay,  founder  of  Kayswanl,  tleorgu  Nelje- 
kor,  Cherry,  and  others. 

"'Klrin'a  FottmUra  of  Curiton  City,  MS.,  2,  6;  S.  F.  Golden  Em.  May  11, 
1836;  l\trii>m  Statf  RfijiOer,  July  29,  1871;  Kelly  $  Nev.  Directory,  1862,  54-5; 
Wright's  Bi:}  Bonanza,  23,  24-5;  S.  F.  Altn,  Oct.  6.  1856;  Sac.  Union,  Doc. 
li),  1859;  /(if.,  Jan.  2,  1860;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  June  8,  1860. 


1    <^'    'S      i-J-"j 


I 


80 


SETTLEMENT. 


'■■■!     i-i 


ment  of  dancing  was  forbidden  to  be  practised  in  the 
company  of  gentiles,  and  to  wash  away  their  sins  re- 
peated baptisms  were  enjoined.  Still,  the  authorities 
in  the  west  did  not  neglect  the  subject  of  instruction. 
At  the  December  term  of  court  in  1856  it  was  ordered 
that  Carson  county  should  be  divided  into  four  school 
districts.  A  school-house  was  erected  at  Franktowu 
in  1857,  which  was  afterward  sold  to  Lucky  Bill,  who 
moved  to  Genoa  and  used  it  for  a  stable.  Affairs 
were  already  so  shaping  themselves  in  Salt  Lake  that 
nothing  less  than  the  complete  abandonment  of  west- 
ern Utah  would  make  the  city  of  the  Saints  secure. 
In  November  1856  Orson  Hyde  left  Carson  county 
to  return  to  it  no  more.  When  he  departed  he  leased 
his  saw-mill  in  Washoe  valley  to  Jacob  Rose,  that 
being  the  best  that  he  could  do  with  it  at  the  time. 
In  the  ft>llowing  year  the  colony  of  the  faithful  was 
ordered  home  to  Salt  Lake  to  defend  Zion  against 
Johnston's  army.  As  the  order  was  peremptory,  they 
were  forced  either  to  abandon  their  property  or  sell 
it  at  a  small  part  of  its  value,  and  they  chose  the  latter 
course."  Apostate  Mormons,  some  of  whom  had  fled 
from  the  reformation  at  Salt  Lake,  and  gentiles, 
scarcely  less  hateful  in  the  eyes  of  the  saints,  became 
the  possessors  of  their  improvements  ;  for  which  result 
of  a  futile  undertaking  the  fortunate  heirs  of  Mormon 
enterprise  suffered  condemnation,  even  to  a  curse 
uttered  by  Orson  Hyde  in  1862." 

^  On  the  IGth  of  July,  1857,  P.  G.  Sessions'  train  from  Cal.,  consisting  of 
31  men,  16  women.  18  cliildren,  17  wagons,  40  horses  and  32  mules,  left 
Eagle  valley  for  .Salt  Lake.  On  the  5th  of  Sept.  the  Conover  express  from 
Salt  Lake  arrived  in  Washoe  valley  late  in  the  afternoon,  an«l  on  the  2Cth 
450  persons,  some  of  whom  were  from  Ciil.  and  Dr.,  started  with  123  wagons 
for  Salt  Lake,  which  tliey  reached  N.)v.  2d.  Reese  left  with  this  train, 
travelling  I>y  the  route  south  of  the  Humboldt  to  avoid  the  Indians.  Jni- 
nifi'j*'  Cnrt'^n  Vallfy,  MS.  4. 

**  In  a  letter  of  Orson  Hyde,  dated  Jan.  27,  1802,  addressed  to  the  people 
of  Carson  and  Washoe  valleys,  in  which  he  relates  the  history  of  his  null, 
he  says  it  M'as  liuilt  l>y  himself  and  a  Mr  Price;  tliat  the  property  was  worth 
$10,003  when  he  left  it;  that  for  the  rent  of  it  he  had  received  in  advance 
'  1  span  of  small  indifferent  mules,  an  old  worn-out  harncis,  2  yokes  of  oxen, 
and  an  old  wagon,' things  which  he  required  for  his  journey  to  Salt  Lake. 
A  war  followed  l»etweeu  the  Mormons  and  the  U.  S.  govt,  an  event  which 
was  uufavoraLie  to  the  perfection  of  Mormon  titles,  after  the  orgaui'atioQ 


\>h  '■■ 


THE   MORMONS. 


81 


The  abandonment  of  Carson  county  "  by  the  Mor- 
mons loft  it  with  a  scant  population,  and  for  a  time 
without  a  orovornment,  although  attached  by  an  act 
of  the  legislature  to  Great  Salt  Lake  county  for  elec- 
tion, revenue,  and  judicial  purposes.  From  July  5, 
ISaf),  to  September  12,  1859,  the  operation  of  the 
])rol)ate  court  was  suspended,  although  the  county 
was  allowed  to  retain  its  organization  so  far  as  a  re- 
corder, surveyor,  and  precinct  officers  were  concerned, 
and  these  might  be  elected  in  accordance  with  exist. 
iiig  laws,  "until  further  directed  by  Great  Salt  Lake 
county  court  or  legislative  enactment;  "  but  the  **  rec- 
ord-books, papers,  blanks,  and  seals,  both  of  probate 
and  county  courts,  shall  be  handed  over  to  the  order 
of  the  probate  court  of  Great  Salt  Lake  county." 
Til  is  act  was  passed  January  14,  1857.  On  the  13th 
of  April  the  county  court,  Chester  Loveland  presid- 
ing, adjourned  to  the  following  week,  but  without 
meeting  again  for  three  years." 

of  the  territory  of  Nevada,  upon  the  abandoned  premises.  Hyde  gave  the 
jioDple  of  Carson  val'ey  choice  Ijetween  paying  hiui  $20,000,  or  being  cursed 
witli  earthquakes.  Hoods,  pestilence,  and  famine,  and  they  took  tlie  risk  of 
the  hitter.  Hyde  was  accompanied  on  his  return  to  Salt  Lake  by  ISimoii 
lijikiT,  James  Kathall,  John  Vance,  William  Price,  Durflfee,  Carter,  Har- 
sliee.  Woodland,  and  Butcher  and  family,  and  travelled  the  route  explored 
by  lifose  in  1854.  He  died  Nov.  28,  1878,  at  .Spring  City,  8an  Pete  county, 
Utali,  a  man  distinguished  among  his  sect  as  a  faithful  and  gifted  servant 

of   (lOtl. 

3'Tliere  is  a  statement  in  the  S.  F.  AUa,  Sept.  29,  1857,  that  Brigham 
Young  liad  ordered  an  organization  of  secret  cavalry  to  western  Utah.  It 
was  certainly  iu)t  to  Carson.  Much  comment  on  the  exodus  of  the  Mor- 
mons is  to  be  found  in  the  Alta.  They  were  ordered  in  from  Cal.  also. 
Mention  in  Xetvrs' Nff(ula  Pioneern,  MS.,  1-2;  CnulMtnuqliH  Nevadu  Bicxf- 
niyhii,  MS.,  3;  OoUl  Hill  News,  May  16,  1873;  San  Jcmi' Pioneer,  May  26, 
1877'. 

"Samuel  A.  Nevers  was  bom  in  Boston,  March  1,  1824,  came  to  Cal.  in 
184!t  liy  sea,  in  the  ship  Sweden;  settled  in  Eagle  valley  in  1859,  and  niar- 
rie(l  thereabout.  In  a  manuscript  account  of  Acixula  Pioneern,  in  my  coUec- 
ti'Mi,  lie  says:  'Tliere  were  but  4  persons  settled  in  this  pjirt  of  the  valley  at 
that  time,  to  wit,  B.  L.  King,  Mart.  Stebbins,  .lacob  H.  Rose,  and  John 
Maiikiii,  who  were  settled  on  land  taken  up  by  them  under  the  laws  of 

Utah None  of  the  above  named  were  Mormons ....  Nearly  all  the  Mor- 

iiKius,  when  leaving  for  Salt  Lake,  sold  their  land  to  John  Mankin  for  a 
nominal  sum,  payment  to  be  made  in  wheat,  which  was  sold  for  a  very  low 
prii'i".  This  sale  carried  a  strip  of  land  from  King's  cafton  down  to  the  Hot 
sjiriugs,  but  Mankin  subsequently  claimed  the  whole  lower  portion  of  the 

valley Society  was  on  a  low  plane,  every  man  doing  about  as  he  pleased 

—  There  was  no  law  here  until  Judge  Cradlebaugh  came,  who  to  a  great 
extent  brought  order  out  of  chaos.' 
Hist.  Nbv.    6. 


I       1 


[.!„ 


SETTLEMENTS. 


Before  the  Mormons  had  made  their  final  exodus, 
the  remaining  inhabitants  seized  the  opportunity  to 
prevent  their  return  by  again  petitioning  congress  for 
a  territorial  organization  m  Western  Utah,  with  por- 
tions (►f  California  and  New  Mexico."  At  a  mass- 
meeting  held  at  Genoa  August  8th,  by  appointment 
of  a  previous  informal  meeting  held  on  the  yd,*'  it  wag 
declared,  in  a  series  of  resolutions,  that  it  was  the 
sense  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  region  that  the  security 
of  life  and  property  of  immigrants  passing  through  it 
depended  upon  the  organization  of  a  territorial  gov- 
ernment.  No  other  reason  for  the  proposed  division 
of  Utah  was  given  in  the  resolutions,  but  in  the 
memorial  accompanying  it  other  causes  were  set  fortli; 
namely,  that  no  law  existed  la  western  Utah  except 
theocratic  rule,  which  was  exercised  by  the  Mormon 
church  without  reference  to  statutory  regulations. 
The  Utah  legislature  had  abolished  the  courts  of  tlie 
county  of  Carson,  leaving  no  officers  to  execute  the 
laws  except  two  justices  of  the  peace  and  one  con- 
stable, whose  authority  no  one  respected.  The  county 
was  reduced  to  an  election  precinct,  in  which  no  one 
voted,  or  cared  to  vote.  Th6re  were  bad  men  in  the 
community,  whose  crimes  could  only  be  punished  by 
resort  to  lynch-law  ;  the  country  was  cut  off  from  Cal- 
ifornia four  months  of  the  year  by  snow,  and  equally 
from  the  then  seat  of  government  by  distance.  In 
claiming  a  white  population,  however,  of  betwcm 
7,000  and  8,000,  and  75,000  to  100,000  natives,  the 


to  " 


!■'!     i 


*'The  petition  makes  the  Goose  Creek  mountains  the  eastern,  the  Colo- 
rado river  the  southern,  Oregon  tlie  northern,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  the 
■western  boundary. 

*''The  fii'dt  meeting  was  held  at  Gilbert's  saloon,  and  was  presided  over  liy 
John  Reese,  William  Nixon  being  secretary.  'Ihe  mass-meeting  was  al.<o 
presided  over  by  Reese,  the  vice-presidents  being  Isaac  Roop,  F.  C.  Siuitlt, 
B.  L.  King,  and  Solomon  Perrin.  The  committee  on  resolutions  consisttii 
of  William  M.  Ormsby,  R.  D.  Sides,  Elijah  Knott,  Thomas  J.  Singhton, 
B.  L.  King,  Daniel  Woodford,  S.  Stephens,  Warren  Smith,  and  John  Mo- 
Marlin.  The  meeting  was  addressed  by  James  M.  Crane,  a  Califoruia 
journalist  of  some  repute,  in  a  speech  of  an  hour's  length,  the  substance  of 
which  was  probably  contained  in  the  memorial  which  he  was  elected  to 
present  to  congress. 


SEPARATION. 


83 


',.lo. 

the 

rl.y 

al^<1 

nth, 

Whi 

St  I'll 

Wi/^ 

ton, 

Mc- 

niia 

c  of 

1  to 

iiif  morlallsts  (»reatly  exceeded  the  truth."  In  October 
a  iiiass-mootiiig  was  held  at  Honey  Lake  valley,  which 
was  presided  over  by  Peter  Lassen,  approving  the 
action  of  the  Genoa  meeting,  and  in  January  1858  the 
California  legislature  and  Governor  Johnson  endorsed  it. 

As  an  inducement  to  congress  to  grant  their  peti- 
tion, it  was  submitted  that  all  the  routes  across  the 
continent  would  be  guarded  by  the  peo{)le  of  the  pro- 
posed territory.  A  committee  "  was  appointed  to 
solicit  signatures,  and  James  M.  Crane  was  chosen  to 
proceed  to  Washington  city  with  the  resolutions  and 
nuMUDrial  of  the  meetnig,  and  also  to  represen.t  the 
territory  as  delegate,  when  it  should  be  organized,  iu 
congress.  Committees  were  also  appointed  to  "  man- 
age and  superintend  all  matters  necessary  and  proper 
in  the  [)remises."  *"  and  the  newspapers  of  California, 
Oregon.  Washington,  Utah,  and  Xew  Mexico  were 
re(i|uusto(l  to  i>ublish  the  proceedings  of  the  conven- 
tion, as  well  as  the  leadhig  papers  in  all  the  eastern 
cities.** 

The  attitude  of  the  Mormons  had  its  influence  on 
concrress.  Crane  wrote  to  his  constituents  from  Wash- 
itigton  in  February  1858  that  the  conmiittee  on  ter- 
ritories had  agreed  to  report  a  bill,  and  that  it  would 
he  pressed  through  both  houses  "  as  a  war  measure, 
to  "  compress  the  limits  of  the  Mormons,  and  defeat 

«.9.  i^.  Al/ii,  Sept.  5  and  Oct.  21,  1857;  C'tl.  Jnur.  Assemhly,  18.")8,  D6; 
Cil.  SliL,  IS.'iS,  3r>0;  Sen.  J/m.  Diir.,  ISl,  3.")th  cong.  1st  sess. 

<'  vV.  W.  Nicola,  K.  D.  Sides,  Orriii  Gray,  J.  K,  Truuibo,  anil  William 
Rdger.s. 

*-'lu  Honey  lake  valley,  Isaac  Roop,  Peter  Lassen,  William  Hill,  Mo- 
Miirtry,  and  Arnold;  Kaglo  valley,  B.  L.  King  and  Martin  Stol)l>in.s;  Carson 
vallo,'.  \\  illiam  M.  Ormsby,  Jamei  McMarlin,  C.  D.  Paggett,  .Tolin  Reese, 
\Villi:iin  Rodgers,  TItoinas  J.  Singleton,  Mo.ses  ,rol),  William  Tliorrineton, 
Is:iac  Farwell,  Dmiel  Woodford,  Orrin  Gray,  and  D.  E.  frilhert:  Willow, 
tciwii,  Solon-m  Perrin;  Ragtown,  James  Qnick;  Twenty-six  Mile  de-icrt, 
■JetL'riim  Atc.liison;  Sink  of  HnmUoldt,  Samuid  Blackford;  Walker  ri^er 
anl  valley,  T.  J.  Hall  and  James  Mclntyre;  Hope  valley,  S.  Stevenaou; 
Lake  valley,  M.  Smith. 

'°A  memorial  ad<lressed  to  President  Bnclianan  was  presented  by  him  to 
the  hniHe  April  19,  18,58.  It  was  signed  by  William  M.  Ormsby  and  Martin 
Smith,  ami  indorsed  by  Oov   Weller.   //.  Ex.  Dir.,  102,  35th  cong.  Ist  sess. 

*' Tlie  house  committee  reported  favorably  May  12,  1858,  in  a  bdl  to 
organize  the  territory  of  Nevada.  //.  Jour.,  789,  1221,  3uth  cong.  1st  seas.; 
//.  C),u-  £ipt,  375,  35th  cong.  1st  seas. 


¥m 


:':•. 


84  SETTLEMENTS. 

tljoir  rfforts  to  corrupt  ami  confctlorato  with  tho  Ind- 
ian tril)L'H."  So  certain  was  tho  prosjiectivo  dt^h'jjjjiti^ 
that  an  or«.janization  wouKI  he  cftl-ctrcl  tliat  lie  atl- 
visod  the  sowinjjj  and  planting  of  ht-avy  crops,  wliich 
ho  proplu^siud  they  wt»ul«l  hu  ahlo  to  .soil  for  good  cash 
prices  to  tho  govornnicnt  to  supply  tho  army  and  tlio 
Indian  rosorvations.  lUit  tho  army  under  Johnston 
having  made  it  i)ossiblo  for  federal  (»(Kcors  to  rosido  in 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  a  governor  being  api)ointed  fur 
Utah  in  place  of  Brighain  Young,  the  necessity  no 
longer  existed  of  creating  another  territory,  and  tlie 
project  slumbered.  Under  (xovornor  Cummini^'s 
Carson  county  was  reorganized,  so  far  as  tho  appoint- 
ment of  John  S.  Childs  probate  judge,  and  the  order- 
ing of  an  election,  wore  concerned.  Previous  to  tlie 
election,  ami  in  tho  absence  of  courts,  a  committee  of 
citizens  had  hanged  William  B.  Thorrlnsj^ton  for  com- 
plicity  in  the  murder  of  a  cattle-owner,  and  soiling  his 
herd.  Thorrington's  guilt  was  n<»t  clearly  established 
by  the  evidence,  but  from  the  facts  of  his  being  a  gam- 
bl(T,  acquiring  property  with  extraordinary  rajiidity, 
and  having  sheltered  the  real  murderer,  he  was  con- 
victed in  a  citizen's  court,  and  suffered  the  extreme 
penalty."     This  exercise  of  the  judicial  functions  by 

*"  It  seems  that  in  spite  of  liis  known  character.  Lucky  Bill  was  a  populir 
man  on  tlic  frontier.  He  was  born  in  N.  Y.  state,  removing  to  Miehigaii  in 
ltS4iS,  and  to  C'al.  in  1850,  across  the  piainn.  He  ha*l  little  education,  l>ut 
poM^essed  a  tine  person,  a  handsome  face,  antl  a  gay  and  liencvolent  disi>ii- 
sition;  benevolent  in  tho  sense  tliat  Robin  H(mhI  was  so,  ho  rublnid  those  that 
had  money  or  property,  and  good-naturedly  gave  of  his  easily  gotten  gains  .1 
small  portion  to  tlio.se  who  had  not,  when  they  iipiiealed  to  hia  sympatiiies  •• 
a  trait  which  often  <listinguslic.s  tlie  gambler.  Being  a  large  and  powerful  man 
he  iiad  t!ie  reputation  of  great  courage;  and  often  defending  the  weaker  jiarty 
in  a  quarrel  gave  him  a  charar-ter  for  magnanimity.  H<  owned  a  farm  ami 
a  toll-road,  in  addition  to  his    -ading-post.  and  he  accpiired  <a  large  amount  nf 

avellers  at  thimblo  rig.     In  the  spring  of  l\'>S 
ot  a  man  in  Cal..  took  np  his  quarters  with 
id  by  the  friends  of  the  latter  he  denied  lii-i 
lie  with  W.  T.  C.  Elliott  and  John  N.  ii\\]<u\. 
*i  one  Mullins,  he  mnnlered  Harry  (Jonlicr, 
{  of  cattle,  an  innocent  man  named  Snow 
ristances  coming  to  light  which  pointeil  to 
Carson  valley,  and  declaring  his  innocenci', 
from  threatened  peril.     Edwards  wislicil  to 
leave  the  country,  and  begged  his  friends  to  sell  a  valuable  horse  which  ho 
rode,  and  help  him  to  escape.     While  endeavoring  to  effect  these  ends,  two 


miscellaneous  ]iroperty  from 
William  Edwards,  who  had 
Thiirrington,  to  whom  it  w.os 
guilt.  Later  he  stopped  for  t 
at  Honey  lake.  Afterward,  v. 
for  his  pro]>erty,  including  a  h 
being  hanged  for  the  act.  Cirt 
the  guilt  of  Edwards,  he  Hed  t 
claimed  Thorrington's  protectir 


the    1 
f'TMIi 

with 

Jlll.sjtl 

the  f. 
he  w;i 
own; 
^Morm 
the  vo 
hi  ( -a  us 
"Mon 
cho.scn 

Al)irii< 
■•md  J{, 
S.  A.  1 
Farwel 
A.  Hmi 
belong  i 
to  the  I 
onerous 

ilfti'<'(iv«'s  fi 
h.'i-.-,,'  aiil  \\ 

ti'M,   llMltlillj 

Wire  arri'.ste 
C.  \.  Xotev 
sliiTitr.  John 
fessi,!.  and  < 
liy  th(!  loose 
<'iie  tlii'inseh 
•it  tho  .scene 
riiigtoM  at  hi 
'i'liorriiij.'ton 
asyhim  it  St 
^I.IXWeadi,  i 
MS,;.-?.     See 

"lt.sl,ouh 

nions  li'ft  ill  ( 
JiiTh.-ips  also  I 
viiitiirc  upon 
"(iii-.Ts  of  the 
•'"liii  llawkin 
v.ilh.v 

,  *Thecand 
Martin  Stebbi 
a'l'l  \V.  (\,ssc 
^'^Mi':  .1.  M. 
.-^IcMiiiis  was  !i 
<';'nliiii;  to  the 
•^^iiiets  not  Leer 


KLKCTIOX. 


tlic  iu'iti»li'  created  a  division  of  sentiincnt,  and  tlio 
f.iiiiiatittn  of  two  political  tmrtios,  the  8yni|)atlii/erM 
with  Tlu)nin;4ton  hoinj^  called  Monnoti,  and  the  op- 
jtdsite  party  anti-Aforinon.**  Tho  latter  party  accused 
the  fcnm  r  of  coiidoninj^  Thorrinfjjton's  jj^iiilt  hrcauso 
]h' wa.s  conveniently  blind  to  certain  ]>ractic(S  of  tluir 
(iwn;  and  they  also  made  war  upon  Judjjio  CMiildsasa 
Mormon  appointee.  At  the  election,  October  JU),  18.")S, 
the  votes  of  four  out  of  six  precincts  were  thrown  out 
hnausc  ot  alh'i,'ed  illei^al  votiuji^,  and  a  majority  of  the 
'•.Mormon"  candidates  elected.  1£.  ]?.  demons  was 
chosen  re[»resentative ;  !M  M.  Gaii^o  treasurer;  L. 
All'  rnethy  slieritF;  W.  G.  Vyatt,  James  McMarlin, 
and  \i.  ] ).  Sides  selectmen ;  C.  N.  Noteware  survevor ; 
S.  A.  Kinsey  recordei  ;  Benjamin  Sears  and  James 
Farwell  justices  of  the  [)eace;  T.  J.  Atchison  and  J. 
A.  Smith  constables.  Sides  and  Abernethy  did  not 
helonLj  to  the  ^lorinon  party."  Little  heed  was  jj^iveji 
to  the  officers  elected,  whose  duties  were  not  of  an 
on(>rous  nature. 

(Ictoctivcs  from  the  vigilanro  committee,  Elliott  and  Oilpin,  pnrcliascd  the 
linix'  anl  woniifii  tliein.sclves  into  the  conlidencc  of  KilwanU  and  'I'liorrin^;- 
tiiii,  li'iiiriiii^  of  the  propoHed  elopement  of  tlie  former,  whurciipon  hoth  men 
wi  IV  arri'sted  and  tried  by  a  citizen's  court,  the  evidmce  lieinK  recorded  l>y 
('.  N.  Noteware,  afterward  secretary  of  Nevada.  \V.  T.  C  Klliott  acted  an 
Hln'ritr,  >)o)iii  L.  t'ary  as  judge,  and  IS  otliers  as  jurors.  Edwards  finally  con- 
fe.-isid.  and  declared  the  innocence  of  Thorrington;  but  the  jury,  prejudiced 
liy  tlu:  liio.se  character  of  the  latter,  and  the  fear  of  other  crimes,  committed 
one  themselves  by  convicting  a  man  without  evidence.  Edwards  was  hanged 
at  tliu  scene  of  the  murder,  m  Himey  Lake  valley,  June  '2.1,  ISiiS,  and  Thor- 
ringt.m  at  his  farm  at  Clear  creek,  on  the  19th,  two  days  after  the  trial. 
Tli(irrinj;ton  had  a  son,  Jerome,  who  died,  while  his  wife  went  to  the  insane 
asylum  kt  Stockttm.  There  were  2  accomplices  of  Edwards,  who  were  fined 
IJl.tHK)  each,  and  ordered  to  leave  tlie  country.  Van Sirkle's  L'Uih  iJiKjH-rulofx, 
MS.  :H.     See  €ilso /'op.  TrihuwiLi,  this  series. 

"It  should  lie  borne  in  mind  that  there  were  not  enough  professed  Mor- 
mons left  in  ('arson  valley  to  make  a  Jiarty;  but  there  were  apostates,  and 
jht1i.i|is  also  s(  cret  believers.  'J  hey  were  too  well  tlrilleil  in  obedience  t.) 
viiitnre  upon  the  vigilant  system  of  justice  unless  ordered  to  do  so  by  the 
nlliciTs  of  the  church.  Keese  names  tho  families  of  Moore,  John  IHlworth, 
.loliii  Hawkins,  and  Perkins,  who  wtrc  i',iormona  and  remained  in  Carson 
valley. 

■*Tlie  candidates  of  the  anti-Mormon  party,  in  the  order  given  above,  were 
Martin  Ste!)l)ins;  H.  Mott,  sen.;  (Jeorge  Chodic;  Jolm  \j.  Carey,  J.  H.  Hose, 
ami  W.  Cosser;  .Tohn  F.  Long;  S.  Taylor;  A.  J.  Hammack  and  H.  Van 
Siikle:  J.  M.  Herring  and  .T.  M.  Howard.  The  vote  between  demons  and 
^tt'liliins  was  a  tie,  but  the  result  was  'declared  in  favor  of  Mr  Clemons,  ac- 
fiTclins;  to  the  Ctah  statutes,  page  2.'?4,  sec.  1'2.'  Had  the  votes  of  4  pre- 
I'iiicts  not  been  thrown  out,  Stcbbius  would  have  had  a  majority  of  48. 


SETTLEMENTS. 


In  this  year  Carson  City  was  laid  out  in  Eagle 
valley  by  Abraham  V.  Z.  Curry/'  who  erected  a 
stone  house,  which  was  followed  the  same  year  by 
three  or  four  others;"  but  no  rapid  influx  of  popula- 
tion followed  that  year  or  the  next.  *'  Only  at  one 
point  was  there  any  perceptible  increase  in  population, 
and  that  was  at  what  is  now  Gold  Hill,  where  the 
discovery  of  rich  placers  in  1859  had  attracted  tlie 
usual  rush  of  miners  which  follows  a  report  of  new 
gold  diggings. 

By  this  mixed  and  migratory  population  the  need  of 
some  laws  and  regulations  was  felt,  and  they  accord- 


ing! 


aval 

etior 

make 

erii 

})atri 


ii  ; 


■rn' 


"  A.  V.  Z.  Curry  was  an  energetic  pioneer.  He  settled  in  Warm  springs 
and  built  the  hotel  and  swimming  baths.  He  discovered  the  extensive  sand- 
stone deposit  at  Carson,  and  erected  the  stone  buildings  in  th'j  town.  lie 
was  witli  <.rould  in  the  Gould  and  Curry  mine;  was  a  member  of  the  terri- 
torial council,  and  acti  -  in  various  branches  of  business.  '  He  Imlonged  to 
that  sturdy  class  of  men  who  found  empires  and  build  up  states.' 

*^  Nevers,  in  Nevada  Pioneers,  MS.,  2,  states  that  he  himsjlf  built  the  third 
house,  '  in  what  is  now  Carson  valley,'  in  1859.  0.  H.  Pierson,  writing  in 
the  Carn'm  'fiifmne,  Aug.  5,  1870,  says  that  when  he  entered  Eagle  valley  in 
1859  he  found  there  three  houses  only,  one  of  v/hich  was  occupied  by  Aliram 
Curry,  one  by  William  M.  Ormsljy,  and  another  by  Martin  Stebbins.  Pier- 
son  also  says  that  he  erected  the  fourth  house,  which  was  the  St  Nicholas 
hotel. 

*^  Granville  W.  Uuffaker,  in  a  manuscript  entitled  Uir/y  Cattle  Trwh  in 
Nevwla,  mentions  some  of  the  settlers  in  western  Utah  whom  he  found  in 
1859.  Hutfaker  was  in  Salt  Lake  in  1857-8,  when  the  gentiles  were  ordered 
out.  Among  those  who  left  were  John  H.  Kinkead,  Bell,  Gilbert,  and  <  iear- 
ish,  the  latter  two  settling  in  Los  Angeles,  California.  Hutfaker  had  perinia. 
sion  to  remain,  couched  in  the  following  trenchant  phrase,  '  Keep  your 
tongue  in  your  head,  and  you  will  not  be  molested.'  He  remained,  on  tlii>!<e 
terms,  until  1859,  and  then  sold  his  stock  of  goods,  and  with  a  drove  of  cattle 
removed  to  the  Truckee  Meadows  in  western  Utah,  where  he  took  a  land 
claim  of  160  acres,  and  by  purchase  from  other  claimants  acquired  a  total  of 
640  acres.  Hufifaker  was  born  in  Ky  in  18.31 ;  was  educated  at  Jacksonville 
college.  111.;  removed  to  St  Louis  in  1846  and  to  Salt  Lake  in  1851,  bringing 
a  train  of  40  wagondoads  of  goods,  which  he  sold  in  three  weeks.  Ho  enn- 
tinned  in  trade  in  that  place  till  1859.  Huffaker  says  that  he  found  in 
Truckee  and  Steamboat  valleys  6  or  7  white  men.  Henry  Miller  and  Edw  ard 
Ing  were  on  the  north  of  Truckee;  four  miles  south  of  them,  at  the  dairy 
farm  of  James  and  M.  F.  Evans,  called  the  stone-house  rancho,  and  living 
with  them,  were  Richard  Martin  and  Henry  Berryman.  Peleg  Brown  was 
another  settler  of  this  region.  In  Pleasant  valley  was 'Mormon' iSniith. 
Theodore,  Joseph,  and  John  D.  Winters,  with  their  mother,  were  settled  in 
Washoe  valley,  where  they  had  been  since  1857.  Richard  D.  Sides  ami 
William  Best  were  also  in  Washoe  valley.  South  of  the  sink  of  the  Hum- 
boldt was  the  trading  post  of  John  F.  Stone  and  C.  C.  Gates,  where  Glen- 
dale  now  is,  then  called  Stone  and  Gates'  crossing.  Buckland  mentions 
Jacob  Winters  as  living  in  Jack's  valley  as  early  as  1857;  and  Evan  Jones 
in  Carson  valley  next  or  nearest  to  McM&rliii'a  rancho,  at  the  same  time. 
Indian  J^jlUiiKj,  MS.,  1. 


1i.l!^ 


PROVISIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


87 


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(1  in 

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ii'ar- 

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land 

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ilof 

;. 

ville 

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ing 

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was 

: "  ■,■ 

ith. 

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'iji 

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en- 

u 

ms 

if'i 

leg 

k: 

le. 

■i 

iri'^lv,  on  the  11th  of  June,  agreed  among  themselves 
to  adopt  certain  simple  rules  of  conduct,  and  to  enforce 
tliem  on  others." 

At  the  same  time  certain  politicians  stooa  ready  to 
avail  themselves  of  the  suggestion  toward  another 
etfort  for  a  separate  territorial  organization,  and  to 
make  use  of  the  feeling  against  the  Mormons  of  east- 
ern Utah  to  give  force  to  their  arguments.  These 
patriots  called  a  mass-meeting  for  the  6th  of  June  at 
Carson  City,  which  meeting  divided  Carson  county 
into  precincts  for  election  purposes,  and  called  an  elec- 
tion to  take  place  on  the  14th  of  July,  to  choose  a 
delegate  to  visit  Washington  city  and  complete  the 
work  begun  by  Crane  of  getting  a  bill  through  con- 
gress creating  the  territory  of  Nevada,  and  to  elect 
delegates  to  a  convention  to  be  held  at  Genoa  on  the 
18th  of  July,  when  the  votes  for  delegate  would  be 
counted,  and  other  business  connected  with  the  pro- 
posed change  of  government  be  attended  to. 

The  convention  met  pursuant  to  appointment,  re- 
maining in  session  nine  daj's."  It  was  not  altogether 
a  harmonious  session,  the  majority  being  determined 
to  consider  it  a  convention  to  frame  a  constitution  for 
a  provisional  government,  which  congress  would  be 
asked  to  recognize,  as  in  the  case  of  Oregon,  and  a 
minority  insisting  that  the  delegates  had  been  elected 
merely  to  provide  for  a  constitutional  convention  to 
be  held  in  the  future  by  other  delegates  elected  for 
the  purpose.  A  constitution  was,  however,  framed, 
modelled  closely  after  that  of  California,  and  adopted 
by  a  vote  of  the  people  on  the  7th  of  September.  * 

'^'Piis  was  the  miners'  cwle:  for  murder,  hanging;  wounding,  robbing, 
and  other  crimes  were  to  be  punished  as  the  jury  should  determine.  '  No 
hanking  game  shall,  under  any  consideration-  he  allowed  in  this  district, 
under  the  penalty  of  final  banishment  from  the  district, '  Under  these  laws 
( ieorge  Uu4pas  and  David  Reiae  had  their  ears  cutoff  for  stealing  cattle. 
Wriifd'.^  Biij  Bonanaa,  72. 

'  MitryitviUe  Democrat,.  July  26,  1859;  Carson  Valley  Territorial  Enter- 
prw,  July  30,  1859;  Sac  Union,  Sept.  18,  1859;  Kelly's  Nev.  Dir.,  1862,  26-7. 

'"'  In  the  declaration  of  cause  for  separation,  two  principal  evils  were 
Cduiplained  of:  the  usurpation  and  abuse  of  power  by  the  Mormons,  and  the 
danger  to  life  and  property  upon  the  routes  leading  iu  the  Mormon  capitaL 


iiii 


I 
I 


'I 


•i 


88 


SETTLEMENTS. 


:i.,1iji 


!■ 


No  record  has  been  preserved  of  the  election  re- 
turns," but  there  is  evidence  that  the  majority  for  a 
constitution  was  about  four  hundred,  that  Crane  was 
reelected  delegate,  and  that  Isaac  Roop  was  elected 
governor,  although  the  board  of  canvassers  failed  to 
meet  to  canvass  the  votes,  and  the  certificate  of  the 
president  of  the  board,  J.  J.  Musser,  alone  testified 
to  the  result.  The  cause  of  this  sudden  indifference 
to  politics  and  patriotism  will  be  given  in  the  next 
chapter. 

Immediately  after  the  election  the  probate  judge, 
John  S.  Child,"  appointed  by  the  Utah  legislature, 
attempted  to  reestablish  the  authority  of  the  probate 
court  in  Carson  county,  by  giving  notice  of  a  term 
commencing  on  the  12th  of  September,  at  Genoa,  P. 
H.  liovell  clerk ;  but  the  only  business  transacted  at 
the  term  was  the  appointment  of  a  coroner,  W,  P. 
Morrison,  to  sit  upon  the  body  of  John  Buckley,  killed 
in  a  quarrel,  and  the  application  of  Rebecca  A.  Bristol 
for  a  divorce  from  Essie  C.  Bristol,  which  was  granted. 

Judge  Child  made  a  further  effort  to  reorganize  tlic 
county  by  calling  an  election  for  the  8th  of  October, 
first  dividing  the  county  into  ten  precincts.  Out  of 
the  ten,  only  three  opened  any  polls,  and  the  officers 
elected  in  these  refused  to  qualify,  although  their 
commissions  were  forwarded  by  Governor  Cummings, 
successor  of  Governor  Young,  with  his  urgent  advice 
to  them  to  do  so,  and  the  county  continued  to  be 
without  a  proper  corps  of  officers. 

But  if  the  courts  of  Utah  could  not  sustain  their 
authority  against  the  people,  neither  could  the  United 

*'  From  some  partial  returns  it  is  probable  that  the  following  persons  were 
elected;  together  with  the  adoption  of  the  constitution:  Isaac  Konp  governor, 
A.  S.  Dorsey  secretary  of  state,  John  D.  Winters  auditor,  B.  L.  King 
treasurer. 

*"  Child  was  born  in  Vt  in  1825.  At  the  age  of  21  years  he  came  to  tlie 
Pacific  coast  by  sea,  via  Nicaragua.  After  mining  two  years  in  Cal.  he  went 
to  Carson  valley.  In  1859  he  married  A.  E.  Lufkin  of  Placerville,  Cal.,  wlio 
died  in  1873.  He  married,  in  1874,  Kveline  A.  Gilbert  of  Carson  City. 
Child  was  a))pointed  commissiouer  of  Douglas  county,  and  elected  to  the  as< 
Bombly  in  1870. 


orgai 


POLITICAL  MATTERS. 


89 


States  court  properly  administer  the  laws  of  the 
couutr3^  John  Cradlebaugh,  one  of  the  district 
iutlg<-'3  appointed  to  Utah,  was  assigned  to  Carson 
county,  and  arrived  in  the  summer  of  1859  at  Genoa, 
where  the  grand  jury  of  the  second  district  congratu- 
lated hiiu,  in  their  report  of  October  25th,  upon  the 
or'atiization  of  a  court  of  justice,  "under  the  immedi- 
ate protection  of  the  United  States  flag,""  but  they 
had  not  taken  into  account  the  difficulty  of  establish- 
iwy  courts,  against  which  the  laws  "  practised  in  them 
raised  insuperable  obstacles,  controlling,  as  they  did, 
the  marshalships  and  the  juries,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
witnesses.  The  people,  instead  of  welcoming  Judge 
Cradlebaugh,  were  opposed  to  his  holding  court  as  a 
branch  of  the  Utah  government,  and  his  position  be- 
came as  disagreeable  to  him  as  it  was  useless  to  them. 
Ill  October  1860  R.  B.  Flaniken  superseded  Cradle- 
baugh, and  held  his  court  in  Carson  City  until  the 
organization  of  the  territory,  in  the  midst  of  a  rebel- 
lious people,  the  prosecuting  attorney  being  P.  H. 
Clayton." 

All  efforts  to  revive  the  county  organization  had 
fliiled,  but  the  hearts  of  the  patriots  had  not.  A  mis- 
fortune had  befallen  them  in  the  loss  of  their  delegate 
elect.  Crane,  who  died  suddenly  of  heart  disease  on 
the  27th  of  September,  at  Gold  Hill."     An  election 


•''•  Ifiii/es'  Minhtf)  Srraps,  xi.  24-6.  Alfred  James  was  clerk  of  the  court. 
and  (renri,'e  W.  Hepperly  U.  S.  marshal. 

"•Ill  Clarke's  Stiitement,  MS.,  10,  he  mentions  that  the  lawyers  practising 
in  tho  idurts  ((noted  the  laws  of  Utah. 

"Tlie  persons  chosen  at  the  late  election  who  refuse<l  to  (jnalify  were 
C.  H.  Fountain  representative,  W.  C.  Armstrong  and  L.  Drixley  seleotnicn, 
E.  C.  .Morse  sheria,  Henry  Van  Sickle  treasurer,  and  .1.  F.  Long  surveyor. 
Tho  only  legally  constituted  otticers  in  1851)  (H)  were  the  probate  judge  find 
comity  clerk,  road  commissioners,  1).  G.  (Uoyd,  A.  Kinne,  and  James 
White  -the  last  four  already  named,  the  recorder,  S.  A.  Kinsey,  the  sur- 
veyor, P.  0.  Rector;  three  l>eing  appointed  in  the  spring  of  1860. 

'^- Crane  ran  against  Frederick  Dodge,  U.  S.  Indian  agent,  Iwating  him  l>y 
til  Votes.  The  election  was  irregular  on  both  sides.  Crane  was  a  native  of 
V^a,  about  40  years  of  age,  and  a  printer.  He  was  a  well-informed  politiciivn, 
auil  founded  the  Hrst  whig  paper  in  Cal. — the  Cdlifontin  Courier.  After  the 
iliscriitinuance  of  this  journal  he  made  careful  researches  into  tho  Spanish 
records,  arranging  his  knowledge  of  history  in  tlie  form  of  lectures.  Before 
his  researches  were  completed  he  died.  Kdky's  Nns,  Directory,  29-30. 


m 


U.  iJjjl 


90 


SETTLEMENTS. 


:  ; 


m 


m 


for  his  successor  was  held  November  12th,  resulting 
in  the  choice  of  J.  J.  Musser;**  also  an  election  fur 
members  of  the  legislative  assembly,  which  was  ap- 
pointed  to  meet  in  December.  The  vote  for  governor 
was  canvassed ;  Roop  was  declared  elected,  and  duly 
sworn  in  by  F.  M.  Preston,  United  States  commis- 
sioner for  the  second  judicial  district. 

On  the  21st  of  November  the  inhabitants  of  Car- 
son valley  held  another  meeting,  at  which  a  memorial 
to  congress  was  adopted,  asking  for  the  organization 
of  the  territory  of  Nevada.  On  the  1 5th  of  December 
four  members  of  the  legislature  elect  m^t  at  the  house 
of  J.  B.  Blake  of  Genoa,  O.  H.  Pierson*'  speaker, 
H.  S.  Thompson  clerk,  and  J.  H.  McDougal  sergeant- 
at-arms.  Governor  Roop  delivered  his  message, 
some  resolutions  were  passed,  a  committee  appointed 
to  draw  up  a  memorial  to  congress,  and  the  legislature, 
being  without  a  quorum,  was  then  adjourned  to  the 
first  Monday  in  July.  In  his  message  the  govenior 
alluded  to  the  peculiar  condition  of  western  Utah, 
and  the  helplessness  of  the  United  States  judge. 
Cradlcbauijh,  to  administer  the  laws  of  the  countr\ ." 
but  expressed  his  confidence  in  the  justice  of  congress, 
and  in  the  disposition  of  the  people  to  wait  upon  its 
action.  The  administration  of  Governor  Roop  was 
entirely  of  the  negative  kind,  and  corresponded  in  this 
respect  with  the  two  other  governments  exercising  a 
nominal  authority  over  the  country.**  But  the  faith 
of  the  people  in  congressional  interpositiou  was  des- 

*  Musser  left  Carson  for  Washington  city  Dec.  12,  1859,  carrying  a  large 
piece  of  silver  ore  from  the  Ophir  mine  for  the  Washington  monument.  >!>.  /'. 
AUa,  Dec.  12,  1859. 

**Pieri,;r.  came  to  Carson  City  in  18.59,  and  built  the  first  hotel — the  St 
Nicholas — on  the  corner  of  Carson  and  First  streets.  It  was  filled  as  sihui 
as  comnleted.  He  erected  12  other  houses  in  Carson.  A  portion  of  the  town 
was  called  Pierson 's  Addition.   Cargon  Triliune,  Aug  5,  1870. 

**The  court-house  at  Genoa  is  descri1>ed  as  a  building  30  by  60  feet.  U 
storier  high,  in  the  upper  part  of  which  Judge  Cradle1>angh  held  his  tirst 
V.  S.  D.  court,  access  to  it  being  had  by  means  of  a  ladder  from  the  street. 
Later,  stairs  were  built  from  the  sidewalk. 

**The  only  instam-e!*  of  Roop's  official  action  were  in  connectioQ  with  the 
Indian  diilicultiea  uf  184)0,  of  which  I  shall  speak  hereafter. 


n 


tinJ 

turj 

to 

j)re(| 

(leejL 

to  hi 


POLITICAL  MATTERS. 


91 


tinod  to  another  year  of  trial.  Delegate  Musser  re- 
turned from  Washington,  having  done  no  more  than 
to  reiterate  the  appeals  of  his  constituents  and  his 
predecessor,  which  reiteration  may  have  served  to 
deepen  the  impression  already  produced,  and  thereby 
to  hasten  in  some  degree  the  end. 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODR 
1849-1860, 

CONFIODRATION — PlACER   GoLD— EaRLY    MiNINO    IN    GOLD  CaNON— SiLVEB 

Found  bv  tue  Okosch  Brothers — Death  of  the  Discoverers— Com- 
STOCK,  Old  Virginia,  and  Associates — Johntown  and  (Joi.d  Hii.l 
Claims  and  Locations— Ophir,  .Silver  Citv,  or  VimuNiA  Town - 
Discoveries  Elsewhere — Walsh  and  Wooiiworth-Testino  and 
Skparatino — Introduction    of    Mills— Processes — Descriition    of 

THE  CAUFORKIA,  A  REPRESENTATIVE  MiLL. 


in  t 
sink 
Tru( 

Xci 

and 

nort 

boui 

a  way 

inuf 

iiiili'.s 

know 

times 

Jiahit; 

years 

its  he 


l\ 


The  state  of  Nevada  came  iiito  beinjj  tlirough  the 
discovery  and  development  of  the  Conistt)ck  lode.  No 
doubt  the  corruption  of  the  federal  judiciary  hastened 
the  formation  of  a  state  government.  Nowhere  else 
in  the  annals  of  the  world  do  we  find  a  society  sj)ring- 
ing  up  in  a  desert  wilderness,  so  wholly  dependent  tui 
a  mountain  of  metal,  so  ruled  bv  the  ever-chauirinu: 
vagaries  attending  its  development,  and  which  finally 
attained  the  full  measure  of  a  fair  and  prospc;r()Us 
commonwealth.  Hence  it  is  that  the  history  of  the 
Comstock  lode  is  to  a  great  extent  the  history  of  Ne- 
vada. The  yield  of  this  vast  deposit  aided  greatly  in 
enabling  the  nation  to  resume  specie  payment  after 
the  close  of  the  civil  war. 

The  ranice  of  mountains  in  which  the  great  mineral 
vein  of  western  Utah  was  situated  is  separated  from 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  by  a  continu- 
ous parallel  depression,  which  is  divided  into  tlie 
smaller  valleys  of  the  Truckee,  Washoe,  and  Carson 
rivers.  Irregular  in  outline  and  height,  it  gradually 
slopes  at  the  south  into  the  basin  of  the  Carson,  he- 
coming  more  elevated  farther  south,  where  it  mersjjes 

(92) 


GEOLOCIY. 


98 


on 


in  the  Pine  Nut  range.  Toward  the  west  the  hills 
sink  rapidly  to  the  dctrital  beds  of  the  Washoe  and 
Truckco  valloys,  being  connected  with  the  Sierra 
Nevada  by  two  granite  ridges  crossing  the  northern 
and  southern  extremities  of  Washoe  valley.  To  the 
north  the  range  extends,  with  several  breaks,  to  the 
boundary  of  Oregon,  and  to  the  southeast  it  melts 
away  abruptly  into  the  Carson  valley.  The  culminat- 
in<4  point  of  elevation  is  a  peak  something  over  tliirty 
miles  from  Genoa,  and  eighteen  from  Carson  City, 
known  as  Sun  peak  by  the  earliest  settlers,  and  some- 
times as  Mount  Pleasant  by  subsequent  mining  in- 
luil)itants.  It  was  named  Mount  Davidson'  in  later 
years  by  the  California  state  geologist,  who  ascertained 
its  lu'ight  to  be  7,827  feet. 

Down  from  the  south  side  of  this  peak  runs  a  ravine 
to  the  Carson  river,  a  distance  of  several  miles,  wliich 
is  tlie  Gold  canon  referred  to  in  the  previous  cha[)ter. 
It  obtained  its  name  from  the  fact  that  some  gold 
mining  had  been  carried  on  in  it  ever  since  the  settle- 
ment of  the  valley.  It  comes  quite  down  to  the  im- 
miijjrant  road,  and  consequently  was  well  known  to 
early  passers-by.  Beatie  relates  that  in  1841),  while 
lie  and  one  of  the  Blackburns  were  on  their  first  visit 
to  the  Calif«)rnia  gold  mines,  Abner  Blackburn  occu- 
pied himself  in  prospecting  in  the  lateral  ravines  of 
Carson  valley,  and  discovered  gold  in  this  canon  in 
the  month  of  July,'  but  not  in  quantities  sufficient  to 
cause  a  fever  in  the  blood  of  the  saints.     No  mining 


'  After  Prof.  George  Davidson  of  the  coast  survey — a  fitting  tribute  to  his 
genius. 

■  Firxl  in  Xrvaila,  MS.,  4-5.  Tliere  arc  various  versions  of  tJie  first  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  western  Utah,  hut  none  more  authentic.  See  lirim'ii'n  Min. 
lirxiinnrn,  87;  Vinjinia  City  Orriiteiititl,  in  Domiimlln  Mountniii  Mif^rwjrr, 
-May  14,  18G4;  Sail  Jogi  Mt-rcttry,  A\m\  14,  18U4;  Sar.  Tniiinrript,  Aun.'M 
]HM  (steamer  edition);  i>.  F.  Jhnilil,  July  1,  1850;  M(trii>'>K(i  (r',izitti,S\arch 
2:?,  1878;  ^r>,■.,ftn'il  Trip  (1840).  ]9'20;  Wri>,lu's  Bi;  Bommx,  t-'C;  <lnl,l  IliU 
Er.:  AViri.  Fei..  24.  and  May  18.  1880;  Cal.  fownVr,"  July  23,  18.-|0;  I\t,iln,„n 
Arijm,  .Itine  18,  1880;  S.  F.  Alt-i,  Mav  17.  1880;  Elko  Indefmhul,  May  20, 
an.!  '_>;<,  1880.  Tlw  R>>m  Oazette  of  Feh.  12  1880,  gives  the  date  as  18.51. 
Tli:it  lH"iO  lias  l>een  so  generally  nanic:l  as  the  year  is  due,  prohalily,  to  the 
f:iit  tliiit  the  newspapers  did  not  publish  the  Mormon  discovery  until  miners 
beguu  tu  go  tu  Cal. 


i 


m 


k 


U 


^f 


i: 


94 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODE. 


was  done  by  Beatie's  company,  which  returned  to 
Salt  Lake  the  same  season.  But  on  his  second  visit 
to  California,  Beatie  informed  the  Mormon  com[)any 
in  the  mines  of  the  discovery,  and  subsequently  some 
of  them,  with  immij^rants  from  the  states  on  tlieir 
way  to  California,  stopped  to  mine  for  a  while  in  Gold 
canon.  The  gold  it  produced  was  poor,  bcinjjj  worth 
no  more  than  fourteen  dollars  to  the  ounce ;  but  as 


Cakson  Vallky. 


the  dio^gings  continued  to  yield  a  fair  day's  wages, 
there  were  at  work  generally  in  the  mining  season 
from  one  to  two  hundred  men,  some  of  whom  had 
made  settlements  upon  land  claims  near  by.  But  down 
to  the  period  where  the  last  chapter  ends,  there  had 
never  been  any  marked  recognition  of  western  Utah 
as  a  mining  country. 

Gold  canon  was  the  only  mining  ground  worked  in 
this  district  before  1857,     It  opens  from  the  north- 


GOLD  CAJSON. 


95 


west  near  where  the  Carson  river  turns  rather  abruptly 
to  the  soutliwest.  At  the  distance  of  about  f\>ur 
miles  from  its  mouth  it  forks,  the  middle  branch  of 
three  beinjjj  called  American  Flat  ravine.  Near  the 
head  of  this  ravine  is  a  mound,  which  in  1858  acquired 
the  name  of  Gold  hill,  to  distinj^uish  it  from  (Jold 
canon.  This  hill  is  a  mile  or  more  from  Mount  Da- 
vidson. Coming  from  the  north  side  of  the  mountain 
is  another  largo  ravine,  wliose  head  is  within  a  mile 
of  the  head  of  Gold  canon,  whose  mouth  is  on  the 
Carson  river,  a  few  miles  northeast  of  Gold  canon, 
and  which  was  known  as  Six-mile  canon.  It  had  no 
settlement  at  this  period,  but  at  the  mouth  of  Gold 
canon  was  the  little  town  of  Dayton,  then  known  as 
Chinatown,  from  the  presence  there  of  a  camp  of 
Chinese  employed  in  digging  the  canal  before  men- 
tioned, for  which  Reese  obtained  a  franchise,  and 
which  was  finished  by  Rose.  The  white  inhabitants 
called  the  place  Mineral  rapids,  and  it  never  received 
its  final  christening  until  November  3,  1801,  when  in 
a  [)ui)lic  meeting  this  important  matter  was  decided,* 

About  four  miles  up  the  canon  was  another  camp, 
known  as  Johntown.  Neither  of  these  places  had  a 
dozen  houses  of  any  kind,  the  migratory  habits  of 
tlie  miners  and  the  scarcity  of  timber,  with  the  entire 
absence  of  lumber  in  that  part  of  the  valley,  causing 
them  to  live  in  tents,  which  at  the  end  of  the  season 
were  easily  removed.  Nor  were  there  ever  more 
than  150  or  200  miners  in  Gold  canon  at  one  time 
before  1859. 

That  mysterious  something  which  is  called  fite  by 
pagan,  and  providence  by  Christians,  and  which  like 

Wrljht'a  Bi'j  Bonnnzn,  28-0.  William  Wriglit,  whose  nom  de  phimr  as  a 
po])iiI,ir  writer  on  Nevada  journals  was  Dan  DeQiiille,  was  reporter  on  the  Vir- 
ginia City  Territorinl  Enteiyrine  for  16  years,  and  had  the  liest  facilities  for 
aL'(|uiriiig  liiitorical  facts.  His  hook  is  made  popular  l>y  the  introduction  of 
facL-tious  anecdotes,  and  a  stylo  of  raillery  much  in  vogue  in  writing  of  min- 
inj;  atfairs,  with  no  better  reason  than  that  in  early  times  one  or  two  liumor- 
<ius  journalists  set  the  fashion,  which  few  have  been  able  to  follow  with 
fimiiar  success.  Wright's  book  is,  however,  a  storehouse  of  infornuitiou, 
L't'iurilly  correct,  on  current  events  connected  with  the  mining  liistury  of 
Nevada,  which  gives  it  a  permauuut  valuti  uuioug  my  authuritioa. 


96 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODE. 


fiMi 


■!'|i 


love  and  justice  should  be  painted  with  bandaj^od 
eyes,  with  one  extended  hand  holding  a  crown,  and 
the  otiier  the  emblematic  cap-and-bells,  that  whoevLf 
I)a88ed  under  the  one  or  the  other  should  be  its  pos- 
sible recipient,  held  now  suspended  above  the  mining 
camp  of  Johntown  the  fateful  wreath.  How  it  fell 
wliere  the  cap-and-bells  would  have  been  more  fitting 
let  me  here  relate. 

As  early  as  1849  two  brothers,  E.  Allen  Grosch 
and  Hosea  B.  Grosch  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  sons 
of  a  univcrsalist  preacher,  educated  and  serious- 
minded  young  men,  came  to  the  Pacific  coast  via 
Tampico  and  Mazatlan,  and  engaged  in  mining  in  El 
Dorado  county,  California.  In  1851,  hearing  of  the 
Gold  canon  placers,  they  paid  them  a  visit,  returning 
the  same  season  to  California.  In  1853  they  made 
another  and  longer  visit,  prospecting  in  Carson,  Lake, 
and  Washoe  valleys,  Gold  canon,  and  in  some  of  the 
adjacent  mountains.  In  Gold  canon  they  found  what 
they  called  "carbonate  of  silver,"  which  they  described 
as  a  "dark  gray  mass,  tarnished  probably  by  sulphuric 
acid  in  the  water.  It  resembles  thin  sheet-lead 
broken  very  fine,  and  lead  the  miners  supposed  it  to 
be.  The  ore  we  found  at  the  forks  of  the  canon ;  a 
large  qUartz  vein — at  least,  bowlders  from  a  vein  close 
by  here — shows  itself. .  .  Other  ore  of  silver  we  have 
found  in  the  canon,  and  a  rock  called  black  rock,  very 
abundant,  we  think  contains  silver."  * 

In  1857  the  Grosch  brothers  were  living  in  a  stone 
cabin  in  American  Flat  ravine.  In  their  later  corre- 
spondence with  their  father  they  mentioned  a  mine 
which  had  been  named  the  Frank,  after  a  Mexican 
called  Old  Frank,  an  experienced  miner,  who  corrob- 
orated their  impressions  concerning  the  nature  of 
their  discoveries.  They  spoke  also  of  "  our  monster 
vein,"  and  of  a  "  smaller  but  richer  vein,"  and  "  suits 
of  veins  crossing  the  cation  at  two  other  points."* 

'Letter  to  A.  B.  Grosch,  the  father,  in  1853. 

(This  description  should  fix  the  fact  of  the  discovery  of  the  great  silver 


■li:i: 


THE  GROSCH  BROTHERS. 


97 


Hut  the  (Icvelopmont  of  qllrnr  ,«•  ^' 

'"  "i<Ar  to  obtain  wJiic]  a  'V,         '"'''  ''^'^"'^'^s  capital 
-•^t  of  the  friends  o^lh^^^l'y  ^'^^  j^^nnedTZ 

^"'U'itj,  CaJifornia,  and  partiv  in  n'  -^  '"  ^^^  J^(»rado 
;;v,n,s  not  to  bave  boc./,nucV  n  '"•  ^^^^^^  ^here 
tli^"  autumn  of  1857  fi'"^  '"""^7  m  either   fo,.  ;. 

M  "n  the  Humboldt,  t„  c  o,  T'   •*'"'"  "'  Gravelly 
"":•  ealle,  the  Pio„eer  chl^^''^'^  *"  "Inning  what 

^^-n,  by  wLieiri:fa  7, t::?  tf  *^^^  "--^-  of 

';<0  uere  niuc]i  cast  down       a  1    ^^  ^^I^^^^^ed  aid 

Jfosea  struck  a  pick  in^,     f,  fi^^?"*  «^e  san.e  tinfe 

"Msonn.g  resulted,  and  J.o    ;    j^'  ^''^m  which  blood 

;•  '•    .A  ftiond  ]md.  W    -e  1 7;  '^^  ^d  of  Septent 

I'mnuaryaid;«  and  AU^LTl  '"^'^»t''n>o. offered 

^•"  'U^'noss,  started  about'    ?.     ^- m,^'"  *«  California 

:"'  ^"^  1^^-r  person,  to  cross  the  ^'  '^^  November? 
^^^.;;''  f-iUi,'Iit  in  a  terrible  ^n        !'""""<^«"^s/    Thev 

0.       ,„er  on  the  west  s.^e  titV*f  '-""/P  •"■»  Mexi! 
■i"il  above  the  kneea      A       V      *''<">"  Hs  frozo,,  f„ 

,  .     . ,  *«i^e  oi  Henrv  T  P 


'I''''  . 


98 


THE  COM  STOCK  LOKR. 


Conistnrk/  ft  minor  in  Gold  rafion,  who  nlf»o  livdl 
about  Jolintowii,  und  \nu\  been  in  western  Utah  since 
1H5().  How  niurii  or  liow  Httlc  Coni.st«)ck  knew  of 
tiio  plans  of  the  (Jrosch  i>rothers  previous  to  eoniiii:^ 
into  the  [)ossession  of  their  hooks  and  i)aiters  throu^li 
the  death  of  Allen  (irosrh  is  uncertain  ;  hut  prohaltly 
ho  had  never  heen  admitted  to  their  confidenee  fur- 
ther than  to  enirago  his  services,  and  to  explain  to 
him  what  the  consideration  wouhl  he,*  with  assurances 
of  the  prospective  value  of  the-r  mininj^  claims.  The 
total  disappearance  of  their  hooks  and  papers,  with 
all  the  evidences  of  their  company  and  indiviihial 
ri!j;hts,  is  strong  presumj^tive  evidence  afj^ainst  Coin- 
stock  as  the  person  in  char<^e.  Whatever  knowledujc 
ho  had  he  kept  to  himself,  and  with  e(jual  caro  re- 
moved the  traces  of  their  claims,'*  which  mi^^lit  Iciid 


*  William  Jennings,  in  his  Car/ton  Vnlliif,  MS.,  3,  states  that  f'omstdck 
came  into  tlie  valley  in  IS.TG,  driving  a  thick  of  Kiii'i'|),  l>nt  that  '  tlie  Inili;iin 

fot  mo-it  of  the  sheep.'  C'oni.stcicl<  .says  of  himself  that  his  name  Mas  Hiiiry 
'liomas  I'aige  Comstock,  anil  that  he  was  tlie  son  of  Xoah  Comstock  of  C'livf. 
laiiil,  (Jhio,  anil  was  h(»rn  in  Canaila  in  I8l'0.  He  declareil  tliat  ho  hinl  Ikiii 
in  the  wihlerness  from  chihlhooil  hunting  and  trapiiing,  except  wlien  ho  \v,n 
Berviag  in  the  Blauk  Hawk,  Patriot,  and  Mexican  wars.  His  mind  \v:is  ill 
balanced,  or  if  not  so  natnrally,  he  had  sntfered  so  many  shocks  of  f.ntiuie 
that  the  latt  years  of  his  life  were  hut  thcreconl  of  a  feehle  .stintrL'lc  au:iiii-t 
advancing  dementia.  After  leaving  Nevada,  wiiich  he  did  in  iMi'J  to  (.'n  to 
the  ea-ttern  Oregon  and  idalio  mines,  he  wandered  ahout  in  those  (.oimtiiii 
for  several  years,  and  constructed  a  mad  from  Auhurn  to  IJaker  City,  Oi(i.'uii, 
before  going  to  Boise,  and  finally  going  to  Montana.  He  accomiiaiiicd  tlia 
Bighorn  expediti<m  in  1870,  and  on  his  return.  September  27tli,  when  mar 
Biixeman,  committed  suicide  by  .shooting  himself  in  the  head  with  his  revnlvor. 
Wriiht't  Hi  I  Bomtiizt,  8'2-7;  Silnr  <'if>/  Ximln  TinfH,  Aug.  27,  187'J;  Eiinhi 
Senfiii'l,  -fuly  14,  1875;  a,l>l  IIHI  Xnr:,,  Aug.  :iO,  1875. 

'  .V  writer  in  the  Stir,  [fnimoi  Aug.  17,  1803,  signing  himself  <•♦*••/' 
but  s{)oaking  as  one  who  knows,  says  that  Allen  f  Jrosch  made  a  written  cnii- 
tract  with  Comstock  to  go  into  his  cabin  and  take  charge  of  tlic  '  Hill "  iliiim 
during  his  absence  for  the  winter,  for  whii-i.  ,  !'r\ice  he  was  to  rcciivo  a 
fourtii  interest  in  that  claim;  .said  claim  boin'^'  r.;c  rded  «-ith  a  diagram  aiiil 
marked  by  posts,  the  claim  covering  3,7i>()  feet  nirth  of  the  ledge  win  re  the 
Hr.-b  notice  was  posted,  and  extemling  beyo  'd  '.lie  ravine  on  the  iioitli  .-iile 
of  Virginia  City.  This,  if  true,  would  Cx.t  tlie  locality  and  the  value  ni  the 
Grosch  mines. 

'^Wriglit  says  that  he  Raw  the  old  furnaces  of  the  Orosch  Inntliers 
nnearthed  in  18(50,  they  having  been  covered  up  with  a  foot  of  mud  ainl  .-ami 
from  Oold  ciinon.  They  were  2  in  number,  only  2  or  .S  feet  in  length,  .i  i><"t 
in  height,  and  l.\  feet  in  width.  One  had  been  used  as  a  smelter,  ami  the 
other  as  a  cupel  furnace.  The  remains  of  melting-pots  and  fragments  nf 
cupels  wore  found  in  Jind  about  the  furna<'es:  also  a  large  piece  of  argentifer- 
ous galena,  which  had  doubtless  been  procuretl  a  short  distance  ^vl■^t  I'f 
Silver  City.     After  the  discovery  of  the  furnaces  there  was»  much  scar.h  by 


1 


(JOLI)  DISCOVERIKS.  00 

in  Idontifioation  l\v  oithor  of  tlio  rompanu^s,  or  by  tlio 
lirirs  t»f  tlio  (irosch  hrotlierH.  For  more  than  a  yi-ar 
jii'ti  r  tlu'  (leatli  of  Allen  (Irosrli,  CN)nist(K'k  remained 
ill  (iold  canon,  keepinuj  a  siUnit  watcli  u|»on  the  pro- 
•  -ress  of  discovery,  and  ready  to  pr«jHt  \)y  it.  At  the 
la-t  it  came,  ap  lie  expected." 

ilciurnini;  to  the  lii.story  of  mininiyf  for  jjjold  hy  the 
psidents  of  Johntown:  during  the  summer  of  IS57 
a  iiiniil)er  of  men  from  Gold  canon,  j)ro.specting  in 
Six -mile  canon,  discovered  a  new  field  ahout  a  mile 
lit  low  the  ground  now  occupied  hy  Virginia  City. 
Tlif  gold  was  not  found  in  auriferous  sand  and  gravel, 
hut  in  hlue  clay  so  tough  that  it  had  to  he  dissolved 
to  fit  0  the  metal.  From  $5  to  $13.50,  the  value  of 
aiiounce,  was  a  day's  wages,  and  in  1 858  the  same 
iiiim  IS  returned  to  these  diggings,  puzzletl  to  under- 
stand their  peculiar  features,  hut  satisfied  with  the 
|iay.  AVith  them  came  a  few  others,  who  were  forced 
to  talce  claims  higher  up  the  canon. 

Among  the  newer  coiners  was  James  Fenniniore,  an 
iiitt'!ii|)erate  Virginian,  without  eitlu  r  brains  or  educa- 
tion, wiio  for  some  breach  of  lawful  cticjuette  com- 
mitted elsewhere,  had  found  it  convenient  to  remove 
t»  Carson  valley  in  1851,"  where  he  had  remained 
ever  since,  digging  his  s(^ason's  wages  out  <»f  the  earth 
to  i)our  it  down  his  throat  in  bad  whiskty  during  his 
leisure  months.  When  ho  first  came  to  Carson  valley 
he  calKd  himself  James  Finney,  until  outgrowing  his 
ai»])r('hen.sions,  he  ackmnvledged  his  true  name  to  be 
Fi  niiiirore.  But  although  so  well  supplied  with  ap- 
pellations,'^ he  was  dubbed  by  the  miners  Old  Virginia, 

niiiuTs  in  the  neinhlinrliood  for  the  mine  they  had  been  prospecting,  but  it 
was  Mot  fiiiind.    liij  Bnntiioft,  34. 

"Wriijlit  relates  tliat  Coinstock  obtainoil  the  sobriquet  of  Old  Pancake 
aiiiiiiii;  tlie  miners,  because  he  could  not  tak<>  time  to  make  bread.  '  Kven  as, 
witii  s|ii)()ii  in  hand,  he  stirred  up  his  pancake  l>atter,  it  is  said  that  he  kept 
oiif  fvi'  on  the  top  of  some  distant  peak,  and  was  lost  in  spoculatinns  ia 
ret'iir.l  to  the  wealth  in  gobi  mil  silver  that  might  rest  somewiiere  beneath 
its  rocky  crest.'  Bi<j  Bnmtnvi,  41. 

'•'  It  is  said  that  Fennimore  came  to  Carson  \-alley  with  Reese's  company 
in  IS.")!  as  a  teamster.   T/iOmjiunn  ib  Wfnt'.i  Ifht.  AVc,  .11. 

"  He  is  often  called  Mr  Berry,  ^c  Territorial  Enterprise,  Sept.  24,  1859; 
S.  F.  Alta,  Sept.  28,  1859. 


100 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODE. 


a  sobriquet  significant  of  liis  characteristics  ratlier 
than  of  his  years,  which  really  were  not  yet  hi  the 
Hedino  of  life.  In  company  with  Fenninioro  were 
Petei  O'Kiley,  Patrick  McLaughlin,  Joseph  Kirhv, 
and  Nicholas  Ambrose,  the  latter  not  a  miner,  but  a 
restaurateur.  They  Avorked  contentedly  in  tlieir  new 
claims  through  the  sunnnerof  1858,  returning  to  John- 
town  to  winter.  But  in  January  1859,  durinix  some 
warm  weather,  which  melted  the  snow,  and  gave  plenty 
of  water,  prospecting  in  Gold  canon  was  resumed  l)y 
the  residents  of  Johntown,  and  among  «)ther8,  ])y 
James  Feimimore,  John  Bishop,  and  H.  T.  P.  Coni- 
stoek. 

On  the  29th,  after  further  examination  of  the  mound 
at  the  head  of  the  cafion,  aud  finding  the  prospects 
rich,  tliough  the  gold  was  very  fine,  Comstock,  Fenni- 
more,  Bisliop,  and  others  staked  ott'  claims,  and  calKd 
the  place  Gold  Hill.  In  connection  with  their  claims. 
Fcnnimore  discovered  and  claimed  a  spring  of  wutc  r. 
which  could  be  brought  to  their  o;round.  Several  Io'j: 
houses  were  soon  erected  at  Gold  Hill,  whicli  became 
the  centre  of  the  mineral  region,  the  miners  in  Six- 
mile  cafKm,  who  had  worked  t«j  within  a  mile  or  two 
on  the  north  side,  making  it  their  headijuarters. 

Although  the  gravel  in  which  the  (iold  canon 
miners  were  now  workimjf  was  evidently  decomiiosKJ 
quartz,  and  almost  black  in  color,  no  one  appears  to 
have  guessed  the  secret  of  it  at  this  period.'*  Tlio 
miners  also  in  Six-mile  canon  conthiued  to  work  tlicir 
claims,  which,  as  they  advanced  toward  the  head,  be- 
came darker  in  color.  Early  in  June,  being  short  of 
water,  they  excavated  a  small  reservoir  a  short  dis- 
tance above  their  claims,  in  which  to  collect  it  fnun  a 

**  Jainea  Thompson,  a  Norwegian,  who  carried  tlic  mail  from  Carsdii  val- 
ley to  California  on  snow-shoes,  used  to  bring  specimens  to  Frank  Stewart, 
geologist,  connected  with  the  Plnrerville  Olmrrrrr.  Among  others,  in  tlie 
winter  of  ]8.'57-8  lie  lironght  to  Stewart  a  small  package  of  black-ldnkiiig 
rock,  rich  in  gold,  which  he  said  came  from  (J;iid  caflon,  and  the  iiiiiurs 
desired  to  lie  informed  of  its  nature  Stewart  c.iUed  it  Mack  snlplmnt  if 
silver,  containing  gold.  Vinjinia  Entfrprise  in  Stufkton  liidc}>iwlciit,  ,h\\u  10, 
1875.  The  writer  is  evidently  more  than  a  year  too  early  in  his  date,  unlt-bi 
the  package  came  from  Comstock,  and  was  found  in  Groach  s  cabin. 


rivulet 
a  (icpti 
lodlviiig 
stand, 
who  ap 
nioveiiu 
tlio  .spot 
the  JKM'.- 
At   tlie 
tVoiii   w 
claiiru'd 
(Old  V[ 
^[('LaM'4 
found  it 
fornu'd  t 
to   .some 
Joseph  I' 
thoivupDi 
)n;rsi)ijs  V 
to  a  Hrni( 
and  O'liil 
Olio,   and 
whicli    C( 
aLHoed  to, 
sale  of  th 
found.      1 
(>omstock 
interest  ii 
theio  yet 
who  was  I 
that  it  wa; 
haste  to  fi 
i\^dit,  witl 


TilE  DISCOVKUERS. 


lUl 


riviilrt  for  thn  use  of  tlieir  rockers.  On  tlic  10th,  at 
a  depth  of  tour  feot,  they  caiin;  to  a  stratum  of  strange- 
lodkiii;'"  earth,  the  nature  of  wliicli  they  did  not  under- 
stand. It  is  upon  record,  however,  that  Conistock, 
who  appears  to  liave  been  extremely  watchful  of  the 
moveiuents  of  prospectors,  immediately  appeared  upoji 
thi'  .^pot,  with  the  remark,  "  You  have  struck  it,  boys,'"* 
the  jjcrsons  addressed  being  McLaughlin  and  O'liiley. 
At  the  same  time  he  made  known  that  the  spring 
from  which  they  were  conducting  the  water  was 
claimed  bv  himself,  Emanuel  Penrod,  and  Fennimore 
(Old  \^ir:,nnia),  the  latter  owning  but  one  share.  As 
;M('L;i'ighlin  and  O'Riley  tested  their  discovery,  and 
found  it  as  rich  as  it  was  qu(^er,  Comstock  further  in- 
formed them  that  the  ''round  thev  were  on  belonged 
to  some  pcrstnis  then  ubvSent ;  namely,  Fennimore, 
Josi'ph  Kirl)y,  James  White,  and  William  Hart,  and 
thereupon  j)ropt)sed  an  arrangement  by  which  the.se 
jH'rsDiis  were  to  l)e  l)ought  ott",  and  himself  admitted 
to  a  lirm  consisting  of  Penrod.  Comstock,  McLaughlin, 
and  O'Riley.'*  As  the  claim  was  evidently  a  valualde 
one,  and  as  it  could  not  be  worked  withtmt  water, 
which  Comstock  controlled,  the  proposition  was 
iiLHeed  to.  Penrod  was  employed  to  obtain  a  bill  of 
sale  of  the  claimants,  only  three  of  whom  could  be 
found.  To  these  he  paid  .$50  for  their  rights,  and 
(yoinstock  negotiated  the  purchase  of  Fennimore's 
interest  in  the  spring  for  an  old  blind  hor.se.  But 
there  vet  remained  one  of  the  oriufinal  claim-owners, 
who  was  not  .satisfied,  and  Josepli  D.  Winters  seeing 
that  it  was  vieldin-' .^.'500  a  dav  to  the  rock  r,  made 
haste  to  fmd  the  missing  share-owner,  ami  secure  his 
ri'dit,  witliout  iid'tirminiX  him  of  its  value      To  avoid 

■'Tlii.s  (■xi'tiinatioii  lias  Iktii  t;ikiMi  ,as  ])riiof  tliat  Coinstoc'k  know  of  this 
il'liiisit,  (ir  at  least  that  hi-  reougni/.i-il  its  \aiiit!  frinii  kiiowlivl^o  iplitaincd 
fiMni  thd  I'oiitcKtH  iif  tlie  (iriisch  ea^ill,  siu'h  ktmwh'dj;!'  imt  li('iii>^  jiossis^t'il 
liy  tiir  (ithor  luiiiiTs.  If  this  were  triio,  liu  actuil  witii  I'onMUiuiiiatt;  tact 
tlir.iiigiKmt  th(!  wlioli;  .sul)s<'i(iuMit  iiroow-clini^s, 

'■^  linnk  ,/  />,,,/.*  <'/  til  Whit'  iiii'l  "■  •)>liii  dronwh  by  Cteorj^f!  Wells,  MS., 
i      In  this  iloeiiiiU'Ht  it  is  sfateil  ti... .     ulicy  al-io  Imsied  theiiiselvvM  that  clay 

til  HcMiri'  tlie  siirfa laiiiK  |>reviiiudy  liea'e  1.'     This  iiiamiseri|)t  is  a  history 

of  thu  (ireat  Buiiaii/a,  from  uvnleuce  fouinl  in  searching  for  title. 


i! 


102 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODE. 


; ! 


litigation.  Winters  was  admitted  as  a  partner,  after 
the  lode  was  discovered  upon  which  the  fame  of  the 
state  of  Nevada  was  so  soon  to  be  built. 

For  only  about  one  week  did  the  claim  continue  to 
pa}'^  in  the  rich  decomposed  ore,  of  which  the  niintrs 
were  ignorantly  throwing  away  the  greater  part  of 
the  value,"  when  the  miners  came,  on  the  lltli  of 
June,  to  a  solid  ledge  four  feet  in  width,  which  Pen- 
rod  declared  to  be  a  quartz  vein,  but  which  Comstuck 
at  first  denied,  and  finally  admitted,  the  other  two 
partners  still  assenting  and  objcctuig  to  "  locating  "  as 
such.  Penrod  and  Comstock,  however,  prevail*  d, 
giving  notice  of  their  claims,  which  included  1,500  foot 
on  the  ledge — 300  for  each  man  in  the  company,  aiicl 
300  additional  for  the  discoverer,  according  to  the 
mininor  laws  in  California."  Comstock  claimed  100 
feet  to  be  segre»j[atcd  to  himself  and  Penrod,  where- 
ever  he  should  chose  in  the  company's  claim,  in  con- 
sideration of  their  services  in  securing  O'Riley's  and 
McLauglilin's  claims  to  them  by  including  them  in 
the  location.  This  segregated  claim  became  the 
famous  jMexican,  from  which  millions  of  dollars  nv(  re 
taken.  By  these  methods,  without  ever  having  (hs- 
covered  anything,  and  always  claiming  evcrvtliinL;', 
by  nmch  loud  talking  and  a  display  of  stolen  knowh 
edge — for  the  hints  obtained  fiom  the  pa[ier.s  df 
the  Grosch  brothers,  never  before  well  understoixl, 
now  enabled  him  to  discourse  with  a  show  of 
learning — Comstock  caused  })eople  to  talk  al»out  the 
Comstock  lode.  Many  located  claims  u[)on  it.  The 
ore  was  sent  to  California  to  be  assayed,  and  with 
the  astonishing  returns  came  hordes  of  new  adveii- 

•'  Assays  from  the  top  of  this  iiiiiie  (tlio  Ophir)  yiolilcd  .*!1,.'>!).")  in  goM  anJ 
$t,7'.tl  silvor.  ,S'.  /''.  Al/'i,  Nov.  10,  1859;  .V.  Pur.  J{,ri,w,  i.  UO-ol;  nhk''-! 
Jfcrhir,  in  .Uh).  M't<i.,  ISOO,  'J'-'l-n. 

^"Jlitlrirs  Unwi-llU-  of  MiniiKj,  1S4.  In  Will's  Bm^k  n/ /Jw/x,  MS.,  it 
is  said  that  thu  puhlio  iia'cting  ineiitioiu'il  in  the  jirevions  chapter  was  c  illiil 
l>y  Comstock  anil  assouiatcn  tlio  day  after  tlioir  iliscovery,  ami  before  it  was 
made  known,  in  order  to  indueo  tlio  miners  to  pass  laws  and  rei,'ul.i!iiiiu 
which  would  enalile  tliem  to  hohl  (piai't/  claim i.  Ihis  is  an  error,  as  it  «:is 
not  known  to  he  a  quartz  claim  until  about  tlie  17th,  and  the  nieetiu;,'  wi" 
held  on  the  11th. 


ture 

\V  fSt 

fame 

the  f 
( 'Ity, 
claim 
rccor 
Fcnii 

of    th 

lead, 
An 
apjX'u: 
C'uii'v 
hut  oi 
liave 
OtJ 
cover« 


CLAIMS  LOCATED. 


108 


turors,   who   quickly  converted  the  quiet  haunts  of 
western  Utah  into  roaring  mining  camps.     Sucli  is 

taiiii'. 

rtMirod,  Conistock,  &  Co.,  this  beliig  tlie  name  of 
tlio  hrni  in  Book  A  of  the  mining  records  of  Virginia 
( 'itv,  called  their  mine  the  Ophir,  and  it  was  the  first 
cliiini  recorded  on  this  lode,  but  it  was  not  the  first 
ivconled  in  western  Utah.  On  the  2"Jd  of  February 
Ft  uniniore  located  a  claim  on  a  large  vein  lying  west 
of  the  Comstock,  which  came  to  be  called  the  Virginia 
lead,  after  the  nickname  of  the  claimant. 

Among  the  "notices"  recorded  at  Virginia  City 
a]ii>car.s  nno  of  a  location  made  May  12,  1851),  by  A. 
Cuiiy.  J.  E.  Clark,  H.  F.  Clark,  and  C.  W.  Curry, 
hut  on  \vh?.v  vein  is  not  stated,  though  it  could  not 
have  )  •..el),  'h-   Comstt)ck  at  that  date."^" 

OtJi'  !"  v.'u  ,  both  placer  and  quartz,  had  been  dis- 
covered I'l  diifcrcnt  parts  of  what  is  now  Nevada, 
previous  to  any  locations  in  Carson  valley.  As  early 
as  184'J  an  innnigrant  named  Hardin,  while  hunting 
with  two  other  men,  discovered  silver  in  the  Black 
Hock  range,  in  the  Humboldt  country,  one  anil  a 
half  miles  fnmi  Hardinville."     In  1857  quartz  mines 

"'riiprri  are  many  wlio  speak  of  OLl  Virginia  as  tlie  di.scoverer  of  tlio 
Comstdfk,  liut  without  sliailow  of  truth.  1 ;  .■'.pi)ears  prohalile  that  his  claim 
oil  another  larj^o  load,  ahove  nu'iitiouud,  '^avo  rise  to  tiie  heliof.  It  wa.s  at 
one  tiiiiti  tiiiiujiiit  hy  some  to  he  tlio  iiiotliiT  loile  of  the  range,  as  the  Com- 
stoik  a[ipeari(l  to  dip  tovvaid  it.  Tlie  purt'hasc.'rs  of  FL'iiiiimore's  claim  hcgaii 
a.suit  au'aiiist  the  Ophir  vompaiiy  ..  i-  'rtiiig  that  they  wore  on  the  Icail  located 
iiy  I'cimiiiiore.  Ihe  Ophir  '■•iDii-uiv  tiiially  paid  .StiO.OOO  to  «]iiict  title. 
Wrhjiit's  li'-i  HoiiaiiZ'i,  aU  t.  i'lii^  \ids  juMl'alify  the  'monster  vein  '  of  the 
Oi'(),c!i  iirotlicrs.     Account ',  varyir  :  accordiui,'  to  recollection  or  prejudice, 


aluniiKJ  of  the  disc()VL<'y  (•:'  sdvi  r 
1^77,  7'J;  Briiini<''.i  Mill  1:  mu  ■■■•<■' 
Miaiwi  Ji'cv.,  l>S7t>,  11-12,  ^-r.  ///.■ 
S'li.  J'liii:,    IMiti,  app.    (,    !^  '20; 


;i;  Wevada.     Instance  J/ai-jxr'n  Miri/.,  .lune, 

•2 ■-;«■),  t<7-S;  Knnj-'-i  Cw/>r;irn}nitl,  !»4   101. 

,  i{)"}<,  1.  'Jlil  (■>.   Mth  cong.  1st  sess. ;   Xi  r. 

.\''e.<r     Jfiiniioii  Shition,    ^IS.,    It;  Jiniiiii'jH 


('■ir.snu  V'nl'i/,  MS.,  ;i-4;  COirk-.t  J.  \  .)-■)■/,  MS.,  I'J;  Mii,.  M'l;/.,  ISIiO.  i.  :i."); 
Birl«'rs  W'^cmShit-n,  A''M);  Oiiz/ii!/'.i  i'ar.  Monthly,  3'k-AO;  Wcntirn  Monthly, 
'I'M  A\;  B'lUe  ycwa,  March  '),  18(54. 

■"  Lciu'f.i from  (in  oU  Bunk  o/' C'tnistork  F.nrntionx,  in  Vir'/hii'i  Viti/  Erininij 
Chronirl,;  Aug.  .so,  1878;  Ooli/  Hill  AV- .  .V- »•.<.  Apr.  10,  1880.  this  early 
record  shows  evidences  of  altered  dates  in  more  tlian  this  instance. 

•'  lianlin  hroughl  specimens  to  Cal.;  Imt  the  Indians  being  tro\d)lesonie, 
ndtiiiiii,'  cnuld  lie  done  until  1S.")8,  when  he  revisited  that  region  with  Alliert 
K.  .luiiiison  and  others.  They  failed  to  lind  the  spot,  and  on  the  foilnwing 
vriir  he  reiicated  the  .seari  .  with  like  result.  In  18(10  several  hundred  pros- 
ln.'(.tui'!j  Viuix  looking  for   J.,  \i)ii  iniue,  L'ut  their  search  was  interrupted  by 


!'f 


104 


THE  COMSTOCK   LODE. 


were  discovered  in  the  .Reese  river  country,  eighteen 
miles  from  Kingston  springs,  on  the  /oad  to  Salt 
Lake.  A  San  Francisco  company  purchased  tlie 
Arniagosa  mine,  and  sending  out  an  expcnsi'.  e  mill, 
soon  sunk  themselves  in  debt.  The  mill  remained  tor 
some  months  with  a  guard  of  a  few  mcti,  wiion  down 
upon  it  swooped  a  band  of  Piutes,  and  both  guard 
and  mill  were  destroyed,  which  ended  Reese  river 
minim;  for  the  time. 

The  Potosi  silver  mines,  situated  eighteen  miles 
from  Las  Vegas,  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of 
western  Utah,  were  discovered  by  the  ^lornious 
about  the  time  the  Reese  river  mines  were  found. 
Believing  them  to  be  !•  ad,  Brigham  Young  sent  a 
party  of  miners  to  wi  'i<  them,  in  anticipation  fif 
the  war  with  the  Unitv  ^)tates  troops,  but  the 
product  proved  too  hard  foi  bullets,  and  the  mints 
were  abandoned.'' 

About  the  same  time  the  silver  mines  of  the  dis- 
trict lying  at  the  head  of  Walker  river,  in  what  was 
lat<.'r  Moncj  count}',  California,  but  which  was  then 
claimed  as  a  part  of  we.'^tern  Utah,  were  beginning 
to  attract  attention,  and  in  1851)  were  well  known. 
Rich  diggings  were  also  reported  in  the  Truckec  val- 
ley. But  the  principal  interest  centred  in  the  so- 
called  Washoe  mines,  another  misnomer,  not  s» 
easily  accounted  for  as  the  first,  since  there  were  no 
mines  in  the  Washoe  valley,"  wlujse  name  wa.s  ap[)lied 

Indian  hostilities.  Late  in  IStJ.l,  liowever,  Jamison  discovcreil  rich  iirospocu, 
ami  iu  1S(>()  Hanlinville  was  .suttied.  <!?.  /'.  AUt.  Man-li  iMi'.',  ami  Sept.  (J, 
18t5i».      Minini^  in  tluinlxihlt  county  Ix-canic  protitaMe  :>hout  IXW. 

'^^  Afterwanl  8-0,0()()  wa.i  expendeil  on  tlu'se  nlinc^i  liy  <'apt.  Allen,  wlm 
derived  no  henetit  frojii  it,  tliougli  the  wealth  of  tlic  mine  was  uii<|iiestiotnil. 
Assays  made  hy  the  '  camel '  houmlary  line  e.\i»edition  showed  .*.'{.")  jxr  ton  in 
silver.  Tlie  want  of  railroad  transportation  was  the  chief  drawlwck.  ^eo 
Sulli  ii'in's  It'"pt  on  Potnx}. 

*''Tho  name  of  \\'ashoe  mines  has  lioon  derived  from  Washoe  valloy, 
wliicli  ii  some  'i.")  miles  distant  [actual  dist.iiice  I'J  miles],  anil  in  no  wayc^in- 
nected  with  tlie  mines.'  B.  O  ,  in  S.  /•'.  littiiifhi,  (K-t.  1 1,  l.S.V.».  In  the  A'"'/f 
(C'al.)  Ddiii^rnt  is  the  following,  furnished  hy  Frwter,  e.Yprcssniin  lK-t«ii'n 
Nevada  City  and  ("arson  valley:  'Collins  &  Co.,  immigrants,  lin-ated  a  liduc 
ahnut  the  1st  of  Octohcr,  4  miles  from  W.-vslux-  lake,  whicli  assayed  .<t>4<>  |"  r 
ton  in  gold.  Sutxecpiently  a  numher  of  locations  were  made  in  the  v.ill' v. 
and  niiuiug  districts  urgaui^d;  but  thure  is  uuthing  iu  thi^i  tu  accuuut  fur  :Lc 


■% 


IcsttT  f-'iving 
it  IS  \\ritt(ii 
•''i'lii;  Sjin 
pood  fcrtuno 
to  the  l,ir;.'L'  t\ 
"'  lir  'irii'n 
J-^-V),  .Ulnrdil 
J;'!in  S.  Jtiitl, 
Aiiirrisdti,  |>. 
.Ih«|iIi  Curlv. 
')•  .'^iv-iL'e,  \V 
J"!iM  Murpliv 
^-  ■■S^utt,  W." 


EARLY  DEVELOPMENT. 


105 


I  BO- 
S'» 
110 

lied 


to  the  system  of  mines  on  the  great  silver  lode,  and 
all  tliG  roj^jion  thereabout,  until  the  name  became  as 
wi(l<  Iv  known  as  Conistock's. 

The  discovery  of  dig<j;ings  j'ielding  several  hundred 
dollars  a  day  caused  from  the  first  a  fever  of  excite- 
iiu'Dt,  the  existence  of  a  valuable  lode  beneath  being 
to  most  ])ersons  a  matter  of  doubt  and  of  secondary 
importance.  Locations  of  quartz  were  made,  because 
it  lould  do  no  liarm,  so  long  as  the  same  results  were 
ohtaiiied  on  the  surface.  Miners  from  California 
hastened  over  the  mountains  to  secure  claims.  Soon 
tlio  whole  country  was  covered  with  prospectors.  By 
till' time  the  ore  had  been  further  assayed  by  com- 
pe^nt  mineralogists,  and  pronounr-ed  to  be  richer  in 
silver  liian  in  gold,  all  the  ground  o.  the  Comstock 
had  been  taken  up  for  the  gold  known  to  be  present. 

The  Ophir  company  proceeded  at  once  to  make  a 
]irartical  test,  and  in  f)rdcr  to  be  able  to  do  so,  ad- 
iiiitted  a  sixth  partner,  J.  A.  Osburn,  who  with  J.  D. 
Winters  aufreed  to  construct  two  arastras  worth  $75 
each,  and  furnish  the  horses  or  mules  to  propel  them, 
the  proceeds  of  tlie  mine  on  working  to  be  equally 
(liviiled  between  the  six  owners,  anv  memlxn'  o^  the 
company  to  have  the  preference  should  one  or  more 
desire  to  sell.  In  a  few  months  not  one  of  the  orig- 
inal owners  of  this  pioneer  bonanza"  firm  owned  any- 
tliiii'4  on  the  Com;itock,  while  more  than  a  hundred 
otlu'rs  had  claims  there." 

Among  the  fir.st,  if  not  quite  the  first  Californians 
to  arrive  at  tiie  new  mines   were   James  Walsh  and 

Irswr  pivinj;  its  name  to  the  greater.  In  sf>inc  of  tlie  earLer  Mormon  records 
it  i.s  writtiii  \\'assa\v. 

''TIk!  Sjiaiii'*!!  wonl  Imnnizn,  sifjiiifyiii^;  pros]n'rity,  fair  weatlior  at  sea, 
good  fortiiiio  ill  mining,  was  introiluceJ  liy  tlio  Muxiuans,  auil  licre  applied 
to  tlic  larjio  lines. 

'■' lir 'irii's  Mill.  Re.tnnrcex,  88-9.  Tlie  names  of  locators  up  to  Sept.  1, 
l*'.")!',  act'onlini;  to  tiie  reconl,  are  asfuUows:  Thomas  Winters.  James  Welilier, 
J.lm  S.  IJiitkr,  <;.  F.  Rogers,  .lolin  Hisliop,  M.  L.  I'ow.ll.  F.  Leary.  V.'.  P. 
Ai.irris.m.  \\  T.  Ileally,  H.  .lolinson,  H.  H.  (amp.  A.  ;:.  Hiuiiack.  \.  White, 
.liKijih  ( 'inly.  W.  Henderson,  .laiiu's  Finney.  Jnhn  l5>Try.  Jj.  ('.  Savage,  .■\. 
0.  .^iv-iL'f.  \\.  Sturtevant,  < '.  C^ia-e,  U.  ('rail.  I>.  .Mifrnather.  L.  S.  Uowors, 
JdIhi  Miirpliy.  .lames  Lee.  .lames  I'tu'lianan.  \\m-  Fielii,  .\.  I'ower,  Kiiliraim 
U.  Jicutt,  \V.  W.  Capen,  F.  McNeil,  ( lei  rge  (_'.  Koscubakcr,  Jolm  Carter,  A. 


W0'': 


li 


M' 


II  if 

h  I 


m 


m 


Mi 


1 1 


106 


THE  COMSTOCK    LOEE. 


Joseph  Woodwortli  of  Grass  Valley.  Walsh  liad 
procured  an  assay  of  a  piece  of  the  ore  from  the 
Opliir  early  in  Jul}^  and  immediately  started  witli 
Woodwortli  to  ins[»ect  it.  The  result  of  the  exuui- 
iiiation  was  that  on  the  1  2th  of  August  Walsh  othrcd 
and  Comstock  accepted  $11,000  for  his  one-sixth  in- 
terest in  the  Ophir  mine,  which  was  exclusive  of  the 
100  feet  owned  hy  Pen  rod  and  Comstock  in  the  niiiist 
of  the  claim."  The  transfer  from  Comstock  convex cd 
also  "one  undivided  half  of  200  feet  of  mininjiirrouiKl 
being  worked  b}'  the  California  company  at  the  pns- 
ent  time  under  an  agreement  made  with  me,"  besidi  s 
certain  claims  in  Six-mile  canon  known  as  the  Cald- 
well claims,  one  half  of  the  spring  before  mentioned, 
and  "  also  mv  recorded  title  to  a  ranch,  on  which  tlie 
aforesaid  village  of  Ophir  is  h)catcd."  "  In  Septoiii- 
bcr  McLaughlin  sold  his  interest  in  the  company's 

Bell,  S.  r.  Kaudall,  U.  Guinness,  S.  Stoyle,  (1.  A.  McBrido.  J.  McConiull. 
T.  A.  Ri'id,  L.  S.  Piokeriiig,  II.  Baco-i,  E.  T.  >'artin.  A.  K.  Jenkins.  S.  s 
I'enry,  J.  S.  Crensliaw,  l',..irlo.s  ^^  iiitciicatl,  David  El)augli,  Ellen  Cowaii. 
IJenjaniin  Calioon,  .1.  E.  Sniiire,  Edwin  ('.  Mi)r.se,  M.  Benhani,  N.  IVariiiaii. 
W.  Ross,  1).  li.  L<iyil,  llirain  Eokert,  V.  ('.  Van  Horn,  Alexjuider  (!ilin(i>, 
John  Lowe,  Joscpli  H.  (iardiner,  A.  1$.  t'ole,  Kohert  John.son,  S.  M.  Hi  tiii. 
William  Justice,  I.  W.  Ha.stings,  C.  W.  Heperly,  A.  D.  Allen,  Williaii. 
Pratt,  John  Havens,  A.  Tliornton.  John  Correr,  W.  B.  Boyden,  A.  Loviwill, 
E.  Scott,  Melville  Atwood,  A.  Delano,  W.  K.  Siiencer,  y\.  H.  Walsh,  Itiiliaii 
Tihhals,  Joseph  Woodwortli,  A.  E.  Head,  W.  P.  Morrison,  M.  >S.  Powtis. 
W.  W.  Cai-erton,  Jo.seph  Wchb,  A.  Kichar.l.  R.  Wilkins.  W.  (iill,  1.  I.  Cn 
lin,  G.  Wilson,  Nicholas  Mellon,  1).  H.  Rule,  Fred  Miller.  CI.  W.  Auil'ii. 
Edward  Connor,  T.  J.  Atchison,  H.  -Tacohs,  1).  F.  McNeil.  E.  Beklirr.  Jcl.ii 
Blacklmrn,  (Jeo.  .Stead,  Tlioina.s  Stead,  Arthur  E.  McHugh,  John  ISi-uliiii. 
S.  P.  Lord,  John  Vitriiot,  Stephen  Wood.  John  Black,  D.  l).  Rice,  ,1.  W. 
Rice,  1.  W.  Rice,  I.  (ireen,  L.  (Jreen.  Eil  R.  Bucklin,  T.  1'.  Mallone,  Xclsdii 
Brol)rant,  Michael  Dah^y,  Micliael  (  looiia,  <:.  S.  Fisher,  (!.  H.  Ingersull,  (;. 
Kenny,  E.  Payne,  F.  Eiiton.  John  Becke-,  M.  B.  Thompson,  I).  ,S.  BlaiKlin.,', 
Cook,  (J.  A.  Whitney,  J.  Spitzer,  James  Corey,  William  Vauglin.  The  lift 
is  not  complete,  owing  to  the  wear  to  which  the  book  of  record  has  been 
subjected,  having  rendered  some  names  undecipherable. 

^^  la  October  Walsh  and  Woodwortli  tshippe<l  l'J,000  pounds  of  <irc,  am! 
the  Central  Mining  Company  IJ.tMWponnds.  About  150  persons  arrived  fnun 
Downievillo  during  the  last  week  of  the  numth.  S.  F.  Attn,  Oct.  31,  l^."''.'. 

^'In  the  contract  it  is  said  that  tlie  three  owner.*  of  the  mine  M-crc  diily 
entitled  to  use  the  water  go  long  as  they  continue  to  own  iu  the  imiie, 
Wriijht's  Bin  Boninizn,  73. 

^^  Wlietiier  this  claim  of  Comstock 's  to  100  acres  of  Land  on  which  Vir- 

§inia  City  was  erected,  with  the  water  supply,  waa  bona  fide  is  open  to 
oubt.  In  a  communication  written  for  the  pul)lic  press  a  short  time  licforo 
his  death,  and  when  his  mind  wandered,  lie  assertctl  that  he  used  to  raisi'  ail 
his  potatoes  and  vegetaldes  on  it,  hiring  Indians  to  do  the  work.  In  the  same 
letter  to  the  public  he  states  that  Kiley  and  McLaughliu  were  working  fu; 


TRANSFERS  OF  CLAIMS. 


107 


mill.'  for  .^r..500  ;  Oslmrn  sold  for  87,000  ;  O'lvilcy, 
V  ii<»  was  tlio  last  to  sell,  received  $40,000— all  beiiiL; 
v,-v\\  satistiud  with  the  prices  ohtaiiied.  California 
iiiiixis  knew  nothing  about  silver-mining,  expected 
tlitir  claims  to  be  worke<l  out  in  a  few  months,  and 
wore  pleased  to  part  with  them  lor  a  few  thousand 
dollars.  In  Xovember  Penrod  sold  his  share  in  the 
100  feet  segregated  to  (jrabriel  jMaldonado,  a  Mexi- 
can, for  8:{,000."  He  had  already  sold  his  interest  in 
the  cnni[)any  mine  for  $r),r)00  to  prevent  being,  in 
iniiiiiig  plirase,  "  frozen  out,"  by  the  threatened  erec- 
tion of  a  costly  mill,  and  the  consecjuent  assessments. 
The  claim  in  which  Maldonado  had  purchased  a 
liaU'-iiiterest  was  called  the  ^Texican.  John  H.  Atch- 
ison also  obtained  a    share   eijual  to   one-eighth  "**  in 


liiiii  whoii  0]«l)ir  was  ilisoovorcil,  .luil  that  lie  gave  the  other  inoinhers  of  the 
cDiiiii.iiiy  tlieir  claims;  also,  that  he  loi-ated  the  Savaj;e  ainl  (imilil  ami  (  urry, 
aiiil  ouiumI  the  Hale  ami  Nuivross  ainl  the  (iriiicijial  part  of  (!<ilil  Hill,  gixiii;^ 
cl.iiiiis  to  Sandy  Rowers,  William  Kiiii;ht,  ami  Joe  I'lato.  He  eiitertaiiitil 
tin;  iilc;;,  of  liriiigiiig  suit  toreeoVLT  all  these  properties,  of  which  he  iiiiajiiiieil 
liiiii^clt  (lo|iriveil.  That  he  <liil  set  up  a  claim  to  tlie  groiiiid  oi\  which  Vir- 
p  Ilia  is  located  at  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  O'Riley  and  .McLaughlin, 
i.isiiig  liis  riglit  iipriii  the  fact  of  having  paid  a  Mexican  soinetliing  for  the 
sjiriiig  claim,  seems  to  l>o  ciirrnlxirated  liy  other  circiini-itances,  and  dues  not 
sci'iii  to  have  liecn  ilisputcil;  l.ut  all  his  right  to  the  land  was  cunveycd  to 
W.iUh.  There  is  no  record  in  existenct!  showing  C'onistock's  claim,  and  at 
t'.w  lii'-t  he  could  have  hail  only  a  sipiatters  title. 

•'■'  It  is  interesting  to  followtho  sulisec|iieut  histories  of  these  sports  of  for- 
tune. C'oMi-itock  engaged  in  merchandising  in  Carson  City.  He  liad  married 
t  le  wife  of  a  Mormon  m  regiihir  orthodox  fashion  licfore  a  gentile  pre.iclicr  in 
\V,iOioe  valley.  Rut  she  ran  away  froni  him,  a-i  she  hail  t'nun  her  first  lin-i- 
hiii'l;  and  alter  many  inetl'ectual  attempts  to  hind  her  to  him  indissolulily,  he 
all  iwc  1  lur  to  go  her  way.  He  .soon  failed  in  his  mercantile  venture,  aiicl 
li  i.iilv  eiiilcd  hi.s  life,  as  I  have  said,  in  Montana  l>y  suicide.  O  Kihy 
received  a  coiisiilerahlc  fortune  for  his  interest,  ami  erected  a  stone  hotil  in 
\'iru'!iiia  City  with  a  portion  of  it.  He  then  indulged  iu  stoekgamMing.  jiiiil 
soon  was  forced  to  resort  to  pick  and  ]iaii  for  a  living,  l^ike  most  illitcr.ire 
jicrioiis  who  iiave  lost  money,  he  hecame  extremely  superstitions,  aii<l  tinally 
iii-^;iiic,  dying  in  a  private  asyhiin  at  Woodhridgi",  Cal.,  ahout  1S74.      Mc- 

Lniiihliu  soon  sjient  the  little  lie  received,  and  in  1S7.">  was  eugugeil  .-is  i k 

at  tiic  lirei'ii  iiiiiie  ill  San  Reriiardino  co. ,  Cal.  I'eiirod  also  soon  1mi  ainc  a 
]iour  man,  living  at  Klko,  Xev.  Oshnrii  went  east;  and  Winters  to  Cil., 
where  lie  was  no  hetter  off  than  the  others. 

■^I'enrod  says  that  while  the  original  company  still  held  the  0)>liir,  a 
tiinat  was  iiunle  to  change  the  mining  regulations,  and  reduce  the  w  idtl.  of 
a  ciiiiii  to  IJtK)  feet.  I'mler  this  a|>]irelieiision  the  company  eai'h  selected  a 
iiriii  to  whom  wasileeded  fifty  feel  otF  the  north  end  of  Ophir,  thus  voluntarilv 
1  iiiitiiig  their  ground  to  L'JOi)  feet.  This  :{(K)  fe<a  was  afterward  called  the 
.\tcliisoii.  Some  of  the  ground  was  recoverecl  siihseiiuently.  'I  lie  mining 
law  was  changeil  in  the  Virginia  district  Scptemher  14.  IS.T.t,  the  first  article 
rca'liiig,  'AH  tpiart/.  claiius  hereafter  located  shall  be  -00  feet  on  the  lead, 


Jiikiiliitiid 


f '.■  I 


'l^' 


■  \ 


108 


TlIK  (.'OMSTOCK   LODE. 


tliis  mine."  Buvin<x  and  sellinuc  were  of  daily  occur- 
rence.  Bc'ft)rc'  tlio  i-iid  of  the  year  there  were  four 
tliousjind  |K'oplo  in  Carson  and  the  adjacent  sniall 
vilhiLj«s.  wheru  in  June  there  were  liardly  so  ni;niv 
Innuh't-ds.  A  town  spraiii^  u})  ahout  the  ()j>liir  mine. 
whieh,  as  I  have  just  shown,  was  first  called  after  tlic 
mine.  It  was  afterward  named  Silver  City  by  Coni- 
.stoek.  but  by  a  drunken  whim  of  Fennimore's  became. 
in  Octolter.  \'ir;j;inia  Town,  after  himself  ^^  A  moiitli 
later,  nt  which  time  it  hail  eight  stone  houses,  it  was 
]»ro|)o.sed  to  call  the  place  Winnemucca,  after  the 
Piute  ehii-ftain  of  that  name  ;  but  the  idea  being  un- 
popular, \'irginia  City  was  finally  adopted. 

The  impoitanee  of  tlie  new  town  was  at  once  p;M-- 
ceivetl.'^  and  it  was  spoken  of  with  respect  as  "tlic 
mo.st  important  town  in  the  newly  discovered  dig- 
gings," evi-n  at  this  time.  It  was  described  as  situ- 
ated in  a  "  kind  of  mountain  amphitheatre  leaiHiig 
down  the  eastern  slo})e  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  iiitn 
Car.son  valley,"  distant  fifteen  miles  from  Carson 
City,  six  from  Steamboat  springs,  and  102  frt>m  Sac 
ramento.  A  hundred  miners  were  at  work,  and 
fjuartz  was  being  broken  in  fifteen  arraatras.  There 
was  no  hotel,  and  only  one  restaurant,  where  half  a 
dozen  persons  at  a  time  could  be  supi)lied  with  jioor 
meals  at  seventv-five  ci'nts.  Travellers  found  lod'j 
in«j:s  bv  sDreadiu''  their  blankets  on  the  east  flank  ot 

incluilinj:  all  its  ilijis  mill  angles.'  Hut  this  rcijulation  <litl  not  affect  titlus 
alrea.ly  ;io|iiire'l  t.>  'Mi  fi'i-t.    /li>t>ir  ■  //awl-Ilini-  „/  Mitiiifj,  I!H). 

-'  It  wan  from  this  ))art  of  tlu'  iiriifiiial  ^rouiiil  that  the  first  ore  was 
tclkt-n.     Vir jiiil'i  I'lii'ii  in  .\fi i:  ilazelt''  tiinl  /'rirr  Ciirniit,  Nov.  17.  ISCif). 

■'- Wriglit.  in  his  liri  BuiiiiiiZh  -S.  "lO.  S+,  <|Uoti's  ("oinstocks  airmiDf : 
'CM  Virtiinia  an<l  tliv  nfjicr  hoys  got  on  a  ilrunk  one  niglit  there,  aiiil  Ol  1 
Viruin'.i  fell  ilnw-n  ami  hrokc  his  liottle,  ami  when  lie  got  up  he  said  lie  Ini.- 
tizeil  that  ground  -hence  Virginia  f'ity.'  Feiininiore,  who  is  niiieli  |)ar.i'lr.l 
l>y  all  the  historians  of  Nevada,  witliout  any  diseoveraMe  reason,  unl<-~  i 
fondness  for  whiskey  may  he  aeeomiti'd  a  distinguished  as  well  as  distiiigui-ii- 
inL'  trait.  Mas  killeil  at  Dayton  in  .Inly  lS(i|.  heing  thrown  from  his  lior-e 
while  intoxi.ated.  and  suffering  a  fracture  of  the  skull. 

*'0.  H.  riiTson  laid  otT  the  town  in  lots  some  time  in  July.  Comst.Hk 
offerin;:  him  the  land  on  which  at  that  t-iiie  John  L.  Itlackhurn  and  one  otl.  r 
man  had  spread  their  teats;  hut  Ormshy  of  ''arson  City,  for  whom  I'iir  'ii 
had  l>een  .•»  clerk  in  IStO  at  Sicraniento.  offered  him  a  comer  lot  in  his  iov^w, 
and  thither  he  went.  C'tmon  Trihunt,  Aug.  1S70, 


Sun  p 

callr.l 

\  icinit 

Me  .lis 

and  w; 

niiniii'. 

drt-r 

(hiring 

in  ''.\ca 

At  ( 

from   tl 

c<|ual  in 

ing  up  ( 

ence  to 

to  coiice 

buy  at  a 

^'I  tiiKl 

of  til.'  <;oiii 

was  really  i 

.lollll     MisllO] 

jpnisueetiiig 

As  tliey  w  el 

the  town  of  ( 

iiew  known 

there  are  son 

try  It.'    The 

out  hy  Virgil 

iiiMiiiiil.  cliscd 

tliey  to,;k  oul 

i'eiiit  raviiii'. 

found  the  Ion 

>iirrtniiided  t 

liriiiiediately 

each  other,  j; 

afterwaril  ,")  o 

Henry  Com-;! 

al)'Hit   Spanis 

.■•taked  out  an 

•Ol  tlie^e 

of  tlieseconi]  1 

Viri.'iiiia  tirit. 

■itioii  ,,f  his  1, 

new  iiieori>om 

I'liiiaii  \-  Co.  I 

>teven>ion  cla 

main  in  i.'  20  fee 

ciirp,, rated  in 

knoWTi  as  the 

for  .*."in  |.,T  for 

Heniiir<on    ar 

year,  in  jiartn 

seturned  to  th 


O0LI>  AND  SILVER. 


109 


I 


Sun  peak,  or  Pleasant  liill,  as  it  was  not  infroquently 
callnl.  The  country  boitig  treeless  in  the  iinnietliato 
\  iciiiitv,  and  the  one  or  two  saw-mills  at  a  eonsiilera- 
1.1c  distance,  lumber  was  worth  $50  per  1,000  feet, 
and  \\;is  scarce  at  any  price,  being  more  valual)lo  for 
iiiiiiini  purposes  than  for  houses.  These  facts  did  not 
dttir  people  from  hurryhig  to  the  new  dii^gings,  and 
(lurint!:  the  severe  whiter  which  followed  many  lived 
ill  excavations  in  the  earth. 

At  (iold  Hill,  which  was  nature's  dump  of  tailings 
tVo:ii  tiie  Comstock  lode,  was  less  ixcittment,  but 
(■(|ual  industry,  aiul  eight  or  ten  arrastras  were  grind- 
ing iii>  quartz  for  the  gold  it  contained,  without  refer- 
ence to  the  silver.  In  truth,  the  Californians  wished 
to  conceal  the  actual  value  of  the  ores  until  they  could 
buy  at  a  low  }>ricc,"     A  few  mule- loads  were  sent  to 

^'1  tiiiil  in  the  Viiyiiii'i  Citi/  Union  of  Oct.  14,  18(53,  the  following  aoi'mmt 
of  tlif  Imi|(I  Hill  iiiiiies  :ui<I  their  first  oivncrs:  '  Late  in  the  fall  of  KS.IS  |it 
w.is  rciilly  ill  .lanu.iry  1S")!>]  four  men,  iiiinieil  James  Finney,  alias  Virginia, 
.liiliii  Hishiip.  alias  Big  Freneh  .lohn,  Aleek  Henderson,  and  Jack  Vount,  Merc 
jirosinTtini;  in  the  vicinity  of  the  iilaee  where  (iold  Hill  is  now  sitnate<l.  .  . 
A-i  till  y  Wire  jiassing  along  the  ridgo  immediately  east  of  the  canon  in  whiih 
the  town  of  (inld  Hill  is  now  loeateil,  Virginia  jiointed  to  the  large  mound. 
Mow  known  as  (Juld  Hill,  and  remarkeil  to  his  comrades,  'Hoys,  1  hel'eve 
tlii-re  are  some  good  diggings  over  there.  In  a  few  davs  Me  will  go  over  and 
tr>  It,'  'riifv  returned,  .  .  .  and  in  a  few  days  went  to  the  mound  jiointed 
out  I'V  Virginia,  as  agreed  upon.  .  .  .  Virginia  in  hunting  arouinl  over  the 
iii.>iiiiil.  discovered  a  iiole  which  had  lieen  made  hy  a  gojiher.  From  this 
tlu'v  tock  out  a  ct>nsiderahle  quantity  of  gold  and  carried  it  down  to  tVown 
I'oiiit  ravine.  .  .  .  All  there  immediately  thought  that  tlu'V  had  at  last 
found  the  long  looked  for  Kl  l)orado,  .  .  .  and  the  hieak  mountain.s  which 
>urroiuidc(l  tliein  echoed  and  reechoed  their  wild  shouts  of  delight.  'I'hey 
iiiiiiudiitely  staked  out  4  claims  of  .")()  feet  each  md  divided  them  among 
each  otlicr.  giving  Virginia,  as  the  discover,  the  first  choice.  A  few  days 
afterward  .")  other  men,  nametl  James  Rogers,  .loseph  I'lato,  Sandy  Howers, 
Ihury  Ci'UHtock,  and  William  Knight,  mIio  had  heen  \m 
.ilioiit  Sp.inish  ravine,  came  down  to  the  newly  discovei 
-takid  out  aufther  claim  of  .")0  feet,  being  10  feet  tt>  each. 

'Oi  tlit<e  4  discoverers,  not  one  owns  a  foot  of  ground  on  Cold  Hill,  an<l 
f>f  thpsc.ond  locators,  only  one  and  the  heirs  of  another  uom  own  an  interest. 
Viri.'iiiia  lir<t  gave  John  Vignot,  alias  Little  French  John,  D  feet  in  consider- 
ition  of  his  having  attended  him  during  a  sjiell  of  sickness.  This  <t  feet  is 
now  iuiorporated  in  the  Logan  and  Holmes  claim,  "i^  then  sold  '1\  feet  to 
liiiL'au  ^^  Co.  for  S.")0  per  foot.  Of  this,  10.\  feet  now  comiinsc  the  Coover  and 
Stcv..n>*on  claim,  and  lOi  feet  the  Lindanor  and  Hirschman  claim.  The  rc- 
inainiuL'  W  feet  he  sold  to  L.  K.  and  J.  W.  Riee.  Of  this,  fij  f^t't  i»  now  i:.- 
(dr|inraficl  in  the  Locan  and  Holmes  claim.  The  remaining  ISj^  feet  i;-<  still 
known  as  the  Rice  claim.  ,Tohn  Bishop  sold  his  claim  to  Logan  and  Holmes 
for  .*."n  per  foot.  Jack  Yount  sold  .TO  feet  to  J.  D.  Winters,  and  20  feet  to 
Hi'iiiJiTson  and  Butler.  Aleck  Henderson  retained  an  interest  until  last 
ypar,  in  jiartnership  with  his  brother  W.  Henderson,  when  he  sold  out  and 
retunu'd  to  tlie  states. 


il 


ting  in  and 
liggings  and 


no 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODE. 


i: 


California  to  lio  tested,  in  the  autumn  of  1859,  and 
the  owners  suspecting  sonietliing  unfair  in  the  returns, 
the  following  s[)ring  put  u[>a  (luantity  of  ore  in  sacks, 
reserving  every  alternate  sack  for  assay  hy  experienci d 
Mexican  miners,  and  found  that  the  ore  tested  in 
California  yielded  hut  ahout  half  as  much  as  that 
assayed  by  the  Mexicans.*"     A  San  Francisco  iirni'° 

'Of  the  .')  later  locators,  Rogers  sold  his  10  feet  to  Mrs  Cowan  (now  Mrs 
Sandy  B.>wers)  for  S«IO()  per  foot.  Tliis,  with  tlio  10  feet  whieii  Sandy  How  its 
owned,  and  still  retains,  form  what  is  now  known  as  the  Bowers  elaini.  (uin. 
stock  sold  to  one  Frink.  This  10  feet  is  now  known  as  the  llaroUl  iV  t'ci. 
claim.  Knigiit's  interest  Mas  solil,  and  also  passed  to  Harold  &  Co.  TliesL' 
'2  interest  are  now  incorporated  in  the  claim  of  the  Empire  Mill  and  Miiiiin,' 
company,  i'lato  died,  hut  his  wife  inlierited  and  still  owns  tiie  10  feet  wliiiii 
he  hicatud.  Finuey,  lalias  Virginia,  I'lato,  and  Rogers  are  now  deacl.  tli'.- 
latter  liaving  committed  suicide  a.  few  months  since.  Bishop  still  lives  alii.ut 
Virginia  .  .  .  Comstock,  immortali/.ed  hy  the  famous  le»,d  in  tiiis  di>trut 
wliicli  ht^ars  his  name,  is  now  iu  the  uurtheru  mines.  ISaudy  Bowers  and  uife 
reside  in  Washoo  county.' 

*'Tlie  process  of  testing  consisted  in  heating  the  rock  to  a  powder  in  a 
mortar,  or  grinding  it  line  on  a  largo  flat  stone  with  a  lesser  stone,  'liie 
pulverized  ore  was  placed  in  a  small  canoe-shaped  ve.  sel,  made  of  a  split  «\- 
Fiorn,  and  carefully  washed  out,  much  in  the  same  manner  in  which  aurilirnin 
gravel  was  worked  iu  a  jiau.  Tlie  gold  w<mld  he  found  lying  in  a  viUow 
streak  at  tlie  Ixittom  of  the  horu.  This  was  a,  very  siniiile  process,  and  any 
miner  could  prospect  his  discovery  of  goM  rock  to  decide  wiiether  it  wmil.! 
p:iy  to  work  it  in  a  mill.  In  testing  for  silver,  acids  were  used.  The  (|u.irtz 
was  pulverize  I  as  in  the  first  instance,  and  the  lighter  matter  wasJu'd  out  m 
the  iiorn.  Tiu?  residuum  was  tlieu  washed  from  the  horn  into  a  mattrass  (i 
tlasli  of  annealed  glass  with  a  narrow  neck  ami  hroiul  hottem).  Xitnc  nid 
was  tlieu  piiureil  in  until  the  matter  to  I>e  tested  was  covered,  wiion  the  t!  i>k 
was  suspeniled  over  a  lamp  and  evaporated  hy  hoiling  until  the  fumes  es- 
caping ciiauged  from  red  to  white.  After  cooling,  tiie  liquid  contents  of  tlie 
tlask  were  poured  otl'  into  a  vial  of  clear,  thin  glass,  called  a  test-tulie.  A 
few  drops  of  a  strong  solution  of  conuiion  salt  were  then  poured  into  the 
vial.  If  the  ore  contained  silver,  the  liipiid  in  the  tuhe  would  take  on  a 
milky  luie  where  the  salt  first  came  iu  contact  with  it,  changing  grailu.illy 
toward  the  hott(»m.  If  much  silver  was  present,  the  niilkj-  matter  forme  1 
little  ropes,  whicii  sank  to  the  hottom  of  tiio  vial.  Muriatic  acid  was  sonie- 
times  used  iu  place  of  salt,  to  produce  tlie  formatioit  of  chloride  of  sIImt. 
To  dispel  all  douhts,  tiie  pros[)ectcir  held  the  test-tuhe  in  the  strong  light  of 
the  sun  for  a  siiort  time,  when  the  chloridi!  wouhl  assume  a  rich  purple  Inic. 
To  reduce  the  chloride  to  a  metallic  state,  it  was  dried  and  placed  in  a  small 
excavation  scoopeil  out  iu  a  piece  of  charcoal,  and  the  llame  of  a  cainUe 
hlown  upou  it  until  it  was  melted,  when  a  hutton  of  pure  silver  would  lie 
formed. 

Chloride  ores  of  silver  could  not  ho  tested  hy  this  process,  1)eing  already  a 
chloride,  hut  had  to  ho  smelted  in  a  crucihle.  Lead  ore  treated  with  nitric 
acid,  as  in  testing  silver,  ])roduccd  a  chloride  somewhat  resemhling  silver, 
hut  more  granular  in  ap[iearance.  It  did  not  turn  purple  in  the  sunliulit, 
and  it  diss.dved  in  20  times  its  hulk  in  water,  whereas  the  chloride  of  silver 
did  not  dissolve  in  any  amount  of  water.  If  cojjper  was  present,  a  pien-  (it 
hright  iron  wire  or  the  blade  of  a  penknife  dipped  m  the  solution  would  show 
a  coating  of  it. 

**Douakl  Davison  &  Co.  Tcrntonal  Entcrprkc  (Genoa),  Oct.  1,  1859. 


I. 


jiurcl 

t..  l-i 

].it 

((iiick 

wliicli 

ai,.l   .] 

run 

next 

t'oiir-s 

][<ilnu 

stcaia 

iiiarin 

I  Ith   it 

lir^t  wl 

the  CdS 

licing  s 

a(l\anc( 

practise 

battt'rv 

f  lur  lioi 

wet  jmx 

tin's  met 

amount 

working 

cliai'god 

per  ton. 


^'S.  F.  A 
tlic  time  of  f 
iiiill  uas  luiil 
atiiaii  hoistiii 
an-astras.  '1 
li:i!leries,  the 
a:iil  liauled  o 
IS  days  to  tl 
wnrk,  niunin 
el  aims  until  { 
tl  the  wet  ]ir 
tniiii  Virginia 
"as  ill  opurat 
consisting  of 
•tth  mill  was  1 
tith  hy  W.  .S. 
mill'  eafidii. 
viemity  hrouu 


MIIXS  AND  DEDUCTION. 


Ill 


iiurcliasod  200  tons  of  oro,  at  $'J00  a  ton,  to  be  sent 
t't  England  for  inactical  tt'stinjj^.  Tlio  first  arrastra 
)  It  in  ojX'iation  was  at  tlie  ()j)liir  niino.  Others 
(iiiiclvlv  followed  at  the  Alexican  and  other  claims, 
whicli  were  <)[)erated  hy  liorse-))ower.  NVoodwortli 
and  Hastings  erected  two  arrastras  at  Dayton,  to  be 
run  1)V  water-})oWer  from  the  Carson  river.  The 
lit  \t  advance  in  milling  in  1859  was  a  liorse-power, 
t'dur-stamp  batterv,  erected  at  Davton  bv  Lo>ian  and 
llnhncis.  This  was  foll(>wcd  in  August  LsdO  by  two 
steam  (juartz  mills,  erected  by  E.  13.  Harris  and  Al- 
iiiarin  B.  Paul,  both  of  which  started  running  on  the 
I  1th  in  close  competition,  Harris'  mill  blowing  the 
tir->t  wliistle."  The  introduction  of  mills,  by  saving 
tlif  ct»st  of  freight  to  California,  where  the  ores  were 
hciiig  sent  to  be  crushed,  Avas  an  important  step  in 
adxaiiee.  At  first  the  process  called  diy  crushing  was 
]»i;utised,  whicli  was  found  unprofitable,  one  Howland 
l)atterv  of  nine  stamps  crushing  only  a  ton  in  twenty- 
f  lur  hours.  In  October  the  Pioneer  mill  adopted  the 
wet  pnK'ess,  and  was  soon  followed  by  the  others.  By 
this  method  ten  times  the  work  was  done,  and  a  larger 
amount  of  gold  saved.  The  cost  of  crushing  and 
working  the  ore  was  about  $(5  a  ton,  while  the  mills 
charged  $100,  falling  to  $75,  and  afterward  to  $50 
pel-  ton.     The  retorted  bullion  was  worth  from  $10  to 

^' S.  F.  Alfii,  Aug.  7,  1803.  There  was  Imt  a  few  minutes  difTcrcnce  in 
the  time  of  starting  up.  C  W.  Coover  was  assooiuteil  witii  Harris,  'riii'ir 
iniU  was  Iniilt  <in  tiie  east  side  of  the  road,  nearly  ojumsite  tlif  |iri'sciit  l.evi- 
.itii.in  hoisting  works,  tiie  site  being  one  formerly  located  t)y  Overman  for 
arni-itras.  Tlie  mill  consisted  of  one  of  llowhind's  ',t-stam)i  jiortaMe  rotary 
li:iUfnos  the  engine  and  hoilers  Iteing  from  <!oss  iV  Lanil>ert  s,  Sacramento, 
and  liaulcd  over  the  mountains  l)y  ox-teams,  at  4  and  .">  cents  a  iiouiid,  taking 
IS, lays  to  tlie  passage.  On  the  l.'Uli  of  .August  this  mill  l«c;.'an  on  custoni- 
Wi'i'k,  rtnniinn  continually  on  ore  from  tlie  Bowers  and(ioiild  and  furry 
c!  I'.iin  \intil  Octoher,  when  it  was  stopped  to  make  tlie  clian!,'c  from  the  dry 
ti  t!u' wet  process.  Pauls  first  mill  was  erected  at  Pcvil's  (!ate,  ")  inih's 
frum  Virginia  City,  and  if  we  are  to  helieve  the  S.  /•'.  liiiUiliit  of  Aujj.  l.'>th, 
was  in  operation  hefore  Harris'.  He  built  another,  the  'M  in  the  territory, 
(imsisting  of  S  Howland  batteries  (72  stamps),  below  lower  (Jold  Hill.  Tlie 
4th  mill  was  by  the  Opliir  company;  and  the  Sth  by  Staples  at(Jold  Hill;  the 
tlth  by  W.  S.  Hobart  at  (!old  Hill";  the  7th  by  the  Nevada  eomiiany.  in  Six- 
mile  tafnm.  Wood  being  reipiired  to  run  steam-mills,  what  there  was  in  the 
vicinity  brought  a  continually  increasing  price  from  $4.50  to  $15  pe-  cord. 


112 


THE  fOMSKKK  LODE. 


I'i 


Li 


^ 


, 


$14  an  ounce,  and  oven  at  this  low  rato  the  Comstook 
niines  yidcletl  $1,800  and  82,000  per  ton  in  y;old. 

As  soon  as  it  was  settled  in  the  publie  niiiul  tliat 
tlio  mines  in  Virininia  an«l  (jiold  Hill  districts  wcro 
U[)on  the  same  Kail,  it  l)t'canie  of  importance  to  know 
the  extent  and  dip  of  the  great  vein.  There  was,  as 
might  have  heen  expected,  a  conflict  <>f  opinion.  Some 
}»laced  their  faith  upon  the  Fh»wery  district,  east  of 
Virginia  City  al)out  five  miles.  In  this  district  were 
the  Kodgers,  ^lorning  Star,  Mammoth,  Desert,  Nary 
lied.  Lady  Bryan,  jMarco  Polo,  and  Cedar  companit  s. 
It  was  asserted  with  much  confideticc  that  this  dis- 
trict excelled  the  Virginia  district.  The  mines  of  the 
Devil's  (iate  district,  south  of  Gold  Hill,  were  said  to 
be  the  next  best  in  the  territorv. 

All  the  work  done  which  could  serve  as  an  indica- 
tion of  the  actual  value  of  the  mines  was  beinj;  done 
in  two  or  three  mines  of  the  Viijxinia  district,  namelv. 
the  Ophir,  ^lexican,  and  Californian.  The  Mexican 
was  being  worked  after  the  method  pursued  in  the 
mines  of  Mexico.  A  shaft  was  sunk,  about  fourteen 
by  eight  feet  in  size,  which  came  to  the  vein  ten  or 
fifteen  feet  from  the  surface.  From  this  point  the 
inclination  of  the  vein  was  sufficient  to  allow  of  rude 
steps  being  cut  on  the  lower  side  of  the  shaft,  up 
which  clambered  the  ^lexican  miners,  carrying  on 
their  backs,  suspended  by  straps  round  their  foreheads, 
ox-hide  baskets  filled  with  ore.  In  this  primitive 
way,  with  little  expense,  they  brought  up  from  tlio 
bottom  of  the  shaft  a  richly  paying  quantity  of  ore. 
Forty  or  fifty  feet  below  the  surface  drifts  were  run, 
and  from  the  drifts  other  shafts  were  lowered.  Tliis 
system  left  standing  pillars  of  ore,  which  supported 
the  mine,  and  obviated  the  necessity  for  expensive 
timbering.  A  tunnel  was,  however,  run  in  at  a  dej)th 
of  eighty  feet,  and  when  the  miners  had  reached  that 
depth,  and  a  greater  depth,  the  tunnel  was  utilized 
for  a  roadway  to  bring  out  the  ore  in  loaded  cars,  an 
approach  to  American  methods  of  mining. 


Tl 
iini 

p'tWi 

sli.tft 
ear  w 
|i,ii!y 
and  e 
I'  inid 
of'  fori 
can  j)I; 
uci'ihl 

firir/lt  i 

of  the  1 

he  ol)ta 

i;iij)rris| 
eiicount( 
the  nios 
aid  of'th 
'I  <  Jirina 
Dridr, 
'  three  \ 

d)erinn 

'>e   rem 

plan  was 

S'jUare  set 

sizf.  wliiel 

ivpiired  h 

t"  any  circ 

r'l'essijre. 

Ijt'  injide  ei 

deepest  mi 


I 


M1I.LS  AND  MACHIXKBV. 

Tlic  Opliir  rcimpany  eninloin,!    . 

^'r.„i  f;,ii„«.i,,. «;;.  .lip  .,f  t ;';:  ;:'■^•''  'r.«"  i..cii„c:d 

;:';;i  I'^'i;  ^TP^rts  «.,„,„„„  ,'^'v;:''.  ""i..^-  ti,„,„„t 

'■".■■'  ""-■  »■•«  Ix-dy  to  1,0  „f       ^"''''"■nm  ,„i,K..,,  a„d 
"'  l"it.v.fivo  fi,.t  ■^Tl,  V       ,*'"' ""'■^""iplud  Lrcar/A 

-;.  t  ,,f  t,,.  s,„,e;i,',eu"L  ft   tr-'V'"  I""'-'"  .0 
iKKMt  jf/iirth  aiu    stren.rfl.   .^'*""-      ^"nk-rs  oFsmF 

""I-  ^""f  "f  ti,o  ,„l  o  i^; ; :;  '7y™>'t  ti,o  «-„ki  ,:"i ; 

;;:/;;;;;'f-|'iiity  to  „,akcM:S'"  '"^' "'••7'"i"ir::^ 

tl"'  "|".st  serious  import  an    ti       '"'"•■"«••».  IxTa,,,,,  ^f 

'i-ri",!,'  without  wi,i4  to  Co  n";:"  ".'y'^"'"  -> 

••■■  .■,n,a,„ei|  sealed  bol,,  v  ,'!f".'''"«"ii's  Would 
I'l.iii  H.is  s  ,,ii,lv  .i,.,f     f  .."'^,  "  certain  dontl,      T, 

■•'i-'7't.s  '.'nui  ,'rtt  "f"?"  *■?'"«'  d,or  " 
■^^  ■■  wloVI,  could  be  ril.vl        '■"'"  "•■"■  by  six  feet  ,'1 

'■  '"'y  <-i,cu„i3taneos  of  l,f      ,''  '"'  """'«  '"  conform 
|""-'»v.     These  crO,     fin'T'-^f  "'^'l'  "b  dow,  va" 
"■  '"•■"'•••  enduri,,,,  ,^t^y  ;V"1'  «-a.ste  rook  oouK 

..„  „  '       "'"  '"^^fe'inmii"-  of  its 

'"It  „,,e(i  (;„l,i  Hill    Hll,-,.   \T  '•     ^»   t''«  i^tli  of  A,    '  .''^'""■^^"'•X-  J//«. 
"'«T.  Nev.    8  ^  '^J..1S09,  Jan.  3.  4,  Jun^ 


•Ji  Ih' 


114 


THE  COMSTCCK  LODE. 


mining  history,  the  Comstock  lode  received  exactly 
the  service  needed  for  its  Civuiplete  development.  Xor 
was  it  the  fertile  Americau  brain  which  achieved  the 
triumph  over  an  obstacle  that  threatened  to  be  insur- 
momitable,  but  the  sturdier  German  intellect."  ( )tlii'r 
su«;gestions  of  Deidesheimer's  were  afterward  adopted, 
witli  great  profit,  regarding  the  kuid  of  machinery  tu 
be  used. 


Plan  of  CRinBi.so. 


"Deidesheimer's  device  wm  p.irtioularly  adapted  to  the  extraction  of  tlio 
ore  bodies  of  the  t'oiiistock,  and  would  have  <ihviated  tht^  difliculty  fin'iiun- 
tered  ill  tiie  early  devclopiiu'iit  had  it  heeii  applied.  Wripht  dcsciilns  tin' 
former  method  as  follows:  'The  only  supports  used  in  the  mines  wcri'  rmiiil 
logs  cut  on  the  surroun<lin^  hills.  These  U>gs  were  from  10  to  3,")  foot  in 
length;  when  of  the  latter  length,  they  were  manufactured,  that  is.  wore 
made  of  two  logs  spliced  and  held  together  hy  means  of  iron  holts  and  liiimlv 
Owing  to  the  stunted  character  of  the  pines  and  cedars  found  in  the  noi<.'li'"'r 
hood,  it  was  almost  im])ossihlo  to  procure  a  log  ii'ore  than  '20  feet  in  loiiiTtli 
After  setting  up  two  of  these  logs,  a  log  18  feet  long  was  placed  upon  tlioiii  m 
a  cap.  These  posts  and  caps  were  plaoeil  as  close  together  as  they  cniiM  I* 
ma',  to  stand,  hut  they  wouhl  not  hold  up  tne  ground  when  it  h(  iiui  t" 
alack  and  swell  from  expo.sure  to  ihe  air.  Besides  this  difficulty,  tin  ro  wa* 
DO  safe  way  of  working  either  above  or  hclow  these  sets  in  the  vein.  T"  tak'' 
out  ore,  either  under  or  over  the  timhers,  loosened  them  and  causeil  n  ili^^* 


TlMHKRlNa. 


115 


[1 


fe'.;^ 


Tlio  (lisrovory  of  tlio  new  inctliod  was  made  none 
td.t  sDoii.  for  at  the  level  next  below  the  one  hundred 
iiiiil  .  i'4hty-f«»nt,  or  third  t^aliery,  the  ore  body  had 
wi.i.  ii<d  "Ut  to  ^.ixty-s!\  feet.  Locators  not  in  the 
lhiii;iii/.;i  mines  were  watching  with  nmeh  anxiety  the 
iliit  of  the  Comstoek,  hoimit;  to  secure  claims  on 
til.  lodo  where  it  slmuhl  make  its  a[)[)earancc  !>eyond 
tlir  limits  »»f  knewn  locations.  For  a  time  it  seemed 
fu  .li|»  toward  the  wist,  and  to  run  beneath  Mount 
J);i\  ii|s(»n.  on  the  eastern  slojje  of  which  tin;  cro|>i»ini;s 
iilaiiily  aj»|»fare<l.  Lo<-ations  on  the  east  sidi'  of  the 
Xiiuiilia  ran«j;e  w«^re  tlu'U  eaiu'erly  souglit  after;  but 
win  ti  the  tlejith  i>f  300  feet  had  been  reached  in  the 
()|.!iir  mine,  the  had  was  found  to  have  been  bent 
ami  (Icrii'cted  from  its  trm;  course  by  the  jiressure 
tV.iiii  ;ih<»ve.  and  that  its  true  dip  was  toward  the  ea.-^t, 
ami  away  from  Mount  Davidson.  This  discovery 
<>avf  a  lit'W  interest  to  the  Flowerv  district. 


Mills  for  crushiui^  ore  ra|>idly  having  beiMi  intro- 
(lu(r!l.  the   question   of  entering  upon   silvt'r-miniiig 

iniiH  i-avo.  Many  acriiloiit*  lia]i|>cne<l,  aiiil  many  iiit'ii  Inst  tlivir  lives  wliilc 
this  iiHtlKiil  iif  tiiiilH-riiij;  was  ii.aitist'<l,  Imt  lui  lives  have  ev.T  liecn  l<»t  in 
'.iiiiiH  r  iiig  l>v  tlif  ■.i|iiari'sft,  nr  l>eiilesliciiner  plan.  In  tlie  mines  at  Oold 
Hill  "  i-i  wliirir  tlie  timliers  X")  feet  in  len>;tli  were  uspd,  ami  liiert!  uaswlieru 
lip  ::ii:ifi'Ht  niiMilHT  iif  aeeiilents  liaiUH'neil;  lint  in  tlie  Ojiliir  n.ine  tiinliers 
Hi  f.'.t  inn:.'  hail  Im-j-h  useil.  ..In  IMJI  the  new  stylo  of  tilTihering  was 
,i4i']itiil  ;\li>iii;  the  wli.'Ie  hnenf  the  * 'ninstiiok,  and  has  lieen  in  nse  eversineo. 
Till'  Opiiir  wa-  iiri'lialily  tin-  tir>t  mine  In  any  part  of  the  wm  .d  where  siiili  a 
>y<'iMii  lit  tiiiilierin;;  U-e-ime  a  neee.ssity,  as  nu  ore  Imdy  of  siieh  j^reat  '\  idtli 
li.'.l  !••  IT  liefnre  !>een  fnnuil.'  /iiij  liun'iiiZii,  l.'i.").  See  also  Lori/.t  Cnnil'irl: 
.l/.i'ii;/ •'(/'/ .l/'wer*.  one  iif  an  interesting  ^Tnnii  of  monograiihs  lielonjiin'!  to 
till-  rrp.irt  iif  the  V.  S.  geoj;.  snr.,  of  which  Clarenee  Kinjj  was  direetor,  tlie 
ex|iiii-is  liriiiii  |>;ii'l  and  tlie  Looks  jmlilislud  liy  povernini'ut. 

riiiliii  I'lidfsheinier  was  horn  in  tJcrni.iiiy  in  ISIt'J.  and  eaino  toCalifornia 
vial'ip..  horn  in  IS.'il,  where  he  remained  nntil  l^t'it).  In  Nov.  of  that 
yi'iif  Ml- W.  r.  Uaheock.  ajjent  of  the  I'.  M.  S.  S.  Co.  and  leading'  direetor 
(if  the  Ojihir  mining  coniiany  of  Nevada,  siiit  for  Mr  |)eidesli','inier,  wliowas 
llii'ii  iiiiiiinn  in  F.l  Dorado  i-ounty,  to  ask  iiim  to  |iro]iiise  a  plan  for  \\orkinj( 
till-  ( 'I'lii^toi'k  nnnes.  for  unless  some  way  of  siip))ortin>j  the  j{»'ound  was  dis- 
iiuincj  tiny  conld  not  Im-  work>-d,  on  aeeoimt  of  the  width  of  the  v.'ln,  (10 
flit,  iiid  the  -ioftufss  of  the  earth.  In  his  eartie>tni'ss  to  assist  Mr  Halieuk, 
Mr  I'liilfsheinier  tmik  no  tlionuht  of  hini<elf,  or  he  would  have  jiatelited  Uit. 
iiivriitiiiii.  This  he  did  not  do.  iii  d  all  the  mines  si'i/ed  upon  it  as  ipiieily 
a*  it  liieatne  known.  It  wouhl  weeni  that  some  reward  sliotdd  voluntarily 
linvf  fulinwed.  though  none  ilid.  He  was  piiade  superintendent  of  tho  0]iliir, 
ami  I  inii'il  his  salary  as  iniuini;  en)ziueor  the  saute  as  another,  and  the  miue 
ewuers  heeaiuu  rich  through  hi:)  invention. 


116 


THE  COMSTOClv  LOUR 


propc'  was  tlie  next  consideration.  Opliir,  Mexiran, 
aiiJ  otlior  Virginia  ores  of  sufficient  value,  after  assoit- 
iiijL;,  to  l>e  S(!iit  to  England  tor  rcducti<in  had  Ixcii 
sent,  and  the  remainder,  as  second  and  third  class  (nvs. 
Avcre  allowed  to  accumulate.  At  (iold  Hill  thev  hud 
not  y(!t  Worked  through  the  gold  to  the  silver  ere, 
when  ex[)erimenting  with  the  latter  began  at  Wv- 
ginia.  It  was  a  ditflcult  [)robleni  for  the  unh-arin  d 
and  inex[)*'rii'nced  American  miner  and  mill  su[»t;iii- 
ten<lenl.  The  man  (tf  science  might  have  found  in.iiiv 
halfiing  peculiarities  about  the  silver  ores  of  w<'st> ni 
Utali;  therefore  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  nun  Iv 
practical  man,  without  ex[)erience,  encountered  ni;iiiy 
discouragements.  The  sur|)rise  is  that  they  so  reaillly 
coiKpiered  them.**  During  the  experimental  pciiiMJ 
millions  of  dollars  went  to  wasti!  in  the  "tailings,"'  fir 
pulverized  or(>,  which  ran  away  from  the  mills  after 
j»assing  through  the  pans  and  other  apparatij)  used  in 
amalgamating  silver  by  the  wet  process.  Tluy  wi  iv 
swejit  into  the  Carsoii  riv(^r  through  the  caho!is  in 
which  the  mills  were  situated,  and  dei)osited  finally 
in  the  sink  of  the  Carson,  where  they  lie  embedddl. 
Only  the  Mexicans  knew  the  value  of  these  tailings, 

*"Sa_v.s  Wri.ulit,  ia  his  Bniiai'zn,  IHO,  'Tlio  amalgamating  nans  in  iho  in, lis 
siirpasscil  the  lalih'on  of  .Madii'tii'ji  witihcs  in  tin' varii-ty  ami  villalrnn  ii'-  < 
of  t.icir  oiiiiti'iit.s.  . .  .'I'lic^v  pdiiruil  iiili)tliiiir  jians  all  niuinrr  of  acid  <;  iliiii.|>.  1 
in  iMita-h,  horax,  .sal'.jK  trc,  alum,  aiitl  all  t-l-c  tliat  i-onM  lie  fniunl  in  tli''  'iriig 
clurt.'S,  tliin  wi'iit  ti>  t!io  h;lh  ami  starlrij  in  on  tlio  \  ('"{etalili-  k:n_' loin. 
Tlicy  iH't'lu'l  liaik  oil'  the  oclar-tri'iM,  li.iilcil  it  down  until  tlicv  hail  r.lvi  .i''! 
a  i-lroiiL.^  KM,  an  i  t'.u'n  |n>iiii'a  it  iiiJollu' [i/ms  wluio  it  wnuM  lia\c  an  opiiur- 
tunity  of  attai'liing  tln^  silviT  f-tiiMiornly  rmiainin^  in  tlio  i-ocky  jiirt-i  m  t!ie 

oro \  ,;i'iiius  ill  I'liai'i^o  of  a  mill  oonciivcil  tiif  idcaof  makinj;  a  tia  it  liii-, 

{  a^e-hru-h  or  artfUii-sia)  and  i>:ittin^  it  into  hi.'*  j)an.s.  Soon  tht;  W"ii'li  r- .  f 
till!  hato-'ii'ii.li  jn'oi'i'-n,  as  it  \va  <  callcil,  ww.-  hrin^  hfra'drd  throiiijh  tii.l  imi. 
The  wuiiei'Jlli'ndt'nt  of  I'Very  niill  hail  liis  secret  iiroee^is  of  working  tiic  :lvi  r 
ore.  . .  I'roee.s  ]H'.'idler.<,  Miili  litiU)  viah  of  eheinicaU  in  tlu'ir  vv^t  [n"  k'N. 
Went  from  m.ll  to  mill  to  nlmw  what  tlioy  eoiild  do.  )iroviileil  they  ri .  nil 
from  >.''.(i:»!)  ti».'?'.'0,l>(>l)  for  tiieir  .-eeret. '  l/iz/fll'.-  Ilmillioik  itf  Miiihii.  |i;i!i- 
li  'led  in  isiil,  nieiitioii-i  wiihont  dc.seriliiii;^  tiie  Hagley  ai>il  Veati  h  (irni-'  -i-', 
a!il  says  tliat  tho  Opliir  omiiany  n-^i'il  tlio  foriiuT,  and  the  Central  C'lii  yms 
til!  litter.  'J'lii- Oiiliir  eoiiqiaMy  tinally  liaid  SlO.lMX)  and  a  roy.iify  t  r  t':' 
Veati'h  proce  ..  Tlie  '  Hul|iliuret  imzzle  i^  «li-ieu>sed  in  the  ,S.  I''.  ll-nfJ, 
.Miri'h  "J-J,  ISlill;  S.  /•'.  I'i'iiK.  Jiino'j;t.  IStiT.  Hediietioii  niellimU  i-oiitiiimil 
t)  Ih!  di-'tus-iil  and  ehaiijied  for  .icvoral  s'cars.  'Iho  ehlurini/inu'  ]  >  ".-3 
received  nnn-h  attention  almut  ISTl.  O'uul  JliU  X' 'vs,  .St'^it.  li  and  t.'  '.  -S, 
1871;  i'lmm  Ajijuiil,  June  18,  ISU'J. 


I.M 


rROCESSES. 

or  attomptcd  to  wive  fl.om   «  /• 

•'^t  a  .s.nall  expense.      E,?  X  J''  /^"  ^^''^^'^  l'^'*»^'^«s'^ 
were  nv.ueAly  founcf  ^    !  ^^  ^^^^  i!!--  o^'-nal^ain 

'J'"  (aJifornia  conn.-  n    tV    ,    ''^'''''* '''  ^^^'ilin  ..s.'^ 
"I-."  the  ore  deposit  wJ.k.J     .   r^^^"  ''""  ^'  t"'"i<-l  in 

^,^^J'tJKM>ther,ninc^^fi^'^;'-V';^''^^^^^^ 

'-"^^  ''^-rnre  its  depth  sh ouil   ,  l'  ^^"'"P'"'^  'nachinerv 

i:;:"'^'^  ^  was  aJs<,  luchi^\  ^^f  ^^'^'^^'J^  '"f  ".ore  ex- 
^^t...n  J,o..e-power  ^::^    Se:Jt"^-      '^"^'"-  •>f 

,"■'■'"' ratio  process    as  n      .•     ,     "^P^-^'^d    by  those  of  ei.rhtv 

-""'1 1.J,!;; ;,  «^ ;;;;"« '^t  ti,.  to,,  a'l:  'H..?k;"':f  r"*'''?-- ''-■•'«  "h 

'".••^"- -'t  iiii.l  di.'vit     -n       "'«••""■'•  "ito  a  ki.-i  I  „/    :     .     •  ^''''*'' "'I'll"'  I"  tlio 
«,'.'i''' the.  .silver  em     1   L     r>    '""  '""''"^'  i''   m,  I  ,      '  P'' *'''"  V'''^^  '•'■'''i' 

f"""^.  0,a,.,I  iu  t     '   sn^    ^'"'''■^'  """  ■^'"'"M   -11../'         ^    '■'■'''••  "'"'Vtllo 

'■"' ^  -^"W*  m  am-  *"'"'\-'*'  ^'"''  <^'"l  of  .-{  ,n. li  '^''''""^■''  the  «at,  ,-  I  a,[ 


.*! 


118 


THf:   COMSTOCK    LODE. 


i^ 


horse-power,  anJ  finally  by  those  of  five  huncind. 
The  question  of  water,  both  in  the  mines  and  out, 
was  one  that  has  led  to  some  mi'jfhtv  eniiineerliu' 
ft  ats.  Silvor-minin;^,  as  at  present  carried  on,  is  an 
acliii'VL-ment  of  scientific  and  eni^ineerin^  skill  wliidi 
was  not  dioanied  of  in  the  })eriod  antedating  the  ad- 
mission of  Nevada  as  a  state.  What  it  has  to  (j<i 
with  the  history  of  the  state  will  appear  hereafter." 

'■^  As  a  contrast  to  tlio  siiii'ill  lK'f5iiiniiij;s  (loscrilieil  in  a  jircvions  fintc,  an 
aciNiiiiit  of  tlie  C'oiisoliihitfil  \'irgiiiia  mill  is  iiisert^'<l  in  this  {ilut'o.  Tln" 
mill  w;is  ]il:kiiiieil  liy  .Iaiiie8  <•.  Fair  tlie  Itoiianza  manager.  It  sti^nl  -Jdi) 
fret  Iiortli-east  of  tliu  (■oiiipany  s  mai;i  .^liaft  anil  lioisting-wurk.s.  'j'iii 
grouml  iiii'linoil  towanl  the  east,  allowing  cf  a  convenient  descent,  aii>l  ua:^ 
terraci-'l  to  accMuriiiMlatc  the  several  (lejiartnients.  First  came  the  hiitttrv 
room  with  ore  hin,  heiii;^  ICO  l>y  58  I'eet  in  size.  A<ijoiniiig  it  on  the 
east,  and  on  a  terrace  a  few  feet  lower,  wa-s  the  amalgamating-room.  I'jij 
liy  ".►•J  feet.  A  little  lower,  on  another  terrace,  was  the  r<Mim  eontaiiiiui; 
the  settlers,  Vi'2  1-y  '3>  feet.  North  of  the  anudgamatiiig  room  was  tlir 
engine  room,  V'2  l>y  •").S  feet.  The  whole  of  the  maehiiiery  was  dri\i  m  I'V 
a  com|>oiinil  condcnsing-enginc  «>f  (i<K)  horse-{>ower.  The  main  s-hatt  f n  ;ii 
tiiis  engine  was  14  inches  in  diameter,  and  weighed  1.">.<MI0  jiouiul'-.  A 
tly-wheel  on  this  shaft,  which  was  also  a  hand-wheel  ami  carried  a  larjii  Ixlt 
liy  which  the  iKitteries  were  driven,  wa-s  Isteet  in  diameter,  and  vvciglmi  111. 
toii.-t.  On  the  extreme  end  of  tlu-  main  driving-shaft  was  eon|iled  a  .'-haft  11 
inches  in  diameter,  which  e\:eniled  inti>  the  amalgamating-rooin  and  'Iikvc 
the  pans  and  .settlers,  and  all  the  machinery  not  connected  with  the  liatt.rit^. 
The  whole  weiuht  of  the  eiiiiine  was  fifty  tons,  and  it  stoixl  on  4.">0  cnliic  _\,irii4 
of  masonry  laid  in  cement,  weighing  (WtO  tons.  Tlnrewere  4  ji-iirs  of  lnuiir'. 
each  of  which  was  .'>4  in<-|ies  in  diameter,  ami  which  could  Ik-  used  sc|iarately 
or  in  connection  with  the  others.  A  portion  of  the  waits  were  of  st<iiii .  ana 
'22  feet  high.  To  the  ridge-jiole  of  the  roof  was  ."K)  feet:  to  the  'op  of  the  4 
sinoke-stacks  IK)  feet.  In  the  engine  room  were  twolarg?  steam  j>uiii]>-  ti'I* 
useil  in  feeding  lioiler.H  <ir  in  extinguishing  tire.  The  mill  consumed  -Ju'  '•■r<U 
of  Wood  jH-r  day,  which  wiu  hroiiglit  to  the  mill  from  a  side  track  of  th'  Vir- 
ginia and  Tnickee  railroad,  on  trmks  holding  two  eords  t.acli.  The  tni.  k  vn 
emptied  into  a  chute  which  carried  the  woo«l  into  the  hoder-room.  On  the 
the  west,  or  highest  side  of  the  mill,  higher  tlian  the  roof,  was  a  cm  red 
track,  UTH  feet  in  length,  leading  directly  to  the  main  shaft  of  the  li"i-tiiig- 
Vork.s.  Whi'ii  the  loaded  cars  were  liroiight  up  on  the  cages  they  were  'Irawn 
in  trains  of  10  cars  along  the  track  to  the  chutes  which  led  down  from  the 
roof  of  the  iiiill  to  the  ore  hill  IhIow.  The  track,  with  the  huildiiiu' viii>b 
inclosed  it,  resteil  on  strong  trestle-work,  44  feet  ahove  the  ground  at  the 
highest  point.  A  car  loail  of  ore  was  fed  to  the  Iratteries  every  5  iiiumte*. 
It  fell  first  n]Km  an  iron  .screen  through  whiih  the  line  orepa-^sj'd;  that  uiiich 
had  to  Ih'  hrokeii  was  dunipi  d  near  the  cru-iher,  which  n-M'nililed  a  Impc 
lcinon-s(|ueezer,  and  was  iiiv«'iifed  hy  Blake,  and  after  Iwing  iTukm 
was  distriluited  hy  chutes  to  the  hatteries  or  near  them.  There  w<re  *»  "i 
thi'se,  with  10  stamps  each — SO  stamps  weighiiiii  NX)  puiindseaeh  -aii^l  rither 
coiihl  he  Worked,  Htarted,  and  stopjwd  inilepeiiileiitly  of  the  rest.  Fi'imtlie 
ore-hin,  maehineH  called  .self-feeders,  invented  hy  Jaiiie-<  TuI1<k'Ii  of  <'il  .  aihl 
ojMTated  hy  the  motion  of  the  stamps,  dropjK-<l  the  ore  into  the  hatttries 
without  the  intervention  of  human  iniisele. 

Mere  hegan  the  jirocess  of  extracting  the  silver.  Tlie  pulp  win.  h  ran 
from  the  hatteries  was  eondiicted  to  the  settlinu-tanks  in  the  ainalgaii.  iting- 
rouia  by  ttluicutt.     Whcu  it  was  settled  to  the  cou.:itsteucy  of  thick  uiurur,  it 


^     f 


was  ^Ii 
Jiaii- 
jMHiiel 
and  itM 
tliu  iin 
origin,! 
til  wliic 
llV  li'V. 
wllh  il  V 
fill-  tl 

same  «i 
F.     A.  til 
add,  d  I, 

<■■:  ~.,it 

mIi'II  tilt 

tint  tins 
in-  •■!'  tin 

-■t;liii,'ti 
"lull  the 
•liliek-ilvi 

Ml|l''|-tllllll 

^.i^  >trani 
.-tiMiiier. 
of'  tills  ve- 
aNo  lit  ini 
amoiiiitiiiij 

IMIIi'll  IiMI'i 
iim.  Il  left, 
rcnved  tli 
mill  a  .sliorl 
ca^t-inia  cj 
tll'illilli  reto 
111  the  ri'tor 
ii"ri|iii,ksil 
really  cmst 

Ile\t  |irtiees. 

J-'ii'ii.  a  largi 

f"  '111  ti  f:ini, 

•f'O  |..iiiii,is  I 

tlie  silver  w 

sllttii-ielitly  el 

'its  Weigiijii 

""•tal.  t.akcn 

«at.r,  when! 

I'aves.     An  ; 

t"  i^Tcc,  or  t 

!"">,'  .1  ^'ramii 

"I  i  eiiji,'!  II,, -J 

\^'hfll  il.|lir(i. 
''■■'*  liig  a  liiitl 
;i  til  111  sheet,  I 
"l""i  it.  The 
''"■  I'littoMi  of 
-'•^■'■r  HMs  ,i|| 

'"'Itnia   „f   f|„. 

P'Ti'i'liin,  drit 
^*'ii'!i  it  was  I 
n^il  hiiftmi  rep 


il 


HOW  IT  WAS  DONE. 


119 


I 


III  ran 


was  shovellecl  out  upon  a  iilatform  extemling  along  the  rows  of  amalgamiiting- 
\y.in-.  -  rows,  Iti  pans  in  t-ach,  each  pan  .'>.\  fcut  in  tlianietcr,  antl  litililiiig  ;>,UUU 
iiMiiiiil-*  lit  jiulii.  Ill  tlie  Wottoni  of  tilt-  pans  were  cant-iron platvs,  callcil  dies, 
aixl  rcviilvni'  upon  these  other  iron  plates,  called  shoes.  Tliese  pans  werG 
tliu  invi'ritinii  of  Henry  IJrevoort  of  Sonora,  C'al.,  who  iinproveil  upon  the 
oiJL'iMil  ;iMi:ilganiating  pan  ilesigneil  by  Israel  W.  Knox  of  fS.  F.  Tlie  pulp, 
t.i  winch  ^orIll■  water  was  ailtleil,  was  again  pulverized  between  these  plates 
l)v  iiviilving  tlie  upper  ujion  the  lower,  >teani  heing  admitted  to  the  mass, 
whi.h  was  tiglitly  overed,  during  the  grinding.  Tiie  steam  was  snlistituted 
fur  thi-  ?<W('ating  process,  which  reijuires  days,  where  the  steam  etl'ected  the 

saiiH'  Work  in  lioars.     The  nlea  was  originated  hy  .<eiim  K.  W Iworthof  S. 

F.  .Alter  ".'i  hours  of  heating  and  grinding,  .'MM)  pounds  of  cjuicksilver  were 
aild.il  lo  the  contents  of  each  i)an,  there  lieing  added  besides  a  cerUiin  amount 
■  if  •'.tit  and  tiulpliate  of  copper,  and  sometimes  .sinla  and  otiier  chemical.s, 
wlii'ii  the  grinding  was  continued  for  2.].  hours  longer.  It  will  hu  perceived 
thiit  this  |)roci'-is  did  not  dilfer  from  the  patio  process,  except  in  the  superior- 
itv  lit  the  ineclianical  arrangements,  wiiich  w«'re  fci|ual  to  the  l»est  in  the 
World.  .\t  the  end  of  this  time  the  amalgamated  jmlp  was  drawn  ort'  into  tiie 
M'tthn^-lanks,  from  which  it  passed  tlirough  strainers  of  heavy  canvas  hags, 
«liiii  the  cartidy  matter  separated  from  the  metallic,  and  only  the  silver  ami 
ijiiirk^ilvcr  were  collected  in  tlie  hags,  where  the  mass  remained  until  tiie 
■■.uiiirlhious  ((uicksilver  drained  otf.  When  no  more  pa.sscd  tlirough  the  can- 
v.i-i  strainers,  the  amalgam  vas  removed  tit  another,  called  the  hydraulic 
sti  liner,  a  heavy  cast-iron  vessel,  shaiied  like  a  mortar-gun.  Over  the  mouth 
of  tills  vessel  was  fa.steneil  a  troiig  iron  cover,  through  which  passed  a  pipe, 
also  of  iron.  A  water  pijio  was  then  connected,  and  water  under  jiressiire 
.imoiiiitiiit,'  to  \'iO  pounds  to  the  s(|uaro  inch  was  turned  on.  Hy  this  method 
iMiii'li  more  i|uitksilver  was  removed  than  liy  any  other,  Imt  there  was  still 
mil'  li  li'ft.  All  iron  ear,  which  ran  on  a  track  in  front  of  the  strainers,  now 
revived  the  amalgam  and  carried  it  to  the  retort  house,  removed  from  the 
null  a  short  distance.  This  was  a  hri<'k  huilding  'J4  !)y  (ii>  feet,  containing  (j 
cist-iroii  cylinder  retorts,  with  a  capacity  of  5  U  ha  of  amalgam  jier  day, 
tlioiiiili  retorting  usually  only  half  that  amount.  The  amalgam  wlu^n  placed 
ill  till-  retorts,  had  .i  dull,  gray,  muddy  appearance,  showing  neither  silver 
nor  iiiiirksilver.  Hy  the  gradual  application  of  intense  heat  the  latter,  which 
really  roiistituted  l  of  the  whole,  was  finally  separated  from  t!ie  silver.  The 
iRXt  proeess  was  that  of  assaying.  The  assay  otlice  of  the  Consolidated  Vir- 
^iiii  I.  a  large,  tine  liuildiiig  near  the  main  hoisting- works,  had  in  the  melting- 
ro.iiii  li  f'.irnaces,  with  melting-pots  made  of  graphite,  having  a  capacit)'  of 
;ftM  iioiiii.ls  of  silver  each,  hut  .seldom  cont.iing  much  over  IMO  jiounds.  Ilere 
the  silver  wai  uiidted,  the  dro.ss  lieiiig  skimmed  oil'  after  stirring.  When 
siittiiiriitly  cleared  of  impurities,  it  was  poured  into  iron  moulds,  which  formed 
liirs  weighing  something  over  l(X>  pounds.  A  small  ladleful  of  the  molten 
iintal.  taken  from  the  to])  and  l>ott>>ni  of  the  meItiiig-i>ot,  was  thrown  into 
wat'T,  when!  it  assumed  various  shajies,  soiih-  heaiitiful  in  form,  astlowersand 
I'Mves.  All  j.ssay  was  uuulu  of  th(>se  tirsi  and  last  granulations,  which  had 
to  agree,  or  the  melting  lie  done  over.  The  assay  was  performed  hy  wrap- 
\m\J  a  or;ii|ii,i,j  ,,f  the  silver  in  a  thin  sheet  of  pure  lead,  placing  the  package 
111  iiiijii'l  made  of  Imne  ashes,  and  '■  tlijoctiiig  it  to  the  heat  of  a  fiiriiaee. 
NVIicii  li'iuelied,  the  lead  and  all  o. iierha.se  metals  were  ahsorhetl  hy  the  cupel, 
lra\  iiiL'  a  liiitton  of  tine  metal.  This  hit  of  Imlliou  was  then  hammered  into 
a  tliiii  sheet,  placed  ill  a  flask  of  annealeil  glass,  and  strong  nitric  acid  poured 
lil'iiii  it.  The  flask  was  placed  in  hot  sand  hath — an  inch  or  more  of  .sand  on 
the  liottom  of  a  very  hot  oven— and  the  sheet  of  luiUioii  was  hoiled  until  the 
'•ihrr  was  all  dissolved,  and  the  gold  in  the  form  of  a  jiowder  settled  to  the 
hottoiii  of  tlie  flask.  This  precipitation  was  jilaeed  in  a  <'rucihle  of  iingla/.ed 
Iion-i  lain,  dried,  and  melted  in  a  furnace,  when  the  particles  united,  after 
wlii.Ji  it  was  carefully  weighed.  The  loss  of  weight  susfciined  hy  the  origi- 
nal liiitloii  represented  the  silver  which  it  had  contained.  The  liars  of  hul- 
'.:..i.  ining  Weighed,  aitd  their  relative  pruportiou  of  guld  and  silver  aacer- 


s,  i  i'i 


:)'ii 


!;«    I 


W^ 


'■• 


■  ■!' 


120 


THE  COMSTOCK  LODE. 


taincil  from  the  assay  of  one  gramme,  their  value  was  marked  on  tliciii  in 
degrees  of  tincness.  The  calculatious  were  assisted  by  tattles  "f  Viilm.s. 
When  silver,  for  instance,  is  900  tine,  it  is  worth  ^LlG/^^j  per  ounce;  wlna 
gold  is  IKM)  tine,  it  is  wortli  l?18.G0i.  Assay  of  ore  was  sinular;  200  grains, 
finely  jKiwdered,  were  nudted  in  a  crueiMe  with  proper  tlux,  and  the  metal 
depositetl  was  suhjected  to  the  process  just  descrilied,  fnini  which  the  viilue 
per  ton  was  calculated.  Many  ingenious  contrivances  for  saving  (juicksilviT 
M'cre  in  operation  at  this  mine,  M'hich,  although  interesting,  were  not  a  |iai't 
of  silver  production,  M'hich  is  here  brietly  descrilted,  as  practised  afterlltli'fii 
ears  of  progress.  The  cost  of  the  reduction  works  at  the  Consolidiittil 
'irginia  mine  was  ^SiiO.OOO.  Other  mines  may  have  had  less  expoii>ive 
works,  hut  the  methods  pursued  were  the  same  in  all.  An  interesting  I'li.ip. 
ter  might  he  written  on  the  improvements  in  hoisting,  pumping,  and  othur 
machinery,  full  descriptions  of  which,  with  diagrams,  are  contained  in  ( 'l.tr- 
enee  King's  report  on  Miiiiinj  Imfu^try,  an  elegant  quarto,  tilled  with  instruc- 
tive and  entertaining  matter  couceruiiig  the  Comstuck  mines,  from  their 
discovery  dowa  to  1870b 


^• 


I 


CHAPTER  VI. 

1S60-1888. 

T'hk   firsfc  rosulf  nf  +i 
'"";;»  -as  wild  spe"  ula  ion^'f '/"f,"^  "'"  <^'""^t'"-t 

"t  cxt,a„rdi„arv  prices      oi,"T;'''^'  ^•'"<'''  "'^y  Lefd 

'l'-<'-"vori,s  were  made  at  >l  i  ' "'""«' »"  tl.e  .rreat 
Jfp;'an,  and  tl,e  nn'nes  in  !  td  i,  /  ,."'"'  *-''''"■•■  «»d 
""'i'  «l.ioh  partio  patd    ,  ti,"!'*V''"  ^'""P"  f'^>thor 

''— .  or  a  s,ua,,,  si,n,V;'rute;;r  ':ir 

Mr    "O 

(l2i; 


122 


FURTHEU  DEVELOPMENTS  ON  THE  COMSTOCK. 


sessiii'jj  the  small  shareholders  of  a  Hiinc  until  they 
were  forced  to  part  with  their  interests  was  a  "frecz- 
iiiiT-out"  process.  "Kitin<'"a  mine  was  j^ivinor  it  a  fie- 
titious  value  in  the  market.  These  latter  two  practices 
were  very  frequent,  even  as  early  as  April  18G0,  aiij 
gettiu;^  rich  hy  swapping  jackets  was  carried  on  with 
zeal  on  the  Viri^inia  bourse.  The  "bulls"  of  tlie 
n)inin<.;  t<twns,  or  of  San  Francisco,  who  perforiiud 
the  kitini.;.  sometimes  saw  their  favorite  mine  pulled 
down  by  the  "  bears,"  as  became  the  custom  after  the 
formation  of  a  stock  board.  L)urin<^  the  winter  of 
1859  Ophir  was  sellinj,'  for  $1,000  and  $1,200  a  foot. 
In  April  followins^  it  was  offered  on  the  street  for 
$G00  or  $700.  The  cause  of  the  decline  was  pros- 
pective liti'^ation.  A  company  callini^  themselves  the 
Luckv  conipanv  of  the  Burning'  Moscow  ledije,  luit 
afterwanl  the  Burning  Moscow  company,  located  on 
ground  first  claimed  by  the  Opiiir.' 

It  was  a.sserted  by  them  that  the  ledge  they  wore 
on  was  entirely  distinct  from  the  Ophir,  was  twenty- 
three  feet  wide,  and  as  rich  as  the  Comstock.  Tim 
shares  were  eai^erly  bought  up  at  from  $40  to  $27."). 
according  to  the  market.  The  Madison  company  first 
sued  them  f«»r  infringing  on  their  rights;  and  the 
Ophir  also  brought  suit  to  recover  possession  of  the 
ground  in  dispute.  To  establish  their  case,  cross  cuts 
Were  ujade  by  the  Ophir  com[)any  opeiiing  into  the 
works  of  the  Jiurning  Moscow,  and  on  application  to 
Judge  Oordon  N.  Mott,  an  order  was  obtained  re- 
straining that  comi)any  from  further  work  until  the 
arguments  in  the  application  for  a  permanent  injunc- 
tion ha<l  Ih'cu  decided  upon. 

The  question  involved  in  these  suits,  and  which 
divitled  the  mining  connnunity,  was  whether  there 
was  one  great  lode  or  many  smaller  ones.  Mott  was 
a  believer  in  the  onedode  theorv,  and  while  he  held 
the  offi<-e  of  judge  the  Ophir  was  triumphant,  and 
Burnin*;  M«»sc<»w  share's  were  at  a  minimum.     There 

'  Vinjiida  Miiunj  District  iitcorJji,  Buitk  E,  101, 


ram 

thr 

t>( 
T( 

ai:  as 

and 

i-ral  ( 

of  th 

iiitt  [)( 

rio((»u 

hail,  h 

the  ex 

'ii'4'  till 

.i\al  (•( 

aL;aiiist 

A    iR 

a  ft  IT  a  , 
•ni  end 
In  an  tv 

tt'Tcst  (»i 

J 'I  i<  a  tod 

I'urchas( 

•^^^^  feet 

covt^red 

tile  deed 

led-e."' 

than  tlic' 

l'.^»  feet  !) 

i^-  th.. 

<''»iiteiide( 

ni(»th(.'r  Id 

<^|'hir,  in.> 
"Ut  possi 
stalled  hv 
Uj'  all  the 
u^tifii'd  th 


•>■[  • 


I 


LITKVATION. 


123 


rainc  a  reversal  wlicn  Mott  was  surcocded  in  office 
1)V  .laiiits  A.  Xortli,  V  lio  believed  in  divers  lodes,  and 
tin  i)uriiinj4  Moscow  shares  went  up  again,  while  the 
Opliir's  tlrojiped. 

T<»  clRck  the  rise  of  their  enemy,  thc'Opbir  made 
ar.  ;i>s:iult  on  the  Moscow's  works  October  '2'.),  18(53, 
and  skinnishinj^  underground  was  carried  on  for  sev- 
trai  (lays;  until  Philip  Deidesheimer,  supenntendent 
(if  thf  latter  mine,  procured  the  arrest  of  the  sui)er- 
iiit.  ndciit  of  the  Oi^iir,  with  eighteen  of  his  men,  for 
ricitiius  conduct.  The  })risoners  were  released  on 
hail,  hut  tlieir  wrath  was  not  in  the  least  cooled  by 
the  rxprricnce,  nor  by  a  temporary  injunction  restrain- 
ing tlii'Mi  from  working  within  the  limits  fixed  by  the 
.ival  company,  followed  by  the  dismissal  of  their  suit 
against   it.    which    brouglit   their   stock  down    from 

3!jr)0  to  ^'1,150. 

A  IK  \v  suit  was  begun  in  another  district,  and  soon 
after  a  discovery  of  exceedingly  rich  ore  in  the  north- 
.111  end  of  the  Ophir  carried  the  stock  up  ^500  a  foot. 
In  an  effort  to  possess  themselves  of  a  controlling  in- 
terest on  the  Comstock,  the  rivals  had  further  coni- 
lilicated  their  affairs.  The  ()[)hir,  in  September,  18G0, 
jiurcliased  of  James  Fennimore  and  John  H.  Berry 
•J' I')  feet  of  their  location  on  the  Virginia  ledge  dis- 
covtMcd  by  Fennimore  in  1858,  this  being  named  in 
the  dtcd  as  their  "entire  remahiing  hitercst  in  the 
ledge."  '  It  was,  however,  over  a  hundred  feet  more 
than  they  po.ssessed,  ft)r  they  had  already  sold  all  but 
IK")  feet  9  inches  of  their  oriojinal  ()00  feet. 

l^y  the  Moscow  company  and  man}'  persons  io  was 
contended  that  the  Virginia  ledge  was  the  main  or 
niutlier  lode,  of  which  the  Conjstock  was  a  spur.  The 
Ojjliir,  in.stead  of  following  up  their  plan  of  buying 
cut  possible  rivals  in  toto,  found  them.selves  fore- 
.stallt  d  bv  William  H.  Garrison,  who  secretlv  bouijfht 
U|i  all  the  other  interests  in  the  Virginia  letlge,  and 
uutitied  them,  in  October  1 8G2,  that  he  was  prepared 

"Storry  Co-iidy  Records,  Book  D,  C26. 


l'J4 


FUUTHKK  DKVKLOPMKXTS  ON'  THE  t'OMSTOCK. 


1'^ 


to  co)itost  tlioir  title  to  tlio  Coinstock.  This  tlircat 
(icfasioiii'd  {mother  raj>i(l  fall  in  the  Ophir  stock  tVinn 
$;{,'><>()  to  31,800  per  foot,  and  forced  the  company  to 
coni|>romi.se  hy  payinu;  $00,000  or  $100,000  for  (Jar- 
ri.Noii'.s  title,  whicli  was  ohtained,  toy;ether  with  nii- 
otln-r  claim,  descrihed  as  located  l)v  Jacob  VVhitht  <k 
on  the  "  V^iri^inia  lead  of  the  Vir;j;inia  company,"  in 
F(  hrnary  18()'2.*  Another,  or  middle  lead,  had  al- 
ready heen  [lurchased  from  McCall  and  others  hy  tiie 
Ophir  company,  which  now  had  i)ossession  of  no  less 
than  four  so-called  ledges  within  a  distance  of  l,40u 
fi'ct. 

Four  others  were  alleged  to  exist  within  less  than 
half  that  distance,"  and  one  of  these  was  the  Moscow, 
which  was  being  harried  by  the  Madison  and  adjacent 
comi)anies  in  much  the  sanie  manner  as  that  bv  whirli 
the  owners  of  the  Middle  and  Virginia  ledges  had 
been  worried  into  compromise  purchases.  On  the  liHli 
of  November,  1803,  the  Burning  Moscow  rid  itself  ef 
its  minor  enemies  by  consolidathig  with  them,  an<l 
uniting  the  strength  of  the  whole  against  the  Ophir. 
Its  capital  stock  was  increased  from  less  than  half  a 
million  to  three  millions. 

As  I  have  said,  the  Ophir  company  began  a  \\v\s 
suit  in  October,  so<>n  after  which  thev  struck  a  budv 
of  rich  ore  in  their  mine.  The  consolidation  of  tlie 
Moscow  com])anies  innnediately  followed,  and  a  suit 
for  the  ejectment  of  the  Ophir  was  begun.  The  lr<j;al 
conflict  was  continued,  the  best  talent  of  California 
and  Nevada  l>eing  employed  on  this  and  other  minin<,' 
suits  of  equal  importance  for  several  years,  during' 
which  questions  of  law,  of  geology,  and  of  veracity 
were  about  equally  contested.      The  question  of  genl- 

♦Some  naiiifl  one  amount  aiitl  .some  another;  Imtit  docs  not  signify  in  tliis 
plane  whether  it  was  8*iO.O,tO  or  .%100,00<).  The  irarrison  elaim  was  im  nly 
s|ieeulative  from  the  outset.  Claims  were  inirchasetl  that  never  existeii.  >iiii- 
ply  to  avoid  litigation,  whieli.  after  all.  could  not  he  avoided.  The  wialth 
of  the  Ophir  was  wasted  in  suits  at  law  as  well  as  in  other  ways. 

*  Ledge  of  La  (Vosse  conijiany,  located  Pcceniher  9,  1859;  Oellcr  h'lk'e 
(Harris, -n  company),  located  June  17,  ISOO,  ledge  of  Madison  (Jold  and  Silver 
Mining  conipiuiy,  located  July  3,  I8()'2;  aud  ledge  of  the  Buruiug  Mo:>oiW 
company. 


Jiai'atm-y 
was  set  \\ 
came  on, 
<,MV('(!.  an 

.SLlh.'il    ill 
The    [)( 
wra ry  of 
till-  niiiiin 
were  com 

of  t!ir  Ar<' 

\W  liiiyei- 
Ix'U'^lit  U| 
ih'aily  :{.() 
ost.  'But 
assess!  nenl 
when  the  1 


sal. 


uiio;i 


|inr,'(|ii|M- 

iipl'lif-ation 

Ml)SfuW    C( 

'  Vii-'jinia  Ci 


Si, 


r^  / 


LITIGATION. 


1J5 


.  :^ 


0 'V  was  (tf  all  the  most  iH'ri)loxlMj^,  bocauso  it  could 
I).'  sctth'd  by  notliiujj;  l)ut  actual  oxj)loiatioii  of  tlio 
l(<(|„a's  ill  disjuitc,  whidi  proccrdtMl  .slowly  us  tlic  dif- 
t'nut  coiiijKinics  «lcvclo|n.'<l  in  a  jtartial  cicL;n'c  their 
liil  clninis  ;  ami  even  tlio   tcstiuioiiy   (»t'  s<  icntilic! 


Si'Vl 


)U 


(xurits  was  iit)t  |)crinittt'(.l  to  luive  much  iiitlut.iicc  i 
one  siili!  oi'  the  other. 

|)\  F(l)ruary  lHr>4  it  bc<jran  to  appear  that  tho 
liiirirni'4  ^[oscow  was  intrinsically  valueless  as  c<ii!\- 
|i,ii((l  with  its  rival,  and  whilo  it  still  lu-ld  on  to  its 
|iivtcnsion.s,  tho  stock  wont  down  to  $12  a  foot,  to 
iis(  a^'aiii,  by  the  kitinijf  process,  to  $^i■2  beforo  tho 
end  of  Octolu'r.  When  the  "lU'W  vein"  which  had 
lir<»ii'j;lit  it  up  was  as.sayed  it  receded  to  $-0  ;  but  in 
Xovfinixr  skilful  niana«jfement  <^avo  it  another  toss, 
wlh  II   cvcrv    sharo   in   tho  companv   chan''<'d  luuids 


thivo   times   durm»jj 


tl 


10  month.      This  was    tho  last 


'■(Lai  '  of  tlu!  ^[oscow  com|iany,  and  was  made  pre- 
jiaiatory  ti»  the  trial  «»f  their  suit  for  ejectment,  which 
Wits  set  for  tho  2 1st  of  Juno,  l.s()5.  Wlien  tlio  ti'ial 
Ciimo  nil.  which  lasted  for  two  weeks,  tho  jury  disa- 
i^recd,  and  a  new  trial  was  ordered  in  July,  which  iv- 
.siilt'il  in  an  i'(|ual  tlivision  of  the  jury  and  no  verdict. 
Tlif  |ioitple  and  tho  press  were  about  this  time 
weary  of  liti;i,ation,  which  retarded  tin;  pros[Krity  of 
the  iiiiiiiiij;  industry,"  while  tho  companies  thi-msolvcs 
wn-e  (■(iin|>clled  to  stare  ruin  in  the  face.  The  stock 
iif  the  Moscow  had  fallen  to  live  dollars  ]X'r  foot,  witli 
tew  Itiiyei's.  At  this  juncture  the  Ojthir  cautiously 
l)nU'^lit  up  tln^  stock  of  its  enemy  until  it  secured 
nearly  M.OOO  shares,  which  <jjavo  it  a  contiollin^i- inter- 
est. l>ut  they  found  themselves  confronted  with  an 
as>;essmeiit  of  J^l.')  a  foot,  which  they  hesitated  to  pay, 
when  the  board  of  directors  advertisi^l  the  stock  for 
sale  upo;i  tho  18th  of  October.  On  the  afternoon 
I'receijiii.^  tho  day  of  salo  the  stockholders  made  an 
application  to  have  tho  shares  on  the  books  of  the 
Moscow  company,  which  had  its  office  iu  San  Frau- 

'  Virjinin  City  TtrrUorial  EnkiyrUe,  July  14,  ISGo. 


^  r 


I   I    Ml' 

^ 

1 1 


136 


FUUTIIKR  DFVKLOrMEXTs  OX  THF,  « 'OMsTOCK. 


cisc'o,  tmnsrcrriMl  to  a  siii;^l»!  person,  hut  tho  socrot.iry 
retusf'd  to  jx-niiit  tin;  transfer  bet'orc  tlio  nsscssiin  nt 
was  [)ai(l.  The  holders  then  wished  to  restiain  tin; 
Company  from  si'llhi;jj  their  Ktoek,  and  appUed  to  iFnd^t; 
Sawyiir  fur  an  injunction  ;  hut  no  injunction  couM  lie 
granted,  hecausc;,  \ty  th  j  C'ahfornia  law,  tliiswas  ad.ty 
for  tlio  election  of  the  judiciary,  and  no  slieritf  cniil,! 
serve  tho  writ.  The  sale  ronsefjueiitly  went  on,  ami 
the  Moscow  com[)any  hoU;j;ht  in  the  stock  at  a  low 
price,  there  heiii''  few  hidders.  On  the  succeediiMf 
day  an  injunction  was  ohtained  restraining^  the  tiieis- 
fer  of  the  stock  to  other  purchasers  until  the  coints 
should  determine  the  It^'^alitv  of  the  assessment  sih; 
under  the  circumstances. 

Tho  loni;  and  dislieartoninj^  oont«!st  einled  a  Ww 
days  later  hy  the  Ojihir  surrendering  the  stock  of  the 
Moscow,  and  irivin<' lu'sides  .^7,500  in  nionev  for  the 
possession  of  that  part  of  the  Moscow  claim  wludi 
had  hi'cn  in  dispute,  and  whit-h  was  of  no  value  e\(i  |it 
to  establish  a  boundary.  There  had  been  e:vj)( mini 
in  this  contest  $1,070,000,  and  it  was  oidy  one  nf 
many  similar  ones  selected  as  an  example  because  it 
was  the  first  important  mining  suit,  an*,  involved  the 
first  discovered  silver  mine.' 

''  Tlie  fiillowing  taltlu  shows  the  drift  of  litigation  in  rcganl  to  tliu  Iciiling 
iniiie»: 

Name  of  Misf.. 

Ojiliir 

Yellow  .liiuket 

Savajie 

iioulil  *  t'lirry 

Overman 

t'hollar 

I'oto.Hi 

(.'rown  Point 

Bullion 

Belclier 

iSierra  Nt^vaila 

Ualu  &  NorurosB 


IsnitN  In  Willi  li 

Suit 

sin  wliii'Ii 

(ulllpllllV    WHS 

t'oiiiimiiv  \Mi> 

riiiiiit'iir. 

I>. 

it'Uilunt. 

2H 

9 

'.'4 

8 

•» 

'/ 

2() 

7 

]8 

5 

7 

10 

7 

S 

12 

3 

11 

4 

9 

4 

8 

5 

o 

7 

U\H 

<7 

Tnt.-ll. 


1.) 
1.) 
i.'t 

i:i 


:l 


TJ 

on  til 
rieiiey 
discMN 
cl.'ii.ii 
they  I 
\ery  i 
th.it  t 

Were  ;i 

clajiiiii 
of  fh.-I 

SI  111  IS    M 


The   t\ 

th.'it  ac 

tint    hi 

tiff  or  J 
t'lr  two 
!-.•:».  w 
teiitijin 
it  \\:iH  ea 
ti'i'iiia.  w 

*'ii"II.ip  .mil 

lliH<ffl.sil'l    III 

O'lij  ('i>iitiniu> 

Ktttlr.j    l.y    ;| 

■Aih.tlic  r  I'lMii 
tlif  •miiiM  ,iri, 
was  lirmiL'lit  I 
I'ors  .,f  tl,r  ^■„ 
■iiirn,',-,!  s,,  „,. 
"KM  lia.i  hinii 
>l'rlll^',,|•  |s(i() 
aii'Liiiploy,.,! 

Vnlltii.'  Illi'U    (nr 
I'H.H'   'iiliijiaiiy 

>■;'■•.  r„;„„.   \„ 
I'l.iii.iiti;  .Mar.'j 

* 11  an.lCnr 

'""'"a-  in  liti.r 

"' NVva.la.  tha'l 


•Ji:. 


One  of  tlie  most  protracttd  and  exitensive  coutuHts  was  that  betwti  ii  the 


i 


INKFFICiE^rCY  OF  MIXING  LAWS. 


127 


Tilt!  trniiltles  wliicli  hesct  quartz  niliiiii<^  rompanics 
<>M  tlif  CiMnsttxk  came  fVoin  tlu;  looseness  and  in«tH- 
(1.  :i(\-  of  the  niiniiii;  laws  prcvailinj;  when  (|uartz  wujj 
(lisn)Vt  red.  Ti.t!  first  locutions  were  t.ikcn  as  |iia<-cr 
( I;ii.iis  umlor  tlie  rc<jrulations  of  mining  districts  as 
tinv  had  hccn  in  Calitorni>i  in  early  niinin^L,' times,  and 
srrv  iiiudi'<[uately  descrihed.  When  it  was  known 
tli.iL  tlitj  richest  claims  were  on  top  of  a  Icd^e  they 
wrVi-  a'^ain  locatid  and  recordedas  (juartz,  the  locators 
(laimin'^^  all  the  "dips,  spurs,  angles,  and  variations" 
nf  then- discovery.  It  was  this  goinjjf  after  dips  and 
spurs  which  made  the  war  iK'tweeii  tht;  contestants. 
The  first  Nevada  legislature  passed  an  act  providing 
that  action  for  the  nicovery  of  niiinng  claims  should 
Hot  Im  iiaintained  unless  it  was  shown  that  the  plain- 
litf  or  his  assigns  had  hoen  i:i  possession  of  the  gntund 
fcir  two  years  hefore  the  suit  was  brought,'  or  since 
is.V.t.  wlien  the  Comstock  claims  were  taken,  the  in- 
triition  of  the  act  being  to  confirm  those  titles,  l^ut 
it  was  ea<;'  to  evade  this  law  by  bringing  suit  in  Cali- 
fonila,  wiiere  most  of  the  corporations  had   been  or- 

Cliullir  ami  I'll  isf  companies,  in  wliich  the  former  broufjl it  suit  to  ricovrr 
ii.wic.^nii'U  of  a  iirfaif  claim  of  4I)()  liy  1,4(H)  ffi-t,  ini'luiliiijj;  tliiConiHtock 
lri|j.'r,  wit  .  .!!:■.  iliji.i,  iingluK,  Niiur-i,  etc.  ]'roccrtlin>,'s  v,vrr  hv)i\ni  in  li>«il 
uikI  cciMtiiiucii  til  iSCfc").  After  .^l.miO, 00))  liail  Ihth  fXiirniliMl  the  MiituMerc 
Mtttli'i  liy  a  comiiromise  unitiiij;  the  'J  eonipanies  in  the  I'hollar-I'otoftl. 
AiimIIk  r  fiiiiiin-i  suit  was  that  ln'ought  \>y  thu  (iroseh  ('on.x  liilateil  a^^ainst 
tlirtlnuM  :\\\-l  Curry  anil  Opliir,  ni  tho  iL'lh  (list,  court  of  Cal.  Thi.s  i-uit 
WIS  lirnut'iit  liy  jiiTsons  in  Kl  I lorailo  county,  in  lS(i.'{,  «ho  hail  Iieen  nuni- 
I HIS  (if  tlif  fiiMH>anies  fornifil  hv  the  (iro.sch  lirothers,  whose  unha|>{i\  fate 
>'Iiiiii;imI  sii  materially  the  iirosjicctivo  fortunes  of  these  coiiijianie.s.  'I'lu-se 
iiicM  liaij  lurniMlieil  means  to  thu  (irosche.s  (luring  their  e.\]iliirations.  In  the 
.-liriiiL,' "I'  i Nil)  they  fnnneil  the  Washoe  fJoM  ami  Silver  Mining  c'iini]iany 
aini  iiii]i|i>yi'il  an  agent  to  go  to  the  states  to  contract  with  the  father  ot  the 
yiiiuiL'  null  fur  his  claim  as  heir,  and  the  claims  of  the  Western  Utah  Knter- 
lirisi-  riiTii|iany,  which  they  secureil,  after  which  they  hegan  suit  as  ahove, 
>  ' •.  /'//(..».  Aiiir.  17,  1863.  The  actions  were  ilismisseil  at  the  cost  (>(  the 
ihuiitiit,  M.irili  0,  |8(!5.  S.  F.  ItnWlhi,  March  !»,  ISCm.  This  suit  cost  the 
'  M.ul  1  -iiiil  <  'urry  company  •*i*_».<KU..'M).  Mining  jiroperty  valueil  at  .S'ltt.OOO,- 
(NH»w,i«  ill  litii^ation  in  1S(>3.  It  was  estimatcilhy  S.  \\.  Marlette.  stir  gen. 
<'i'  Ni'vaila,  that  then;  was  expemleil  in  lawsuits  ilurmg  |Sr»()  .">,  .*!I.(H),(HH),INH), 
mI'.i  li  was  one  fifth  of  the  proiluct  of  the  Comstock  loile.  /irniriii'y  Mm  J'l", 
fM  lMi7,  '.\i.  William  M  Stewart,  who  reci'ived  annually  as -nuch  as S*J<K>,- 
(Htd  Kl  Ills  as  the  |irinci])al  attorney  of  several  Comstock  » omi>anics,  esti- 
iiitfil  tl ntire  cost  of  litigation  up  to  January  ISCT..  at  SI ((.(XH), 000.  Liti- 
gation ijiil  not  cease  with  the  settlement  of  these  great  suits. 

'  A' ''  Lines,  IBCL  '•^-  Tliin  law  waa  amended  iu  liJiiU  hy  changing  2  to  5 
years, 


■i;''j 


128 


FUUTllKll  l)EVELOl'MK\TS  OX  THE  L'OMSTOCK. 


i|t 


ganizod,  and   where  most  of  the  iniiiiiig  cases  \v<to 
ilerithMl  i\r  oomproiiiised. 

Another  aet  ill  18(5:2  required  traiuftrs  of  nuiiiii^ 
propertv  tt)  be  conducted  with  all  tlu'  formalities  of  a 
transfer  of  city  lots,*  and  made  it  impossilile  to  truiii|» 
up  a  story  <>f  a  sale  which  had  been  madi;  for  an  old 
blind  horse,  and  vet  involviuij  millions  in  ijold  jiikI 
silver.  Had  these  laws  existed  before  tlu;  discovtiy 
of  the  Cemstock  lode  the  history  of  silver  minini^  in 
Nevada  would  have  been  ditferent,  i»ut  as  it  was,  tin; 
lej;islature  had  no  ])ower  to  interfere  with  the  title  to 
mineral  lands,'"  and  no  niinini;  laws  atfcctinijj  tlu^; 
titles  was  passed  by  coui^ress  lH'f)re  l^VtG.  In  .Inly 
«)f  that  vear  coiiijress  confirmed  the  titlos  alreadv  ac- 
(piired  under  district  laws,  and  pi-rmitted  the  owners 
to  take  out  i>att'nts  ;"  but  it  still  left  the  dis|>ositi()ii 
of  the  mineral  lands  as  they  were  bef«>re,  subject  to 
the  rules  and  re;j;ulations  of  minin<;  districts,  it  beiiiL; 
assumed  that  the  miners  knew  b«'st  what  was  t'lr 
their  own  <jjood,  and  that  if  thev  wcw  atjji-eed  in  it- 
sj;ard  to  followitiij;  dips  and  spurs,  an<l  sustainini;  l:uv- 
suiU,  tliere  was  no  occasion  to  interfile.  A  subse(jueiit 
act  made  some  amen<linents  to  the  first,  and  enahhd 
tlu'  !e<j;isliiture  to  n  <j;ulate  the  recoriliiiLj  of  cliiiiii»'. 
too;ether  with  other  minor  matters,  but  left  the  oicit 
cause  of  legal  warfare  where  it  had  been  from  (he 
first. '^ 

The  first  period  of  (juartz  mining  wasdistinguislnd 
by  every  s])ecies  of  e\travagaiu-e.  It  began  while 
yet  California  ntriiiied  in  a  great  nieasun;  the  nek- 
less  habits  of  its  first  decade.  Most  of  the  openuois 
were  Californians.  Kvervthing  C(tst  a  great  <leal  in 
t.hat  state,  and  to  its  first  cost  tliert,'  was  adderl  tin' 
i'X[)enso  of  transporting  it  over  the  Sierra  Nevada  at 
a  heavy  e.\.pensc.     The  richness  of  the  mines  eiicour- 

*y>;'.  L.K/w.  I81V_',  \2  \X 

i^sV.  (/•,(,f'.<  Sp<<rJi  (in  fniir/i  i,t  A'-ivAr.  IS^',.',  10. 

"  r.  .V.  S(.,/..  iv    •2-2\,  S.  /•'.  Mil,  April  14,  1805. 

»■■  t'.  i'.  atnt.,  x\ii.  yi. 


Spent 

sliared 
tide  h. 
of  the 
while 
below 
costly 
cctiiipaii 
(li.sigrci 
hoiiaiiz.] 
.shares, 
until 
doilars  t 
On  th 
San  Fra 
<.f  the  h. 
was  form 
.shares  un 
of  tlk!  .sa 
trouhle  ai 
iiiinii'g  s] 
thv   share 
Scilietinies 
stock  wen 
^b»rning  j 
reports  of 
Hill,  and  ( 
made,  the 
'"•iird.   aiu 
Itrokers  foi 
trowds  we 
hnard.c;  ai 
within  a  li 
Itrokcr  hou 
ft'*3  hv  the 


iMil  ill  J.iiiiiiiry 
1S75. 


Hisr. 


.      i  ^ 


STOCK  aOAHD. 


129 


rt^'f  (I  prodii^ality.  Wliilc  money  was  being  so  freely 
hi),  lit  wa^es  were  hi«;li,  and  the  working  miner 
sliand  ill  the  general  prosperity.  But  in  1864  the 
tiilc  lK'i,'an  to  turn.  The  rich  deposits  near  the  top 
of  the  Com.stock  mines  were  evidently  exliausteti, 
while  the  cost  of  mining  increased  with  the  depth 
iicluw  the  surface.  Millions  had  been  ex|)ended  in 
(ostlv  works  and  costlier  litigation,  and  the  «)Uler 
(•(tinitaiiies  were  being  brought  faco  to  face  with  the 
(lisiiirrcable  fact  that  they  had  seen  the  end  of  their 
hoiiaiizji.  While  endeavoring  to  dispose  of  their 
xliaifs.  tlie  public  became  alanned,  and  stocks  dropped 
until  ••  tVrt "  fell  fnmi  thousands  to  hundreds,  from 
dollars  to  cents. 

Oil  the  1  St  of  September,  18G2,  was  organized  the 
San  Fraiicisc«>  St<K*k  and  Exchange  B(»ird,'*  the  first 
of  the  l>oards  of  this  kind  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It 
was  fornuil  by  thirty-seven  brokers,  who  sold  mii>iii<f 
shan  s  on  commission,  and  issued  printed  ccrtifica'.  s 
of  the  .same,  which  wer*  transferable  without  the 
trouhle  and  expense  of  a  deed.  Through  this  board 
iiiiiiii'g  shares  were  bought  and  sold  over  and  over, 
the  shares  of  a  mine  equivaUiit  to  its  whole  stock 
s(»iii('tin!rs  chanixinij  hands  twice  a  week.  When 
.stock  went  up  there  was  a  lively  time  in  the  board. 
Morning  and  afternoim  sessions  were  lield,  and  the 
ri|i(irts  of  sjiles  telegraphed  to  Virginia  City,  Gold 
Hill,  and  other  mining  centres,  as  fast  as  they  were 
madf,  the  prices  ruling  being  marked  on  a  bulletin- 
hnard,  and  placed  in  the  windows  (»f  the  Nevada 
hrokcrs  for  all  to  see.  In  times  of  excitement  dense 
crowils  werealwavs  to  be  seen  around  these  bulletin- 
hoard.--;  and  in  San  Francisco  it  was  ditti<'ult  to  get 
within  a  hWk  of  tlic  exchange.  But  whetlier  the 
broker  bought  or  sold  ft>r  his  customers  he  made  a 
fto  hv  the  transaction  ;  and  couKl  he  have  refrained 


"'"/.  Anumtl  yfinimj  Rn.,  6-18.     The  California  Stock  Boanl  wa»  orjfan- 
tMJiii  January  l»7l!.     The  Pacific  Stuck-ex change  wan  orgauizud  iu  April 


J 


1S75, 


Hist.  Nbv.,   9 


180 


FURTHKIl  DEVELOPMENTS  ON  THE  rOMSTOCK. 


fnim  speculatiriij  for  hiiiisolf,  or  ram'iii^  the  stork  of 
otluTs  "  OH  a  marjjfin,"  ini»^ht  liave  rt'aix'd  a  Jdarvtst 
from  tlio  misfortunes  of  his  cHents.  The  stcjck  ex- 
chanjjje  in  1804  was  a  scene  of  njelancholy  interest  tn 
the  simple  observer,  and  t)f  painful  anxiety  to  tla 
owner  of  minin>;  shares. 

Tile  workin*;  mim'rs  were  not  infrequently  owikts 
of  some  stork  ;  therefore,  when  it  fell  rapidly  in  the 
market  ihey  had  lost  as  much  of  their  wnii;es  as  the 
shanks  represented.  And  when  in  addititjii  to  this 
the  mine-owners  or  superintendents  set  about  re- 
trenchment by  cuttiiii^  down  their  pay,  tliey  becaim 
stubbornly  rebellious.  Deep  minin*;  is  severe  and 
dans'erous  work  ;  and  foar  dollars  a  dav  had  not  Ix  rn 
considered  too  nuieh  for  the  labor,  Kven  before  tlioy 
were  asked  to  take  less  tlun'  had  deci<hMl  not  to  do  it. 
by  orjjjanizing,  in  ^^ay  ISfiH,  a  Miners'  Protect ivo 
As.sociation,  consistini^  of  between  three  and  fdui 
humlred  members, 

A   sturdy  and  peculiar  class,  delvinj^  in  the  (hirk 
and  sweltering"  bowels  of  the  earth,  as  nakt^d  nearly 


"Tlic  temiM-raturea  of  tlio  roinntork  iiiiiius,  as  testc"«l  frnir.  SeptemlM  r  IS7S 
to  Aii^iiMt  ISKI,  at  till!  Foriiian  ('oinliiiiatiini  Hliaft  of  tin;  Ovcriiiaii,  ('alr>l<>ni3. 
lirlolicT,  <"rowii  I'oiiit,  and  Sfgri'gated  UcKIkt  foiiijiaiiii'.s,  wore  as  fi.llnw* 


Depth. 

ToinpcrtttUttv 

nopth. 

Ti'mpcriifMM'. 

feet. 

/>(■;/  rrrs             1 

hWt. 

Deijrtii. 

I()0 

r.«4 

1,200 

8!ti 

200 

f>5 

i,:m)o 

»1.', 

m) 

62 

l.4(N) 

JNii 

400 

tiO 

1,.J00 

101 

rm 

»w 

I,)i00 

1(« 

m) 

Tli 

1.700 

UHh 

700 

7«J 

I.WK) 

10.-.  s 

S(N> 

7()i 

l.'KN) 

KM) 

•MM) 

7« 

2.  (MM) 

HI 

1,(HK) 

81. J 

2,1  {to 

lift', 

l,l(NI 

84 

In  soiiK^  niinP!<,  ami  nonio  )iartN  of  iiiint"4,  owinji  to  ilefi'otivr  vctitilatinD. 
anil  soiiii'tiincH  to  iiiiai^(-«'rtaincil  faii-fs,  tli>'  lieaf  wan  a-'tiially  iii"iiii|"'rtal>l'. 
takiMi  in  conjniiction  witli  t\w  liacl  air  in  tli.-  ininc-t  t-vi-n  tin-  livst  \  i  ntihttnl. 
and  iiH'n  not  infri'i|ii(>ntly  foil  di-ad  in  oonsfijuoiici-.  In  tlif '!<)(>■  ftit  livd''! 
the  Kt'l  her  in  \Hiti\  the  mvu  i-ould  wnrk  Imt  a  few  niinntct  at  a  titti>.  ani 
•wu%t  lillud  thuir  lounu  «huv<i    'uuUl  it  rati  uvur  thu  top8,'   whik  lu  tb« 


ns  w 


INT?,  '  DEPTHS. 

'r;i"!t.™:r',«  f-"'  ^'-ir  mot. 


ISl 


iziiii  tliat  a  terriblo  fUto 


>er's  womb,   real- 


"'"'ie-Mt  overtake  tliem,  vet  witl 
"  ^^™'^»  doponding  u,.on  tl 


■''isl;t  at^a,,y  „,.,„„,^'j: 


.'I  I  II  IV 


'  vvivt'8  and  chil.l 
em  fit 


!*r 


ir 


••"•"i".sta,H.os  soomod  to  warra    V        '  ""'''"'"*'  ^^'^ 
';""'""'"*  P*-'^^  f'T  tJ.oir  labor      t' if  "'t^'>J'«''iM.<r 

•■"'Of  the    Undo    S;L      C"    ^      "'"'^''^'''^^^^ 
•^■">.|.,Vor  /,im.-     Oti,',,,.^"    ^'^'  """^''»'s  made  an 
^-i.a,..r  labor.  sc/'u^^S?"  ''^^!V'  ^'!  <-«t  abou^ 


•b'lv  the  Minors'  J 


wbicb 


-;v|.arado({tJ,ostroof«  J<^?'r'^!t,onl 


'."   tbo   last   dav  of 


Hill 


•streets  of  \ 


'ej^'an  to  act. 


li):is 


<   'n  tlio  band  at  tjjeir  J 


;_!"•  Iiit.Tnational  botel!  tbt 


^'"•'''"•'^•''i'vsstbein,  wlii,.);  J 
^""|»<tli,.tic    speed,.      All 


'''"'!•.    .Haltin,!r  in  fv. 


"1   iMtervals  (,f 
■ontof 


.>  <aled  ujM.n   Frank    Til- 


le  did 


'"""i.-r.  and  tl 


'e   crowd  d 


was   tlonc    in 


in  a  Houery  and 


"'•^t  dav  a, id  «I,'mar!d  of  tl 


y^Tst'd  to   nu-t 


'^"    ordei'Iv 


t<'ii'l.'iits  unif( 


ii'»t  Ik'imi>' 


"?•"•  wajrcs  at  .'^4  a  d 


^'  several  min 


a.irain  tl 


le 


<'0||( 


|>n'|)ared  t 
''^>"<"»  without  an 


iy.    Ti 


'".tr  «uperin- 


iniJI- 


men 


nil  I  mill,,  flie  „.ator  m 


exception,  and 


tj 


whii'li 
tli. 


|IIH  III  USD 


K":Srf,!;r'- ./w-"*!.  .1, 


)e 


r  was 


W  ■'•!!    Ml    tillK 


"lino  .if  it 


"■■n  'liie  to  tl 


IS    Nllfft 


<l. 


';;""""•'•:'•  ••..«ist...n..i  i 


puiii,,,.,!  ,1,3.,  „,„.,,  J, 


■I"'"''  l.7()()f,.,.t.  I.utf, 


m 


""'"«  to  Hoiiie.xt,  lit 
'•  I"--^cMi..o  ..f  the  l,„t    '' 


^i  Week  late 

"   '      '    it  niiitiiiiie,! 


!iinl  I4(» 


'll'    tllllllLT.lt 


"I'll.ol  th,.  I 

A  ( 


•'■St    l|( 


illivll  tl.;ii   tIl.T. 


l«-»i<u,M  („r  v,u,l 


'"    t'l  !()(»'  Hi 


•"  -i  "Irift  in  th...  I 


'"'0  Mas  I, 


water  s 


Iiriiigs, 
«<'reil.      Tl 


'"?,'  tlio  mill 


It'll  air-iiirri'ut 


"'J'<'nal  «li,-,ft  at 


m 


-"','■'  '•■■  l'r::l::iu^i^^:;^:^y.  '"-traa...,  fr.;;:;,:L":::r  ■"!'!"  '••■'  i->- •''•'■» 


"•"     ■■»"<i  it  wa 


;"  ^»<Tu  ...s|al,|i,|„„i.      / 


iviirk 
tli. 
iiit.i  t 


'yi'iiiMiiiiiiin^  t 


'y  •■■'■•. 47-.»  t 


Mv.i 


"111 


I'lH   0 


f  aiifl 


"11  tlio  r..cki  a 


t  iniifti  ||,.,,t 


Icliiiii        l>:  .1.  .'.        ' 


...  ..,„,,„  aiiriirac  to  o,,,|     *),  '  "'"^"  '" 


.'H 


l.vu-.it 


'''■  iiK-liiie.      I'jek 


■»  *''>ii!(|  . inly  Ik.  | 


'•"III  waf.r  at  a  t 


allot 


'I'liiiK  Mas  1111, 


i::t"s:r.^-!:'-''''i-.-i:i;in 


.■iii,||..,|  with 


'•"111.. ratlin.  .,f  |; 


'"  l'<:s.  .iff,  r  I 


<■  '""inoioiisii 


an  I 


W  I  ( 


nitliin 


I'SS. 


Til 


"•uas   Hr.nv 


M 


111. 
''  Kl'iv.s,  aii.l  ,.h,t| 


I  III  I  ^ 
'"Vcrcl  iii 


"  Mfrvatta.k..,! 


".  .1  iiiin 


Mill 


'     Mas  let 
lis  M-.'t  i 


a 


I'-irn, 


I  r;;^",:;;":"!*'™  I"-.; 


,111,1  I,....  .        ."I'.'M'il  Ilk.,'  an     nf..... 


?,"■","•''  tr„„Me,| 


'«"   infant,      ff 


to  l-.'.S   f, 
""t  r.'cov.r  I 


7'  '".""•  <"'"M  aii.l 


'  <  ramps  ainj 


*'iirr\ 
"!  ■■"'III.'  tin,.',  faint...'! 


till'  fit 

lIlHIIll' 


'■iiliir  , 


Hit. 


ii'i'Mses 
■It  an 


"'"'■'■"It-  s  p  /  \K''''',' 

'Ml,     ...  '^-    '''■'■'ll'/,  ,1 


"'"  ""iKTs  as  earlv  as    Vi 


io  Mas  Kra.liiall 


I's  r. II..,. t 


y   r..st..r(.,i,      \\ 


"•II   Hheii 


iif.r 


["■'y  IM'ri.i.i 


"!f 


r  .  n.riii/ii/iir.  .Inn    •»«    iv-i 

«"-n:TCter;-«''-"U?n..i;:h.:, 


""•  M).  i8(j<»; 


an.j 

t 


•    •  1.1111  hoLMtlllK   ,.hI,I 


1    H.lS 


ll    t 


III-   ll.s..,|  ;,,s 


li"    I'll,.    ,,f 

li.'ist,.,! 


(■•  tl 


ll.  a  (• 


'••iiisliman      M. 


he 


.aste  ,rf  /"'""'  "•"'•'".  With  a  l-i  ,.   f    .     ''V  *"'«"•"■  '"'""-I 
.r-^t. .  Iirt  from  <'orn«-,-,ll  •     1    .''.'•''"    ^•:»''ti'ii.'.l  to  hi...    ■!. 


■"f'li'i,  an.i  tinallv  '.! 


•niwall  '     |{ 


•--.ris,^;^aj-;,-^Ert:::;i 


■•■■V  1  i.ts(enei    to    iJiM    '  ll 


tliilei'j) 


.*'".''l  an.l 


•"'•.  ^>ay  ai,  ISO.} 


,"•  I'l'ils  Ml  which 


I'' 
I? 


:m 


I3'i 


FUKTHKU  DKVEI.OPMEXTS  OX  THK  (  OMST(K'K. 


or<janizc«l  the  Minors'  League  of  St<»rov  c<»untv.  hy 
tlio  laws  of  whifli  each  member  was  ri"quire<l  to  pli  (I^,. 
himself  not  to  work  in  Storey  eountv  for  less  than  .si 
a  day  in  coin.  Upon  information  that  any  nieinlHr 
had  hrok"n  his  pledge,  the  president  of  the  leav'ew.s 
ri'quire('.  to  eall  a  special  me«'ting  to  remonstrate  witi 
the  ottendiiii^  nu'mher ;  should  the  remonstnuice  li, 
disregarded,  then  tlie  president  must  "call  out  tli. 
entire  fon-c  of  the  league.*' 

This  threat  did  not  det»'r  minors  who  were  iki 
niemlH'rs  of  the  league  from  covertly  ai'cepting  jnwt  i 
wages,  and  jxraduallv  crowding  out  the  four-»lo!l;tr 
men,  wh«>  finally  withdrew  hoiu  some  of  their  it  ;i>t 
tenahle  positions,  and  the  league  was  finally  di.ssolvt.l. 
But  the  mine  (jwners  had  never  been  able  to  estali- 
lish  a  uniform  price  lower  than  $4,  while  the  inim  r^ 
formed  "uni«>ns"  to  maintain  that  rate,  in  wliich 
ettbrt  they  were  ni^ver  defeated.' 


i« 


During  the  first  four  vcars  of  working,  the  Onliir 
lM)nanz2i  vielded  fifteen  millir>ns  in  <;old  and  silver,  i.-s 
than  a  million  and  half  being  |Kiid  out  in  divi«li  nil>. 
During  the  siime  time  other  mines  on  the  Idle  to  th  ■ 
south  htul  Ix-en   tiiking  out  their  millions,"  and  (x 

"Thirre  Were  .1  miners'  union-,  one  at  Virginia  <'ity,  one  at  (ii  M  II. il 
ami  one  at  .Silver  (.'it  v,  the  olijtet  of  wliicli  wa.'t  the  keepiug  up  of  wjgo«  t> 
tlie  Ht4in<laril  of  four  ilollars  ]H-r  ilay  of  H  hourx. 

'■  <M>ulil  ami  I'urry,  organizeil  in  liU'tH,  ouiic<l!>*JI  feet,  alntuthalf  of  wlii 'i 
waH  liriMlnetive.  The  rieh  ore  in  this  mine  lay  within  l*M)  feet  in  lenctli.  .'ii') 
feet  in  heij^ht,  ami  a  wiiltli  of  alwiut  l<NI  feet.  Total  amount  of  aniH-s-iiit'ii:. 
to  Nov.  IST.'i.  t<1.tUa,0lN>:  total  amount  <if  .livi.leii<N,  ^<.N-.Hi,.S(N>,  .Ivi.i,  t 
among  IOK,(NNI  xharei*.  Savage,  the  next  mine  mmth  of  (ioiilii  an<i  *'urr^ 
with  ll-.>,(l'M»  Mhare.t  in  8(Nt  feet,  a.H-se.tMMl  «ivMMi,«MM),  an<l  {Kiul  out  iti  >\n 
(lends  ^,44M>,(NH),  in  the  Haiiie  time.  Hale  ami  NorenMit,  with  a  elaiiii  i>'\<r 
iiig4<)l)feet,  ilivii!e<l  into  lti,<NIU  Mhare.H,  Itegan  o|ier;iti4imi  in  IMil  nr  iNi.' 
It  wa.s  ill  wii  alMiiit  'J.'JINI  feet  in  IHT.'t.  The  art.testments  levie<l  amoiint'-'i  ' ' 
(il.TTO.IMK),  am!  the  iliviilemU  to  .^I..V.»S.(NM».  <  hollar- I'otoitl,  i-overiai'  l.4«> 
feet  on  the  Coiiuttoek,  Wiw  iliviileil  into  'JH.4NM>  Mhan-s.  Iti  a'*!*eHi<miiit-  yr> 
vioo.H  to  INTti  were  ^I.IKTJ.OINI.  ami  \tx  iliviilemU  .«:t.(IM».O0O.  ViIIom  .1  k.k<v 
with  !>.'>7  fi-et  iliviileil  into'J4.<MN)  Hhares.  iisi^-^Meil  the  hoi.leri  l?*_',:C>S.(»>i.  ,>m 
iiaiil  ill  (liviilenilM,  ^i.lSI.OOrt.  in  the  name  |NTiiMl.  <'ro«'n  INiint,  liaMiiu •">»'' 
feet  on  the  CoinstiH-k.  wnmliviileil  into  HW.Jinn  nhard.  It  asue-ifM'il  *I17'<,'C" 
anil  {mill  #ll,.'>HM,linil  in  iliviileniU.  Th  in  mine  hail  aa  nnuAiial  lM>nati/.v  in 
IH70  it  wan  apfMirently  exhannteil,  when  the  l.-irgent  ore  IwHly  ever  fouii.l.  tip 
to  that  time  ou  the  ConiKtix-k  liMle  w.i'  iliwoven-il.  In  '2  yearn  it  v:ilil'»l 
|U,iH4,783.57,  aud  cuutiunvU  tu  yield  largely  fur  Mtwnl  yeara.     Ik-Klar,  is- 


11' 


i:;i 


AXXUAL  ITJODUC  Tlo.v. 


133 


i; 


til.  Inst  tuc.  vo  v(.ars  J,a^  I.  V     ^'""stook  duii.Mr 

■"''-'"t  ''v.-r  ol.atinod  in  o.; .,;;''''* V''^»''  ^'""'>'-  tho 
»"';M.  '^    ^^a«   tJjo   Wonder  of  tlio 

vii'>."u"wn ,:  frj',.:tr';i'"r,r^j-"'?  ^"""'  "^  f- 

-■  '^'m.-v.  White  „,„,  \  urn  ;,        ';"',""•  ^"-'"^'1  N" 

'— "  ">«-i-  over  t&/,i«!-.  «^.;;;-; 


'"•»•  fr..,„  I,  ,i,:„  "X; '"  ""■  •">"...„  ..i  IS.  .Vi™"f";  ";'r""»i!  ".^ 

''ilfui.or,.  <',„K„|,,|.,  '     •)"'l«'s   Am,,na.  .v,.|  i-,.,,     .■,""•'••' 'I"Mii,  (  ..,1,,. 
''"*""«•.       110  f-  '""•"•"'»''    ■  Tlu.Ui'.T"' •  »-M»  f,.,.t  a.l 


184 


FUltTIlEU  UKVELOPMKNTS  OX  THE  COMSTOCIC. 


I  ': 


I  i 


days  of  the  Opliir  oxcitomciit,  the  unmuts  held  tlui 
ground  at  prices  hi«;her  than  wouhl-he  pureliasi  rs 
offered,  and  the  eoniitanien  undertook  the  dovt  Inp. 
nient,  which  proceeded  slowly,  and  witlumt  any  t  n- 
couraj^injjf  discoveries.  A  shaft  had  hccn  sunk  «>ii  the 
Central  to  a  depth  «>f  over  (»()()  feet,  and  several  tun- 
nels driven  in,  intersectinjjj  the  shaft  at  dc^ptlis  nf 
from  800  to  000  feet,  two  of  which  were  costly  and 
extensive,  hut  which  failed  of  their  purpose^,  noiliin.; 
beinijf  found  except  some  small  hunches  of  ri<-h  oir  in 
the  California.  So  persisttsnt  was  this  harienncss  of 
the  lode  over  so  ^^vcut  a  space  that  the  fact  at  l»ii.jtli 
attracted  the  attention  of  those  who  were  versed  in 
the  «^eolo<j;ical  filatures  of  the  district. 

In  June  18(57  four  of  the  six  com|)anies — Central 
No.  2,  Kinney,  White  ami  Murphy,  and  Sides — n»ni- 
hined  under  the  incorporated  title  of  the  VMr^inia 
Consolidated  Mininijf  company,  hut  without  attem|it- 
in<j;  any  sisjjnal  exploitjition  for  two  years  Ioniser,  in 
IHf)'.)  they  expended  .^ir>l,:{41>.4l  wiUiout  «liseov<iiii.,' 
an  ore  di^posit  of  any  valu(%  their  power  toa^ses!^  was 
exhauste<l,  and  th(»  whole  mine  worth,  at  the  |)iiiv 
their  stock  was  brinLjin;^  in  the  hoard,  hut  $ls.s.)(i. 
The  most  dis<,'oura;..;ini?  feature  t»f  their  enterprise,  in 
the  minils  of  the  owners  of  the  Virginia  Consolidatnl, 
was  that  the  ()[>hir  bonanza  had  faih'd  at  about  th. 
depth  of  tlu»ir  latest  explorations  and  tlwuthe  (Jeiild 
and  (^urry  ha<l  also  «riven  out  1,000  feet  below  tin 
surface-  coincith'niM'S  which  seemed  to  fix  the  (Irjiili 
to  which  they  mi^ht  j^o  for  rich  on^  bodies.  At  tliis 
juncture  the  minini'  firm  of  James  (J.    Fair,  Jolm  \V 


Mack 


*y. 


James  C.    Flooil.  and   William  S.    O'lliim 


made  an  offer  of  $80,000  for  the  pro|>erty  of  the  ("'m 
sitlidated    V^iririnia,  which  was  transferred    to  tlitin 


!*    I 


l>oiiiiil:iri<>'«  was  aurocl  u|>iiii.  .Tosojdi  Wf1>I»  was  iillownl  .'M)  fcil  nii  rlir 
north  piirt  iif  Hishoi)  .t  ( 'amp's  Krouiui;  Wiiit*-.  Ilamiitack,  it  Kirliy  IiuMmi 
lyiiiii  to  tilt)  Houtli,  .laims  *  Murpliv  110  Wt  U'twi-cii  tlic  Wliitu  ami  \Vi!!i 
yroiiiiil,  aii<l  iloliii  l>.  Wl  itt-rs  ainl  Sides  fi  Co.,  pit  soiiK'tliint;  over  .'(iH)  l.it 
on  tliu  Hotitli.  Tliis  si'ttleiiK'iit  \N  as  iii'vur  ilisturltvil,  aiul  won  tliu  liaai.i  >'i 
tlic  title  puruliaaud  by  the  bouauza  tirm. 


THK  llOXANZA  FIUM. 


1S> 


if,  lu 

itrd. 

til.' 

>iuM 

rpth 
tins 

I,  w 

|>ri<'ii 
'on- 

IClll, 


.Mill' 

|\V. '  •> 

HI  1.1 '. 


ninl  soon  aft»r  also  a  controlling  intorest  in   the  Crtli- 
l",,riii;i  njinc." 

Till-  ininin*;  ox|HTience  «»f  Fair  and  jSIackay,  with 
tlnir  kii<»\vliilj;i;  of  tho  KadiniLj  ffaturcs  of  the  Cnni- 
.stiik,  JustiHici  th«j  ventun;  which  they  ha<l  un»l«'r- 
tiikt  II  aa   njuth  as  any  unknown  unilortakin;^  is  ever 

"Tin;  history  of  .l.iliii  W.  MacUay  is  tli.it  of  ii  fiivorito  of  furttiiio.     Ili'wa^ 


liorii  111 


IhiMiii,  Iri'liiiiil,  Nov.  12'.*,  ]S',i\,  iiiid  tliiTU  rci-oivtiil  lii.s  tiihioatioii 


h 


-.iti'il  t.i  tlie  I'mtoil  St:itc.s  Willi  ii.s])ir^Uioa.s  after  •■»  wiiii  r  liiM  i.f 
,ti..ii  tli.iM  wat  air.irilril  '"iiii  in  lii.s  an>'t'stral  islainl.  Kur  il  year  or  two  Im 
Uiks  >  iii|>l"Vi'<'  I'y  a  iiiiiiiiit'rfi.'il  lioii.Hc,  liiit  lu.'ariu>{  imu'li  of  tliu  laiul  of  ]iroiii- 
iM'  <.M  till-  .^lioru  of  tliu  r.'iritic,  liaili-  farcwrll  to  Mtiaily-^oin;;  Boston,  ami 
jnii.i.l  tlir.'iniiy  of  uol<l  Kvi-kiTs,  lainlin^  at  San  Franoi.sco,  ami  ;,'oiii^  to  work 
ill  til'-  iiiiiKs  near  l»owiiio\  ilU;,  in  Sierra  roiinty,  Cal.     Am  a  iilat-cr-iniiirr  lie 


tii:i'l<'  siiia 


ll  aiivaiK't'  towariU  tlio  eovi-tcil  fortuiu-,  Imt  liciiij;  y 


■iiii^,  uiiil  iia<'- 


iiii^  Miiiii'i'l.'tiiiis  to  iM.iiily  Ix'.aiity,  liu  riii|il4iyi-il  a|i.'irtof  his  time  p.iyin^  court 
t.i  a  <l  iiii:littToi  Ihmirl  K.  Iliinnfrtonl,  to  whom  lie  was  aitcrwanl  niarricil, 


III  » ll 


has  Ik'i'oiiio  known  to  all  tin;  M'orhl  a.i  a  woman  of  ran 


I!  .SiH'l.ll  i|iia 


ill 


.1  lir;ii'Vii|ciu;e  of  cliaraffiT.  Wlion  tho  ( 'omstock  locK?  w.as  iliscnvrrol 
M.'ti'k.'V,  .iltiiit;  Mith  tliu  rest  of  the  iiiiniii^  worhl,  hasteneil  to  Wa.shnc,  where 
III'  wiii'ki'il  .'it  lirst  as  a  eoinmoii  ;iiiiier,  liiit  saving  lii.s  money  ami  Matehin^ 
li;.>  rli.iiui:   for  all   investment,      lie   |iiireha.seil  nii  iiiteri'Ht  in  the   Keiitiiek 


I' 

iiMi'  al  (ioM  llill,  an<l  |)aliently  worked  a  lew  years  more,  iliiriii;;  which  lu^ 
aii|iiir<-il  a  va'.a.ililc  kiiowlcil;;*!  of  the  jireat  loile.  In  I.SlHMie  j-im  il  .1,'iiiies 
(i.  Ka:r  ill  a  contract  to  ilevelo|>  tlit;  Male  .t  NorcroM.s  mine,  which  froiu  p.iy- 
11',' ilivi'lcinU  h.iil  fallen  oir   to  reijiiiring  heavy   assi-ssmeiits.      Mack.iy    ami 

I'.iir  lirlieviil  the  iniiu nl«l  he  mailt;  to  jiay  lar>{ely  ajiaiii,  anil  fornuil  with 

\'\ 1  ami  O'llricii  of  Sim  Francisco  the  coiii|>aiiy  which  tinallv  strciiriil  con- 
trol of  a  l«oii.in/a.  From  this  jierioil  Maokay  has  eiijoyiif  uii|i.'ir:illi'leil 
liii.iiir'al  |>ro-|icrity.  His  family  has  resiileil  in  I'Uii  .,  where  Americans  of 
ili-.tiii>'tiiin  have  Ih-cii  royally  entertaineil  liy  them,  ami  his  ilaii^^liter  has  Ih'oii 


iiiiinii'l  to  a  |iriiii'e  of  the  Italian  In 


■f  ( 'olonna.      Many  an;  tl 


11-  ili>erv- 


iiiL'  iiir-ions  ami  charitihle  enterprises  which  have  reeeivcil  niil  from  the  iii- 
ti'llii^eiit  ap[ilicatioii  of  the  wealili  aci^iiireil  hy  this  inemlier  of  the  !ionaii/4 
linn. 

Iiiiii-'f;.  Fair  w;is  a  native   of   rionjjher,  t'ounty 'ryroiie,    Iri'laml,  Imni 
|lii'.  ."!,  IMll.      Me  came  to  the  I'mteil  .States  with  his  parents  iit  the  ai,'i,'  of 


iilin;'  for  l>  vears  in 


III. 


uiil  joining  the  Argonauts  m 


filif.i 


ill  Isttl.  His  tir.st  mining  was  tlone  on  Feather  river,  hut  having  a  tenileiicy 
tiiwai.i  iiiLirt/,  he  was  leil  tM  stuily  this  liranch  of  mining.  Ins  inlelli^^cnce  in 
Ills  ii'i^.ir.l  I'liiiplcil  with  this  extensive-  kiioMleil^e  of  mechanic <,  pi  icci!  him 
III  till'  |>n'.itioii  (if  sii|H'rinten<U'nt  ami  maiiapM-  of  extensive  mines  in  ( 'alitor - 
Ilia,  .uiil  till. lily  of  the  Opiiir  aiiil  Hale  A'  Norcross.  While  at  tiie  l.ittermine 
lir  |.fii|.iiM  ,1  to  Mackay,  Flooil  .V  <)'llrien  to  form  a  partnership  fur  tin 


tn 


I  111  iiiiiiiii){|(ro|)ertv.    The  Hale  k  Niircro.ss  ^.-ivc  the  lirm  its  lirst  st.irtf 


till'  roail  to  wiMlth.      Fair  was  a  man  of  a  striking;  pcrsmiil  appcira 

.1  hiii^lit,  .i.tive  miml.  ami  prohaMy  orij'iiiateil  some  of  the  most  Niiccessful 

iihivis  uf  the  l>oiian/;i  linn.      His  further  history  helon^fs  to  politics. 

.l.iiiH-s  C.  Flooil  anil  Willi.ini  .s.  O'llrieii  wi-n-  eii^.-iucil  in  reiailini{  liijiiont 

iM'fnl  in- 


Ill 


a  saloon  jiatroiii/eil  l>y  mine  -iperalors,  ami  li.ivm^;  >;;um'i|  soim 
i'liiiiiition,  m;ti|e  capital    in    stin-k  o)K'ratioiis.     To   the^e   men    Mackay  ami 
I'lir.  with  a  full  kiiowli  ilife  of  their  eapaliilities,  applieil   for  an!   in  t.ikin^ 


till 


itr.let  for  the  ilevelopnn 


it  of  Hale*  Norcross.     O'llrien  was  another 


IrNliiii.iii.  ami  FIoimI  w;is  a  native  of  New  York.     Neither  of  these  men  pi 


iiv  other  talent  than    m 


oni'V 


.1.  M.  Walker  was  u  iiiunil>er  uf  the 


lii'iii  ui  tliu  Li^guiuiiig,  but  auuu  sold  uut  tu  Mackay. 


fn 


Mi 


,1 

I 

1^ 

IM 


FTJRTHER  tEVELOrMENTS  ON  THE  COMSTOCK. 


justifiable.  A  drift  from  the  1,200-foot  level  of  the 
Gould  and  Curry  was  continued  throut^h  Best  and 
Belcher  into  Consolidated  Virj^inia  in  1872.  At  the 
same  time  the  shaft  already  bejjfun  was  deepened,  and 
a  drift  run  from  a  depth  of  500  feet,  east  and  west, 
improvements  made  in  the  hoisting-works,  and  tin* 
sliaft  deepened.  13uring  all  these  o[)erations  the 
search  for  an  ore  deposit  different  from  the  low-jj^radc 
ore  found  in  drifting,  and  more  continuous  than  tli;- 
hunclu'S  wimetimes  encountc^red,  was  being  proseeutid 
bv  tiie  untinng  manager  Fair,  who  was  f<dlowin<r  up 
in  the  lower  drift  a  thin  seam  of  ore,  from  dav  to  dav. 
of  which  he  never  lost  sight,  although  it  sometiiius 
narrowed  to  a  mere  film.  There  had  been  exp(  ndcd 
thus  far  $'200,000,  and  the  miners  began  to  think  it 
was  borrasca  in  the  Consolidated  Virginia  for  tlie  in  w 
proprietors  as  well  as  the  old. 

In  March  1873  aflfteen-foot  stratum  ol  ore,  milling 
834  to  the  ton,  was  reached  in  the  drift,  about  eiglity 
feet  north  of  the  south  line  of  the  Best  and  Beldur. 
TIk-  size  and  richness  of  the  ore  increased  throughuut 
the  year,  the  deposit  spreading  out  like  a  wedge  with 
its  a\yQ\  at  the  top,  until  it  showed  a  width  of  betwct  n 
300  and  400  feet.  The  shaft  was  carried  down  to 
cstfublish  its  extent  in  a  vertical  direction.  A  numhor 
of  mills  were  employed  on  the  ore,  and  the  montldv 
shipments  of  bullion  from  the  Consolidated  Virginia 
reached  in  a  short  tinie  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  dol- 
lars. The  .shares  of  the  company  went  up  from  .Sl'» 
to  $400  before  the  close  of  the  year;  the  capital 
stock  havhig  been  increased  from  $7,080,000  dividrd 
hito  -23,000  shares,  to  $10,800,000  represented  l.y 
108,000  shares. 

In  December  the  California  company  was  organ- 
ized by  consent  of  the  managcnjent  of  the  C<»ns(ih- 
dated  Virginia,  which  conveyed  to  them  the  ground, 
and  took  a  controlling  interest  in  their  stock.  The 
new  arrangement  gave  the  latter  company  710  liinar 
feet,   coveriug   the   Sides   and   White  and   Murphy 


gn 
Ccn 

citnl 

gill  J 

an* 

nil! 

gini.'l 


STOCK  VAlUBa 

gmunj.   nliilj  Ihe  CaIiforr.i«  „  '" 

tVutna  California,  CeS'lT'^r^.'^ived  the 

f       o,„„i„.,.s,„.,,  OUO  feet  between  the  pV",'^-'' <■'""''«. 

K""..    .in,!    the    Ophir-bet"  en    *r  T'"'"'«'    ^'i'-- 

»'»;""t  "f  capital  sfKk  a.^  value  r,,    "r"'-""-""^ 

Si.M.i.  *-°' *'"-•  Consolidated  Vir 

Vc'tivithstandin^.  that  a  rich  nr->  (    i 
!fro«m,.  neher,  had  been  fo™    e"?    .'^^'  ''"'"tantly 
"■""  "  <'l>«.  "f  I,lfi7    fe  t    i?    °"!"'"'  ''""-.nvard 
'■•";;'.'r-.  to  I. .TOO  feet,  vet  wS'"-'  '."'"'  "-^t  on- 
--tK- buddings,  and  st<;ok„,r^',T'''"»,«l«>.se8, 
»o  e  I.,.,,,,..  i„  ^^^^  mark"     ,?  X?,  ;','"•   "'"  ^'""■<'» 
«^>.     They  increased  to  siiOio?''^'   '«^^    ("'t 
'"Nt.r.  when  still  richer  m-  .7       V""''^''''  ""d  m  nn.l 
'■■'""•^-Uevel.  to  $580     L""f„''"'^»,'''""'<l   on       e 
' 'n-m.'  the  California  aio    ,  ,WU '1';''!''".^   ^^i"-«»"« 
|l"scn„n,iou.s  advance  thou!     1       ",'  ""'  """-liet. 
";'  "  ''.""«'"  W'-alth  to  juLtif    ij  ,  "T''^'  fl'«-"l«tive, 
t'O    ')(  inniin.   sh.ce   H,,     '    !   K"^*-'"'"' ""'n  the  hi, 

■  ".r,at,„„.    „.hich    led    stock  |'    ''"^'"'«  '"  "'<••  iuN 
;  ■  "US  ,ni.ht  yet  bo  wort    i,  n^lr^'"  ^'"0  tlX 

""■>•  ''"I  "'■! I  re„ch  87  0      r    •>    ^!'  "^""""n-  IS75 

»"■;■«  c  ,„.sid„r,.d  as  ossJn     i|,H'''''^"'"'"»l'a'vs;which 
''•'",'  the  market  value    f't,''''  ?""■'  »■•''"  '" «rH( 

1^^-™   nunes    f,Ir   five     '::"'•■"'"'  ^''^^'"''^  »m.I  C, 

""-'J  ^  1-  .lividenJi'-d.!:::  ';'^;s;''  )■•>•'"-'  "".- 

.,.  ,  „,.,„.  't"l880,  paym(,r  S540,- 


--Mi 


138 


Fl'IlTllKR  DEVELOl'MENT.S  ON  THE  COMSTOCK. 


000  in  that  yrar.     California  paid  the  last  ilividtud 
ill  the  yrar  lH?i)." 

It  is  |>laiii  that  rich  as  was  the  j^roat  honaii/a  it 
liad  n-arlictl  a  ruinous  jxiiiit  of  iiiflatiuu  in  is7;").  fur 
evt'ii  if  the  actual  valu*;  of  tlu'  sliari'S  lia<l  Ixen  ctjual 
to  tilt'  price  put  upon  thcni  in  tli'  stock-inarkrt  tht  \ 
did  not  n'pr»  sent  availahic  capital  to  that  amount. 
Tl'c  l)onan/.a  niinos  had  carried  uu  the  other  minis  (ni 
th  '  ComsttK'k,  anil  few  in  the  whirl  of  exeitenu m 
cared  to  inijuire  wluither  or  not  th-ir  sttK-k  was  of  am 
intrinsic  worth.  To-day  they  l)(»Ui<ht  for  a  ri.se  \n 
sell  t(»-niorr)w,  and  evorylxMly  turned  sto<-k  speculatur. 
l^ut  this  could  not  last  hmiLi;.  Hur.or  hejjjan  to  wln>- 
])er  that  the  honanza  mines  were  n<)t  what  some  said 
they  wi-ns  th'!  fever  of  hope  was  succeedeil  hy  tin 
riijjors  of  fear,  aiul  panitMMisued.  People  were  as  anx- 
ious to  s«'il  as  th(!y  had  heen  impatii-nt  to  huy.  Tli< 
decline  was  rapid.  Consolidate*!  Virij;inia  fell  .3-'""  a 
share  within  a  week,  (^ilifornia  fell  ott*  ir.ori'  than 
two-thirds   of  its   lato    market  i)rice.     Other   stinks 


h 


i: 


li 


SI  I 


li|:i 


"Tho  following  tallica  show  tlio  amount  of  ore  and  Imllion  taki^ii  from 
tlu'  ( 'nit^toliilated  Virginia  auil  California  mines  during  tlitiir  UiLaii^ 
lioriod: 

0ONSOUI>ATKI>   VII<(JINIA. 


Vi'ur. 

Ani'ut  Kxtrai'tud 

ToIIH. 

llulUon  I'njiliii't 

I.s7:{ 

i*      M'>  .'iS-'   1 7 

1.S74 

(»i,ir>8 
!(><.).  :{()7 

I4'.'.(i7l> 
144.400 

i-j'.'.s.'n 

4,'.KS|.4,S4  (i."i 

is7r.  

111  717  ."in I  Tii 

1N7G 

lti,(>."i7.(W'.i  47 

IS77 

i:{.7:m  01  ;•  07 

187S 

7.!»<.m;,7."«:i  11 

Total  . 

(■>o.7.'W.ssj  o;{ 

CAIIKOKNIA. 

Ycur. 

Vnrnt  Kxtraitfil 

Tons. 

Hulliuu  I'ro  1  k;. 

1875 

.M'.'4 
ll.'8,801 
i.'l7.4:{'2 
i:<4,8.S8 

ij!       4.'i:<  INK)    Hi 

1876 

13.4(K>,N4!   40 

1877 

l\0-J4..vMi  -2: 

1878 

10,'.»4".l.07>  '.••" 

Total . . 

f4:i,7'J7,8:fi  iiti 

SPE<'L'LATI()\  AND  IHSASTKR. 


139 


fi  ]]  from  ;')()  to  250  |>t'r  <vnt;  and  while  n  few  pcr- 
8oii>  liad  jU'oHtt'cl  l)y  till'  excitt'iMciit,  many  liad  boon 
ruiii' tl.  t'V»'U  soiiu"  of  tliosf  wliose  judginont  in  nuiiing 
ii.ittii's  should  havi'  hiM-n  trustworthy.'' 

■  \Vho  is  to  l>hiiiu' r*  tht'  victims  cried.  The  l»o- 
ii;iii/,;i-(i\vii('rs  were  accused  oi'  spcculatiui;  in  tlieir 
..uii  shares,  of  causini?  ih-ehncs  in  i>rder  to  buy  in, 
and  cicatin;^  a  "boom"  in  whicli  to  sell.  Vox  ]>o|»uli 
is  ii-it  always  vox  Dei.  The  voic<'  of  the  j)eoj»lt'  is 
siiiiittiims  the  voice  of  the  devil.  The  bonanza  tirm 
hicamc  immensely  wealthy,  and  were  rcLfarded  with 
iiiiii<'  or  less  envy  and  suspicion  by  their  less  fortu- 
iiat''  t'l'Ilows.  ]^ut  the  fact  remains  that  they  paid 
out  .s7.'M  70,000  in  tlividends  to  shareholders,  an<l 
tnat  their  works  at  the  nanes  were  of  the  most  ex- 
|iitisive  kind,  while  the  force  employed  was  large  and 
\vi  II  paid. 

The  haste  with  which  the  jrreat  bonanza  was  ex- 
tracted was  not  due  altogether  to  the  desiie  for  sud- 
i|  II  riches.  The  Comsto<  i..  lode  was  not  one  regular 
\tiii  of  hard  (juartz,  with  walls  nearly  e(jui-distant 
throughout  its  whole  extent,  but  was  swollen  with 
(»re-hodies  of  great  richness  at  irregular  intervals,  and 
stiuiig  with  smaller  branches  more  uniforndy,  yet 
liaviii.;  some  barren  rock  in  places.  Wherever  the 
(in  occurred  there  W(Tc  ma.ssos  of  a  pen-olating  clay 
and  crundding  fehlspar,  which,  by  swelling,  H.nving, 
shifting,  and  breaking  down,  con.stantly  endangered 
the  mine.  It  was  to  sup|»ort  the  roof  and  walls  of 
drifts,  and  prevent  accidents  and  losses,  that  the 
1)'  ideslieimer  method  of  timbering  was  resorttd  to; 
l)iit  timbers  of  any  form  decay  rapiilly  in  the  htat 
and  moisture  of  the  mines.  The  largiT  the  body  of 
'•n'.  the  greater  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  keeping 
it  in  place.  The  s«)oner,  therefore,  that  the  ore  was 
riinovetl,  the  greater  the  security  from  danger  by 
caving,  or  from  fire,  wliich   might  attack  so  large  a 

'-'-  t'hiliii  Dekluahetiiiier,  anda  tiiuusaiul  otliura  na  iutuUiguiit,  wuro  liruught 
to  liaukruptcy. 


' 


uo 


FUKTHER  UEVKLOrMr\TS  OX  THE  COMSTOCK. 


.f  ! 


body  of  timber  witli  disastrous  t'rtort."  For  tlifse 
reasons,  bad  tliore  Ik-'oii  no  <»tlur.  it  was  di't-nicd  the 
most  I't'onomical  mode  of  working  a  boimnzji  to  (  x- 
baust  it  ((uickly. 

Tlio  a«^'ii;re<j;ati'  \  irld  <»f  all  tbo  mines  on  tlio  Corn- 
stock  down  to  tbf  1st  <»f  January.  IMS  I.  was.^;{()(;.U()().. 
000  worth  (tf  bulbon  t-xtrat-ted  from  7,000,000  tons  nf 
oro.  Tlu'n*  had  «^oin'  into  tlir  tnincs,  besides  tlie  uii 
|)r()du«'tivt?  hiijor,  and  small  means  «>t*  jJivispeetors  and 
pioneers  in  mininjj;,  and  the  timU'r"  (»f  the  e«»untrv. 
^()"J,000,000  in  assoHsmeiits.  There  had  l>e«'n  paid 
baek  to  shareliolders  .f;  1  I Ci.ooo.ooo,  and  the  small. 
incorporated  companies  bad  derived  j)roHtsamon>itiii,' 
to  ab(.ut  .'J-J.OOO.OOO  more=8l  I  H.000,000.  The  dili;  r- 
euco  betwoou  tbu  outcome  and  tbe  otsts  to  tbo  shair. 

•'Comparatively  few  .ipcidpnfai  happcnod  on  tho  Conwtock,  l>nt  those  worr 
HerioiH.  Oh  the  Ttli  nf  A|>nl  isiHlii  im-  limkr  mit  m  tlif  Vcllnw  .lack-'t,  lu 
wliicli  4.')  iii.'ii  lost  tlitir  hv.-^.  .V.  /'.  Hull.thi,  April  S.  !(,  10,  i;{,  I.SlHI;  \  F. 
Oiill,  April  S,  <»,  ami  May  1.  ."i,  |.S«H»:  ',„„„„  ,1;,;,,//.  April  H.  lA,  |M(i!».  lln. 
lire  i'iiiiiiiiiiiiii.-ati'i|  to  Crown  I'tiint  ainl  Ki'iitack,  the  mckn  in  the  MM)  fnnt 
lovi'U  lifiii^;  fiiiiiiij  to  In:  fjrcatly  luaU'il  .'{  vi-ar*  afti-rwanl.  In  Sept.  I^TH 
a  scciind  tiro  anil  wru's  of  i-xpln-mnt  t<>.'k  plaic,  liy  wliii'li  (>  nii'ii  lost  llmr 
livcM,  aiiil  ntluTs  Were  injiiri'l.  On  the  •_'lti.  <«f  M.iy  IS74  the  liuiMtin^wi'ik'' 
of  the  Siu'ciir  wiTt!  ik'stroyi-))  liy  liri-.  an>l  '2  inon  killutl.  On  tht-.'tOtli  nl  Ort. 
tiie  Bi'li'hcr  air  shaft  oaii^ht  lire,  an<l  vvaslmrnci!  fur  a  ilistancc  nf  l.tMNi  i.  .i. 
It  was  not  i-onipioU-il,  Ixit  hail  lost  U-i  \vi<<  ii  ^:M.(KiO  ami  8(().)><H).  It  !•<  m; 
iiOLVMsary  for  nifn  to  ilt>s<'<-n<l  into  the  mine  to  cUmu  the  lirifts  leadini;  ti'"iii 
tile  liiirnin;;  shaft,  IS  vohinteereil  to  u;o.  While  en>;a>{e(|  in  liloekin^  up  tli.- 
month  of  a  ilrift  a  eave  oi-cnrruil,  anil  a  otron):  ilrafl  of  air  suckeil  liaik  iiiti> 
the  .irift,  hearing  tiames  upon  the  liakeil  men,  Mcorehin^'  nine  of  tiiriii  t.> 
death,  and  Imrnint;  others.  Volnnteers  tiM>k  tiieir  places  nntd  the  umk  nt 
conipletini{  the  linlkheads  wasaeeoniplished.  In  May  IS7'),  when  anew>li:itt 
was  hiiin^  eonstrneltd,  tlie  workmen  enconntered  ^reat  masses  of  r<"'ki 
Htill  almost  at  a  whiti;  heat,  or  hot  enou>;h  t<>  set  on  hre  the  new  tiiiil'iri. 
Fires  liroke  ont  in  the  ahandoned  levels  of  the  Con'olldaled  Virginia  '>ji<1 
California,  wliieh  eonid  only  In-  extni^iiiithed  hy  Imlkhuadin^  all  eornruu- 
itiealin^  drifts,  and  allowing;  the  limlxT.s  to  smoulder,  until  from  li<  k  "i 
oxyj{en  the  tire  was  smothered.  Wri ihl*  Hi<i  linwiiii/i.  I7(»  ''."i'l;  Viiijiiii' 'ilij 
Tfi-ritiriil  KiU<rprii<\  .May  4,  ."i.  (i,  ISSt;  ll,l,w>  Mmifiii'i  /'w/,  .\pril  .'Ml.  Ivi'.l; 
(M/  Hi'.l  S,iiu,  Mov.  I.  ISTi;  /./.,  Miv  l-.'and  Au«.  17,  |S74;  1,1..  Ma  li  II. 
187t>;  n<ili-h'M  MiiiiMiiiKlMimro,  7«.K»  M>|;  //,/-/  lldl  X.w,  Oet.  '-ti,  1.S7,-,. 

'*  It  is  ostiiiiateil  that  the  annual  consumption  of  tirewood  on  the  Cmi- 
stock  was,  at  the  least,  PJO,0(¥)  eonls.  Browne,  Afhihi'i  /jr.-,  od.  IS(i7.  iniku 
the  amount  *J07,3'JO  eonls,  which  is  pnilKtMy  tiH>  hi^'li.  Thr  IimuIh  r  hm-iI 
in  huililinx  and  miuiiik;  timU>ri  was  estimated  at  'J!.t,00(>,(NN)  feet  (l>o.ir<l 
moasurc)  yearly,  ineludin^  that  used  for  domestic  purposes.  The  eo^i  <'f 
this  wood  in  its  several  sha|>es  was  ii^ured  l>y  Ifrowne  at  ASOO.OIH)  anniiillv. 
Soe  also,  //.!«'/  ojl.  /f.),t.  |SiS7,  31.".:  .s'.f<-.  r„i.,„,  ,Fuly  '.'4.  1805.  Svx'  ,iUo 
Sunoniii,  in  Rcmtc  Dtiu  AlQiulct,  Hov.  lUlo,  'Mo~^l'2. 


r 


<'«>STOF.MKT.\L 
Jifil.l.Ts  was  AnCt  000  OOft   o.>        • 

f'^-  "tlu.r  ass,T,)o.(,o,')^'!,      ,'  ;;"';'-tmcM.t/  Hut 

"":  n"''^.-.    T,..,  MM.;.).: it  s  t  u.        "'"' '"  ^'•"••"•^« 

^-"'■"'.   ..ostly  n.ar),iM,..v     ;,      "' '  '">'  «"""  '"to  litj. 

^\""""t  Valu..-iMto  M.id'of    ,.  iT''  '"r''V**'«   »'".nst 

-'"-: u-n,iM.ss iM a r/.  ;;":;;'''  ''-^ti,.^..,,,,,, 

'^••'v.*!  to  tJic  .H..op]o  for  i.  ^         ,''  ''■""'''  ''"vc.  pro. 
,,.„„,j^^  .         I     Pic  tor  u  ^.reutor  iei.gtJi  of  tiuio  theL 

^'"<<|iial  in  intcrt'st  wifl,  ♦..    i 
:"'   .vl.nsivc.   ,,i„,,.  „f  .,,,,''"  "■"'  ••"•"Pi'ti f 

''•"■■  h.'«  I.,.,.,,  r..f,.r'rc.c  '^  "  v  ■"''>•  »'  "»  '••irly 
;:"'^-'l  tl„.  »us,«,,«i  •  /  .''V  ""'"■«•  l'"-l  f.v.,u,-Mtrv 
'','""•,'  "Ut  oivs  fr,„„  t  „    1         '."•"■""ivc  ii.,an.s  „f 

.""'-•  '"'t  •  hap  r,  7;^  ^'"-"""••••-1  i.     ,:  ,;1'^,  """!•■  •  ^^''-''-u'^t: 


■jj, 


■J    1. 


Ik 


142 


FUKTULU  UEVKLOl'MENTS  OX  THE  ^OMSTOCr 


Tlic  autlior  of  the  sclicmo  was  Adolpli  Sutro,  who 
had  a  quartz-iuill  on  the  Cai**m  river,  but  was  in-t 
known  as  a  mining  engineer.  The  Nevaila  Kgisla 
tare,  by  an  aet  parsed  February  4,  18()5,  ineorjutrattd 
the  Sutro  Tuiniel  coni[>any,  witli  tiie  exelusive  privi 
lego,  tor  fifty  years,  to  excavate  and  eonstruct  an  adit 
intersecting  the  Conistock  lode  at  a  depth  of  I. (Km 
fret,  H  iiu'hes  below  the  niouth  of  the  Savage  shaft. 
fciutKeii'ntly  wide  for  a  double  line  «>f  railway,  and  ex 
ten<ling  fro.n  a  point  between  Weblier  and  Corral 
c  inoMs,  a  ilistanee  of  ovit  three  miles.  Besides  etlt ct- 
i  ig  the  drainage  of  all  tlie  nunes  to  that  level,  it 
i.ould  cross-cut  several  veins  in  its  course,  and  atiiml 
1  u'ans  of  transporting  the  ores  to  Carson  river,  wiuir 
water-power  a!id  wooil  were  more  cheaply  procured 
tlian  at  tlie  n)ine8.  The  four  intervening  cannns 
would  atl'ord  I'acilities  for  sinking  shafts  to  the  l<v<  1 
of  the  tunnel,  and  from  these  thi'  work  cctuhl  l>f  •  x- 
tended  in  both  directions  as  well  as  from  Carson  val- 
\v\ .  Ijiis  was  the  plan.  The  incorporators  of  tin 
tunnel  company  were  Adolph  Sutro,  William  M. 
Stewart.  1).  E.  Averv,  Louis  Janiu,  and  H.  K. 
Mitchell.  Stewart  being  president. 

In  tin-  spring  of  IS(;()  Sutro  secured  contracts  from 
tv.'enty-thne  of  the  principal  mining  courpanics  rcpn- 
senting  most  of  ti»e  capital  on  the  Comstock,''  bindiiis: 
them  to  pay  to  the  tunnel  company  two  dollais  a 
ton  for  ore  extracted  above  the  tunnel  !•  vel  aft  r 
the  e\t«iision  of  the  tunnel  and  its  lateral  diifts 
ti>  points  within  their  boun«uiries.  The  privih^c 
was  granted  to  the  mmiisg  companies  of  trans] mrt- 
ing  ore,   tools,   tunbi-rs.    waste    nnk,    and    workimii 

di'|>tli  lii'Iiiw  tliuin.  Tn  ]S(i:)  the  OoM  Hill  and  Virttiiiia  Tuiiiu'l  aiul  Miiiini; 
C(i!n|iaiiy  ^of;;lu  ti>  pirrcf  tin-  CiiiiiKttH  k  IimIc  at  a  tlrpth  <>f  MM)  fi't>t,  v.tli.i 
tiinml  tiA  iiy  7  f«'«'t,  .\\\\  if  li;i<l  Iwc-n  t;xt«^nilv<l  KIC  fiTt  in  May  IhtU,  win  nth. 
paiiii'  <"i>iiHt'<|iu'iit  (III  tilt  I'xImuMtiiiii  of  th«>  Opliir  lioii.iii/a  jiaralyfl,  '"f  ■' 
tiiin\  the  ininiiiK  indiHtry  Hvfnrc  tin-  rifurii  of  oi.nfidvv.ci'  Siitrn'n  i  iitrr- 
jirisi-  had  Ihth  .'«'t  nii  font,  and  tiiidril  ton-vivt-  the  niiiiiii|j  iiitrrc.st.  Miriinj 
R,l>t<ir  fi,,,!  Sfiu-H'  f.'il'tr,;  I87.S.  1(17.  IIS;  .S'.  /'.  V/.--/'  A,'.iv/,.r;/./. ,  Manli  'A'. 
1877:    v.   /•'.   Al/o.   Manh  I'J,   i.StM;    //'//<•/( "-<  Mnim  <i„l  Minns,  *MH  .'.:«. 

■'  III  Ilk  (</'   ( 'itli/ornia  ayiuimt  Hulro  Tuutel,   ArffimivHt  «M</  JSUUtmnit  "J 
Facte,  17. 


THE  SUTUO  TUNNEL 


143 


tliriiiiili  tlio  tunnel  on  tlio  payniont  of  stipulatotl  tolls. 

T  <  iii>ui«'  tJK'  conipK'titin  of  tlicir  work  within  a  rca- 

s  iiiililr  tiint'.  the  tunnel  company  ensj^ajxed  to  si-euro 

sii!isrii|!ti<tii.s  to  liie  amount  of  $;{, 000,000  before  the 

1st  of  Auizust  ISG7. 

Till'  «|ii»">ti«»n  was  then  mooted  whether  the  let^isla- 

turc  «'f  Neviula  had  the  power  to  cvdo  to  tiie  tunnel 

(•.iiii|)ai<v  jtri\  ih'^es  so  valuable  as  thosi;  contained  in 

till  ir  iliartc**,  and  all'ectinjLj  the  title  to  i^rouiul  belong- 

iii:^'.  as  mineral  land,  to  the  United  States;  and  the 

<Miii|taMV   n«xt  unthrtook  to  obtain   eonfinnation  of 

tlicir  fraMihise  by  act  of  conjjjress,  in  which  t]u;y  were 

^iio'ssful.'"     A  iX«'oht;4ical  and  an  en<^iin'Oiin;j:  surv»  y 

liaii   Imcii  madi'.*     Xothin<^  n^mained  but  to  secure 

tlic  r<'<|uisite  .^:>. 000. 000,  and    Si?tro  made  his    first 

.If.) It  in   this  direction    in    the  city  of   New   York. 

Tin  lectitain  capitalists  at^rced  to  make  up  the  .^U.OOO,- 

(iiHi  after  li«>  should  have  t>btain((d  subscriptions  to  the 

aiiinuiit   of  a  ft  w  hundred  thousands  on    the  J*acific 

roast.     .H.'torc  the  vnd  of  May  18(17,  $()()(). 01)0  had 

licrii  substrib'.d  by  nunc-owncrs,  and  an  extension  of 

a  \(ar's  time  «»l>taine«l  in  which  to  securi'  tlw  remain- 

<l(i'.     Tin-  X'fvada  li'Ljislature  of  ISdZ  also  consmted 

to  iiit'Miorializt'  c<tni;r»ss  to  jjjrant  (inancial  aid  to  the 

roust  ruction  «»f  the  tuimel,  whose  coniplction.  it  was 
I    ......1.1   : 4.\ *:....'.... »•      MM... 


as.su ft '( I.  wou 


hi 


increase  the  nation's  rtveiiiu 


Th 


li  ^islaturt'  of  the  statt'  never  di<l  am  tliin;^  else  but 


(MifouraLTi'  th(^  eiittrprisf.     Sutrt>  him 


ise 


Wol 


ke<l 


un- 


tiiiii';;lv.  sccurin;4  a  favorable  reptirt  f^'i^iii  ilit?  lowt-r 
liousi'  of  (•t»i>''r»ss  in  recommondati»>n  of  liivim'  mate- 
rial  aitl  ti»  the  tunnel.*' 

At  tln'  m<»men\  when  perft'ct  nchi(n^t'mont  seomod 
rcaily  to  be  i.jras|K'  I,  the  miiu^-owneison  tlu-  (Nunstock 


■•  II  Kr.  Dof.  47.  |»t  •-'.  I>»S7  «,  4fa(i  con^.  X\  »om.;  X.  t'.  Mh<,  July  n», 
|Ht)(i;  V    /•'.  IhiW    .'.  .Inly  I.H.     StUV 

" Hnlithojin'sCoi^'t'^^l:  l.'oi  :  lU'port  to  tlio  Siitro  Tiimn'l  ('iiiii|iany  on 
till' '.'i.  ill  ijjy  anil  Dtriu-tiire  of  .In'  Imlc.  /'mr. //',<  I.^ukI  c/  Siln  r,  I'-l'.  K.  ti. 
l'ail\lr  maclc  aii  a«vMir.it<-  mir   i-v  "f  tlio  work  to  l>«(  ilitiu-. 


Jnitr.  S.- 


\stu 


In 


^11 


A'rjrf,  :*\.  40.1    co'ij{.  V.M  ncHH.;  S.  t\  Call,  July  4,  1808;  A'tto 


uluii,  .Nov.  17,  ISti'J. 


:!;l?rf^ 


^lil'f  ^;  r  ■ 


144 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMEXTS  ON  THE  (O.MSTOcK. 


withdrew  tlicir  sulwcriptions,  an  act  wliich  reiulcml 
it  iiniMiHMible  for  Hutro  to  call  u|M>n  uaHtcrii  capitalists 
for  the  pruinisod  aid,  and  the  failure  of  the  cntcrpiisf 
seemed  iinniinciit,  and  would  havi;  Uien  hroui,'lii 
ahout  had  the  projector  |M>s8es}.s('d  less  pluck  and 
eiK'rj^y.  He  appealed  to  the  people  to  take  wlians; 
he  wrote  K'ttera  and  hooks,  addressed  niefctin«;rt,  Ki,ms- 
lalures,  and  cont^ressional  coniniitteos.  On  the  I'.ttli 
of  October  1801)  ground  was  broken  for  the  Sutro 
tunnel,"  at  a  point  on  the  Carson  river  north  «>f  Day- 
ton, and  Sutro  continued  his  indefati^ablt;  labors  at 
Washington  and  elsi^whero.  As  a  result  of  his  pi  r- 
sisttjncy,  congress  passed  an  act  on  the  4th  of  April, 
1871,  authorizing  the  i)residcnt  of  the  United  Statts 
to  appoint  a  commission,  c(»nsisting  of  one  civil  and 
two  military  engineers,"  to  rei)ort  upon  the  "import- 
ance, feasii»ility,  cost,  and  time  ri'tjuhvd  to  constnift ' 
the  Sutro  tunnel.  A  favorable  report  was  rendt  red 
concerning  tlu;  first  two  points,*'  so  far  as  its  valur  as 
an  exploring  work  was  c»»nsidered,  but  its  cost,  esti- 
mated at  ^4,4 18, 321).50,  was  pronounced  dispr(»|M>rtiiiii. 
ablv  y:reat  for  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  draiiiair 
anil  ventilation  in  the  mines. 

No   counnittee  could    make  a  re|x»rt   up«m    tlir.*; 
matters  without  consulting;  the  mine-owners  oit  the 


"  Vlfjiiii"  Cily  Torilnriitl  KnUrjtrhe,  Oft.  20,  18fiO;  .9.  F.  Call,  O  t.  cn, 
18(iW.  Im\\  l.aiiil>,  iiiikoU'r  cariH^iiter  iif  the  Sutni  tiiiinc-l,  miyii  tlip  Wi'ik  "i 
Ciinntrufling  tho  tiiiiiui  'wan  nctually  i'<iMmiciie<Ml  in  Si'iit'Miil^T  l>«W. "  l.unii 
wax  liorii  ill  N.  V.  Mtiitu  iii  .luiio  IH'JU.  Iltt  oaiiie  to  I'al.  via  tho  liithiiiu»  m 
\H'A);  iiiiiuMl  (III  till!  .'\iiifrioaii  riviT,  ami  afttirward  on  tho  Feather  rivi  r  ,iii>l 
nowiiiovillu.  ill'  went  til  Heveral  otiier  iiiiiiing  cainim,  and  wan  in  the  IiiiiiIht 
litihiiiuiM  at  Maryaville.  He  Imilt  the  lirHt  \'2  hniiHUM  at  Howlaiid  Klit  in 
Nevada  CO.,  Cal.,  in  IN^ri  il,  and  asNiNtiid  in  Hinking  tliu  lint  Mhaft  nii  'i  hiok- 
at  that  |ilace.  In  |S.M>  lie  went  ti> farming  in  Tularuco.,  and  there  reiiiaiiiri 
t;l!  \Ht\'2,  when  he  reiimved  to  haytmi,  Nevada,  where  ho  worked  in  a  ipinrt/- 
ni:ll.  Liiml,'»  Kirlii  Mimiuj,  MS.,  I  Ti,  ahrief  account  iif  liia  own  exiMiniKe 
in  Cal.  and  Nevada. 

•■^The  I  iiiiiiiiixNiiinerK  aii|ii)int(>il  were  H.  O.  Wright  and  J.  (i.  Fouler,  in 
ConMiiiction  with  Prof.  Newi ili. 

»'  //  A'.'.  />rw,.  47,  i.t'i.  lOKS.  4rtth  cong.  %\  Mi%n.\  Sen.  K.r.  Ih^.,  \'\fi'^ 
conK.  '.M  Nt'MH  ;  .sVr.  War  lt<f>f,  Kh?,  W'M  7-',  41.M  eong.  ?ld  nemi. ;  //"M*.  f'"" 
/^7>^  m,  4'-M  mmg.  'Jd  Ht'HH. :  Sni.  Com.  fdjit,  40ft,  4'.>ireonu.  'M  iich».  ;  I'Mri" 
«^.V.  /'..  7lh  .liilv.  I.S7I.  Ilth  Jan.  IS7'J,  and  'JlKh  April  IN7'.':  >"  /■'  >''"' 
//'j».»/,  Oit.  II,  |H7'J;  ViiyiMa  VUu  Ttrrilnmul  EnUrpHat,  K«h.  'ib,  \^7i\  S. 
t\  AUa,  Fob.  W,  im. 


i 
I 


^  I 


^■■'." "t. ..Mali,;,,,,,-,, ,,,,.»:    ;""•"' '/' *-.""".<"i(), 


^"'"^ti^.    JJnttlM.  l.ilMuil       r.  '*    '"^V"'"'^V   ^•'•I'-H 


.'IlKl 


■'"■"/"■    tn    tll( 


SCI 


ipti 


<»ll 


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"""unt  <.r  iii-_>  |,„) 


K'   Illf.'Ui- 


'■•'^t  n"<l   that  fi 


OOO. 


at 


rs 


l"<|M|.,. 


iiec 


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.in( 


'"■;'  ^li.'ift.     Ill  tl 
''4I1  (liill  J 


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m   il 


i"  0<.t,,|. 
^^''■><t  start 


'•"^   Was  si 


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ami  til,, 
"u    and 


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|jiirl( 


"•'  MiTIVtd  /', 


"'  •':'l"''ii,i,^  of  I.V74 


'"m'  'loiii  til 


M 


lav 


1 1  IS(  • 


"f  fl 


.l/ill 
Hill 


Mlir  ,1 


^'^plTlDUnts 


•"'••"sdatnl  tlio  a,| 


with 


while 
I>ut  il 


I "'"'-;■'•< 'SH  now  I 


at  wojj^ 
'   "|'<rati(.i 


'I    «<'ll||a<r, 


Was 


S'i|)|),„ti/|i^r 


vantaLfcs 


SIX 


••""stiurtr.l,  and 


'  '.".'  the  2L'd    of  ,} 


';:;:'■-■  -■"'  -,:::;:;;:';,"^,rr.' -;^  ^!" 


lilK" 


"  II    t 

"  f.rf 


'^'■'-.■l-V   |>l'..o;,v,ss  I 
(I,..    /'    .  .        1 


( 


XT  IlK.nth   d 


^^  ••»••' add,.,! 


N.it,,    j,,„| 


'""'»""-k  miM.;;ri;;.,r;;:.''''''M'niiH77 


l"r  IlK.nth.      iJ 


iiif. 


'"•"  iNlifv,.,!  nrhl 


It 

^'^''thciicat  I 


Was 


"r;"'-' ..■..ii...f 


■^xortv,]  that  it 


will 


'"■'I  \\nn 


I'l 


"■   ''i'^il'l-.   I.ul,   I 


"'■^••'i  f"  Inn 


'M'ral 


w.-is  tlic    i„;| 


''"''••••d,   was 
"'<'""'iii-:  intense 


''•f"'->"<"',.,i  ,„  ,1,,,^.,. , 


'"'I'lUlNd    U'l 


I—  II 


'III III, HIM   Mdltl 


'"'"<•'"    "f   III,.    |{, 


tl AMs..    f    ;'      /"■'■'"■'•'>    ""    111,.    ( 


inl<   ,,r 


lN..,t  (, 


"■II  timt 


ih. 


•rill  I. 


iiriii,,|jv,w 


•li 
aiiij 


".'"  ""t    "Ml,    Hll.l 


<"i'|>'.r,,ti 


"><•  WUH  not 


l'l"«ili..n  ivrtiiinl 


Xt'l/V     II 


',">  «aw  iu 


il  |.'....,| 


•V'""  'f>,„„,.f  ( 


'«'""-t  tll,.„,  l„.  il 


■'l'l»ll...,l  t 


l'"ii   If   f,.r  tl 


//»</  .\ 


'"  •=••  K  A  If. 


>'».  It 


•l..,(  Il 


"    '•Hill,.    I,., 


niv  .l.,t,2S.  ls,i 


WiiT.  N 


7<  I'.Mi  !MI.-,;  .V    /•    \ 


May  I 


'^  ••iHit 


Ill  tl 


ii'iii.>,<>h 


'•"•Ills     |l„.y 


111. 


IIIIMIIH  .issiiiil, 


"III.  wliat,.v. 


»-v     JO 


•/.  AI 


r,i,. 

'»'-cli    11',    |j,7;(' 


-I.  ISM:  .V„ 


</.,/./ 


,'iriirf  « 


140 


FUUTIIKIi  DKVKI.OI'MRXTS  ON'  TIIK  «  i>MsTO«K. 


il     I 


only  2r)0  foot  a  month  roul«l  l>e  mado."  Connection 
was  offootod  with  tho  iioarost  niin«>Hhaft  at  the  Sa\;i..'i 
w<»rk.s  on  tho  ovonin<;  ot'  tlie  Hth  of  July.  Tli<  l.i>t 
(»l>stru('tion  WJ4S  ivnt  away  hy  a  Mast  in  tin*  Savic'r 
niin«\  Sutro  hinist-lf  was  on  tho  spot,  antl  was  tin 
first  to  <'rawl  throui^h  tho  oponinj^,  "ovorriuno  hv  ex. 
oitoiniMit," "  as  woll  as  liL-at.  llo  had  aohiovr<|  a 
triiiinph  of  on^inrrrin*;,  and  ]>ut  tho  C'onist<Mk  lud, 
undor  <*ontril)Ution  of  two  dollars  |Kr  t«»n  of  or<  i\. 
traot«Ml  thonaftor. 

But  thoro  roniainod  yot  to  Ik?  ovorconio  tho  rtliict 
anoo  of  tho    lato   hostile  r 


'P 


i«y 


an 


Tho  Sava«^«'  romnany  ofiontl  nn  nini»nstnino«'.  Init 
attempt  was  made  to  drain  thcadj«)inin«4  mines  tlirnii.jj 
tho  Savaj^o  levc-ls.  To  prevent  this  use  of  histiinni 
with-iut  oompensation,  Sutro  started  a  drainuay,  wliid 
would  oon<luot  the  inoominv;   water  l»a<-k  into  a  I 


ow.r 


as   prohihited    hy   order  of  the   court.     S 


a 


fter  a  rise  of  water  in  tho  llah 


aiK 


1   \ 


KM  ill 


oreross  iiiiii.' 


caused  an  overflow  in  the  conihhiation  shaft  of  thf 
ilalo  and  Norcross,  Savajje.  and  ( 'hollar- 1 •oto>i,  ti 
hold  which  in  check  the  water  was  pumpe<l  into  tli' 
Sutro  tunnel,  drivinjj;  tho  workmen  from  their  |»<ist> 
Sutro  then  threatened  to  cnit  a  water-ti<;lit  luilk- 
hi'ad.  Althouj^h  still  unwilling  to  carry  (»ut  tli.ir 
contract,  the  inci<lent  of  the  overllow  was  not  witliout 
otfoct,  and  joined  with  tlu;  threat  to  hermeti<'aliy  s^ai 
the  tunnel,  hrou«j^ht  aJMiut  a  ctimproniiso. 

'•  Tlio  t<-in|(or;»tiirf  in  tin-  tunml  fruiii  Is73  ti>  .iiul  tlir<>iiKh    I^T.Iwm*."' 

dltliMii^li 'J  |MiU'iTfiil  Kocit    liliiHiTt   wTi ii>taiitly   li>ri-in^  air  iiit<>  it.    A' 

tli<'  fill  of  iHTii  It  Wilt  'Mt  ,  iiik!  oil  IJif  lirit  ..f  .l.ui.  |h7s  r<'.i<'lif<l  !n;  T: 
fttin>M|ilii'ri'  WiiH  fiiiil  at  we'll  n^  hot.  iMiriiiu  tlif  laxt  imxitli*.  in  I^T'*.  i^' 
iniiirr<  wiTi-  lu'ii  imlcn  frmn  tlif  ni'arciit  vrntil.-itinu  dlmft.  'I'lii-  Impt  wi< 
('li.-tiit(i-<l  four  time  il  liny,  ■ind  tli<-  men  cniilil  tliin  only  work  a  Hinall  |Nirti"ii 
•>f  tlic  nnniinal  lionrH  of  UImif.  Tin-  toiii|NTatiin>  rose  tu  100*  iu  A|>ril,  uJ 
thru  t.>  no   anil  1)4  . 

"  I'irifiiwi  City  T'-rrHori-il  EhI,  qn-iitr.  July  y,  IN78, 


level  of  the  Sava«j;«'  mine,  froni  which  it  was  puiii|H.|. 
ordy  to  n-turn  a^^ain.  on  dis4'overinjx  whi<-h  in  K»  liiu- 
ary  1H71>.  tin.'  workmen  wore  arrested,  and  the  ppi^'ntt 
of  tho  shaft  stoppi'd  when  nt-arly  coniplet«-d.  Th.  v 
were  reh-ascd  immetliatoly,  hut  tht;  cutting;  of  th'  fj^ 
drain  w 


t<'  f'ii>-i 

IIIK-ofll 

ill'/  Hi.. 

fll'  life 

II''    rum 
tiriiiiii.i 
.'ii;iiii>t 
(•iir|iuf,if 

,/'''"•" 

'!'ll<>     lui; 
llliHrtii 

ill  Oiful 

S'lllfll    l.r;( 

iM/ikiii'/  ti 
fiini).  1|||,._ 

tli»>''  ucri 

I       of'  \V;itrT,  I 

I     I' HIS.  or  I. 

Wllii-il    \v;is 

I"  I  a  siiimII 

•■"iiiji;ui\  a 
l»'tii  f'ur   j) 

tUllli.j,    lint 

iii.'iiia'j[(iii,i 
)?-."!";.;,  .-id. 

"Mt.ij  l»v  \\ 
t'Tiiiiiic  its 

""III  S  \V;|.s   ,j 

I'nilk."    ti 

^■'•"H.     fill!     i 

.   ^v..    j„„,   , 

;'»,Tl;   S,„r;  T>,m 
'v;.';   "/^•,.  r,„o„ 
■•liloriiiii  IN  Si 


'•■"'If  .111.1 


{•'liiil'lil 


,1  I I"" 

"'•■  ;'lt"«iii,.„  ..„.. 

•■Ill-  lili:i||.i,l    ,. 


'"^"•\«'n:i{  OF  ojtKs. 


Hr  tlio  now  fon tract  tJ 


t"  fiirnisJi  MioMcv  t 


»  <'.\t< 


"'  Jlji;ii„jr    o,„„ 


147 

panics  a|L(roo(I 


'.''""'  •;',"'•♦■  '•""■sow  fVuu,  tj 


t. 


ICN    ,s, 


f'"n\  Wollars  <>v  I 


I»:'v  ""(MloIJa,.,,,.,.  ^, 


till 


J/l''    IIIM 


'•<!  than  fortr  dolJ, 


'«'«s,  aij(J  two  dull, 


'V   """*''<  wliici 


!»rs 


upon  all 


I    ussavod 


m>  lie  ,'i,s  s(M)ii  as 


<HI 


';;••■*)•;■'•  ton.  ,.avn,cnt  t 


I"'    cum 


:'  */  t).,.  Jat,.raJ    I 


'>»'«'  as.sav 
•>  ••oiij. 


•rjiuivifion 


isfai 
of 

^>^  teuton - 


Ij'ancJics  sliuuld 


'"•"""••'tc«l  tJ.c  iun.r  stru-.rl..     , 

a^n-.st  tiiat  ,.ncn,vl.ard.;rto  li    uZ!r'''':r^  N-it 


TI 


lis      C(»|jt; 


let 


11'    111,1 


Tho  ]\,i.rUi 


"I  tiinncT  measured  2 


-"  "  «ouJl,jtss 


^V.'.S   III,,,.  f,.,.t  fl 


HI    Uctdhrr     Is.SO     j 


'*'t''^   ^'-f'   i'.  I.n.rt), 


;•■  i"«-I„..s,  and  tl 


'CJ'S. 


TJ 


10 


Nv  id  tl, 


'"'  ""I't],  luancj 


^'••"1       i  >Mj     I,,,, I     ,...,     .     ,       ,       ,     ■■"Ilil     Ml- 

-","•  i.r.„„-i,  i„  M ";: ,  ?';";;''  ■■•"■■'  «•'•'.  "...i 


"i;ilv!ll'^'   t'»._rf.t|, 

t'lnii-  lliiiM-  (.j.rjjt   I 


!ireli  I  SHI  was  4  I 


tl 


;:;'""•"  tl.an   a  n.iK.'and 


I -I  feet  ill  l.ii.rtl 


lO 


<»f    U.lfiT 


":^'  •"•  i.'J77.:nn)( 


''•^•••<'as,.d  „„  ^;,„„.  ^j^ 


'•>;-te,|(I,,s    ,,f 
Join 

•ns 


»li'<-li  w.-M  4. 7;, J  ^ 


"'<>  -alloii, 


s  to  .'M».|l.'.7i.'(>  .ral 


•»  ^"lall  am, 


:o.")  t 


oils. 


•niiuaJIv.  tl 


unt  of  ,„..i,.| 


After  I 


"'  ^v.•,i.|,t  of 


;:::'■;:':!  ;^  "":Vt „„.  ,„;; 


'""■'•y  '"  tlie  nI 


"'"'X  »nad(.'  to  |., 


'u. 


'"■'"  '"!•   irri'^af 


tIJDIl 


IH'C 


""t     ilK'llidill.r     tl 


y     ">^<'     <»f    (I 

l"^'!""^'---      The  total 


'"■"'•''.'••niciit  in    t] 


'•'  ••x|H'nscs    i 


loj.s  of  ^}^^, 

"■    ^^aa-r  lias 
<-ost   of  tlio 


^^■-«v'-^".n::,,.,::j:;:::ri:-r''-i 


ncurred   |,v   tl 


10 


MMf,,|     \,y     Jj 


"'  <'ommift( 


"I'll.  S    U-;,^    .„ .*  -^  *''>      •■ 


^''•••n  Jialf  of  tl 
'•' <'l'I""'nfr,|  l.v 


le 


'MIfl.  s   \V;| 

I'ullk 
viiis.    t\ 


■^  L'»'<'at 


•^••inlit  to  tl,,'   ( 


<<Ni.!^'n.    was 

am. Hint   c  sti- 

'■""k'ress  t-.do- 


o 


,'"  *lic   Soiitli   A 


nistcn'k 


10 


indicat 


"•triean    and   Af 


'""^  '«'•''   tl.at  it  will 


er 


»'\ican  silv 

'■"' I- f.....,d 

'*' vat  u,j';!s,7"  ■"  •^■•"•'•.  w„„  .II,,;;;;.:;;:':,  'iij"; "«; 

"11  |iiiw'i)r  of 


-m 


ifer-'  - 


'•^-■-1^ 

l!^>^l* 


i 
--    i 


US 


FUKTIIKIl  HKVKLOIVMKNTS  ON'  Till:  (  OMSTOCK. 


j)rotitaltlc  to  Wdik  tin-  iiiincM  of  tin*  Cniiistock  at  ,i 
vt'iy  Lfpat  doptli,"  I'nlikf  silv«  r  in  otluT  pjiits  u\ 
thn  \vi>i'l<l,  its  Diily  ;4aii'j;ur  is  (|u;ii-t/,.  wliicli  is  lar.  K 
8i>!i(|,  l)iit  is  invitli  fiattuird.  niul  ot'd'n  partiailv  Mtt'i 
vuvi\  Wy  rlit'iitical  ai-tion.  'I'hr  |tiiii(i|ial  on  s  ;ii. 
HLi'ithanitr,  \itr<(»us  silver,  native  silver,  ruKy  sihn 
lioni  fiilvn-,  Hhtl  jKtlyliasite.  with  <ifcasioiiaI  siii,i. 
t|iiarititi"s  »>l'ai"tj;t'ntlt'<rous  tiaN'iia.      Native  «j[<>|(|,  ii,,. 


a 


11  I  e.>|»|Mi'   |tyi-|ti 


l.l< 


<  tide,  and  eat'iioiiiite  and 


])hate  i/f  ie.-id  ill   iiiiiiute  i(uatilities  are  t'oiind  in 

Jjeetion   with  the  silver  «ireH. 


plh 


I 


(le 


diellMinelia   t»h>erve<l    as    connected    wiili   tl, 


occurrence  i;f'  silver  ore  in  the(  'oinstock  have  hern  lliu« 
suininari/,' d :    In    the   northern   pait  it  is  in  cliinnu  v- 


di|t|»in;j;  ♦<>  the  south,  in  the  soutliei-n  jtai't  it  t'c'iiii. 
continuous  sheets  of  iL^reat  length,  hut  <'oni|'ai'.iiivi  I; 
narrow,  'I'he  « ire  deposits  ai-e  enclosed  in  the  ea-iirh 
and  sometimes  in  the  middle  |iortion  of  t!i<  \.  in 
while  the  western  hraiu  lu's  are  poor  or  hai'reii.  '{']• 
largest  and  richest  deposits  ha\»'  heen  found  w  In  r 
the  outcrops  Wire  most  promiinnt. 


AttI 


H'  iiori  h  ( 


tiM 


o  vem    IS   in\;iri;d'Iy   poni-  where  it  passes  a  ia\  ii. 
hut  Hot  so  ill  the  south  end.      Tlie  richest  ]>ort ieiiMii 


south  of  ench  ra\  ine  ci 


'I  >SS(  •( 


liv  It, 


.Ml  tl 


le  c|iniiiic\ 


in  tlie  northern  pai-t  occuj-  wheie  the  Mails  aftiidi^. 

'"  Willi  roganl  to  tlio  iloptli  nf  t],r  iliiroront  mines,  Kitfxr'.*  rinl'-fjrmi 
Wmlil,  u  ciiliiftiuii  iif  iiiiiltri  |iMi--il\  tliiiiu  II  tii).'i  tlnr.iiiici'nmi^  mill'  •,  ia\' 

tllllllrl->  .'Mill  ilMli'l'  Mlllti-riMIMMII  |ii.'l>  I'l  allil  air.'lll'-    imIiIIIIIS  the  rnllnvi  lll;;  niii 
c-liiii;  i:nl^     0|iliir  ami  MfMiiiii  di^m,  ircil  at  llic -urlaiT,  lailol  iii  nii  .it  IM  j 
ili|ilii  !•!  .""(Kl  iiii;  <Miiil<l  iiiiil  <'iirrv  al-i  <  \Iii».i|,mI  .'AH\  IVi  '  fri.iit  ili<  siirfvv;  i 
S.iv.i^c,  uliK  I:  wa-sa  i  oiii  iiiiialinii  fi    tli.   (ioiil'-  iiii'H'iirr>  l>iiiiikiiA-k  ivtiliM' i 
t.'.'t(MI  I'l  il   ImIoM    tlir  r|i>|i|i|li;:i;    Hair  aiiil   Ni-riloK^.    lii>liati/.'\    ua-    lli'^l   imiiii 
•I'll)  Il  I  t   lii'inU    till'  Mil!  Ill',    iliil  I'Vti'liili'il  liiiuii  III    l.'JUl;   ni..||.i     I'    ' 

f I  at  a  ilijith  iif  .'ilN)  fi'i't.  ainl  rxli'lnliil  tntlii'  j.TlN)  font.  Ii'\  i  I 

ill^riivrl'i'il  mi  tllr  Mirtari'.  iNttiiilcil  .'i<M)  In  I  ilnWIlU.il'il  itiiil    MKI   ' 
vi'iii;    \  I  IJiiW  .lui  ki  !.  ill-    iv  iTiil  nil  tl  .    siiilaii-    wii.t  tn  a  il(|i||, 
Ki'ltlliU     III    (I    <|i'|itll    III     UN)    Int.     :UNI    IVct   nil     till      IimIi':    ClnVI, 
Ullllil'l    linliail/a.  liisniXirnl   nll    lllr    I. UN)  flint    li'V  I'l.  1  Xii'lllll'il   tMMi 

< 'nliNiiliilatril  \'ii't'il|ia  ainl   t '.ilifiiriii.t    Imiiaii/a  u.is   ili-d  n\  crnl   ai  I 

flint   li'Vrl.  mill  I  vti'llili'il  alinvt'  it.  .'ilnl  lii'InW    fi.r  il  •ll'«tllTii')'  nl  4<HI  ' 
lilNI  fi'i'l.  III  licit'lit    ainl    i(Nl  mi   tli<    vi-iii.      Siiu'c  tlii-    (iiililii'Mtinii         1^ 
linnk,   |.h7h.  siviral  nf  till'"!'  iiiiiifH  hnx'i'  Imtii  Nimli  a   nuiMilfralii 
• 'aliinriiia  ua'>  iliiw  II '-.TIN)   fn't    'ii    |.>>*.'.    < 'misnliilntcil    VirKiiii.i     ' 
Hall   .iiiil  Niirrriws  ;i.ii<!0  fir'.  Surra  Ni-v.iila  '.V7(K)  li-ct,  (iiiil  a  iiiin    >' 
older  imuci*  wtrc  tUiwu  iicaiiv  It.UUU  tcct  m  lSf<8, 


"Tl,. 

'/•/„»■„.„./,.., 
/''(W..    r,„. 

IN  I  il  ir.irN'l 

till-  Lull',  in 

'     A.-.'.I,M| 

iMMri,'r  F.  It. 

ill|{  till'  lii.'KI 

.iii'l  .i!.iii  iiii> 

<ltll,  .Hill  III  .1 

Iiti'i'  ii.ii  ii'ilni 

|M-  'Lllllll^   rue 

liiiriii',  iiiit  III 

'I'iiltli'  i|IM|'t/ 
'iiairijiilly  liiM 
■II  till-  \ii-,t. 
'lie  111  |i'<iliM  f 

l/'W  «    -III  / 

I'liil.  |.'l|,|,i.t. 
•f'l'k  III  I,',  will 

till.'  I'l  111  II I  i-y  rni 
T  lllr  I'Kt  <li|i 
l"ll  »■"■    nil  .11^ 

Ai.,/.  t,;.,/„ 
'    iN.f'i'k  lii.|i..  ' 

■  ''"Ilii  I'.Tc;; 
'!'•   <  iilllilni-li,   V 

'Jiiii.'.l  .Stal.w  ill 

till'  I'llMll-   M'h.M. 

yii'l.  ml  .11  a  \\ 

''''•"•"■■ll'ln-i„|,|, 

'■^i-l.iii.l    I.sii7.  ; 
''■•nil  iiiiiii'.      Ill 
'   •'  "ri',  ,111.1  it<  . 
•;>i<'  vii'v  u.M 
■  .■1  r>.|,.  .r,,,!  ,,_  I 

»•-   ri'f,i:;|||/,,,|    ., 

•.T'll    I'l-ll    jlfl,,,,        ;, 

'""ttr-t  «,|,.  |„."„„ 

tir.it  Kiij{i'm  \. 


(;kol()(;v. 


149 


(•oiit.ii  t  sij.Mfiily  <livii!4*'."  Wlitii  T  liiiv."  a<l<lr(|  tliat 
thr  iii"Uiiiaiii  ill  wliirli  tlif( 'uiiistock  lixlc"  is  touinl  is 
iiiii.i--'"f'  vt>lfai»i<*  r<»fl\s,  tliiMii'.rli  wliifli  nMi  i-  lorks 
;iiv  t 'iiinl  <>l»tnuliM;4.  svfiiitf.  |tro|iylitt'.  i^iaiiiir.  wiih 
lra*-|>vti'.  ainli'sit)-,  aiitl  iiK'taiiioi-pliir  |-<Mks.  ainl  that 
,.,  itliiui'^'''  n-«-<iL;uiz''  tin'  vein  as  a  li>siir<'  rails,  d  l>y 
rni'liii.;.  \vlii<-h  sul»s«Njuciitly  iMcaiiir  lillttl  willi  (juaii/. 
iiii'l  oi'.  I  liavr  sjiifl  all  that,  is  of  in  t»' rest  (•(•iicirniii;^ 
N,\,i(la"s  jjfrtat  silvrc  lode." 


llO-O  I 


.liHTVitions  oprnrin  I'.aron  Foriliniiul  l{i(lithc;fi'i\'<  Wi«rk,rntitl<il 


■/';„  (■„,„./■»•<•  /."'•.  ''•»  <'!'■  I '■■>•■/. 


'/   tli<     /'ni'-i'il'     Moih    of  /■/<    «  III, tmioiw 


Itiiiih.     'IIk'  Mil>M;i|ii<-iit  lii-<t<iry  III   till'  IimIi'  li.is  lioriii'  oiil  tins  Ht.iti'iiiiiit  nf 


.f 


It,  1  liar.n-liTi-li'-.      'I'lii'X   an- iiuoud  Willi  hiImt   I'ciiiaik')  mi   tin-  j<i 

til,' |, I'll-,  III  Miiiiii-i  I"'!  M-'  'll'ii-ii'/ 11/  ii'ilil  mill  Silii ,-.  Iiy  .1.  Arthur  I'IiiIIi|m. 


\.'i'.>iii|i.iii>iii.ii 


Ml 


•  llil^lll     ml     tllf     (ifllll'lfl     iij     till-     i'niiislix'L    Imli,   liy 


li.'.irn"' 
iiik,'  t!i> 


^iii> 
<itil, 


llltiTIMIIl'' 


K.    ll<'rkiT,    \V.l«lllIll{tii|l,    iHVj,    Is  it     iMMIItlllllly    lilUMtlMtfij    Alin.   )i\\- 
|ii4';Uli>M  III  all  till'  llillX's  nil  tlicl 'oMIHtiii'k,  ainl  ill  IIk'  \\  .isIkh' ill^trirt, 

tl 


|,1  .lUi)  till'    li'Mltlnil  III    tin-  -I'Vi-l.ll  roi  ks  riiliipi:siiiir    (lie   \  ii'uiiu.i    iMii^i',   | 

iinl  III  .|i'>iiiiot!Vc  I'liliinii^.      Il  hIiiius  the  I'.ii'lii'r  iKiriililiiiilf  aii>ii'siti 


pr 


l.-ii.lr,  aM<li--iitf,  aipl  aiinitf  aiiiioilr,  ami  i|U.ii-l/ |i"r|i|i\  r\ ,  tulx'tliu 
»ailiii'4  P'M'k.      Nixt  III  pri'valriiii-  arc  ilinritf,  iiiiia  ilioriti',  iiii'taiiii>i'|iliio 
Imriti',  iii.t.iiii"r|iliiu  iiii-/<i/iiif.  aii'l  iju  ilniiii  y.      In  .--iiiallcr  iiuaiitilic-i  miiir 
Ici'titw  1(11  111/  |iiir|ili\  r\ ,  ijr.iiiilc.  Iia^.ilt,  ainl  ilialniM'.      'I  In;  iiuarl/vriii   liis 
llv  Ih'Iu'ci'II  till-  carlur  linrtil'litiiii'  ainli'-ili'  mi  tlu'   ra-t.  ainl   ilimito 


;>i!iii'i|ii 

.111   till'   Mi-t. 


A  VlTlliM 


I    -I'l'lKill    111    til 


trn  tiiiiiicl  111  tilt'  same  atla>  >li 


till'  (11 


liMl'-.  Ill  |ir«'V  III  aimi','  tlu!  tniiin  !. 

,  ,  iiiil  l/i'ic /•«,  liy  Willi  nil  Kal-tmi  ILilili,  a  i|iiarlii  ui'  I,l'(M»  jKiirci*, 
riiili  1  •l|ilii.i,  l^'*'-^  iciiitaiin  niiiiil  (1  •*iTi|iti\  1  matter  iniiri  rniin^  tlir  <  mn- 
•t'l.'k  lull'.  "'Villi  illii^tr.iti'Mi-i.      IJalrii.  «li(»  11  Miiiiily  ii  ciuiii  il.r.  ail.i|it^  lur 


.1/'- 


tlic  I'Diiiilrv    rm'l 


•t   tin 


ir;£i!ii  I 


W 


I'll- 1 1 


ir  IMI 


t  -ihli' 


.1  HvciiiU,-  liir 


III' 


iisliiu'    liisli  let,  the    II  rill  lit    |i 


,l,t^ 


<l  >li|(' 


tliii'li   (listiiutimi  IS  11 


iiimi  ii>''  nil  iiii?  ri'-iliiit  miiHTi. 


1./7 . 


.1.,,;. 


ii  a;.;./ 


ui.  n  <n;. 


iilaiiis  ;i    full    ili 


si'ri|iti..u      r  tlii» 


l'iiiii<ti)''k  l>»l<'.  Willi  lira «« itiiTn  aii'l  111  in  11 1  <■  iiili>riii;itii>li  ui  .1  \  aliial>|i  rli  triili  r. 

'  .liiliii   I'lTc'ival  .Imii's,  who  for  Ni-ir-.  w.i-   pi 'Uniiii'iitly  I'miini-ti'il  with 

P|       I"- I'liiiiitiiik,  was  a  Wi'Irliiii.iii  l>y  luiili,  ami  imiiiu  with   Ins  |iari'iilH  to  tlif 


Ijiiiliil  Slatc-i  ill  |.S:UJ,  wliili-  y«-t  an  ml  ml 


Ati 


thf  I'llMii- si-l|oois  of   X<'W  ^'ork  i-ily.  Ins  lirsl  iiri'ii)iati 


I'l'  ri'i  i'i\  111^  Ins  I'lhi'atioii  1% 


on   was  ni  ii  mail  ill 


<l.  til' 


•IS  a  Will  k'T    II!    »ti'llr. 


IH.'iO  hr   roiiH'  to  (  aliloriiia.  .-iii'l 


WiS 


ii'-rwaril- i'iii|iloyi'.l  in  various  fin».icitic<.  scrviu>j  in  lln'  stalf  ••nalr  ImIwci'ii 
lMi:t^iii>l    I'^iiT.   ainl   III    ISItS  lM-ini(  a|i|iointi' 1   -iii'irniti'inli  i:t  ot    tin'  ( 'n 


■nil   Mlllli' 


In  thi 


i\i  11 


il  it^ 


i|iaiiy  iIkti-  w  is  it|irwai-.l  iIIm  lo-cl   1  1  iriii-  Imiiv  of 


from   !<•.' or   «   to  8l.^iH»  a  -hti 


u  h' 


T  -itlll'  VrrV   Wi'l 


Ith 


■riliy    III 


In  |S7:{  h 


■.\-  ilfi'ti'il    r    s.  -M'n.ilKr   lor   Ni'vaili 


i»1  r-i'li' -ti'il  II,  |S7H,  ainl   lu'aiii  in  l*»So,  ainl  whih   a    iiKinliir  ot   that    Unly 


» i>  riT' 


i| 


IS  a    rliMf    ailil    rmii'lil     s 


s|ii-aki 


Ml  vrii  lilioii.  ainl  iiiis|>arMii!  iii  n-'i'iiih.     Tin-  ^'iiaior  was  t 


<i  lilH'r.il   \  11  ws.  ,,f 


wii'i-   inairii 


'I. 


iiiH  hr<t  vt  ilf  hciiiu  till'  ilaiiuhti-r  of  .linliic  Colik'i  r.  .iinl  tlir  <«  ,onii  tin    ilaiijli. 
tiT  .it  Kiixi'lK-  A.  .*>iiHnaii.  a  inost  aol'oln|lll^ln■ll  ami  liriii'M'li-nl  vx'.m.iii. 


i>;i| 


'It  'f 


C'llAPTKIl  VII. 


TKIUUTOUI AL  OIK  i AN  I/ATION. 
IS.VMSlU. 
TiiKN'tVF.  Xevaha — Auka  ami  I.imhh— Tiik  (^rKsrio>f   or  BoiMnhv- 

C'oM1ll-M!lo>.<l  A\U  SlUVKVH  — KlKKIUl'I.IIKM  WMIl  ('ALIKtHMA— Tn;hl- 
Tl»KIAI.  Ol'IH-Klcs — CiiVKKNOIlNvK — Fl  IIS  T  liKllIsl.AII'KK — CoUK  <i(  I,\\14 
AM>  ('••I'lC-iK  Of   LKiilsl,  \ri(is— « 'iilSIV    ()i;iiAM/.AIli»NS     AM>    Oniil:i,> 

— 4'ai*ital — .Iri>i«'i*i.  Ilis'i'icn'i's  ash  .Iikii'I  vkv — Statk  ok  SnriKrv  - 
Ki>i<%rio\AL — NKWsfAi-r.i;    I'kkss— Coitiuri'iKiH     or     Lawvk.k,    am, 

Jl-Ill.lL<s 

How  tin-  territory,  wliich  in  nnswor  to  so  many 
praytTswjis  orLjiiMi/<'«l  out  ot' wcstciii  I  tali  on  tlirjd 
of  Manli.  l^^'il,  camo  to  \n\  called  sim|)|y  Ni Aiida. 
Riiowy,  is  not  alto'^ctliiT  clear.  When  l)el(«ratt 
Crane  wrote  to  Jiis  constituents  from  Wasliin^tun  ii, 
Fel>nuirv  IH.'»M  Ik;  assured  tlieni  that  a  tni  iic.ii;i| 
jifovvrrnnent  was  /ihout  to  he  cstahlished  unihi  tla 
nani«r  of  Sierra  Nevada.  On  tlie  IJth  of  May,  I  ".')'•, 
a  hill  wuH  introduced  in  tlic  hous(;  to  or^iini/'  tii< 
tt  rritorv  of  \e\ada.'  The  asseinhlv  wliirh  ni' i  ;u 
n<noa  ill  l)e«'enihei'  IS;")l>\vas  reported  as  tin  lii>t 
Ic'i'ilature  of  till'  "  tei'ritor\' of  Xevada."''  At  a  latii 
|hrirM|,  when  Xevada  was  a|t|»lyint:^  for  adnii.ssion  as.i 
8tat<>,  motions  were  nia<le  in  convi'iition  to  ciiaii,'' 
the  name  to  Washoe.  Ifumholdt,  and  Ivsnieralda 
Sierni  l*lata,  silver  mountains,  was  nw  ntioiud  in  «lf 
l)ate  ill  allusion  to  its  inineraloeical  features,  hut  it 

' //.  J'Mr.    'H'.t.  X'lth    ,n;ii{.    Int  80ss. ;    .\',r.    /.nirs.     |H(1|,    ix.    xiv.,    |S(.4-.' 

2»-:»l;  /'  V  r.,„xf.  .(;,./ <V,.(,7,,i,  ii.  r_'40  .'):  /I. tils,  h'r.  />...•.,  47,  i>t:<,  l'>M  •-'. 
46  vHi<i.  .'H  **•%». 

'Sir.  Chi>h.  Dfc.  17.  IS.V.l;   II, lilts'  S<i:  Smijf,  xi.  40. 

i.XVr.  r.m-f^  ltr>.u,M,  \^A,  '3;^ai;;  S.  F.  Cult,  July  7.  1804;  IhmM 
Qturltrlf,  i.  |>t  III   <>J 


NAAIK  AM)  AUKA 

'■•'"""  '"  ^^^'"P^'tit;,,,,  witi,  Oro  pJafn   „  . ,       . 

^"'"  tv.;,.  u.th  ]iulli.,u.     Havin?    '^•'^'^.''"^'s'Jvor. 

-.".  ■■Mku.J  t..,.,.it.,      ,>,  ''"'  ?ff-r  l„.i„.  „,|„,,.,  • 
.N.-..la  »l„.ro  tlu,  4lM  ,  In  ./'",'  "".""■«"•"« 

■^'"■'•l.ynv,.,.,a,K|  tl,„„.,,,r„„     ,  [i",  .'"'"•t."..  »itl,  tl,.. 
i.|  t  K,  ,„..„„),,         ,,.,;," :'""  '■•  t  K,  ( »ro.„„ |i„.... 

->''■"■■",  ai„(  w,..st  l.v  t|„.  '  "   ''"i'i"l«rv  „C  K,,,.. 

»'■'■  l;:";ii..n  ..f  tl„.  r„unri,"  „f  M  ."P'.  "  '•""■"i'l.T- 

»..    .S,,sku„u,  sul,j„,t    „tl  ""•-^'l'"'".  ''"««'i. 

U;  ;l..,„ia.-  ■•        '"  "'«  '■■""«'>.t  „f  tl,..  „t„t,.  ;> 

'\:.n„u p„.,„     ,  "*^"'  ►States  ,!,«. 

^•''^'^::t'i^'i:  ;rV' V-  t;7i:.:^/j^;rv'ir;!->  ^'.■" 


188 


TKiaiTTOUIAL  OKliANIZAl'loN. 


I  I 


' 


tr'u't  jiid'^r  ill  Carson  county,  VV,  W.  l)nnniiinii<l,  in 
IH."»(>  iitldit'Msocl  a  coiiiMiuiiiratioii  to  l^iittd  Si.it.s 
srii.'itor  WtlliT,  and  ctMiij^nHsincii  Drnvtr  and  l|.|. 
hcrt  of  (/aliroiniii,  int'orniin!^  tlitni  tiiat  llic  M<iiiii,i|, 
ri'sidijiits  j'lainird  Carson  vallcv  as  a  |>iiit,  ot"  I'liIi, 
.-Hid  tli.-it  "a  laiLjo  }ind  irs|M'«'tal>l«>  poition"  of  tin  i  iti- 
/  IIS  ot'(  he  \iiIlcycoiit('nd('d  in  ^ood  faith  tliattluy  w.  tc 
r<'si*l«;nts  of  (California  :  tliatiit'  liitnscif  liad  Im'IiI  <  >>iirt 
tlM'r<\  iM'lifviii'^  lie  was  in  I '  tali,  and  now  In-  was  \i>\\- 
viiiccd  of  liis  cn-of;  that  an  ini|)oi'tant  <-aso  had  l>tri< 
t  ikcn  to  thf  sii|»!»'nic  toiirt  of  Utah  to  he  ar^urd  ilic 
f tllowiii!^  .lanuaiy.  in  wliifh  it  was  rxtit'inrly  d'unt- 
fiil  whrthi'i' the  |>ai'ti('H  to  tlu^suit  and  tlit>  |t|-o|irrt\  in 
••out  lovnsy  welt' not  in  I''!  Dorado  rounty,  ( 'alifoiiii;i; 
and  that  a  \»ry  hittci'  tr«lin»^  juivadt'd  tho  iiiind- ut' 
tin-  aiiti-Monnons  ai:;aiiist  |>ayiii|uj  a  rt'vcnuf  to  suji- 
|K»!t,  Utah,  which  was  in  open  Jt-hrllion  a;4ainst  tlir 
irnitcd  States.  Druiiiniond  ai'cordiii'^ly  reconinuiidiil 
that  a  hoiindai'v  eoiiiiiiission  Ix^  set  on  foot.* 

The  California  jei^islaliire,  in  April  18JS,  jiassed  a 

(»    appttiiif   .1 


•onu 


'.SS 


coiiiinissioii  U)  act  in  conjunction  with  one  iVoni  ili.it 
state  tor  the  survey  of  a  line  ctuiforniiiiLj  to  th 


e    run. 


stitutioii  of  California.'"  In  Kel.iuary  IS.V.)  the  ( ';ili- 
fornia  le^islatun^  ai^ain  instructe(i  its  del«<^ati<"ii  in 
coiij^i'iss  to  ui-^c  upon  the  pr«'sidcnt  the  appointni.  nt 
ol  tin-  houiidary  c(»niinissioii.  Nothing;  was  dmic. 
however,  until  the  SpJ'ill;^  of  IK(!(l.  when  Coll-Jlcss 
|iassed  an  act  auth(»ri/iii;4  the  }>resident  toappoinl  th 


re(plire(l    comiiilssjoiiei'S 


The    li'siislature.   witlieiit 


iwaitiiijL?  coiii^ressional    action,   liad  already  «ru«tt(ii 

">'.    /•'.    H'l'il'l  III  Ihiii'i'   M\)i.   Srriifi.-i,   xi.  .">.     '{'Ill'  ^.Tiiiiii  jury  "I   tin  '.M 

lli«trii-t  111    I'l.lll,  (  'ia.ll<l>all^'ll    |'l.lt!r.   Ill   Oil.    jS.V.t.  ili'i'lal'ril  tll.lt    tl'lr  mix  111.  .i 

i-iiii(lili(iii  III  till'  ImiiiiiiI.'1i\\  w.is  'a  Iniiltiii  siniri'r  nl  aniinyaiKi'  ami  ili^|>iit,i- 
tiiin  .  .  .  Km- tills  rcaMiiti  rriniiiiaU  I'liai^ril  with  ^ravr  iiHi'iin-s  li.'tvc  i-.si'i|><'i| 
fulivii'tiiiii:  ri'iiiir  has  lici'ii  liiililly  I'liiiiiiiittcii  uitlmiit  ti'ar  of  ai'i-ii.satinii.  iinl 
valiialili'  |in>|icity  I'l'iiiainrij  sMllmiit  asN('.M.siii('iit  ami  ta.Xiktinii,'  etc.  aiiil 
ui'ijfil  tli.it  luiiurcM.t  hIhiuIiI  iTratr  a  iMiiiiiilary  ('iiiiiiiii-ixii>ii.  Tirrifnriiil  Kul'f' 
\tri.ii,  ill  III.,  •.'.">  li 

'"r.(/.  .>7.i/..  I.S.VS,  ;i.'i)i  7:   llimif  Jimr.,  '.177   H.  .'t.'itli  i<>iij{.   1st  scsH. 

"^'•>H'/.  <lli)li.   |S."i!l  (ill.  aii|i.,   I7rt.      Sciilt  111  ( 'aliliHiiia   !ia<l  |>ri'viiii|sl\   in- 

ti'oilii I  a  liill  III  clia'ii;!'  till'  ctslurii   tiouiiclaiy  ol  L'alituniia.   //i.».«  J'ur., 

671.  J<'i07,  fkitli  I'oiif;.  Isi  st'.ss. 


'•'•'•M'.AIIV  (o\, 


Mlssio.v 


\],< 


"r\v\-<)r.j_r,.n,.,aj  ,,f  ^j 


m 


'•'  sfat,.  t. 


"'^^';"  ""••<■•''  Ma»al|,.|   ;HMMi    \,    "'''■V^'^''-'   ''■"<-• 


(' 


ill).s( 


)<•  <llsrMVrrv  «>f' silv 


•'»', 


DC 


1^      MIMICS     <r.jy, 


•^"'ll''-^      Tl...  CaJi, 


>l.f 


•"''ni,.,|..v,.|, 


'".••'"•'inonal   i 


f) 


li'-JIS 


lilt 


<"•''  III  ,1.11 


'•niia    on  Veil 


"i|»oifaii 


r"'<'Mt  ,,ft\ 


lO 


In 


|"r"';'i""l  •'/   (lir  , 


»•.  Ill    / 


(■)' 


IIS     III,. 


^•»  til 


I"  (  ';ilif{»ri 


'ii"ii,(|ix,.(j  f 


"'■'.  .•Mid   ICculi 


""••■•^  Mas  (I 


MK-M,|,.<|  tlijit 


"''"*■>'  ••M  li,.x,.,| 


'  •^"•..ijs  ^,t'  I 


'IIIM 


7,'"""^'"'<'n-l,tt„('.,i 


;">'  ^>  Hi..  1/,s(),  ,1 


it 


•■"Ml; less  I 


""<'\V|||.4  MK.liJli  tj„.t 


<'L;rc<'  (, 


r  I 


•"■"'.••if"«\t.ii,|J 


'•'  Mlc- 


Wllli    It 


.'I  til 


•M 


','n'  \vsr..|i,  I 


•■'■•"-•yur\..,,„, 


"M'4ifU,|, 


icr 


!';■■"■'  i"''>y'<ii„..  r„r  ti,.>,.| 


'"Uiularv 


I   U.I 


S  (H;r 


-•IS     ,|| 


In    <|, 

Miizc<I 


'[<»nii;i    Ir.^isl 


"'   -l   <"llll|||ssio||,.,.  ( 


•'••floii,    i, 


fifiir, 


a  IK 
I'" 


•»M 


""""M.s.si.>ii(.|-  in  ,|,.f 


«>. •(.(>!),. ,..,<, 


'   .l"Mlf,  coiiv.Mt 


.■".set  J 


•t;i(. 


A(,  t] 


''»MlM||||._r  fl 


''i-.Miizii,:^-  (,|„.  t,.,.,.,j^ 


IIS  tliM,.  til,.   I 


,^vitiitii,.r„if„,,,^ 

"'"•'•^^••'•M  limit  ,,f  t"| 


l<»M. 


tut 


.l((»r; 


"■y  \V(.|'( 


•■'"'"•^"f   tl...;M.t,,f 


I>»-<»l)aMy  u„|, 


^":"  ^"  ""•  ih'st  i,.,.i,si 


|'""lflllC||(,   ,,f 


:i> 


itii 

■■'  '■••Ml|||jtt(.(,  t 


l<!       I 


'•••ssr.j  a 


•''■•""Ml(>||,|i,,.r      (I 

'^''■''■■■-i<i'«i:r;i,;;'';::™'''';.''^;:'i-<v.iiy 


"•"•  s(.;itc  |\-i 


T 


\\<» 


111,  I 


III 


^^■'■iv,  II,  a 


".^^  <'.-ist  of  tj 
•■"MiMiissi 


.L^miit  .,f  ..,j|  tl 


'■<'"l(|;|| 


<»!l(.| 


"'  '^"'MMlits  oF   th./s 


""^^'Mfo  til,. 
'■•"MlMIJllici, 


••'I'- 
''»i-iiia 

|»'»i-f  iuii 


laf. 


/ 


utu-   I 


U'Vlti 


•••"n(.;ii,y   uill,   tl 


»N<'II1 


'■ "'.  '>';i.  t, 


y»'»l»  .-111,1  |{ 


SiMill    ;,( 


'"'•^''"'M..,.h-||.r..rH.    .    ^'*   ^'"'^'^'-niiaranital 


''•"^^';  ^^'••'t  i.n,iv  t,. ,;,! 

'';";''''•.•  "'xiontli,. 
'"  ^''"  ^"^-''^  l.-islatu 


-i'ti.  „r  tl 


'<'  Mfxt  a 


»>"\;i( 


•^•^••Mil.lv.  aii,j 


'a  tl 


IV 


'•■  ''iiitfiiv 


lie    u' 


tl 


"v.nior  t„  unicrt] 


"•^^'^•^t  boundary  fVon,  Lai, 


"'  .^.•>Ml,.  |||,„,fj 


Ill 


'  "IM  ;u't 


'<'.sun-,.v  ,.r  (J 


•YW. 


*•'"/..  i.s(k),  i,s» 


cT 


laf 


"'•'O    '  ti.bci 


|"»i-fi 


I'MlZiiiiT 


<>M    of 


O 


wK 


SllJO- 


kl 


I, 


T,il 


.'":  •>><,/.,  /,s,;,_  ..<- 


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154 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


J'!i 


ralda,  and  an  appropriation  was  made  therefor,  witli  a 
proviso  that  the  survey  was  to  be  contingent  upon 
the  non-action  of  Cahfornia."  That  state  making  mt 
survey,  Jolin  F.  Kidder  and  Butler  Ives  surveyed  the 
line  from  Lake  Tahoe  south,  and  received  pay  there- 
for. 

The  commissioners  proceeded  to  California,  and  in 
March  1862  presented  their  memorial.  Nothing 
came  of  the  visit  beyond  a  conference  on  the  21st  of 
the  month,"  and  in  the  following  December  another 
memorial  was  sent  from  the  legislature  of  Nevada  to 
that  of  California.  Congress,  had,  however,  already 
attempted  to  compensate  for  the  loss  of  territory  on 
the  west  by  adding  a  degree  of  longitude  on  the  east." 

In  the  mean  time  the  injurious  effect  of  the  unset- 
tled western  boundary  and  undetermined  jurisdiction 
was  becoming  more  and  more  apparent  with  the  in- 
crease in  population.  The  sheriff  of  Plumas  county, 
California,  in  attempting  to  make  an  arrest  at  Susan- 
ville,  in  February  1862,  was  resisted  by  an  armed 
force,  and  one  of  his  posse  wounded.  Governor  Stan- 
ford of  California  then  appointed  Judge  Robert  Kob- 
in^^ni  a  commissioner  to  visit  the  then  acting-governor 
of  Nevada,  Orion  Clemens,  wifli  the  object  of  con- 
ferring u[)on  the  means  o'  aceably  arriving  at  a 
settlement  of  the  boundary  i.ispute.  The  California 
conunissioner  informed  the  acting-tjovernor  of  Nevada 
that  the  authorities  of  his  state  would  not  consent  to 
the  sunnnit  boundary,  and  it  was  agreed  between 
them  that  a  commissioner  from  California  and  one 
from  Nevada  should  be  appointed  to  establish  a  per- 
manent boundary ;  but  in  order  to  remove  the  danger 
of  any  future  conflicts  as  to  jurisdiction,  a  line  should 
be  temporarily  regarded  as  running  north  through  the 


'"AVi'.  Lnw.%  18GI,  2G9.  The  legislators  Wfire  a  little  in  the  dark  aliout 
the  geogra))iiy  of  their  territory.  'Below  Esmeralda '  would  have  takeu 
the  Nurveyora  out  of  tlic  territory. 

'"r,j/.  J„ur.  Svn.,   18()2,  387,  38!);  CI.  Jour  Heme,  1862.  390 
'".Vt'c.  Lairx,  18(i2,   19,');  Act^  uml  Re^.,  1861-2.  295;  Ccnvj.  OMie,  lSCl-2, 
408;  H.  Jux.  Doc.,  47,  pt  3,  46th  coug.  3d  sesa. 


&yi 


BOUNDARY 


155 


eastern  end  of  Honey  lake,  and  as  running  south  on 
the  survey  of  Kidder  and  Ives." 

On  the  IGth  of  May,  1863,  Clemens  appointed  Ives 
ooiuniissioner  on  the  part  of  Nevada,  who  joined  the 
Califi)rnia  commissioner,  Kidder,  in  Lake  valley  on 
the  2'2d  of  May,  and  they  proceeded  to  establish  the 
l)ouiidary  line,  beginning  at  Lake  Tahoe,  and  running 
nortli  to  the  Oregon  boundary,  and  south  to  within 
one  denree  of  the  north  line  of  New  Mexico,  when 
winter  arrested  further  progress.  The  work  of  the 
commission  was  accepted  by  both  the  California  ""  and 
Nevada  legislatures,  and  Ives  was  paid,  for  his  part 
of  it,  >S3,000.  This  final  action  put  an  end  to  the  con- 
flicts which  for  many  years  distracted  the  comnmnities 
ou  the  border  of  the  two  commonwealths.  California 
yielded  a  jurisdiction,  long  maintained,  over  the  rich 
milling  region  of  Esmeralda,  with  the  town  of  Aurora, 
and  Nevada  relinquished  any  claim  to  a  revenue  from 
Lassen  county. 

Hardly  were  these  conditions  of  peace  entered  upon 
when  the  territory  aspired  to  become  a  state.''  With- 
out alterino-  its  boundaries  in  the  formation  of  its 
constitution,  except  to  add  one  more  degree  on  the 
east,"^  in  order  to  embrace  the  mining:  resfion  of 
Paliranagat,  it  was  provided  that  whenever  congress 
should  authorize  the  addition  to  the  territory  or  state 
of  Nevada  of  another  degree  on  its  eastern  border,  or 
California  should  relinquish  any  territory  lying  west 
of  lier  then  eastern  boundary,  either  of  these  might 
l)c  embraced  within  and  become  a  part  of  the  state  of 
Nevada,"  thus  giving  evidence  that  Nevada  still  felt 

'"Butler  Ivea  was  deputy  sai-veyor-^eneral  to  Jolin  W.  North,  ami  John 
F.  Kidder  was  his  cluef  clerk.  The  assistant  clerk  iii  tlio  surveyor-geueral  8 
dIHcu  was  Julius  E.  Crarrett.     AVt).  Lnirs,  18(il,  xvii. 

'"Cal.  SUU.,  1864-4,  500-7.  A'er.  L<tw^,  18()4,  189. 

^' AV*'.  Compikil  Law/i,  i.,  cxxix.;  Nfih  Coii.tlit.  DeMtm,  847. 

'■''riie  legislature  by  concurreat  residution,  in  Dec.  1804,  asked  for  the 
extension  of  its  eastern  boundary  anotlier  degree.  It  was  presented  in  the 
st'iiate  I)y  Nye  of  Nevada,  and  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table  and  be  printed. 
linn.  Jniir.,  230,  38th  cong.  2d  sess. 

"JVi-r.  Stai.,  1804-5,  OOj  133-4;  Cat.  Jour,  Sen.,  1805,  app.  56. 


r    ! 


,    I 


ill  i  H  ^ 


II  I 


ino 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATIOX. 


herself  iinraiily  dealt  with  iii  the  matter  of  her  west- 
ern bouiitlary. 

In  May  180G  congress  jj^raiittid  the  one  tiegrec  on 
the  east  to  which  Nevatia  laid  claim,  as  far  south  as 
the  Colorado  river,  and  with  it  all  of  Arizona  Ivin*; 
between  tliat  river  and  the  south  line  of  Nevada, 
making  together  ;U,iSr)i)  8(juare  miles,  and  made  ap- 
j>rol)riations  for  the  survey.'*  To  this  southern  teni- 
tory  some  objections  vvore  made,  upon  the  ground 
that  it  was  wt,>rthless,  but  in  January  18()7  the  legis- 
lature formally  accepted  the  gift,  after  passing  a  reso- 
lution in  the  senate  to  have  the  wiiole  of  Utah 
annexetl,  and  in  March  lPfil>  ap})ropriated  84,000  for 
continuin*'"  the  survey  of  tlio  east  line.  Not  yet  con- 
tent  with  its  area,  and  grasping  after  more  silver 
mines,  the  legislature  in  1871  asked  cou<j;ress  to  a'ive 
Nevada  all  of  Idaho  lyiiig  south  of  the  Owyhee  river, 
to  which  retjuest  no  favorable  answer  was  returned. 
The  same  IcLjislative  bodv  memorialized  the  (California 
assemblv  to  ijrant  them  the  boundary  named  in  the 
organic  act  of  Nevada  territory,  namely,  the  sunnnit 
of  the  Sierra,*''  But  this  attempt  to  revive  the  boun- 
dary agitation  met  with  no  ajUJroval  by  that  body.  ' 
It  was,  however,  agitJited  about  this  time  by  the 
commissioner  of  the  general  land  office,  Willis  W. 
Drunnnond,  who  reported  in  1871  that  the  line  be- 
tween California  and  Nevada,  from  Lake  Tahoe  nortli 
to  the  Oreijou  bounilarv,  had  never  been  correctly 
surveyed,  and  asked  for  an  a])propriation  of  over 
$41,000  to  have  the  survey  rectitied.  It  was  alleged 
that  California  was  atthat  time  excrcisinij  iurisdictiou 
over  1M,000  S(|uare  miles  of  Nevada  territory.''      The 

-*  F'irst appropriation  in  !8G8  was  ?10,fi'2.\  which  wa.s  increased  to.*l7  0<  (! 
in  1870,  wliuii  I.  K.  .laniL-s  lieg.in  the  survey.  Mtigx.  u ml  Doc,  1S71-2.  pt.  i., 
4!)-.')!;  Corson  J;.;»-(/,  Oct.  '2,  1870. 

-^  Jloiixi'  Join:,  i;{7-8,  4'Jil  coiig.  1st  se.<s. ;  Ifoii.<e  Misc.  Doc,  .12,  42d  coi'i.'. 
Istscss.;  AVc.  A<((c.<,  1871,  18.">:  A'tr.  Jour.  J/ou-r,  18(57,  lUi,  123-4,  l".>5-7. 
2.*?');  Xcv.  Jolt r.  .Sen.,  1871,  l(iO  2;  CiirM,i,  Stoti;  IfiyMir,  Aug.  ,1871.  I)i<- 
liiriii'ir-'i  I)ir.,  1881,  10;  Austin  I.'rrsr  /{inr  h'rrrill,';  Dec.  15,  1855;  Ellioll  .i; 
C'u"i  I/isf.  Ariz.,  2!»;   Tiilwf.jrs  I  list.  .Solt  Lide  Vity,  247. 

-"f.  S.  foiKtil.  fiii'l  riiirtns,  \-2M). 

"  Vinjinin  Vity  TvrritoriiUEHUqiri.ti;  in  S.  F.  Chronicle,  April  1.1,  1872. 


■  ri  ii' 


TERRITORIAL  OFFICIALS 


157 


<?nrvoy  of  the  west  and  cast  lines  was  finally  com- 
]il.'ttxl  in  1874,''"'  the  returns  being  made  by  Allexery 
X'oii  Schmidt,  astrononier  and  surv-eyor,  who  gave 
tilt'  It'nijth  of  line  between  California  and  Nevada  at 
a  little  over  611  miles,'"  the  north  line  coincident 
with  the-4"2d  parallel  being  310  miles,  and  the  east 
line  somewhat  shorter  than  tlio  west,  the  southern 
iioundarv  being  a  shari)  ani^le.  Notwithstandinij  the 
frequent  discussions  of  the  boundary  between  Nevada 
and  Cnlifornia,  which  should  have  led  to  a  better 
kiiowlcdiic  of  the  limits  of  either,  litigation  has  been 
jiad  as  late  as  1 881,  founded  upon  a  dispute  as  to  the 
{ao[^er  jurisdiction. 

The  United  States  officers,  appointed  upon  the  or- 
gani/.ation  of  the  territory  of  Nevada,"  were  James 
AV.  Xye.  governor,^'  Orion  Clemens  territorial  secre- 
tary,'' (ieorge  Turner  chief  justice,  Horatio  M.  Jones 
and  (4or(lon  N.  Mott  associate  justices,  with  Benja- 
iiiiu  L*.  Bunker  United  States  attorney/'  D,  Bates 


m 


^"('■iL  Jnur.  Snt.,   1S75;  app.  10,  7  8. 


I>t5.,  13;  Xii:  Jour.  Sun.,   1877,  app.  8,  1;  Id.,   1879 


•-'//n«<,  Er.  Dw 
opp  li,  ;{  4. 

-J  The  Cal.  legislature  assisted  in  persuading  congress  to  create  anew  ter- 
ritnry.  instructing  its  delegation  in  Washington  to  use  tjieir  be  1  endeavors. 
('•d.  Sf'if.,  1JS()0,  409.  (iwiu  ami  Latliam  of  Cal.,  and  Otero  or  New  Me.xieo, 
]irisontt'd  liills  in  favor  of  tlie  project.  Jour.  Si'ii.,  IMl,  StJtIi  cong.  1st  sess.; 
('..),./.  ainlic;  IS.V.t-tiO,  374,  .'{17,  2t)(18.  Latham  presented  W  petitions  from 
Vfstorn  Utah;  (irow  of  I'a  presented  a  bill  in  the  house  for  tlie  temporary 
fiiivcriiment  of  Xe\ada.  Crecn  of  Mo.  was  tlie  author  of  the  hill  which 
liniiliy  passed  the  .senate  Feb.  'JO,  18(51,  and  the  house  on  M.arch  2,  1801,  and 
u:is  ajiproved  tlie  .same  day.  Jour.  Sni.,  228,  317,  372,  3t)th  cong.  2d  sess.; 
Ex.  />»•.,  vol.  2(i.  1084,  4<Jtli  cong.  3d  sess. 

-'Commissioned  March  22,  18(11.  Xye  was  born  in  Mas.s.  about  1815,  re- 
moved at  an  early  age  to  N.  Y.,  vi  here  he  was  educated  for  the  bar.  He 
]iractiseil  in  Syracuse  4  years,  removing  thence  to  N.  Y.  <.'ity  in  1857,  Miuie 
lie  was  appointed  com.  of  police.  His  reputation  as  a  political  orator  was 
made  in  1.S48,  in  supporting  free-soil  principles.  Thougii  a  democrat,  he  was 
.strongly  anti-slavery.  S>jritnt--ie  Jouninl  in  Jhii/t'in  L.  ('.  Srufiiicl  Fell.  II, 
iM'i');  f /,)/,;  7/(7/ A'lHv.  March  8,  1870;  Vinjiiwii'ity  ('hronick,  Dec.  28,  1870; 
.y.  /■'.  Ermiii;/ Po.-<t,  Jan.  13,  1877. 

•^'H'lemena  was  from  Mo.,  and  a  brother  of  Samuel  Clemens  (Mark  Twain), 
vhn  accompanied  him  to  Nevada.  J.  C.  (iallagher  officiated  as  secretary 
uiit  1  the  arrival  of  Clemens,  about  the  middle  of  August. 

^•■J.  McC  Reardon  Mas  clerk  sup.  ct;  David  "SI.  Hanson  clerk  Ist  dist, 
witli  Itighton  Corson  district  attorney;  Alfred  Helm  clerk  of  the  2d  district; 
with  Marcus  I).  T.,arrows  attorney;  Alfred  James  clerk  of  the  3d  district, 
with  E.  B.  Zabriskio  attorney,  A'ev.  Luwn,  1801,  xvii. 


I   ' 


(J 


^iiH 


h 


158 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


marshal,  and  John  W.  Nortli  sui'veyor-i2;enoral.  Gov- 
ernor Nye  arrived  in  Juh',  liis  proclamation  declariiii^ 
the  territory  organized  beuig  issued  on  the  lltli,  fol- 
lowing which,  on  the  24th,  was  the  order  to  take  a 
census  of  the  population  preparatory  to  districting 
the  territory  and  ordering  an  election,  Henry  Do 
Groot,  in  the  absence  of  the  marshal,  being  appointid 
to  make  the  enumeration.  The  returns  were  made 
on  the  Hth  of  August,  and  the  day  of  election  set  for 
the  3 1  St. 

The  total  number  of  votes  cast  at  the  election  was 
5,291,  of  which  only  985  were  democratic,  the  gnat 
majority  in  Nevada  being  on  the  union  side  of  poli- 
tics, and  very  enthusiastic  in  support  of  the  govern- 
ment. "Battle-born" — meaning  organized  amidst 
the  tumult  of  events  on  the  eve  of  the  great  civil 
war — is  the  favorite  soubriquet  for  Nevada  in  use  by 
political  writers.  Born  on  the  eve  of  battle,  she  took 
no  time  for  infancy  or  childhood,  but  poured  out  the 
precious  contents  of  her  subterranean  treasury  with 
a  free  hand  to  the  help  of  the  nation,  from  the  very 
hour  of  her  birth." 

The  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  John  Cradle- 
baugh  for  delegate  to  congress,  and  in  the  election  of 
nine  councilmen  and  fifteen  representatives.'" 


in  ■ 


**Nye  says,  in  his  report  to  Secretary  Seward,  in  Dec.  1861;  'T  may  herp, 
I  think,  with  panlonahle  pri<le,  call  your  special  attention  to  the  gratifying 
fact  that  tlie  tertitory  of  Nevada,  with  one  exce^ltion,  stands  alone  aiiKHi:,' 
the  states  and  territories  of  the  union  in  having  provided  by  legislation  lor 
the  payment  of  her  share  of  tiie  war  debt.  Tlie  money  will  he  subject  to 
the  draft  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  of  tlie  U.  S.  by  the  montii  of 
August  next  '  Si'ii.  D'K.,  36,  vol.  v.,  3,  37th  cong.  '2d  sess. 

^  As  there  was  but  one  county  organized  in  the  whole  territory  the  re- 
turns for  councilmen  were  made  from  the  following  districts:  No.  1,  iacluil- 
ing  all  of  Carson  vahey  south  of  Clear  creek,  J.  W.  Pugh;  No.  2,  inchuliiii,' 
all  of  Carson  valley  north  of  Clear  creek,  Ira  M.  Luther;  No.  3,  Empire  city 
and  vicinity,  William  M  Stewart;  No  4,  Silver  City  and  vicinity,  John  W  , 
Grier  (resigned  during  the  first  session);  No.  5,  Gold  Hill  and  vicinity, 
Thomas  Hannah;  No  6,  Virginia  City  and  vicinity,  indulging  the  Flow(  ry 
mining  district,  Augustine  W  Pray  and  J.  L  Van  Bokkelen;  No  7,  inibil- 
ing  Washoe  valley  and  the  region  between  the  valley  and  Steamboat  crci-k, 
Solomon  Oeller;  No.  8,  Steamboat  creek  and  Truckee  valley,  none  eleotil: 
No.  9,  including  all  the  territory  north  nf  Truckee  valley  and  west  of  Pyr  i 
mid  lake,  Isaac  Roop  Tlie  representatives  from  district  No.  i  were  Sainml 
Youugs  aad  William  E   Teall:  No.  2,  James  McLean;  No.  3,  W,  P    liar- 


II  ' 


LEr.ISLATURE. 


IS9 


Tlie  orovcmor  ordered  the  asseml)lin<j'  of  the  Ivmn- 
luture  oil  the  ist  of  October  at  Carson  City,  but 
Jiouses  beuig  few,  and  owners  doubtful  of  their  i)ay, 
some  difticulty  was  experienced  in  procuring  a  hall. 
Tliey  were  relieved  from  their  emliarrassment  by  the 
offer,  rent  free,  of  a  large  stone  building  outside  of 
town,  belonging  to  Abraliani  Curry,  famous  among 
Ills  follows  for  deeds  of  generosity,  who  furnished  the 
iniproni[)tu  eapitol  in  a  primitive  fashion  with  benclics 
and  tables,  and  crowned  his  nmnifioence  bv  construct- 
ill""  a  h(jrse-railroad  from  the  legislative  hall  to  Carson 
( 'ity,  on  which  the  legislators  were  privileged  to  ride 
me. 

The  code  of  laws  passea  was  similar  to  that  of  Cal- 
fornla,  upon  which,  and  the  code  of  New  York,  it 
was  based.  Both  houses  passed  strong  union  resolu- 
tions, and  every  way  behaved  most  loyally."  By  an 
act  of  November  25th  the  territory  was  divided  into 
nine  counties,  namelv  :  Churchill,  Douurlas,  Esnicr- 
alda,  Humboldt,  Lake — name  changed  to  Roop  De- 
cember 5,  1862 — Lyons,  Ormsby,  Storey,  and  Washoe. 


■  '  ^^ 


■*j 


ington  and  John  T).  Winters;  Nn.  4,  William  L.  Card  and  R.  M.  Ford;  No. 
5.  .lolm  n.  Mills;  No.  (>,  Mark  H.  Jiryaiit,  ]Ci)hraiin  Durliain,  aiid.Milos  N. 
Mitclitll;  No.  7,  Edward  (J.  lug  and  J.  H.  Sturtevant;  No.  8,  William  J. 
Oshorii;  No.  9,  John  0.  Wright.  ^Vcr.  Jour.  Vouncil,  18()1,  5-0;  Xiv.  Jour. 
JIdiisi',  18t)l,  4;  Sac.  Union,  Sept.  10,  1861.  J.  L.  Van  liokkelen  was  presi- 
dent of  the  council;  Henry  O.  Smeathman,  secretary;  William  H.  lJar:''-ow, 
asstsec. ;  Noah 'I'.  Carpenter,  sergeant-atarms;  P.  Fl.  Siiannon,  messenger; 
Henry  Lewis,  page.  Miles  X.  Mitchell  was  speaker  of  the  house;  W.  M. 
(iille.spiu,  clerk;  Samuel  E.  Witherill,  Charles  C.  Cotiger,  assistant  clerks; 
.1.  H.  McCormack,  sergeant-at-arms;  G.  S.  I'icrscm,  messenger;  Robert  T. 
Haslan,  page.  Nvv.  Ltiirs,  1801,  xviii. 

^''Tiiis  last  is  on  the  authority  of  Mark  Twain's  Rouijliin;/  ft,  in  which  is 
jlivi'ii  a  humorous  history  of  the  first  Nevada  legislature.  He  .says  the  Icgis- 
Lituro  'sat  00  days,  and  passed  private  toll-road  franchi.ses  all  tiio  time. 
When  they  adjourned  it  was  estimated  that  every  citizen  owned  ahout  tliree 
franciiises,  and  it  was  believed  that  unless  congniss  gave  the  territory  aaotiier 
ilegreo  of  longitude  there  would  not  be  room  enough  to  accommodate  the 
tdjl-roads.  The  ends  of  them  were  hanging  over  the  boundary  line  every- 
wlicre  like  a  fringe.'  The  same  might  have  been  said  of  all  the  other  early 
territorial  legislatures.  But  concerning  the  seats  for  the  representatives,  I 
fiiiil  tiiat  Mrs  M.  A.  Ormsby  and  Miss  H.  K.  Clapp  of  Carson  city  donated 
on  tile  I9th  of  October  to  the  mend)ers  'comfortable  chairs  for  their  use,' 
ami  that  they  M'ere  not  only  thanked,  but  invited  to  a  seat  within  the  bar 
of  tile  house  for  the  remainder  of  tin;  session.  JWii  Jour.  Houae,  1801,  87 

^'  Pnrkers  Lettfr-Book,  MS.,  34-6;  Rept.  of  Gov.  Nye,  in  Sen.  Doc.  36, 
T.,  37th  cong,  2d  aesa. 


\\i 


i; 


';1  ': 

'■t  ■  i 
.'f  i 


160 


TEURITOUI AL   OIK  J  AMZATIOX. 


Churcliill,  Esinemkla,  aiiil  Humboldt  included  most 
of  the  tiJiritoriul  area,  and  tiio  other  counties  the  \h>u- 
ulation.  In  [)oint  of  fact,  the  oidy  white  inhabitai.ts 
of  the  central  and  eastern  parts  of  the  territory  wen; 
a  few  station-keo[)ers  along  the  overland  mail  route, 
hartllv  more  than  enouijh  to  constitute  the  usual 
cori)s  of  county  officers.  The  legislature,  howevt  r, 
nominated,  and  the  governor  confirmed,  three  coin- 
niissioners  for  each  county,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
meet  and  ap[>ortion  their  territory  into  voting  [)re- 
cincts  jjre[)aratory  to  a  general  election,  to  be  held  on 
the  J  4th  of  January,  i8G2,  for  the  purj)osc  of  choosintf 
county  ofHcers,  who  should  hold  until  the  reu'ular 
election  on  September  lid,  provided  ft)r  in  the  elec- 
tion law  of  the  territory.  This  rai)id  change  of  offi- 
cers Ljave  some  of  the  counties  three  different  sets 
between  the  Ist  of  January  and  the  middle  of  {Sep- 
tember ISO'2. 

The  organic  act  provided  for  nine  councilmen, 
which  nund)er  might  be  increased  to  thirteen,  who.se 
term  of  service  should  be  two  years,  and  thirteen  as- 
send)lvmen,  whose  number  miijht  be  doubled,  to  serve 
one  vear.  The  lenislature  made  the  whole  of  this  iri- 
crease  at  the  first  session.  In  an  act  concerning 
crimes  and  [>unishments  it  was  provided  that  no  blark 
person,  or  mulatto,  or  Indian,  or  Chinese  should  lie 
permitted  to  give  evidence  against  or  in  favor  of  aiiy 
white  person;  and  that  any  person  having  one  eiglith 
part  negro  blood  should  be  deemed  a  mulatto,  while 
every  jjcrson  having  one  half  Indian  blood  should  1)C 
deemed  an  Indian.  In  the  civil  practice  act  it  was 
provided  that  all  might  testify,  whether  of  negro  er 
Indian  blood,  who  had  not  one  half  or  more  of  l)la(k 
blood  in  their  veins;  thus  placing  the  value  of  |»rop- 
erty  above  that  of  life  or  liberty  to  those  who  were 
three  quarters  white,  an  impropriety  which  the  gov- 
ernor pointed  out,  while  he  approved  the  crimes  act 
on  the  ground  of  necessity,  the  condition  of  society  in 
Nevada  at  this  tmie  requiring  the  restraints  of  a  penal 


REVENUE  AND  RESTRICTIONS. 


161 


code.  A  tax  of  forty  cents  on  every  $100  of  taxable 
])r<)j)crt3'  was  imposed  for  territorial  purposes,  witli  an 
uiUlitional  tax  of  sixty  cents  for  county  puqwscs." 
A  poll-tax  of  two  dollars  was  also  imposed  on  all 
males  between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  fifty  years, 
not  exeujpted  by  law,  for  county  purposes,  a  neces- 
sarv  measure  for  raising  revenue  in  a  country  where 
the^  land  still  belonged  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
population  was  a  migratory  one."     The  mines  with 


r-A 


!  *    !g 


1  M 


Tebritobul  Seal. 


their  products  remained  untaxed,  although  the  design 
adopted  for  the  territorial  seal  had  reference  only  to 
uiiuing  as  an  industry."  A  law  to  secure  the  observ- 
ance of  the  sabbath  was  passed  and  approved,  which 

'^Xi-v.  Lmi'.%  1801,  144.  This  tax  waa  raised  in  1862  to  r>P  centsofl  $100 
for  torritorial,  and  80  cents  on  the  same  for  county  expenses.  Tlie  last  terri- 
tnrial  legislature  fixed  the  tax  at  .SO  cents  on  8100  for  territorial  and  not  to 
exceed  80  cents  on  the  same  for  county  revenues. 

^"Tlie  poll-tax  was  increased  to  $4  a  head  in  1862,  and  might  be  ma<le  to 
constitute  county  hospital  funds.  The  limit  of  age  was  suhseqiiently  ex- 
tenileil  to  sixty  years,  and  assessors  made  ex-officio  poll-tax  collectors. 

*•  Mountains,  with  a  stream  of  water  coursing  down  their  side  and  falling 
on  the  overshot  wheel  of  a  quartz  mill  at  their  liase.  A  miner  learning  on 
his  piek  and  holding  a  United  States  flag.  Motto:  Volens  et  Potens.  De- 
signed by  Secretary  Clemens.  Nev.  Jour.  Ominril,  \f^&\,A6;Nev.H(m8eJ<nir., 
43;  Nev.  Laws,  1861,  295.  Certainly  nothing  claaaic. 
Hist.  Nbv.    11 


'  i'i  „■ , 


i 


162 


TEURITOUI.VL  OIUJANIZATION. 


inflicted  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $30  n(tr  more  tlum 
$2r)0  for  keeping  open  a  play-hou.se,  ganihlintr-dii^ 
coek-pit,  <^r  engaging  in  any  species  of  noisy  anmsc- 
nients  on  the  ''first  day  of  the  week,  commonly  culltd 
Lord's  day;"  and  the  same  law  interdicted  any  judi- 
cial husiness,  except  in  the  case  of  a  jury  in  unfinislud 
deliberation,  which  might  receive  further  instrlictioh 
or  deliver  a  verdict  on  Sunday  ;  but  permitted  arrests 
for  crime,  and  an  examination  before  a  justice  on  Sun- 
day.*' Cohabitation  with  Indians,  Chinese,  or  negroes 
was  made  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $100 
nor  more  than  $500,  or  imprisonment  in  the  c(»unty 
jail  for  not  less  than  one  month  nor  more  than  six. 
Lotteries  were  also  forbidden.  Altogether  the  work 
of  the  first  legislature,  which  extended  over  sixty 
davs,  was  discreet  and  moral,  and  it  would  have  been 
well  could  they  have  kept  society  up  to  their  standard. 

With  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature,  the  offi- 
cials appointed  by  that  body  and  the  governor  came 
into  power,*'  and  arranged  the  preliminaries  of  the 
coming  election  of  county  oflScers.  Some  difiicuhy 
was  experienced  in  appointing  officers  for  Lake  iiiid 
Esmeralda  counties,  arising  from  the  disputed  boun- 

"JVcw.  Comp.  Laws,  i.  2;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Oct.  24,  1861. 

*'Thc  conintissioners  appointed  byliov.  Nye  for  Douglan  county  were  S. 
A.  Kinsey,  Hiram  Mott,  and  Henry  Vausickle;  county  clerk,  Joel  A.  Harvey; 
surveyor,  Rol)ert  F.  Hart;  sheriflF,  Wiiliam  Wallace;  probate  juilgt.', 
Chauncey  N.  Noteware;  recorder,  B.  Rush  Horton;  treasurer,  John  'I'iiii,'- 
man.  Com.  of  Humboldt  co.,  M.  S.  Thompson,  A.  U.  Sj'lveater,  ami  A. 
Benway;  sheriff,  A.  W.  Nightingill;  probate  judge,  A.  W.  OUiver.  t\.iii.  "f 
Lyon  and  Churchill  counties,  E.  B.  Zabriskie.  Rufus  E.  Trask,  and  S.  S. 
Buckland;  co.  clerk,  Daniel  Kendrick;  sur.,  Francis  Tagliabue;  slieritr,  J. 
Martin  Reese;  dist.  atty.,  Frank  H.  Kennedy;  trcas.,  John  Irvine;  rec,  .lolm 
G.  Shirts.  Com.  of  Ormsby  co.,  H.  F.  Rice,  J.  S.  Albro,  and  F.  A.  'Iritlc; 
CO.  clerk,  Parker  H.  Pierce;  sheriff,  William  L.  Marley;8ur.,  James  S.  ]..iw- 
son;  probate  judge,  E.  C.  Dixon;  dist.  atty,  Dighton  Corson;  treas..  I'liiliii 
Stoner.  Com.  of  Story  co.,  H.  G.  Blasdel.  Charles  E.  Olncy,  ami  Israel 
Kno.x;  CO.  clerk,  Nelson  W.  Winton;  probate  judge,  Leonard  W.  ?"trris: 
sheriff,  William  H.  Howard;  rec,  H.  G.  Blaisdell;  sur.,  Seneca  H.  Marlttc. 
Cam.  of  Lake  co.,  William  Wetherlo,  William  H.  Naightley,  and  Panitl 
Murray.  They  failed  to  provide  for  the  election  as  intended,  and  the  iMniiity 
was  not  organized  until  the  following  year.  Com.  of  Washoe  co.,  F.  H. 
Burroughs,  H.  F,  Pierce,  and  C.  C.  Smith;  sheriff,  Charles  C.  Smith;  co. 
clerk,  B.  E.  Shannon;  rec,  Isaac  Mean;  supt  schools,  J.  W.  North,  Nea. 
Jour,  Council  and  House,  1861. 


fOUNTY  AKKAIUS, 


168 


tlnrv.  In  the  case  <)f  Esniorakla,  it  was  clivitlocl  bo- 
tu  icii  two  jurisdictions.  In  March  I  Hi]  I  tlio  Calitornia 
li„Mslaturo  organized  tlu!  county  of  Mono,  uitli  tiie 
tdwii  of  Aurora  for  tho  county  scat,  assuming:  tliat 
the  111 )Uiuls  of  that  statu  roach cd  eastward  ht-yond  this 
tin  II  thriving  plaro.  Tlio  act  creating  the  county 
j»ii)\  idc<i  for  tlie  election  in  June  of  a  full  set  of  county 
ofticials/'  exce[)t  a  judge,  who  was  to  bo  appointed  by 
t!ic  goyornor,  and  it  was  attached  to  Tuolumne  for 
rt.j)ioscntativo  purposes. 

I  before  the  arrival  of  CJovernor  Nye  and  the  ortjani- 
zatitiii  of  the  territory  of  Nevada,  tho  election  had 
tiktii  place,  and  Mono  county,  with  a  full  list  of 
otlitirs,  most  of  whom  resided  in  Aurora,  was  exer- 
cisiiiu;  iurisdictictn  over  the  Esmeralda  niininjjc  district 
of  western  ITtah." 

An  appropriation  of  .^10,000  liad  been  made  by  the 
Culifcrnia  legislature  for  the  ex]>enses  of  a  boundary 
connnission  to  act  in  concert  with  the  United  States 
surveyor  in  locating  the  cast  line  of  the  state,  and  tho 
Nevada  legislature  appropriated  one  tenth  of  this  sum 
for  a  similar  purpose,  which  circumstances  de*^^erred 
till!  territorial  authorities  from  pressing  the  matter  of 
county  jurisdiction;  and  although  an  act  "to  legalize 
the  records  of  Esmeralda  miniuir  district"  was  intro- 
duced  in  the  council,  it  was  not  ])assed.  Tho  (juestion 
of  ownership  was  still  unsettled  hi  1862,  no  complete 
(iL'anization  of  Esmeralda  county  haviiifj  taken  iilace 
bt  fore  the  ammal  election  in  Septcnd)or;*"'  but  nover- 
tluli'ss,  at  this  election  representatives  were  chosen 
fn)m  Esmeralda  county  to  the  legislature  of  Nevada, 
while  Aurora  was  doing  duty  as  the  county  seat  of 

*^  Commissioners  of  Mono  cow.,  ty  appointed  hy  tho  Cal.  legislature  were 
V.  ,!.  Hukey,  ^V.  M.  Boring,  E.  \\ .  Casey,  C.  N.  Noteware,  L.  A.  Urown, 
(i.  \\ .  Bailey,  and  T.  A.  Lane.     These  provided  for  the  election  in  .luiic. 

"Tlie  otficers  elected  were,  for  co.  clerk,  R.  M.  ^Vilson;  .sheriff,  N  F. 
i^cntt;  dist.  atty,  R.  E.  Phelpa;  assessor,  .F.  H.  Smith;  treas. ;  \yilliam 
Feast;  sur.,  L.  Twttle;  supervisors,  E.  Green,  Charles  R.  Worland,  and  J. 
•S.  Scliulz.    The  judge  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Cal.  was  J.  A.  Moultrie. 

*'.Iudge  Moultrie  had  resigned  and  .1.  V.  Baldwin  had  been  appointed 
in  Ills  jilace  Sheriff  Scott  had  been  killed  by  Indiana  and  G.  W.  Bailey 
appuinted  to  the  vacancy. 


,S.| 


(     1 


(     I 


!   m 


'Is 


lat 


TKUKITOUI A  L  OIUl ANIZ ATIOX. 


:!i! 


I  >i 


two  counties,  one  in  California  and  ono  in  Nevada. 
This  duplex  |;<)vennnent  continued,  to  tiic  gnat 
ann(»vaneo  of  the  inhabitants,  for  all  the  years  durin' 
which  the  boundary  was  in  dis[)uti'.  Lake  county 
was  similarly  situated,  beinu^  jiartly  claimed  by  IMumas 
county,  California,  with  the  diH'erence  that  in  tli!.>, 
instance  Nevada  failed  to  substantiate  her  claim  to 
the  Honey  Lake  valley,  which  was  supjiost'd  t»»  lie 
within  the  territorial  litnits.  It  had  been  the  hmno 
of  Isaac  Koop.  the  governor  elected  by  the  peoj»lc  of 
western  Utah  in  1859,  and  was  made  the  9th  council 
district  for  the  election  of  membersof  the  first  Nevud.i 
Iciiislature  by  Governor  Nye.  The  commissioiurs 
appointed  in  18GI  (li<l  not  provide  for  an  election  in 
January,  nor  were  county  otticers  chosen  before  S('|>- 
tember  180'2,  the  county  remaininjjf  unori5anize<l  until 
after  the  second  mcetinu:  <^f  the  le<j:islature/"  The 
representative,  C.  Adams,  did  not  take  his  scat,  and 
Councilman  Roo]),  wiio  held  over  from  18Gi,  was  the 
last  member  from  Honey  Lake  valley,  l^ut  the 
lei>islature  in  18G2  fully  organized  the  county,  cliani,'- 
ing  the  name  to  Roop,  the  governor  commissionin.; 
the  officers  elected  in  September,  appointing  a  | no- 
bate  judge,  John  S.  Ward,  and  ordering  a  sptcial 
term  of  court  to  be  held  in  January  1803.  This 
assumi)tion  of  the  cont  "ol  of  municipal  affairs  in  that 
region  brought  on  a  conflict  with  arms,  as  I  liave 
mentioned  *'  in  a  former  part  of  this  chapter.     Before 

♦"The  officers  chosen  wcro  W.  H.  Naileigh,  slicriff,  H.  J.  B.aretto.  clerk; 
Z.  N.  Spaulcliiig,  recorder.  Fraiili  Drake,  treas. ;  E,  A.  Towiisenil,  assc-xir; 
Henry  K.  Arnold,  collector;  E.  R.  Nichols,  siir. ;  A.  A.  Holmes,  schoul  s\iii. ; 
Franklin  Strong,  S.  J.  Hill,  and  J.  C  Wimple,  commissioners. 

*' T.ie  trouble  began  by  the  judge  of  Plumas  county  enjoining  from  linM- 
ing  court  a  justice  of  the  jieaee  of  Koop  county,  who  failing  to  ol)ey  was  liiud 
§100.  The  slieriff  and  proliato  judge  of  Roop  co.  were  next  orderctl  to  iciise 
the  exercise  of  fiuthority  in  the  disputed  district,  failing  of  whieli  tlic  I'biiiias 
CO.  slicritf  arrested  them.  Tlie  citizens  then  arose  and  reeapturod  tlio 
prisouiTi.  A  few  days  later  tlic  Plumas  co.  slierifT,  E.  H.  Pierce,  rcai>pi;ireil 
with  a  posse  of  between  1(X)  and  201),  and  a  piece  of  artillery.  He  arn^tt'l 
the  judge  and  slierifF  a  second  time,  and  again  they  were  rescued.  Open  war 
ensued  on  the  15th  of  Fel)..  18()3.  The  Roop  co.  forces  fort'fieil  in  a  Ins; 
building,  and  tlie  Plumas  co.  forces  in  a  liarn  near  by,  one  of  tlie  latter  \'i-'Mi 
severely  wounded  l)y  the  Roop  co.  men.  The  battle  then  grew  hot,  resiiltin.' 
in  the  wouudiug  of  two  of  the  latter,  when  au  armistice  was  at  lengtli  agrieil 


thr  f 
was  I 

tinll 

I'lio.si' 

was  ii 

Jilil'iKl 
U'liolo 

I'ccoi'd 
till'  te] 
Session 

it|'|M'Oj) 

The  III! 

dollars 
f'.'ijiital. 
t'\|i('ns( 
"lij^ht  L 
twenty, 
officers, 

tol     i!j(3 

i?li',000, 
appropj-i 
tin*  finst 
Ore-ron] 
the  view 
'^'li<;  sala 
'I'lcfjuate 


COUNTY  AFFAIRS. 


1G5 


the  filial  survey,  which  \eh  all  of  Roop  county  which 
was  pitpuhiU'd  or  desirahlo  in  California,  another  elec- 
tion had  heen  held  in  that  district,  but  the  persons 
ilidS'  n  never  were  permitted  to  hold  ottice/"  and  Hoop 
was  ill  1804  attached  to  Washoe  county  for  judicial 
jiui'poses. 

Hy  the  action  of  the  first  territorial  lej^islature  the 
whole  of  Carson  county  was  eliminated,  and  the 
nconls  ordered  to  be  delivered  to  the  secretary  of 
the  territory  for  safe  keeping.  The  expenses  of  the 
session  were  estimated  at  $35,000,  and  Ci)!.gress  had 
appiDpriated  but  $20,000  in  a  depreciated  currency.** 
Till!  members  were  paid  three  dollars  a  day,  and  I'iree 
dollars  for  every  twenty  miles'  travel  to  and  from  the 
fii|iital.  The  per  diem  was  obviously  below  the  actual 
e\|i(iiso  of  living  in  Nevada  at  this  per  ■  •,  but  it 
iiii;4iit  be  assumed  without  fear  of  controdiction  t'l'st 
twtntv-fo'K  legislators,  with  the  nece.ssary  clerl's  and 
ulHiers,  could  have  subsisted  themselves  comfortably 
f»n  I  he  forty-nine  days  they  were  in  session  U[)on 
;?IJ,000,  the  lowest  sum  to  which  the  depreciated 
appropriation  had  fallen.  Compare  the  expenses  of 
the  first  Nevada  lejiislature  with  those  of  the  first 
Oiei^on  legislature,  and  we  have  the  difference  between 
tin;  views  of  a  mining  and  an  agricultural  population. 
Tlie  salaries  of  the  federal  officers  were  entirely  in- 
adecjuate  to  their  expenses,'*  and  these  the  legislature 

u[ii.ii  l)y  tli(?  leaders  of  the  two  factions,  who  promised  towithtlraw  their  men 
t'l'iiiu  till'  lielil,  leaviiiu  it  ueutral,  and  to  report  to  tlieir  roapectiNC  goveruorH, 
rti|iustiii^'  tliein  to  hnd  aome  peaceaMe  way  of  settling  their  difliculties. 
Friiik  I)nike  was  chairman  of  the  conference,  H.  W.  .Jennings  secretary, 
ami  tin;  two  sheriffs,  Pierce  and  Naileigli,  principals  to  the  agreement  whicli 
WHS  uiitort'd  into  and  a  copy  forwarded  to  tlic  governors  of  (,'al.  and  Ncv.  I 
lia\e  idready  stated  that  they  immediately  appointed  a  commission  to  survey 
till'  Iioundary,  and  the  results. 

'"'llie  officers  elected  in  1863  were  William  V.  Kingshury,  councilman; 
Jii'iii  e.  Partridge,  representative;  and  H.  L.  Partridge  iiiemher  of  the  con- 
stifjiticiual  conventi<m. 

^'.Vr.  romp.  Laws,i.  239;  S.  F.  BnllHin,  Nov.  1.%  ISOl;  Comj.  OIoIk; 
IHIll.  ai)]..,  ,m  Says  Clemens:  'Tliey  levied  taxes  to  the  amount  of  fSO.OOO 
or  siO,(IO();  and  ordered  expenditures  to  the  extent  of  about  a  million.'  Once 
in  a  lit  of  economy  a  memher  jiroposed  to  abolish  the  chaplain  and  save  ?3 
jiur  ilay  to  the  country.   Roiujhiwj  It,  l!H-2. 

"'ileport  of  Nye  to  Seward,  in  Sen.  Ex.  Dor.,  ,36,  \.,  37th  oong.  2d  sess. ; 
Parka-:-}  Letter  Book;  MS.,  43-5,  98. 


!-    'I' 


1    d 


m 

:'     i  i' 

J 

166 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


1fr 


might  havo  been  justified  in  increasing  had  there  been 
a  population  sufficient  to  pay  the  tax.  But  no  such 
population  existed,  and  the  career  of  extravagance 
entered  upon  in  1 861  entailed  upon  the  state  a  debt 
from  which  it  was  not  free  twenty  years  later." 

With  regard  to  the  seat  of  government,  there  was 
not  in  the  case  of  Nevada  that  strife  concerning  its 
location  which  distracted  several  of  the  Pacific  grouj) 
of  territories.  By  act  of  November  25,  18^1,  Carson 
City  was  declared  the  permanent  seat  of  government, 
and  the  city  plaza  was  dedicated  to  the  use  of  the 
public  buildings.  While  the  bill  was  pending  a  i)eti- 
tion  was  presented  by  citizens  of  Virginia  City  ask- 
ing that  the  capital  might  be  located  there.  Silver 
City  also  asked  for  it,  but  it  properly  remained  away 
from  the  mining  district." 

Governor  Nye,  by  proclamation  on  the  l7th  of  July, 
1861,  divided  the  territory  into  three  judicial  districts, 
the  1st  district  to  embrace  all  that  portion  of  Nevada 
Ivini;  west  of  the  118th  meridian;  the  2d  district  all 
between  the  118th  and  ll7th  meridians;  and  the  3d 
district  all  east  of  the  1  I7th.  To  the  first  he  assigiud 
Judge  Mott,  to  the  2d  Judge  Turner,  and  to  the  ,'Ul 
Judge  Jones.  If  Nye  had  been  content  to  give  jSIott 
all  the  populated  territory  west  of  the  119th  meridian 
there  would  still  have  been  left  Ragtown  and  Aurora 
west  of  that  line  for  Turner,  though  there  was  noth- 
ing east  of  them  for  Jones  except  overland  stage 
stations.  Once  a  year,  according  to  the  organic  act, 
the  three  judges,  or  a  majority  of  them,  were  compelled 
to  hold  a  term  of  court  at  the  seat  of  government,  and 
on  this  occasion  at  least  the  two  supernumeraries  had 
the  privilege  of  occupying  the  judicial  bench  with  Mott, 

^*  Thc'numbor  of  senators  in  the  first  state  legislature  was  17,  and  assem- 
blymen 36.  The  state  constitution  limited  the  number  of  memljersi  tu  75. 
Nev.  Laws,  1864-5,  61. 

*'■'  In  1864  a  company  laid  out  a  town  on  the  flat  south  from  Gold  Hill  and 
called  it  American  City,  offering  the  territoi-y  $50,000  to  remove  the  capital 
to  that  location 


JUDICIAL  MATTERS. 


167 


who  perhaps  was  assigned  to  the  whole  inhabited  part 
of  the  country  because  he  was  first  to  arrive. 

That  his  presence  was  required  is  undoubted,  as 
tlic  governor  called  for  a  second  term,  on  the  21st  of 
August,  "to  meet  the  necessities  and  wants  of  the 
people.""  A  part  of  these  wants  arose  from  the  great 
number  of  mining  suits  which  were  brought  during 
the  scramble  for  claims  on  the  Comstock,  but  crimi- 
nal cases  were  by  no  means  infrequent.  On  the  18th 
of  November  Deputy  marshal  John  L.  Blackburn,  an 
excellent  officer,  was  assassinated  while  attempting 
tlie  arrest  of  a  criminal  by  William  Mayfield,  one  of 
the  irany:  to  which  the  criminal  belonjjed.**  A  reward 
of  §3,000  was  offered  by  citizens  of  Carson  for  the 
capture  of  Mayfield.  So  great  was  public  indignation 
that  the  clergyman  who  performed  the  funeral  ser- 
vices called  upon  the  people  to  secure  the  murderer, 
and  volunteered  to  assist  in  the  pursuit.  Mayfield 
was  arrested  on  the  21st,  and  placed  in  irons  in  the 
log  building  which  did  duty  as  a  jail  at  Carson. 
Tlireats  of  lynching  were  openly  uttered,  and  it  was 
observed  that  a  large  number  of  "  secessionists,  gam- 
blers, and  sympathizers  with  the  murderer"  were 
gathering  in  Carson  from  the  neighboring  towns,  so 
that  the  chances  were  divided  between  rescue  and 
summary  hanging.  The  governor  visited  the  jail  in 
person  several  times  during  the  night,  finding  it  neces- 
sary to  disarm  a  former  deputy  of  the  marshal,  and 
to  send  to  Fort  Churchill  for  a  military  guard,  a  lieu- 
tenant and  fifteen  men  arriving  next  day,  whose  pres- 
ence, it  was  thought,  averted  a  general  jail  delivery. 
Tlie  desperate  social  element  was  not  so  large  as  it 
afterward  was  in  Idaho  and  Montana,  but  it  possessed 
the  advantage  of  being  thoroughly  organized,  as  it 
was  in  those  territories,  and  was  a  dangerous  force  to 

'■'^KyesReTpart  in  Sen.  Eh-.  Doc.,  36,  v.  37th  cong.  2d  seas. 

■'"  Hkickbura  had  killed  one  of  these  men  in  aelf-defence,  in  Nov.  1859, 
wliilu  acting  as  watchman,  as  well  aa  deputy  marshal,  in  Carson.  Doubtless 
lie  was  marked.  Blackburn  waa  formerly  a  resident  of  Dutch  Flat,  CaL 
Parku's  LeUer-Book,  MS.,  .36-8. 


IftiJ^ 


168 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


encounter.  By  its  assistance  Mayfield  escaped  from 
prison  and  fled  to  Montana,  where  he  was  killed  in  a 
drunken  brawl.  The  condition  of  society  was  chaotic. 
The  population  consisted  chiefly  of  men,  who  gath- 
ered in  the  mining  towns,  one  third  of  the  whole  popu- 
lation ii.  1860  being  at  Virginia  City,"  where  very  fow 
women  of  the  respectable  class  were  to  be  found." 
Gold  Hill,  which  was  a  suburb  of  Virginia  City,  had 
something  over  600  inhabitants,  and  only  fourteen 
women.  Silver  City  was  a  place  of  about  the  same 
importance,  these  three  towns  containing  over  half  of 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  territory.  Before  the  or- 
ganization of  Nevada,  the  following  year,  the  popu- 


''The  numljer  of  white  male  and  female  inhabitants  in  1860  was  6,102  of 
the  former,  anil  710  of  the  latter;  total  of  colored,. 45;  number  of  dwellings, 
2,037;  hotels  19,  boarding  houses  29,  restaurants  15,  saloons  63,  stores  10',), 
barbers  17,  carpenters  118,  teamsters  131,  blacksmiths  54,  boot-makers  22, 
jewelers  4,  printers  C,  physicians  19,  dentists  4,  livery-stables  14,  harness- 
makers  1,  upholsterers  10,  tinners  11,  painters  9,  school  teachers  3,  tailors  4, 
brewers  9,  milliners  2,  gunsmiths  1,  speculators  21,  lawyers  5,  bakers  28. 
The  majority  of  the  population  were  miners;  a  few  were  agriculturists  and 
stock-raisers.  About  one  third  of  the  whole  were  of  foreign  birth,  Irish, 
German,  and  English,  with  a  few  of  all  other  nationalities. 

^Total  population  of  Virginia  City  in  1860  was  2,390,  only  118  of  whom 
were  women.  It  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Utah,  in  Fell.  18(51. 
The  first  board  of  trustees,  elected  in  March,  consisted  of  N.  W.  Wintou 
prea.,  J.  C.  Bateman  sec,  George  H.  Shaw,  Joseph  Scates,  and  Louis  Feusiur, 
city  treas.,  C.  P.  Robinson;  marshal,  D.  Bailev;  justice  of  the  peace,  Joseph 
F.  Atwill.  Kelly's  Nev.  Dir.,  1862,  108.  The  editor  of  the  To-ritoruil  En- 
terprine  is  the  author  of  the  following  reminiscences  concerning  Virginia 
City:  The  first  child  born  in  that  town  was  Virginia  Tilton,  born  April  1, 
1860,  named  in  honor  of  the  then  new  mining  camp.  The  parents  were 
John  H.  and  Levina  S.  Tilton,  who  immigrated  from  the  east  to  the  mines 
in  1859.  From  Sept.  to  March  they  lived  in  their  wagon,  after  whicli  tliey 
occupied  a  house  built  by  the  father,  whose  first  employment  was  carrying 
mortar  for  the  Ophir  office,  while  Mrs  Tilton  earned  money  by  sewing.  The 
first  school  was  taught  by  Miss  Downing,  on  South  C  street,  near  Taylor,  in 
1860.  Miss  Gregory  opened  a  school  subsequently  on  D  street.  The  lirst 
public  school  was  organized  in  October  1862,  the  school-house  being  on  tlie 
site  of  the  present  fliird  ward  school-house.  Mr  Melville  was  principal, 
Miss  Fida  Collins  assistant,  and  John  A.  Collins  supt.  Only  17  children 
were  in  attendance  at  the  first  term.  A  year  afterward  there  were  3()0. 
The  first  religious  services  were  held  in  1861,  by  an  episcopal  minister  of  the 
diocese  of  Cal.  In  the  spring  of  1862  the  American  Church  Missionary  sd- 
ciety  sent  Franklin  S.  Rising  of  New  York  to  organize  a  ohurch.  The  first 
death  was  that  of  a  young  daughter  of  Lyman  .Tones,  who  was  buried  in  a 
cemetery  near  the  Ophir  works.  The  first  ball  was  held  on  Christmas  eve, 
1860,  d,t  which  the  following  women  were  present :  Mesdames  Dirks,  Paxton, 
Tilton,  Bryan,  Blair,  Flick,  Hastings,  Dill,  Howard,  Adams,  Ross,  1!.  J. 
Smith,  Howard,  C.  Barstow,  and  Leonara  Dirks.  A  sleigh  waa  made  by 
Mr  Whipple  expressly  to  carry  these  persona  to  the  ball. 


NEWSPAPER  PRESS. 


169 


lation  of  Virginia  had  increased  to  3,284,  and  of  Gold 
Hill  to  1,294. 

Carson  City,  on  account  of  its  more  agreeable  cli- 
mate and  favorable  situation,  was  expected  and  in- 
tended to  be  the  business  centre  of  Carson  valley. 
AVliilo  mine  owners  bought  and  sold  and  speculated  in 
nulling  ground  at  Virginia  and  Gold  Hill,  speculators 
in  town  lots  bought  and  sold,  and  built,  and  planned 
tliu  future  metropolis,  which  it  was  soon  found  would 
go  whither  the  gold  was,  in  spite  of  their  efforts.  Yet 
Carson  Cit}'  had  made  a  good  beginning  in  1860.  It 
had  an  able  and  flourishing  newspaper,"  the  Territorial 

'■The  first  newspapers  in  western  Utah  were  publislied  in  manuscript,  as 
cirly  :v.s  I8r)4.  The  Scorpion,  edited  by  S.  A.  Kinsey,  was  published  at 
(n^uia;  tlie  Gold  Canon  Simtch,  edited  by  Jo.seph  Webb,  was  published  at 
Jiiliutowii.  They  were  humorous  and  satirical  in  tlieir  character,  and  fur- 
iiisliod  amusement,  if  not  any  great  amount  of  superior  journalism.  On  the 
ISth  (if  Dec,  1858,  the  TiTrUorUil  iJ/iArjww  was  started  at  (Jenoa,  by  V.'illiam 
L.  Jernegan  and  A.  James.  It  was  removed  to  Carson  City  on  the  .'Jth  of 
Niiv.  The  Eiik'iyrixe  contains  a  complete  history  of  Nevada  since  its  organi- 
zation, ami  has  l)een  conducted  from  time  to  time  by  able  writers.  In  18(50 
it  \v:iM  a  L'Ocohunn  wee'cly,  printed  on  a  sheet  21  by  28  inches.  Jonathan 
Williams  and  J.  B.  Widlard  purchased  and  removed  it  to  Virginia  City  in 
N()V.  Its  place  in  Cfjson  City  was  immediately  filled  by  the  Silirr  Aijc, 
aiintlier  weekly,  published  by  John  C.  Lewis  and  Sewall.  It  was  24  by  3(i 
inches  in  size,  and  union  in  politics.  In  Sept.  1871  it  was  issued  as  a  daily, 
l(i  liy  20  inches.  The  Silver  A ije.  was  favored  by  tlie  legislature  with  the  first 
|nil)lic  printing,  to  which  I  find  reference  in  Nev.  Jour.  J/onxe,  1861,  85. 
This  journal  was  also  sold  to  John  Church,  S.  A.  Glessner,  and  J.  L.  Laird, 
who  removed  it  in  Nov.  1862  to  Virginia  City,  and  changed  its  name  on  the 
4th  to  tlie  Dailu  Union.  In  the  autumn  of  1868  it  was  again  sold  to  W.  J. 
Forbes,  who  called  it  The  Tre-*p<Ms.  Not  long  after,  John  I.  (Jinn  and  Robert 
E.  Lowery  took  the  stock  and  published  the  Sdjhjuunlior  a  few  months.  It 
was  then  removed  to  White  Pine  co.  by  J.  J.  Ayres  and  C.  A.  V.  Putnam, 
who  published  the  InUwd  Empire.  Finally  (lov.  L.  R.  Bradley  pur- 
chased the  stock  and  sold  it  again  te  Holmes  C.  Patrick,  who  took  it  back  to 
Cal.,  whence  it  came.  It  served  afterward  to  print  the  Stockton  liiptihliran, 
the  Ndrriiw  Gnuijc,  and  the  Daily  Courier,  respectively,  subsequently  to  which 
iu  1874,  Laura  l)e  Force  Crordon  purchased  the  remains  of  the  plant,  and  pub- 
lislieil  with  it  the  Daily  Lauler  for  two  years,  after  which  the  press  was  taken 
to  Oakland. 

The  3d  paper  published  in  Carson  City  was  the  Daily  Independent,  started 
July  27,  18(i3.  It  was  a  24-column  sheet,  21  by  27  inches,  published  by  W. 
W.  Ross,  and  strongly  union  in  sentiment.  Israel  Crawford  became  business 
manager  in  August,  when  4  columns  were  added  to  the  size  of  the  paper,  and 
in  Oct.  Oawford  purchaae<l  the  establishment.  A  company  consisting  of  G. 
W.  <  'alwell,  George  A.  Eades,  An<lrew  Maute,  and  Charles  J.  M  iller,  pur- 
chased the  Independent,  Feb.  28,  1864,  and  published  it  as  it  first  ajipeared. 
Within  a  month  Crawford  bought  it  back,  and  it  expired  Oct.  11,  18(>4. 

On  the  27th  of  Aug.,  previous  to  the  suspension  of  Crawford's  ])aper,  H. 
W.  Johnson  k  Co.  began  the  publication  of  the  Daily  Erenimj  Poxl.  Tlie 
press  was  one  on  which  had  been  previously  published  the  Mensai/e  at  Gold 
UiU,  by  -MX  aaaociation  of  printers  under  the  firm  name  of  Geo.»^ je  W.  Bloor  & 


il 


r< 


iS 


11 


1 


(t- 
i 
i 


ill, 


170 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


s    « 


Enterprise,  a  water  company/*  a  seminary  of  learning, 

Co.  The  Pa^l  was  23  by  3*2  inches,  and  contained  '28  colunuis.  John  C. 
Lewis  was  euiploynd  to  edit  it  until  Oct.,  when  lie  purcbajjcd  and  changed 
it  to  a  morning  paper,  and  aa  such  published  it  till  Jan.  18G5,  when  it  sus- 
pended, fn  the  following  Dee.  Lewis  started  a  weekly  journal  callccl  tlie 
Euitfni  Sl'ifm  at  Washoe  City  on  the  Pmt  material,  continuing  the  publica- 
tion until  1S(>8,  when  he  again  susjiended,  removing  his  press  to  Uenoin  Julv 
where  he  printed  the  CrcMceiit  until  1875,  when  he  sold  to  J.  C.  Dow,  who 
coninienced  the  publication  of  the  Daihj  XvtKula  Democrat,  which  was  fdl- 
lowed  by  the  Kino  Diiily  Record.  In  1878  the  press  was  again  removeil  to 
Bodie  to  print  the  Boilie  \eics. 

The  .">th  pai>er  started  at  Carscn  was  the  Daili/  Slate  Deniocrnl,  by  A.  C. 
Ellis,  Oct.  '2.'),  1864.  It  was  a  campaign  paper,  17  by  24  inches,  containing 
2()  columns,  and  supported  McClellan  for  the  presidency.  It  suspeudoil  at 
the  end  of  tlie  campaign,  leaving  tlie  capital  without  a  newspaper. 

On  the  16th  of  Maj-,  1866,  E.  F.  AIoElwain,  J.  Barrett,  and  Marshall 
Robinson  started  the  Ciirton  Dnilij  Aifpcnl,  a  republican  journal,  tliu  tir.st 
number  of  wliich  announced  the  capture  of  tlie  reljcl  chief,  Jefferson  l)avis. 
Henry  R.  Migliels  was  at  first  only  the  sabvried  editor,  but  soon  bocaiiiu 
joint  propriet<jr  in  place  of  B;irrett.  In  1870  the  paper  was  soKl  to  (.'.  L. 
Perkins  and  H.  C  Street,  the  same  wlio  fought  the  newspaper  battlus  of 
secession  in  Idaho.  Tlie  politics  of  the  paper  were  changed  to  democratic, 
ami  the  name  to  Ditihi  Strife  litijixtcr.  In  .September  1872  Mighels  ri'i-ur- 
chased  the  office,  and  issued  the  Xew  Ditily  Appeal,  republican  in  politics,  m 
a  new  press.  William  WithereU  and  D.  R.  Sessions  were  employed  on  the 
pai>er  as  local  editors,  and  soon  Robinson  became  again  a  partner  ii\  the 
ownership.  .Several  changes  were  mivde  in  the  size  of  the  paper,  and  it  re- 
sumed its  old  name  of  Canton  Daily  Ajrpi'al  in  1874,  and  in  1877  it  was 
changeil  to  Moniinj  A}>}K'aL  On  the  27th  of  May  1879,  death  deprived  this 
journal  of  its  inspiring  spirit. 

Henry  U.  ilighels  was  bcm  in  Norway,  Maine,  Nov.  3,  1830,  his  father 
lieing  a  physician  and  a  learned  naturiilist.  Henry  received  an  acailciiiic 
education  at  Portland,  and  removed  with  his  father  to  Cincinnati,  Oliin,  in 
18-.  J,  whence  he  came  to  Cal.  in  1850.  Possessing  artistic  talent,  he  eiijiagcil 
in  the  business  of  ilecorative  painting,  but  in  1856  took  the  more  congenial  [w- 
8iti<>n  of  editor  of  the  Butte  Reconl  at  Oroville  and  later  of  the  local  cnhimns 
of  the  Sacramento  Btc.  He  was  the  first  editor  of  the  MarysviUe  Ajijiiai,  ami 
established  his  growing  reputation  on  that  paper.  On  the  breaking  out  nt 
the  civil  war  he  went  east  to  enlist  in  the  union  army.  He  was  comniissidncil 
asst  adj. -gen.  with  the  rank  of  capt.  on  the  staff  of  (ren.  .Sturgis.  He  was  in 
eight  battles,  and  wounded  in  June  1864,  from  the  effects  of  which  ho  was 
disabled  for  duty  and  honorably  discharged  the  following  Nov.  in  IStit!  he 
married  Nellie  Verrill,  also  of  Maine,  by  whom  he  had  4  children.  A  short 
time  before  his  death,  being  in  broken  health,  he  adopted  the  ad'-ico  oi  his 
friends  and  collected  for  publication  some  of  the  inorceaux  which  had  iliMpiieil 
from  his  pen  in  his  journalistic  experience,  which  were  pulilished  uihUt  the 
title  of  Saije- Brush  Lmres  in  a  volume  of  3.S5  pages;  .San  Francisco,  IST'.K 

The  semi- weekly  Xenula  Tribune  was  lirst  iml)lished  at  Carson  City  July 
16,  1872  by  E.  .F.  Parkinson  and  Joseph  Mc(."lure.  It  was  changed  to  aa 
evening  paper  the  following  year.  The  Daily  Eirninj  Ilcrnlil  was  started 
August  1),  1875,  by  Wells,  Drury,  &  Co.,  with  C.  A.  V.  Putnam  editor.  The 
CarKm  Daily  Times,  republican,  was  first  issued  March  18,  1880,  by  Kilwanl 
Niles.  It  suspended  in  1881.  The  Daily  Index,  published  by  Marshall  Uoli- 
insou,  commenceil  its  existence  Dec.  25,  1880. 

**  Organized  Feb.  9,  18(50,  with  Wellington  Stewart  prest;  Thomas  J, 
Moore,  supt;  John  Leach,  sec;  and  William  I>e  Kays,  treas.  The  logishiture 
of  1861  granted  the  right  to  lay  water-pipes  for  supplying  Carson  City,  t'l 
J.  J.  Musser,  Jonathan  WiKl,  .*<arah  A.  Blackburn,  and  John  O.  Kdlv,  and 
their  associates.     A  gas  coni]>>any  was  also  chartered  by  this  legislatuic  tor 


SOCIETY. 


171 


fuuiKlcd  by  Miss  H.  K.  Clapp,*'  a  telegraph  office, 
>t;iuo  lines,  and  other  adjuncts  of  conifortablo  and  re- 
iiiK'd  living.  The  plenitude  of  money  in  the  early 
(la\.s  of  the  Conistock  lode's  development,  while  it 
made  possible  a  rapid  realization  of  unwonted  luxu- 
ries, Mas  in  Nevada,  as  it  always  is,  a  temptation  to 
vicious  habits,  and  the  occasion  of  glaring  absurdities.'" 
In  A'irt^inia  might  be  found,  notwithstanding  statutes 


ilhiiniiuiting  Carson  City,  J.  J.  Musser  and  George  Lewis  receiving  the 
fniiK-lii^e. 

•■■'Mis.s  Clapp  was  formerly  a  teacher  in  Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  and  very  en- 
thu>iastic  in  her  profession.  She  was  one  of  the  lirst  women  to  take  up  lier 
r  siiitiu-o  at  Carson  City.  Associated  with  licr  in  the  Sierra  Seminary  were 
.Miss  j;.  C.  Babcock,  and  Mrs  E.  <i.  Cutler,  who  with  the  principal  did  much 
to  gi\  f  tone  to  Carson  society.  j\V*v'/-,s'  A'cxwla  Piinieerti,  MS.,  3. 

"'rinTc  came  to  Carson  valley  in  1855,  with  Orson  Hyde's  company  from 
Silt  Like,  Alexander  Cowan  and  wife.  Tlie  maiden  name  of  Mrs  Cowan 
vas  lOilli-y  Orruni,  and  she  was  born  in  the  highlands  of  Scotlaml.  At  the 
a^c  !■{  15  years  she  married  Stephen  Hunter,  who  immigrated  with  her  to 
Salt  Lake  in  1850,  where  he,  enterijig  into  polygamous  relations,  caused  her 
to  li-.ivi'  Jiiin.  In  1853  she  married  Alexander  Cowan,  with  whom  she  re- 
iiiiiviil  to  Carson  valley.  She  kept  a  boarding-house  for  miners  in  (.rold 
Cannii  in  tiie  winter  of  1855,  and  the  following  summer  with  her  husband 
t(Mik  a  land  claim  in  Washoe  valley.  When  Orson  Hyde  and  the  Mormons 
vtic  recalled  to  Salt  Lake,  Mrs  Cowan  refused  to  return,  preferring  to  re- 
inaiii  at  her  farm  in  summer  and  keep  boiirding-house  at  the  mines  in  tlie 
winter.  In  1858  she  married  a  minernamed  Lemuel  S.  Bowers,  an  illiterate 
Insliiiian,  who  owned  10  feet  on  the  then  undiscovered  Comstock  ledge, 
.loiigside  of  which  she  also  owned  10  feet,  for  which  she  had  ])aid  .SIOO. 
Wlur  it  came  to  be  known  what  lay  underneath  their  claims,  the  Bowers 
lie  aiiie  famous  alike  for  their  riches  and  their  ignorance  of  the  uses  of  wealth, 
lint  lii'ing  urged  by  the  mischievous  miners  to  make  the  tour  of  Europe,  tliey 
Set  out  in  18G1  to  perform  this  pilgrimage,  having  first  contracted  for  the 
.reetion  and  furnishing  of  a  mansion  on  their  land  in  Washoe  valley,  at  a 
cost  of  .^lOT.OOO.  Before  leaving  Virginia  they  gave  a  farewell  entertain- 
iiiei'.t  to  tiu.'ir  friends  at  the  International  hotel,  on  wliich  occasion  Bowers 
remarked  tiiat  lie  had  money  to  'throw  at  the  birds;'  yet  Sandy,  as  he  was 
familiarly  calh?d,  was  as  innocent  of  boasting  and  as  kindly  intentioned  as 
iva-  was  Dickens'  Boffin  of  Boffin's  Bower.  They  remained  three  years 
aliroad,  anil  probably  gave  some  color  to  the  popular  English  prejudice 
against  rich  Americans,  although  there  was  nothing  American  about  them 
lilt  tin  ir  mone}'.  Four  years  after  their  return,  18()8,  Bowers  died,  owiiing 
an  estate  valued  at  §(5.18,000.  The  business  of  her  mine  and  mill  being  left 
to  the  care  of  a  superintendent,  M:.  Bowers  soon  found  herself  hopelessly 
iiidilit.  '^--^  tii.c  mansion  became  a  public  resort,  and  the  brave  Seoteli 
woiiiaii,  .  u  .  <)  nmch  that  is  dramatic  in  her  life,  supported  herself  in  her 
oM  age  by  telling  fortunes.  lieiio  State  Jounvil,  Jan.   9,   1875,   and  Jan.  5, 

is7>; 

III  strong  contrast  to  this  phase  of  Nevada  life  was  that  of  a  Scotch  miner 
wlio  made  himself  au  abode  in  an  abandoned  tunnel  near  Silver  ('ity,  and 
exeavated  for  himself  a  nundjer  of  apartments.  A  vein  of  goUl-bearing  quartz 
rail  along  the  roof  of  his  dwelling  and  he  had  silver  ore  for  hi.s  door-sill,  and 
silvi'r  ill  the  walls  of  his  living  rooms.  Tlie  eccentric  owner  had  a  good 
liliraiy,  ami  being  of  a  serious  turn  of  mind  sometimes  held  religious  services 
ill  iiis  eave  dwelling.   GrMS  VaUiif  Union,  July '-'8,  1870. 


iijt 


1.2 


<i 


172 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


to  the  contrary,  every  form  of  vice,  and  all  kinds  of 
degrading  amusements.  On  Saturday  nights  the 
underground  population  came  to  the  surface ;  and 
while  business  houses  were  closed  on  Sunday,  bar- 
rooms, gambling-dens,  dance-houses,  fourth-rate  the- 
atres, and  bagnios  were  liberally  patronized.*'  Dui]- 
ling  was  not  uncommon,  but  a  bill  introduced  in  the 
house  at  the  first  session  of  the  legislature  legaliziiKr 
it  was  rejected.  Street  fights  and  murders  were  also 
frequent,  though  it  was  usually  the  organized,  migra- 
tory ruffians  who  perpetrated  robberies  and  murders, 
and  not  the  residents  of  the  territory.  California  as 
well  as  the  Mississippi  states  had  contributed  largely 
to  this  undesirable  condition  of  the  body  politic. 

Probably  the  first  federal  judges  would  have  been 
able  to  hold  their  own  against  the  criminal  element  in 
Nevada  ;  but  opposed  to  the  combhied  influence  of  the 
capital  and  legal  talent  of  California  and  Nevada,  as 
they  sometimes  were,  in  important  mining  suits,  they 
were  powerless.  Statutes  regarding  the  points  at 
issue  did  not  exist,  and  the  questions  involved  were 
largely  determined  by  the  rules  and  regulations  ef 
mining  districts,  and  the  application  of  common  law. 
Immense  fees  were  paid  to  able  and  oftentimes  un- 
principled lawyers,  and  money  lavished  on  suborned 
witnesses.  As  I  have  explained  in  the  previous  chap- 
ter, the  community  and  the  courts  were  divided  uikhi 
the  one  ledge  and  two  ledge  theories,  which  notliiiiu' 
could  determine  except  actual  demonstration,  and 
demonstration  often  depended  upon  the  settlement  of 
the  suit. 

*' Jacob  Klein,  bom  in  Alsace,  France,  in  1831,  by  trade  a  baker,  vlio 
immigrated  to  America  at  the  age  of  19  years,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  18.")."f.  re- 
moved to  Nov.  in  1800,  settled  at  Carson,  and  erected  a  brewery.  In  a 
manuscript  sketch  of  the  Fouiitlers  oJ'L'urxon  City  he  described  society  in  the 
Nevada  towns  at  this  period,  and  for  several  years  following,  as  had  in  tlie 
extreme.  He  soM  beer  in  1860  for  ^  per  gallon,  which  fact  covered  a  mul- 
titude of  sins  in  his  customers.  See  Wr'uiht's  Biij  Bonanza,  354-83,  l^!l'2-t>; 
Xeif  i-y' Ifeiyuta  Pinneer/i,  UH.,  2;  Oold  Hill' NcHfa,' Oct.  U,  1803,  and  May 
16,  1873;  Nfw  York  Timex,  Dec.  1863;  S.  F.  BnllHin.  Sept.  26.  18C)3:  .s\  F. 
AlJUx;  May  7,  18(),);  Prin'ti  Tii">  Americajt,  250-7;  Virjinia  Vhronich,  I'ec. 
5,  and  IS,  1870,  and  March  5,  1877;  Jfev.  Scraps  iSO-l, 


LITIGATION 


173 


In  the  case  of  the  Chollar-Potosf  legislation,  Judge 
]^I()tt.  ill  whose  district  all  these  suits  fell,  wasaccused 
of  ontortainipg  the  belief  which  favored  the  Chollar 
coiup.iiiy,  as  was  also  Chief-justice  Turner.  Mott  was, 
thtit fore,  worried  or  bribed  into  resigning,  with  no 
otlier  object  than  to  procure  the  elevation  to  the  bench 
of  James  W.  North,  first  surveyor-general  of  the  ter- 
ritory, and  a  lawyer  who  was  known  to  liold  opinions 
of  geology  adverse  to  the  Cliollar  company.  Nortli, 
who,  notwithstanding  appearances,  was  an  honest  man, 
fduiid  himself  informed  by  telegraph  September  14, 
18(5.'},  of  his  appointment  as  judge  of  the  1st  district, 
and  innncdiately  opened  court.  After  several  months 
of  tedious  litigation  he  decided  in  favor  of  the  Potosi 
company.  It  was  now  the  turn  of  the  Chollar  com- 
pany to  attack  the  judiciary,  and,  as  it  was  known 
that  tlie  chief  justice  was  on  their  side,  tlicy  endeav- 
ored to  get  a  majority  on  the  bench  by  gaining  over 
the  judge  of  the  3d  district,  P.  B.  Locke,  who  had 
bo(3n  appointed  in  the  place  of  Jones,  resigned.  The 
ai)|K'al  to  the  full  bencli  of  judges  was  argued  on  the 
L'Sth  of  April,  1864,  followed  the  same  evening  by 
attempts  of  the  Potosi  people  to  influence  the  deci- 
sioii."'  The  excitement  ran  high,  and  Locke  was  se- 
verel}'  and  justly  denounced  for  behavior  unbecoming 
a  man  in  his  position.  Contrary  to  the  expectations 
of  the  corruptionists,  however.  North  filed  his  decision 
May  oth,  Nvith  the  concurrence  of  Locke,  aflirming 
liis  former  judgment,  and  debarring  the  introduction, 
in  a  suit  for  ejectment  against  tiie  Potosi  company, 
of  any  damaging  evidence  based  on  the  old  titk'S  of 
location  of  the  Cliollar  company.  But  the  advocates 
of  the  latter  company  used  means  to  indu<'e  Locke  to 
iiKikc  an  addendum  to  his  decision,  which  reopened 
the  hearing  of  evidence.  Being  again  besieged  bv 
the  Potosi  company,  he  ordered  the  addendum  struck 
ofl'  the  file.     This  uncertain  and  unjudicial  behavior 

''■  Ta-ritor'ml  Enterprise,  July  26,  1864;  Gold  Hill  New$,  Aug.  3  and  4, 
18G4. 


ti 


"■:( 


if 


&. 


li  u 


lit 


!' 

I 

I  I 

I 

I  I 

j  f  1. 1 

f   ■ 

li 


174 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


caused  both  parties  to  express  iriditjnation  ayainst 
Locke  ;  and  as  interested  [)ersons  desired  to  get  Noitli 
off  the  bench,  great  i)ressure  was  brought  to  htur 
against  all  the  judges. 

Among  those  most  anxious  to  unseat  North  was 
William  M.  Stewart,  a  young  lawyer  from  the  inte- 
rior of  California,  who  was  proving  hhnself  of  gnat 
value  to  certain  mining  companies,  who  retained  liim 
to  look  after  their  interests  for  $200,000  a  year. " 
from  which  the  measure  of  his  talents  and  his  ener- 
gies may  be  estimated.  Stewart's  methods  wtre 
sharply  criticised  by  those  opposed  to  him  ;  the  state- 
ment that  he  was  not  always  over-scrupulous  was 
doubtless  inspired  by  the  fact  that  he  was  generally 
successful,  which  was  the  basis  of  his  claim  to  luigt- 
fees. 

On  the  22d  of  August,  1864,  North  resigned,  to 
avoid  the  scandal  of  which  he  was  the  subject.  On 
the  same  day  the  chief  justice  followed  his  example. 
being  persuaded  to  it  by  a  "private  conference"  "  with 
Stewart.  Inunediately  after  this  triumph,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  bar  invited  the  remaining  juclgc  to  a  niv*  t- 
ing,  and  asked  him  to  resign,  which  he  was  forced  to 
do.**  Thus  the  whole  judiciary  was  removed  in  a 
day  by  the  bar  of  Nevada,  under  Stewart's  lead." 
Some  of  the  public  journals  professed  to  believe  that 

"Stewart  was  bom  in  N.  Y.  state  Aug.  9,  1827,  and  came  to  C'al.  via 
Panama  in  ISoO.  He  mined  in  the  Coyote  claims  at  Buckeye  hill,  disci iviTud 
the  Eureka  diggings  in  the  autumn  of  that  year,  and  projected  the  (Jii/./ly 
ditch  which  supplied  them  with  water.  He  built  the  first  saw-mill  on  Sliaily 
creek  in  1851.  In  1852  he  began  to  read  law  with  J.  R.  McConnell  at  Ne- 
vada City.  The  same  year,  such  was  his  progress  and  talent,  he  u  as  ap- 
fointed  district  attorney,  and  elected  to  the  same  office  the  following  year. 
n  1854  he  was  appointed  attorney-general  of  Cal.,  and  married  a  daiigiiter 
of  ex-gov.  Foote  of  Mississippi.  He  continued  to  study  law  and  mining  until 
he  went  to  Virginia  City,  where  he  made  and  lost  several  fortunes. 

**  This  is  Stewart's  own  statement.  But  it  is  certain  that  there  was  a 
petition  signed  by  nearly  4,000  names  published  in  the  Territoridl  IJn/'  rjn-i-ie, 
asking  the  judges  to  resign.  The  petition  probably  emanated  from  tlic  same 
source. 

•*  Stewart's  account  of  the  affair  is  that  Locke  hesitated  to  obey,  ami 
turned  to  iiim,  saying,  'Mr  Stewart,  what  do  you  think  I  ouglit  to  do?' 
*Do  !'  replied  the  lawyer  gruffly,  'resign,  and  resign  now.'    He  was  dlityeJ. 

*^  Territorial  Etdetyrwe,  Aug.  2.3,  1864;  8.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug.  23,  1804. 


LITIGATION. 


175 


tl,  to 

On 

willi 
nciii- 

Ih't't- 
(l  to 

in  a 

1  lit) 

U(l. 

that 


tlio  overthrow  of  the  judges  was  a  "blessing  to  Ne- 
vada, as  it  would  stop  Htigation  for  a  time,  during 
which  tlie  uiiuers  could  go  on  with  their  work  with- 
out i'viir  of  being  enjoined  but  nothing  was  paid  about 
tlie  iKiicfit  it  might  be  to  drive  out  the  lawyers,  who 
took  hundi-eds  of  feet  of  the  best  mines  to  keep  litiga- 
tion i^oing,  and  used  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars 
of  tluir  clients'  money  to  corrupt  whoever  stood  in 
tluir  way.  Whatever  may  be  said  of  tiie  Nevada 
bench  at  this  time,  I  know  of  no  more  trying  position 
tiian  that  of  an  appointed  judge. 


,al.  via 

i;i-\/./ly 
shady 
lat  Nu- 
lv;is  av 
If  year. 

lig  until 

was  a 

n'  same 

j.y    anil 

ItoiloV 

lifyed. 

1)4. 


.  r 


tif-' 


I  •  i 


! 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

STATE  GOVERN.\»ENT, 
1864-1881. 

LKOISLATION— MOVBMESTS      TOWARD      STATE      OrOAMZATION — ThE     UsION 

Pari Y— Union  Sentiments — Military  Companies — Govermik  Ulas. 
DEL— First    State    Leoislatuke— Finances  -Taxation— STUKicjiEs 

FOR      SeNATORSHII'S — MoSEY     AlL-POWERFIL  —  (IqVERNOR      IJKAlir.Ky 

Governor  Kinkkad-  politics  ok  the  I'erioi> — Monopoly  am>  roLiTi- 

CAL  CORHI'PTION — SiLVEB   IN   CONGRESS — PuBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 

At  the  territorial  election  of  Septembers,  lSf)2. 
Gordon  N.  Mott  was  chosen  deleijate  to  coiiy:res.s.' 
Twenty-six  representatives  and  five  councilnien  were 
elected  to  legislate  tor  the  people.  They  chaiim'd  the 
time  of  ineetinu  for  succeeding:  legislatures  to  the  sec- 
ond  Tuesday  of  January  in  each  year,  granted  nuiiier- 
ous  franchises,  authorized  the  creation  of  a  jail  fund 
in  Ormsby  county,  increased  the  compensation  of  the 
federal  judges,  authorized  the  pr<?servation  of  files  of 
all  newspapers,  provided  a  contingent  fund  for  tlie 
territory,  created  tJie  county  of  Lander,  amended  the 
common-school  law  passed  at  the  first  session,  created 
a  prison  board,  and  performed  the  usual  amount  of 
miscellaneous  law-making' of  no  particular  interest  to 
the  historian.  It  should  be  noticed,  however,  as  re- 
lating to  what  has  gone  before,  that  at  this  session 
the  federal  judges  were  reassigned  to  their  districts. 
the  chief  justice  remaining  in  the  2d  district;  Jones 
was  removed  to  the  1st  district,  such  assignment  not 
to  take  effect  until  Mott  should  have  resigned,  or  until 

i.T.  J.  Musser,  John  D.  Winters,  and  J.  H.  Ralston  were  the  opposing 
candidates,  their  strength  l>eing  in  the  order  here  given. 
^JVw.  Laws,  18ti2,  15,  65,  73,  76,  9i,  53,  110,  1J5,  and  127. 

(170) 


tlio  4 

tiiat 

.M(.tt. 

hi 

By  on 

fci'ahh 

iiUt   (•( 

Seals,  ] 

if  doiu 

the  .SO) 

r'hj;]it  U 

By  ;ui() 

tained  1 

ajid  niiy 

the  pro 

havin<' 

for  a  .sui 

i'ltlividui 

^^'as  easy 

J«)f)rer  o 

"lado  by 

t'>  provid 

<'oiiij H'l  in 

their  j)rin 

^V'vada,  I 

of  ]osin<r  t 

This  act  w 

(>^  Beceiiil 

lution  and 

sates  ordo] 

^^^I'tenibcr 
"lade  to  pj 

'Utiiam  of  ( 
«!;e  6  mo.itln  i,a, 
•<itli  cdiiL'.  3d  sp 

P  'I'le  council] 
J-'^meraMaco.;!, 

f '  J-'lm  C.  Lew 

i^me.  ff.  Sturte^ 

""•nboldt  CO.     J, 

Hisi 


POLITICS, 
the  4th  of  March    Iftfii.  e 

-M"it.  and  invited  it.  '"P'a'td  the  resijfHati,,,,  of 

In  tlie  matter  of  inii,in,r  kw,  l.t.i 

'■'■''*'  I'V  tl,e  same  formalities  »  'hereafter  trans- 
'"'  -meyanees  l-revi.  u  ^'ta^f  ."''.'f^O"!  estate, 
^va  s,  recorded  or  unreeoX    *,        ^"  '  '"■  "-'"'out 

;   <'""o  in  conformity  to  the '..irw?",*?  '"■V"-''''  ™'id 
t  "•  several  „,ini„„  L(": '/f     '"'"^f"'  l«ai  rules  "  of 

;>'U  to  contested'ela  n  s  si ;  ,w"i''k''^,*'"^'«  '"'"^  the 
i.v  -.other  aet  con.Xes       ",  t  ^  '^f''P'^  '"  "'"rtT 
ta„,ed  by  the  misnianascme  t*"  f  „  r"  ^"^  '"J"'^''  «"* 
'""'  '"'i'  judgment  ohtaS  "1  km''''"""'  ""'"Panies, 
I-  property  „f  the  jud^mort  detr'"''-",'''-'"  "P"- 
havM«  the  right  to  appl?  to  ,1  "*■•  "'"«''■  Party 

f >r a  survey.     Bv  a  t iJ^tf     .  ""'  ™"rts  for  an  order 
'■"Jividual  „,e„E  fo^  f  "''  ''"■•Porations  migl,Uue 
«-  -.y  for  the  rtl^^„rr"'T''-  .^^  «"«  '-'"-t 
I""-'-;  ones,  and  take  "S  sLr"    /'"'"'""  ""'"  "'' 
ma,le  l,v  a  „,aj„rity  of  tl  e  wl,         '  ^'"^  "^'^ssments 
■'  l"<'v,do  «>r  formigeorpoShl""'"''"''^^     ^"  "et 
'"ni|«l  mininij  eomnan.n.         •      "•  ""^  ""  attemr,t  to 
"j™  l-rincipaf  officera'd  C^  ';',  ^"^'^■^  '"  W 
J«<;Va<)a,underai)enalHr;ff^- "''"'"' the  limits  of 
;  '"-«  their  BtindW^;"^,^:'^^^'"*?.  '"'^  ''"  '"""4 
Tins  act  was  not  approved  bv  co?    *'  "f  ""^  t"™'"''/ 
'•(  Uccen.ber  an  act  »«!      '^  e"»grosa*    On  the  20tl 
'"ti""  and  state  g'vornl'T'^f  '"  '''^"'^  "  «.„:*! 
^"'-  ordered  to  tko  pCe  ^t   fi"  f,;."""  "^  <<*- 
Member  18fi3,  an  iroron;   /•    '"''1  ^  "di.esday  m 

'"^^  ">  pay  its'expeS""T|'""   ;'■   'f'"'"'  ^--"^ 
''■»ti,.mofOar  „  ""  '"'''=  "f  the  people 

H.sr.  N.,    ,/'  "^  P--^-t.  George  VV.  HopktJ^Sr^l 


0 


il  t 


Mill  Pli 
i    if''   '} .  n 


f'^'-'    j 


178 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


for  or  against  state  govern mont  was  provided  f^r  in 
tiio  same  act.  If  thoy  desired  state  governnujit.  tin' 
dell-gates  would  meet  at  Carson  on  the  2d  of  NO- 
veniber. 

The  result  of  the  election  showed  a  vote  of  SJfi'j, 
and  a  majority  for  a  state  constitution  of  5, 1 50.  8i> 
strong  an  indication  of  popular  sentiment  inspired 
confidence  in  the  minds  of  the  delegates-elect  tliat 
the  instrument  they  should  prepare  would  be  acccjtti d, 
and  they  accordingly  put  forth  their  hest  endeavors 
to  create  a  constitution  which  should  meet  with  favor 
and  at  the  same  time  serve  their  own  political  pur- 
poses. But  in  tliis  last  atttunpt  they  defeated  tlic 
main  object.  The  constitution,  as  framed,  i)rovi(k(! 
that  the  offices  created  by  it  should  be  filled  at  the 
same  time  that  the  vote  was  taken  on  the  instiiiiuiit 
itself  This  naturally  led  to  opposition  from  all  who 
desired  to  be  nominated  to  some  office,  and  were  iidt. 
They  would  not  vote  for  the  men  who  were  in  the 
places  they  coveted ;  and  by  refusing  to  vote  tlicv 
defeated  the  constitution,  and  the  plans  of  those  who 
had  expected  to  carry  out  their  designs  by  attadiiii}; 
them  to  the  success  of  the  constitution.  Tlie  uiiicn 
party,  which  had  heretofore  carried  everything  bo- 
fore  it  in  Nevada,  exhibitini;  the  most  intense  lov- 
alty,  was  now  divided  by  factions  on  account  of  eftii  ( s, 
and  the  seceders  united  with  the  anti-union  deiiio- 
cratic  party  to  prevent  the  adoption  of  the  organic  act. 

Foremost  among  the  seceders  were  William  M. 
Stewart  and  A.  W.  Baldwin.     The  former  used  all 


George  L.  1  Umcr  asst  sec,  George  Madeira  sergeant-at-arms,  Daniel  K.  Ha»- 
kinH  inesse  'cr,  Henry  M.  Lewis  fireman.  The  representatives  wrre:  Jdn 
H.  Mills,  ,'  Ties  Drew  Meagher,  W.  S.  Mineer,  J.  G.  Howard,  J.  Williains, 
M.  N.  Mi,  ell,  E.  R.  Burke,  and  William  H.  Davenport  of  Storey  co; 
Theodore  \  tors,  J.  K.  I.ovejoy,  and  R.  W.  Peekins  of  vVashoe  co.-.  \\.  H 
Curry,  and  Aaron  t).  Treadway  of  Ormsby  co, ;  J.  M.  Acklcy, 
Id  .Tr,  and  John  B.  Winters,  Lyon  co. ;  Robert  Fislier  ami 
.ttle,  Douglas  co.;  William  H.  Clagett  and  A.  J.  Simmons  ot 
Arthur  M.  Mekee!,  John  S.  Ross,  and  J.  M.  Calder.  Esnior- 

--.     _    .n  H.  Mills   was  speaker,    William   M.  Gillespie  cliiff  clerk, 

Charles  D.  King  asst  clerk,   John  Bowman  sergeant-at-arms,  Charles  T. 
Carter  messenger,  Charles  Helm  firemau, 


Brumficld,  i 
John  McDc 
Charles  M.  ' 
Humboldt  c( 
alda  CO.     J' 


( •(  )NSTITUT10N  AL  (  ON  V ENTION. 


179 


liis  pDWerful  influence  to  enlist  the  mining  population 
a-.iiii-^t  the  constitution,  upon  the  pretext  that  it  taxed 
iiiiiiiiijf  property,  tho  "poor  miner's  sliafts  and  drifts 
ami  h((|-roek  tunnels."  Tiio  phrase,  honest  miner, 
caiiit;  to  provoke  a  sniilo  wherever  heard,  from  the 
frt(|iiriicv  and  etl'eet  with  which  the  j^reat  lawyer 
usrti  it  in  his  speeches.  It  was  sutticit-nt,  with  the 
IMiiitical  discord,  to  make  abortive  the  work  of  the 
(•((iistitiitional  ct)nvention.'  The  split  in  tiu^  party 
jipiiranMl  at  the  nominatinjif  convention  which  met  at 
(arson  in  December,  C.  N.  Noteware  president,  A. 
I*.  K.  Satford  secrctar}',  to  select  candidates  for  the 
t<tat('  otHces.  It  was  ther'-  that  the  rejrular  party, 
uii(l<r  Thomas  Fitch,  the  "silver-tonguid,"  himself 
an  aspirant  for  the  office  of  state  printer,  Iwul  its  first 
( oiitfst  with  the  Stewart  division.  But  it  was  at  the 
polls"  that  tliey  felt  the  weight  of  the  opj)ositiou 
which  overthrew  them.'  Of  the  nine  nows[>apers  four 
supported  the  opposition,*  three  of  the  four  giving 
tlicir  support  to  the  democratic  party  within  a  short 
ptriod  thcTeafter,  and  the  fourth  in  18G7. 


''Tlifi  memUers  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  180.1  were  William  0. 
Alli.iii,  Natiutiiiel  A.  H.  Itull,  ('liarle»)  H.  Kryan,  V.  M.  BroMnan,  Saimiel  A. 
('Iiajiiii,  Johii  A.  Cdllina,  l^vi  Hite,  Milca  N.  MitciicII,  ,l(i.s(!|tli  U.  I'liinkett, 
Willi.iiii  M.  Stewiirt,  and  James  C.  Corey,  of  Storey  co. ;  Frederiek  K.  Beeh- 
t«l,  lii'iivy  Conner,  James  8tark,  L.  0.  Stearns,  ami  Sanuiel  Vounj^s,  of  Es- 
iiit'iiilila;  Kilward  B.  Doraey,  (Jeorge  L.  fJibson,  .1.  Neely  Johnson,  .lolin  H. 
Kink.  Mil,  and  Warren  VVasson,  of  Ormshy:  Frederick  A.  Knt,  KtlwanJ  V. 
hiij,  .Ichii  W.  North,  Charles  S.  Potter,  Tlionias  H.  Sliamp,  of  \N  aishoe; 
William  Epler,  \V.  R.  Harrison,  and  A.  \V.  Nightingill,  of  Hinnlxildt; 
.liuiics  W.  Haines,  C.  N.  Noteware,  and  James  W.  Small,  of  Douglas;  Wil- 
liam |{.  Ilickok,  (Joorge  A  Hudson,  Frank  II.  Kennedy,  .lames  B.  McClure, 
aiiil  William  II.  Virden,  of  Lyon;  ^larcusD.  Larroweand  James  H.  Ralston, 
lit  LiuiliT.  W.  M.  (lillespie  was  sec,  A.  J.  Marsh  and  Amos  Bowman  re- 
IJcirters,  and  H.  M.  Stow  door-keeper. 

"Till'  vote  stood,  with  Ornisby  county  left  out,  2,157  for  the  constitution, 
aiulS.S.')!  against  it. 

'Till!  eaniiidates  put  in  nomination  by  the  convention  of  Decemlicr  who 
rfireiv(!il  the  greatest  number  of  votes  at  the  special  election  in  January  I8(i4, 
were.IiihnB.  Winters  con^jfessman,  M.  N.  Mitchell  gov.,  M.  S.  Thompson 
lieut-guv.,  R.  8.  Mesick,  M.  D.  Larrowe,  J.  B.  Harmon,  judges  of  sup. 
ci.urt,  Orion  C.  Clemens  sec.  state,  W.  B.  Hickok  treas.,  E.  A.  Sherman 
coiitroUer,  H.  (i.  Worthington  atty-gen.,  A.  F.  White  supt  of  instructions; 
Alfred  Hulni  clerk  of  sup.  ct,  G.  vV.  Bloor  state  printer,  H.  M.  Jones, 
William  Haydon,  T.  M.  Pawling  dist  judges. 

''The  opposition  papers  were  the  Virijinia  Union,  controlled  by  Fitch;  the 
OldFiiJt  Utv  ,  also  of  Virginia;  aud  the  Aurom  Tiiuea, 


'1  AV-     "■  I    'Am 


180 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


But  though  disappointed,  tlie  friends  of  state  cjov- 
emmcnt  wore  not  discouraged,  a  bill  being  introduced 
in  the  United  States  senate,  in  February  followincr 
the  January  defeat,  authorizing  the  people  of  Xe\  ada 
to  frame  a  state  constitution,  which  was  approved  liy 
the  president  in  March,  and  was  followed  by  a  jnoc- 
laniation  from  Governor  Nye  callintj  for  an  eliction 
of  delegates  on  the  Gth  of  June*  to  a  constitutional 
convention,  to  be  held  on  the  4th  of  July  at  Carson 


State  Seal. 


iii*- 


City.  The  form  of  framing  anew  a  state  constitution 
was  gone  through  with,  the  instrument  being  siili- 
stantially  the  same  as  the  one  rejected,  except  in  the 

*  Unhnrilli',  IfnniMift,  ReijiMer,  May  14,  1804.  Storey  co.,  wlifW  tlic 
strongest  oinxisitiou  hail  prevailed,  sent  Nathaniel  H.  Hall,  Ciinulins  M. 
Bro.suan,  .Saniuul  A.  C'liapni,  Jolin  H.  Collins,  Charle.i  E.  Do  Loiii.'.  •'"■mIi 
Earl,  Thomas  Fiteh,  Lh)yd  Krizell,  Almou  Hovey,  Charles  W.  Tcizor:  I'-m-liy 
CO.  sent  Israel  Crawford,  (ieorgu  L.  (Hl)8on,  .J.  Neely  Johnson,  .1.  11.  Kiii- 
kea<l,  and  A.  J.  Lockwoinl;  Ihunholdt  co.,  James  A.  Banks,  E.  F.  Inimu', 
and  William  Heiny  Jones;  Washoe  co.,  W.  W.  Behlen,  H.  B.  IJiady.  (.il 
man  N.  Folsom,  (Jeorge  A.  Nonrsc,  an<l  James  H.  SSturtevant;  Lyoii  I'n., 'I. 
S.  Crossnian,  George  A.  Hudson,  Francis  H.  Kenneily,  and  H.  <!  I'arkir: 
Esmeralda  co.,  B.  §.  Mason,  J.  ii.  McCIinton,  I).  Wellington,  an.l  William 
VVetherill;  Lander  co.,  E.  A.  ^forse,  J.  H.  M'arwick,  ami  R.  H.  \ViIliaiii'; 
Nye  CO.,  (created  hy  tlie  loginlature  of  180S-4),  Francis  M.  IVoctur  atiil 
Francis  Taglialnie;  Churchill  co.,  Nelson  E.  Mnrdock;  Pouclas  en,  T.  W. 
Hainej  and  Alhert  D.  Hawley.  Johnson  Mas  president,  William  M  'iiH''*- 
pie  sec,  Andrew  Whitford  assst  sec,  A.  J.  Marsh  reporter.  T.  M.  Carson 
lerg.-at-arms,  William  E.  Skeeue  door-keeper,  George  Richards  page. 


,,  :! 


LOYALTY  TO  THE  UNION. 


181 


matter  of  taxation,  the  new  constitution  exempting 
all  property  in  mines  and  taxing  only  the  products.  ° 
Eveivtliing  was  put  in  order  for  adoption,  even  the 
seal  of  state,  whicli  represented  the  sun  rising  over 
mountains,  an  elevated  railroad  bridge  supporting  a 
train  of  cars,  a  quartz-mill  on  the  right  with  a  load  uf 
ore  approaching  it  from  the  left,  a  plough  and  a  sheaf 
of  wheat  in  the  middle  foreground,  and  around  the 
margin  "Seal  of  the  State  of  Nevada."  The  declara- 
tion of  rights,  and  of  the  paramount  powers  of  the 
federal  government,  were  in  the  most  liberal  spirit, 
and  of  the  most  intense  loyalty,  there  having  been  up 
to  this  time  but  one  political  party  recognized,  and 
that  the  loyal  party. 

Battle-born,  owing  existence  to  an  attack  on  the 
integrity  of  the  nation,  and  paying  for  it  with  a  moun- 
tain of  precious  metals,  we  should  scarcely  expect  to 
find  this  new  commonwealth  disloyal.  California  in 
1801,  while  raising  her  regiments  of  volunteer  infantry, 
received  a  company  from  Nevada.  In  18G2  the  3d 
rei^inient  of  California  volunteers,  under  Colonel  Con- 
nor, commanding  the  military  district  of  Utah  and 
Nevada,  was  stationed  at  the  United  States  posts  in 
Nevada,  with  head(iuarters  at  Fort  Churchill.  Con- 
nor issued  an  order,  on  taking  possession,  forbidding 
the  utterance  of  traitorous  sentiments,  or  threats 
aii;ainst  the  loyal  population;  and  though  having  now 
and  then  to  put  down  disaffection  by  a  show  of  force, 
he  had  little  troubl,  in  maintaining  good  order,  the 
great  majority  everywhere  being  ready  to  give  him 
assistance.  In  1863,  an  order  being  received  to  raise 
a  hattalion  of  cavalry  in  Nevada,  six  companies  were 
fornit'd,  consisting  of  500  men,  and  six  companies  of 
infantry  of  about  the  same  strength."     These  volun- 

".V(r.  Laws,  i.  cxxvi.;  Kinlrnil's  X'ii<iti/a  oinf  AhJthi,  MS.,  4. 

"Tilt!  first  otJii'er  mustered  into  the  nervico  was  J.  H.  Mattliewson,  who 
ojioned  arecruitinK  otiiee  at  (inltl  Hill.  He  wascdiiniiiasionutl  Istlieutor  Co. 
H.,  Nevada  Cav.  Vol.,  N.  BaMwiii,  oapt. ;  Co.  A.  heiiitf  formed  at  tlie  same 
timi'  at  iSilver  city,  E.  B.  2^bri»kic,  oapt.     Baldwiu  uecame  major  of  the 


! 


lb  f ,    I  .  t    S 


m 


?! 


i 

\ 


'i 

m  • 


182 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


teers,  like  those  of  California  and  Oregon,  were  enlisted 
with  the  promise  of  being  sent  to  fight  the  battles  of 
the  union  when  they  should  be  sufficiently  well 
drilled  ;  but  being  needed  on  the  frontier  in  suijilu- 
ing  hostile  Indians,  and  suppressing  incipient  ^ivil 
war,  they  never  had  the  opportunity  they  craved. 
They  remained  and  performed  their  less  distinguished 
duty  in  Nevada  and  Utah.  The  militia  organization 
was  also  made  the  subject  of  legislative  care  at  everv 
session. 

But  it  was  in  contributions  of  money,  so  much 
needed  by  the  government  and  wounded  soldiery, 
that  Nevada  most  exhibited  the  people's  patriotism. 
Besides  providing  by  law  for  the  payment  of  her 
quota  of  the  war  debt,  the  territory  contributed 
$163,581.07  in  currency  to  the  sanitary  fund  between 
the  years  of  1862  and  1865."  Independently  of  this 
was  over  $175,000,  raised  by  one  individual,  li.  C. 
Gridley,  who,  from  being  an  open  disunionist,  was 
transformed,  in  the  performance  of  this  charity,  into 
a  loyal  citizen.'*  Nor  were  the  legislators  less  mind- 
battalion,  and  was  placed  in  command  at  Fort  Bridger.  Zabriskie  couM  have 
had  the  position,  hut  preferred  to  remain  with  his  company.  H.  Daltmi  wai 
recruiting  capt.  of  Co.  C;  (reorgc  Milo  of  Co.  D,  Robert  I)yon  of  Co.  K.  and 
J.  W.  Calder  of  Co.  F.  Co.  i).  was  afterward  comniaiuled  by  Caiit.  A.  B. 
Wells,  and  Co.  E.  by  Robert  C.  Payne.  The  infantry  was  comuiaiuliMl  as 
follows:  Co.  A.,  Capt.  A.  J.  Close;  Co.  C,  Capt.  M.  R.  Haasctt;  Vo.  E. 
Capt.  G.  A.  Thurston;  Co.  F.  Lieut  VV.  G.  Seamonds;  Co.  G,  Capt  W.  Wal- 
lace;  Co.  H,  Capt.  A.   B.  Kelly, 

•'The  companies  formed  in  1864  were  Dayton  Guards,  Dayton  Artillery, 
Emmet  (iuara,  of  Conio,  Silver  City  (Juard,  and  others.  Dnijton  Sintinel, 
July  2,  Sept.  3,  and  Dee.  3,  1864,  and  April  8,  1865;  Ntv.  Voiiip.  l.>iii-<,  ii. 
356-76;  Nw.  StahUes,  1866,  '22,  206,  267,  272;  Nev.  Jour.  Sen.,  ISTIf,  App. 
no.  i.  p.  18. 

**  Almarin  B.  Paul  was  secretar/  of  the  Nevada  branch  of  the  Sanitary 
C'ommisdon.  The  above  sum,  as  given  in  Paul's  report,  does  not  include  the 
counties  of  Huniboldt,  Nye,  and  Churchill,  which  nmst  have  given  from 
$6,000  to  810,000  more.  Gold  Hill  Neim,  Sept,  8,  1865. 

i*The  Gridley  sack  of  flour  became  historical.  It  was  from  a  wager  be- 
tween two  citizens  of  Austin,  Lander  county,  upon  the  result  of  a  local  elec- 
tiou.  The  republican  candidate  for  mayor  was  elected.  It  was  agreed  tliat 
the  loser  of  the  wager,  which  was  a  50-pound  sack  of  flour,  should  earry  it 
ti)  the  winner,  a  distance  of  about  a  mile.  Subsequently  it  was  suggested  M 
give  the  sack  to  the  sanitary  cominission,  and  amidst  much  mirth  and  en- 
thusiasm it  was  put  up  at  auction.  Men  bid  against  each  other  chiefly  fur 
the  sport  it  gave,  and  tiie  person  to  whom  it  was  kmmked  down  retuined  it 
to  the  auctioneer  to  be  sold  over  again,  until  lS4>540  in  gold  liad  ben  piil 
in.     Gridley  caught  at  the  idea,  of  raising  a  largo  sum  ia  this  manner.    He 


11! 


Pi 


flff. 

Mf 


PARTY  POUTICS. 


188 


ful  of  their  expressions  of  loyalty,  but  passed  reso- 
lutions expressive  thereof''  upon  every  fitting  oppor- 
tunitv,  enacting  a  law  depriving  those  who  were  dis- 
lovul  from  voting  at  elections.  This  was  done  not 
less  to  hold  in  check  the  agents  of  a  secret  organi- 
zutiou  than  to  encourage  the  government.'*  Had 
the  scliemes  of  Gwin  and  Lane  been  carried  out,  it 
was  expected  that  Nevada  would  be  brought  under 
the  new  government,  and  of  this  design  the  union  men 
wore  not  ignorant.  They  took  possession  of  the  ter- 
ritorial government,  and  kept  it  until  the  period 
whtu  a  state  constitution  was  under  consideration, 
wlieii  the  democrats  proceeded  to  organize  themselves 
into  a  party,  Frebruary  14,  1863,  to  strive  for  what- 
tvir  share  of  the  offices  under  the  state  government 
thty  might  be  able  to  secure. 

The  only  act  looking  toward  insubordination  was 
the  rejection  of  the  national  currency  by  incorporat- 
u\>r  in  the  practice  act  of  1863-4  a  provision  substan- 
tially the  same  as  the  California  specific-contract  act, 
by  which  gold  only  could  be  paid  in  cancellation  of 
debts  where  the  contract  read  "payable  in  gold  coin 
of  the  United  States;"  but  this  did  not  receive  the 
sanction  of  the  governor." 

Tlie  total  vote  on  the  acceptance  of  the  constitu- 


visitcil  tlie  towns  on  the  Comscock.  where  he  sold  his  sack  of  flotir  over  and 
over,  until  lie  took  in  §25, OIK)  i:iore  in  gold,  after  which  he  visited  California, 
(ii)tai:iiiig  altogether  from  tliese  auctions  alone  ^175,000.  He  then  visited  the 
east,  ami  addc<l  considerahly  to  tiiis  great  charity,  giving  a  year  of  hia  life  to 
tlie  mission.  It  is  said  tliat  he  injured  his  healtli  l»y  the  excitement  of  the 
cainpiij;!!.  At  all  events,  he  died  in  1871  at  Stockton.  Slocktnn  Eiminij 
Mail.  .March  10,  1881;  Hai-pcrH  M<o).,  June  1800,  .34  (i;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  May 
li)  and  ■_'■),  1864;  Awttin  Revue  Rirer  Reveille,  June  4,  18(54.  Nev.  SrmjM,  'illS. 
Aiiuiiij,'  other  gifts  to  tlie  sanitary  cotn.  were  several  silver  bricks.  S.  F.  Cull, 
May  4  and  Aug.  17,  18G4;  Cnmn  Sentinel,  June  18,  1864.  The  last  silver  slab 
was  sent  in  1865.   Dayton  Sentinel,  Feb.  4,  1865. 

^'■' UniLifl  Mixr.  Doe.,  70,  37th  cong.  2d  sess. ;  Xei\,  Jour.  Council,  1861,  82- 
3,  102  H;  Nev.  Jour,  //oimc,  1861,  94,  199-201;  GoU  Hill  Neu^,  Jan.  15,  1864. 

""TliiTe  was  a  provision  introduced  in  the  constitution  enabling  men  in 
the  service  of  the  U.  S.  to  vote  at  elections.  Nev.  ComtU.  DelxUes,  1864,  915, 
W:t;  Nrr.  Laws,  18(54,  81-5. 

"  Pnrk-er'it  Letter-Book,  MS.,  177-8.  The  Carnon  Appeai  of  Sept.  22d, 
ISlifl,  says  that  Nevada  paid  nearly  four  times  as  much  internal  revenue 
per  capita  as  any  other  state,  owing  to  the  honesty  and  efficiency  of  her 
otlicers. 


184 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


Ff     * 


tion  was  11,393,  the  majority  in  favor  of  it,  9,131." 
There  were  elected  at  the  same  time  the  members  of 
the  legislature  for  1864,  and  a  delegate  to  congress, 
John  Cradlebaugh,  on  the  independent  ticket.  Tlie 
democratic  candidate  was  A.  C.  Bradford,  who  was 
beaten  by  CrafUebaugh  by  sixty-five  votes  only.  Fitoh, 
the  republican  candidate,  was  far  behitid.  This  was 
a  warning  to  the  republican  party.  However,  all 
these  elections  went  for  nothing  when  the  president 
on  the  31st  of  October  proclaimed  Nevada  a  state  of 
the  union.  As  the  presidential  election  was  yet  to 
take  place  in  November,  a  new  election  for  repre- 
sentatives and  state  officers  was  ordered  to  be  held  at 
the  same  time."  Two  full  tickets  were  put  in  the 
field,  but  the  republicans  elected  their  candidates  by 
large  majorities.''*  The  choice  of  the  people  fell  upon 
H.  G.  Worth ington  of  Lander  county  for  member  of 
congress  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  ending  in  March 
1865.  H.  G.  Blasdel  was  chosen  governor."  Under 
the  constitution  the  state  was  divided  into  nine  judi- 
cial districts,  one  judge  to  be  elected  in  each,  with  the 
exception  of  the  1st  distri(rt,  comprising  Storey  county, 
which  might  have  three  district  judges."" 

According  to  the  constitution,  also,"  the  first  le«;is- 

"JVVf.  Comtit.  Dfbatea,  xiv.,  gives  tiie  majority  at  9,091,  but  the  Lander 
county  vote  was  not  counted. 

'•  Congress  changei!  the  day  fixed  in  the  enabling  act  to  bring  the  electidn 
OQ  this  day. 

"•The  total  vote  at  the  election  was  16,420;  the  majority  for  repuWiean 
presidential  electors  was  3,232.  The  same  majority,  or  near  it,  was  givi'ii  t^i 
all  the  republican  canditlates  except  two.  Nye  county  sent  one  (leiiiiicrat, 
Frank  M.  Proctor,  to  the  state  senate;  and  Churchill  county  one  deiuoi'rat 
to  the  assembly,  .lames  A.  St  Clair. 

■■"J.  .S.  (.'rossman  lieut-gov.,  C.  N.  Noteware  sec.  state,  A.  W.  Niglitin- 
ill  controller,  E.  Khoades  treas.,  A.  F.  White  supt  of  public  instructimi,  S. 

Marlette  sur.-gen.,  C.  M.  Brosnan,  H.  O.  Beatty,  and  James  F.  hvKii, 


6' 

sap.  ct  judges,  (reorge  A.  Nourse  att'y-gen. 
■■'•'  There  were  elected  in  this  district  C. 


,  Alfred  Helm  clerk  of  sup.  ot. 

Burliank,  R.  8.  Messick,  ninl  K. 
Rising,  judges.  Ormsby  co.,  which  constituted  the  2d  district,  electoil  S, 
H.  Wright;  Lyon  co.,  the  3d  district,  W.  Hayden;  Washoe  and  Ko(>ii,  tlie 
4th  district,  C.  C.  Goodwin;  Nye  and  Churchill,  the 5th  district,  H.  L.  Baker; 
Humboldt,  the  6th  district,  R  F.  Dunne;  Lander,  the  7th  district,  W.  H. 
Beatty;  Douglas,  the  8th  district,  D.  W.  Virgin;  Esmeralda,  the  J)th  district, 
S.  H.  Chase.  The  district  judges  elected  in  1864  were  to  hold  ofticc  until 
January  1867,  and  after  that  their  terms  should  be  for  four  years.  Guld  lllll 
NtiP*,  Nov.  16,  1864:  Xer.  Lmn>,  18<U,  53. 

**j\Vv.  Laios,  1864-5,  65,  article  xvii.,  sec.   12  of  the  constitution.    The 


FIBST  STATE  LEGISLATURE. 


185 


lature  convened  on  the  12th  of  December,"  and  on 
hv'uhj;  organized  listened  on  the  14th  to  the  message 
(if  (Jovernor  Blasdel,  which  communicated  to  them, 
among  other  facts  affecting  the  state,  that  tlie  new 
(rovrrmnent  had  inherited  from  the  territory  a  debt 
of  8-<U,000  exclusive  of  the  expenses  of  the  last  con- 
stitutional convention,  and  that  to  meet  this  indebt- 
edness tliere  was  an  empty  treasury  and  an  uncollected 
tax  of  $70,000."  He  recommended  economy  and 
wise  revenue  laws;  but,  as  I  have  already  remarked 
ill  another  place,  the  state  of  Nevada  has  always  been 
hunKncd  with  debt,  from  habits  of  extravagance 
(triginating  in  too  great  expectations,  and  from  regard- 
ing mining  as  the  sole  industry  worth  encouraging.^* 

rcu'iilar  sessions  thereafter  were  to  begin  on  the  first  Monday  in  Jan.  follow- 
ing,' tlie  t'lfctiun  of  members. 

-'Tlie  iiieiiil>ors  of  the  first  state  legislature  were:  .'"Senators  N.  W.  Win- 
ton.  S.  A.  Kellogg,  C.  A.  Sumner,  and  W.  H.  Claggett  from  Storey  co. ;  J. 
S.  Soely  ami  A.  J.  Lockwood  from  O'-msby;  James  S.  Slingerland  and 
CluarlL's  Lambert  from  Waslioe;  Lewis  Doron  and  John  Ives  from  Esmeralda; 
M.  1>.  L:ir;owe  and  W.  W.  Hobart  from  Lander;  M.  S.  Thompson  and  Fred- 
crick  Hutcliiiia  from  Humboldt;  J.  W.  Haines  from  ]>ougla.s;  Alfred  James 
from  Lyou  and  Churchill;  and  D.  L.  Hastings  from  Lyon.  The  assembly, 
men  were:  W.  M.  Cutter,  Edwin  Patten;  Erastus  IJond,  W.  W.  Bishop, 
•  'liarlis  \V.  Tozer,  James  A.  Rigbey,  A.  L.  (Jreely,  H.  M.  Bien,  John  Leavitt, 
K.  A.  Vi-ung.  James  Eolan,  and  Jacob  Smith  of  Storey  co. ;  S.  C.  Denson,  J.  E. 
W.  Carey,  and  L.  C.  McKeeby  of  Ormsby;  D.  H.  Brown,  B.  H.  Nichols,  and 
J.  -Ansiiu  Dun  of  Humboldt,  1).  P.  Walter,  E.  P.  Sine,  J.  L.  Hincklev,  and 
M.  A.  Rosenblatt  of  Lander;  W.  F.  Toombs,  AV.  (I.  Lee,  and  H.  G.  Parker 
(if  Lyon;  James  Small  and  Henry  Epstein  of  Douglas;  A.  C.  Bearss  of  Nye; 
L.  .Vl.  Shackleford,  H.  H.  Beck,  and  A.  J.  Myrick  of  Washoe;  James  A.  St 
Clair  of  Ciiurchill;  D.  H.  Haskell,  D  Wellington,  John  S.  Mayhugh,  and 
Cyril  Hawkins  of  Esmeralda.  AVj\  Sen.  and  Axueiii.  Jour.*.,  18(i4;  Ouhl  Iliil 
Xiic!,  .Nov.  ir>,  1S()4.  The  senate  was  presided  over  by  the  lieutenant-gov- 
ernnr.  Tlie  officers  elected  were  L.  B.  Moore  secretary,  (Jeo.  R.  Ammond 
assistant  secretary,  Mr  Hollister  and  ( Jeorge  Wellington,  enr.  and  eng.  clerks, 
Thiimas  IV'asley  scrgeant-at-arms,  and  Hickey  door-keeper.  'Iho  house 
cleotcil  Cliarles  W.  Tozer  8i>eaker,  W.  M.  (lillespie  chief  clerk,  C.  S.  Ham- 
mer enj;.  clerk,  W.  B.  Fulwiler  enr,  clerk,  J.  M.  Woodward  sergeaut-at- 
arms.  Xei\  Jour.  Sen.,  10. 

•-'  I  am  not  able  to  reconcile  this  statement  of  Gov.  Blasdell,  which  is  un- 
(loulitfiUy  correct,  with  the  report  of  Nye,  in  March  \SM,  that  the  territory 
was  nut  owing  more  than  §15,000,  which  I  find  over  his  own  signature  in 
Pitrbr'x  L'ttcr-Book,  MS.,  179,  this  authority  being  a  book  of  copies  of  official 
correspondence,  taken  with  a  press  and  therefore  unaltered. 

•'The  taxes  imposed  by  an  act  to  provide  revenue  for  the  support  of  the 
state  government  and  payment  of  the  public  debt  imposed  a  tax  of  .'?l.'2i)  on 
each  .^IrtO  of  taxable  property,  and  a  poll-tax  of  §4  on  every  male  inhabitant 
over  21  and  under  60  years  of  age,  not  exempted  by  law.  The  county  tax 
was  $L.")0  cm  every  8100.  The  sheriff  of  each  ctmnty  was  made  ex-otticio  col- 
lector of  licenses  at  the  following  rates:  Each  public  billiard  table  $5  per 
Huartir  year;  every  bowUng  alley  §10  per  quarter;  theatres  $100  per  mouth. 


w\\. 

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III 

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u 

186 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


h: 


But  whatever  errors  it  fell  into  its  loyalty  remained ; 
and  even  before  liearing  the  message  of  the  execu- 
tive a  resolution  was  offered  in  the  house  by  Bleu  of 
Storey  county,  congratulating  the  country  on  the 
reelection  of  Lincoln,  and  pledging  the  lives,  honor, 
and  ft)rtunes  of  Nevada  in  sui)port  of  the  govern- 
ment/' which  was  made  a  joint  resolution  by  the 
senate  on  the  1st  of  February.  On  the  2J)t]i  of 
December  the  senate  passed  a  congratulatory  roso- 
lution  offered  by  Sumner  to  General  Sherman  on  the 
design  and  brilliant  execution  of  his  "march  to  the 
sea,"  which  was  concurred  in  by  the  assembly.  On 
the  16th  of  February  the  senate  and  assembly  rati- 
fied the  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States  by  which  slavery  was  abolislieil. 

But  to  return  to  more  purely  local  affairs.  On  the 
15th  of  December,  both  houses  being  organized,  they 
pri)ceedod  to  the  election  of  two  United  States  sena- 
tors, Stewart,  Nye,  Charles  E.  De  T  ng,  Crtullc- 
baugh,  and  B.  C.  Whitman  being  nominated.    Stewart 

or  §o  a  (lay  for  a  shorter  time  than  a  month;  if  for  three  months  §'20();  ami  if 
for  a  year  ^WK);  concert  singers  paid  the  same  license  as  tlieatrical  iiort\iriii- 
ers:  a  single  exhibition  of  a  menagerie  or  a  circns  was  taxed  «!'20;  tiglit-rdjw 
dancers,  jugglers,  and  such  folk  were  taxed  §10  a  day;  a  pawnl)n>ktr  jSKX) 
per  quarter;  a  keeper  of  an  intelligence  office  $15  per  quarter.  Brokiis  wore 
divided  into  five  classes,  according  to  the  amount  of  their  business,  and  taxed 
respectively,  ^100,  §80,  §ir)0,  $30,  and  $20  per  quarter.  Rmkers  v\  ere  also 
classitieil,  and  taxed  respectively  $200,  $150,  $100,  $75,  and  $r>0  per  iimntli. 
All  venders  of  any  kind  of  wares,  merchandise,  lir-aora,  drugs,  or  kfepfis  uf 
livery  were  divided  into  ten  classes,  according  to  their  receipts,  and  taxod 
respectively  $50,  $37,  $25,  $20,  $15,  $10,  $7.59,  $5,  $3.75.  and. '<2  5<)  jK-r 
month;  but  retailers  of  liquors  were  taxed  $10  a  month,  and  hotel  koqierj 
who  kept  a  bar  outside  the  limits  of  any  town  were  taxed  $15  a  (luarter. 
Hotels  and  boarding  and  lodging  houses  were  taxed  $10  and  $5  a  iniuith; 
peddlers  on  foot  and  auctioneers  $10  a  month;  peddlers  using  a  wagon  fur  tiio 
vending  of  any  merchandise  or  liquors,  or  anything  except  fruits  and  vegeta- 
bles, $20  a  month.  A  capitation  tax  of  $1  upon  each  person  leaving  the  state 
by  any  railroiwl,  stage-coach,  or  any  vehicle  employed  in  passenger  carrying, 
was  also  levied,  and  charged  upon  the  companies  engiiged  in  such  tratlie.  such 
companies  adding  the  amount  to  their  fares.  As  the  coaches  aUviiys  were 
well  loaded  with  passengers  this  was  a  fruitful  source  of  revenue,  aiiuuinting 
in  some  years  to  $20,000.  An  ad  valorem  tax  of  $1  on  eacli  $100  valuation 
of  the  pnnluct  of  all  mines,  after  deducting  the  cost  of  extracting  and  redno- 
ing  the  ores,  was  levied;  and  lastly  a  stamp-tax  was  imposed  on  agreements, 
affidavits,  assignments,  leases,  bills  of  exchange,  and  almost  all  doeunienta 
employetl  in  business  affairs  of  from  two  cents  to  $1,  which  was  a  source  of 
no  mconsiderable  revenue.  Nev.  Laws,  1864-5,271-324.  The  state  wua  em- 
powered to  issue  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $150,000. 

^Nev.  Jour.  Aaaem.,  1804^5,  17;  Nev.  Jour.  Sen.,  1864-5,  99. 


M-  •.-. 


fa 


'M^Jf 


ELECTION. 


187 


^vas  elected  on  the  first  ballot.""  Then  followed  a 
miiiilH'r  of  ballotings  fi^r  a  senator  among  the  reiuain- 
iiii;  ciiiididates,  Nye  receiving  on  every  one  the  great- 
(st  number  of  votes,  but  not  enough  to  elect  him,  and 
Do  Long  receiving  the  next  greatest  number.  An 
udjiiurnment  took  place,  which  permitted  the  presen- 
tation of  informal  arguments,  and  at  the  first  ballot 
on  tlie  16th  Nye  was  elected.  That  Stewart  brought 
ills  threat  influence  to  bear  there  can  be  no  doubt. 
Ncvatla  thereby  gained  a  representation  in  the  senate 
of  which  a  young  state  might  justly  be  proud,  and 
wliich  was  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  country  at 
lari^o,  when  uncompromising  republicanism  was  de- 
nitindcd  to  reestablish  its  dignity  among  the  nations. 
The  })residential  elector  chosen  to  convey  the  vote  of 
Nevada  to  Washington  in  1864  was  S.  T.  Gage." 

Tlie  term  for  which  Worthington  had  been  elected 
to  congress  expiring  in  March,  it  became  necessary  to 
provide  a  successor  at  the  general  election  of  Novem- 
ber 7,  1865.  About  the  only  issue  of  importance  at 
this  time,  the  civil  war  having  been  brought  to  a  close, 
foHowed  quickly  by  the  tragedy  at  Ford's  theatre  in 
Washington,  when  the  revengeful  hand  of  political 
fanaticism  struck  down  the  most  devoted  and  pure- 

'^^The  newspapers  accused  Stewart  of  working  himself  into  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate tlirough  his  manipulation  of  '  the  honest  miner. '  The  voice  of  Stewart 'b 
lionost  miner  was  heard  above  all  crying,  'Hurrah  for  tlie  .state  of  Nevada, 
and  Williair  M.  Stewart  for  the  first  chosen  senator.'  Nw.  Scrapi.  It  is 
said  tliat  Stewart  sent  word  to  Cradlebaugh  tiiat  if  he  would  resign  to  him 
all  the  patronage  due  to  Nevada's  senators,  his  election  should  be  secured; 
but  ('rilillebaugh  refused  the  proposition. 

•'J(i:ige,  an  intense  unionist,  was  born  in  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio,  March 
7,  ISIU.  His  father,  Joshua  (lage,  a  man  of  sterling  (|ualities,  was  one  the 
early  pioneers  in  Ohio.  Stephen,  who  worked  during  summer,  and  attended 
school  in  winter,  began  teaching  upon  his  graduation,  at  the  age  of  nineteen; 
teaching,  farming,  and  conducting  a  saw-mill  alternately  up  to  I85'J.  During 
this  year  he  crossed  the  plains  M'ith  an  ox-team,  driving  the  entire  distance 
iiiinself,  and  making  the  quickest  trip  across  the  plains  on  record.  In  Cali- 
fiirnia  lie  engaged  in  milling,  mining,  and  mercliandizing.  In  ISfiO.  at  the 
age  of  twenty-four  years,  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  being  the  young- 
est nieiiilier  of  that  body.  He  was  one  of  the  committee  who  drafted  an 
ahle  rejinrt  on  the  important  question  of  a  transcontinental  railroad  He 
held  various  offices  up  to  IStiO.     During  this  and  the  succeeding  year  he  en- 

f;aged  in  transporting  goods  over  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Washoe  mines, 
iia  pack-trains  being  the  largest  on  the  road. 


ft ' 


i; 


%'L 


4  «*&      : ' 


it.  J 


188 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


■::  1 


minded  of  rulers,"  was  that  of  the  Pacific  railroads, 
which  Nevada,  in  common  with  the  whole  Pacitic 
coast,  very  much  desired  to  have  built  at  the  earliest 
possible  period.  On  a  pledge  to  labor  for  this  end 
Dolos  R.  Ashley  was  elected  Nevada's  representa- 
tive." 

Under  the  constitution  of  Nevada,  members  of  con- 
gress were  chosen  only  at  the  general  elections  for 
state  officers  and  legislators,  all  terms  expiring  on  tlic 
day  succeeding  the  next  general  election.  The  terms 
of  those  elected  in  1865  expired  in  November  1800, 
and  biennially  thereafter."  This  provision  made 
another  election  for  congressman  necessary  in  18 GO, 
when  Ashley  was  reelected  by  a  majority  over  his 
democratic  opponent,  H.  K.  Mitchell,  of  4, .370,  tlie 
issues  involved  in  President  Johnson's  policy  influenc- 
ing the  vote  of  the  people.  By  the  same  majority 
Blasdel  was  reelected  governor.  The  changes  made 
in  tlie  official  list  were  J.  S.  Slingerland,  lieutenant- 
governor;  R.  W.  Parkinson  controller;  A.  N.  Fisher 
superintendent  of  public  instruction;  Robert  M. 
Clarke  attorney-general;  and  J.  E.  Eckley  state 
printer. 

The  terms  alloted  to  senators  Stewart  and  Nye 
were  four  and  two  years.     Nye  drawing  the  two  years 

In  1862  he  became  a  resident  of  Virginia  City,  where  lie  was  proiniiu'nt 
in  federal  and  state  politics.  Later,  he  had  much  to  do  with  railroad  mat- 
ters. He  was  invaluable  to  the  Central  Pacific  road  during  the  early  strug- 
gles of  that  corporation.  His  arguments  before  legislative  committees  wure 
logical  and  'Mgenious,  stamping  him  as  a  man  of  marked  ability. 

In  187'  he  removed  to  .San  Francisco.  Ho  was  the  only  officer  of  tlie 
road  located  outside  of  Sacramentc  at  that  date.  Later,  ho  reiiii)\('il  to 
Oakland,  Cal.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  assistant  president  of  the  South- 
ern  Pacific  system  of  railroads. 

'*It  would  be  unjust  to  the  Nevadans  not  to  mention  the  feeling  with 
which  the  news  of  Lincoln's  assassination  was  received.  Every  town  and 
hamlet  was  hung  with  funeral  black,  and  the  expression  of  men's  faces  jiliuiily 
indicated  their  mingled  grief  and  wrath.  The  man  at  Gold  Hill  who  \\:u 
bold  enough  to  express  gratification  at  the  president's  death,  was  suiiiiiiarily 
stripped,  flogged,  and  marched  to  prison  with  a  plr-oard  on  his  back  insiriliod 
'a  traitor  to  his  country.'    Gold  Hill  Netoa,  April  15,  17,  20,  1865. 

"There  were  two  other  republican  aspirants,  W.  H.  Claggett  and  Charles 
A.  Sumner.  The  democratic  nominee  was  H.  K.  Mitchell.  Ashley's  majority 
was  1,476.  He  took  his  seat  Dec.  21,  1865.  House  Jour.,  101,  39th  cong.  Ist 
sess. 

«  Nev.  Lam,  1864-5,  65;  Id.,  1866,  223. 


I'OUTICS. 

k^isl.uurc  in  Jan.  Try  iZ?  t)     ^'7  '''■«''-■'•«"'.  by  tl,e 

""■  f^  .V^'a,.'  torn,  c^mn.oJn  ,' in'' T'  ,"?.""-''  f" 
rc|>ul.)i,-an  convention  of  %,S  '"  Marcli,"    In  t|,o 

I>'";.'.  «l,o  withdrew  tonrevc^,f »  .^    '"■■*"'""^'  De 
Imt  was  subscnuontlv  cont?  ?',"■'""«  "'  the  partv 
■-"i-or  to  Ja^anrw^^iH  Tffir^fi^  «-.P"-'-"  "f 
t""i-    Ti,c  same  convontion  wil  ':''  "''"'  '''«'""■- 

«itl„>ut  opposition.     Stewart  »,      1    .  ^"'yi^^ssnmn. 
''■'""t-     At   tiie   stato!    1         ^.  "'''"=''"1  on  the  first 
.'«'■»   all    the   repuhltan        P^^^f ^'""'i"!    election    h 
"f-'"'S  Fitch  Te  rres^naf 'l^  T''   ^'"-"  " 
»'  '""«  <le„,ocratie  nienCsof',  *f ''•*'''  "^^"^P""" 
,    All  over  the  Pacific  „„=?*>       ,    'egislature. 
'■a=i  I'co.,  followed  l^thri      °  '  "'''  "f^'e  civil  war 
orat.an,l  theirgraduLttumS?'^'"'""  f  "'"  ''emof 
t«„ty  years  to  become  ,t/        '""'""'•    ^'  *'"*  them 
"'-.''  "f  the  United  States    Err-''  *"  ^''=«'  "  l"-e™ 
var...u.,„ffices  under  state  'n?!  f'T"'"'"''  »"i  for 
"""«.  they  received  tCsu^,     ""^""f   "'•S'«"i2a. 
'aasaammous  i>o,m?o  » i.i   ^™    fees  of  a  fearhSs  and 
■'ty  than  of  oir  'in  Z''  T'^  "  '""«  '^''^  '"•!  ar«S^ 

«,r^i-/"..— „.,„.„„„.'?!"'  "*■=-  '"  the  state  of 


."■'''"  '•"»'  "omiMe,  »„  „    ,      "  '"  t''e  State  of 

''^^\'g:ito  the  charges      Th    •"'*"=*'"".  and  appointed  a  .  1  accu.satio.is  of 

■^l';'"""  in  .March  tC"  +i    •  "*  V""""'"ee  reporte.I  tn  tt  •'"'"!"'"*''«  o^  5  to  in- 

a^  a  t'oiuossion  of  .  ^  •  .   "®  niatter,  wliicli  min^iVr      '   '"^''  absconded  win, 

''■'r.nonoyotferedT,"*/-'"'^,  *''■''*  ^^^  W  M^u  id  I  ""  tr'"»ony  se- 
J{"lioit  Cullcn    I    p    T  ^  .  ^  "'lends  of  Nvp    a,  i  ^  i     ''  '''''^'c  I'wn  eWfo.? 


'y  Jolmsou  Bup.  judges. 


'mil  ;*• 


"*t 


[ft    '''f        '  £l 


190 


STATE  OOVERNMEN'T. 


^;:4 


^l 


i; 


Nevada,  namely,  that  of  g<ivern()r,  L.  II.  Bradley; 
lieutenant-governor,  Frank  Denver;  treasurer,  Jerry 
Sehooling;  state  printer,  Charles  L.  Pcrkhis;  suitrenie 
judge,  John  Garber;  attorney -general,  L.  A.  Buck- 
ner."  They  also  elected  the  member  of  congiess, 
Charles  Kendall.  What  is  remarkable  about  this 
change  of  party  sentiment  and  power  is  its  complete- 
ness, the  majorities  on  the  democratic  side  being  fully 
as  largo  as  they  had  formerly  been  on  the  republican 
side.  Where  tlie  latter  had  been  accustomed  to  have 
more  than  double  the  votes  'of  the  democrats,  tl.o 
democrats  had  now  double  the  votes  of  the  republi- 
cans. This  change  was  brought  about  largely  by  the 
unpopularity  of  F.  A.  Tritle,  the  liepublican  candi- 
date for  Governor,  who  was  supposed  to  be  a  favorite 
of  the  Bank  of  California.  This  corporation  haviiiu; 
large  mining  and  milling  interests  in  the  State,  had 
gained  the  enmitv  of  the  workinjxmen,  who  raiseil  the 
cry  "Anti-bank,"  to  the  detriment  of  theKepublicaii.s. 
In  1872,  Nye's  term  drawing  near  its  close,  there 
entered  the  jiolitical  arena  a  power  greater  than  l»;irty, 
patriotism,  or  talent,  which  was  money.  The  repre- 
sentatives of  this  world-moving  lever  were  two  men 
well  known  in  connection  with  mines,  railroads,  and 
banks,  but  hitherto  not  notable  in  politics.  One  was 
William  Sharon,  born  of  Quaker  parents  in  Ohio  in 
1821.  Like  many  famous  men,  he  had  once  owned 
an  interest  in  a  flat-boat,  but  failing  to  make  it  profit- 
able had  studied  law,  which  mental  training  proved 
useful  to  him  in  his  subsequent  career  of  merchant, 
speculator,  banker,  and  railroad  manipulator.  Op- 
posed to  Sharon  in  the  race  for  the  senatorship  was 
John  Percival  Jones,  a  mining  operator  whose  business 
it  was  to  bull  the  stock  market,  and  in  which  he 
made  both  money  and  adherents,  being  considered 
the  friend  of  the  miners,  and  named  by  the  press  the 
"  Nevada  commoner."     The  commoner  now  desired 

"The  republican  candidates  elected  were  the  sec.  of  state,  J.  D.  Minor; 
con.,  W.  W.  Hol>art;  A.  N.  Fisher,  supt  of  public  instruction;  .Tolm  l>ay, 
Bur-ge.n.;  mineralogist,  H.  R.  Whitehiu;  clerk  of  sup.  court,  Alfre<l  llehn. 


PURCHASABLE  POSITIONS, 


191 


to  step  up  higher  and  become  a  senator.  It  was 
♦'xpected  tliat  the  race  would  bo  to  the  most  bounti- 
ful, and,  therefore,  it  was  said  that  Sharon,  with  the 
J'iicilic  railroad  at  his  back,  was  endeavoring  to  pull 
(li)\vn  the  stock  market  in  order  to  disable  his  rival, 
lie  accused  Jones  of  himself  forcing  down  stocks  by 
causiiii^  the  fire  in  the  Yellow  Jacket  mine,  whereby 
sovtral  lives  weit;  lost  and  much  damage  sustained,  in 
order  to  buy  up  the  stock  of  Savage  at  a  profit." 
Sucii  was  the  nature  of  the  contest.  Sharon  finally 
witiidrew,  and  Jones  had  opposed  to  him  only  Nye; 
for  there  was  still  a  republican  majority  in  the  legis- 
lature; but  the  people  were  pleased  with  their  rich 
connnoner,  and  no  h>nger  regarded  the  claims  of  their 
p^)()rcr  Gray  Eagle,  the  sobriquet  applied  to  Nye. 
Jones  received  fifty-three  out  of  seventy-two  votes  in 
tlio  legislature  of  1873,  and  took  his  seat  in  March. 
Nye  died  December,  25,  1876." 

The  republican  candidate  for  congressman,  C.  C. 
Goodwin,  was  defeated  in  1872  by  Charles  W.  Ken- 
dall, reelected  on  the  democratic  ticket,  but  the  party 
♦gained  the  presidential  electors  by  over  2,000  major- 
ity ;  also  the  supreme  judge  and  state  printer,  the 
only  state  officers  voted  for.*' 

Tlie  senatorial  contest  of  1874  was  another  strug- 
gle between  men  with  large  moneyed  interests  |)rinci- 
pally.  The  democrats  again  chose  in  convention 
Thomas  H.  Williams,  and  the  republicans  William 
Sharon.  A  third,  or  independent,  party  had  for  its 
leader  Adolph  Sutro,  who  feared  if  Sharon  should  be 
elected  it  would  redouble  the  power  of  the  bank  of 
California  and  Comstock  lode,  against  which  he  was 
making  his  great  fight  for  the  Sutro  tunnel.  Party 
lines  were  less  rigidly  drawn  than  ever  before.    There 

"  Jones  was  supt  of  Crown  Point  in  1869.  He  risked  his  life  in  an  en- 
deavor to  extinguish  tlie  tire. 

J'X,)'.,  Jour.  Sen.,  187.3,  app.,  no.  12;  S.  F.  Call,  Jan.  24  and  ?iarch  29, 
1873.  Of  republicans  who  asr>!i*ed  to  the  senatorship  at  this  time  were  ex- 
Ocivornor  Blasdel  aud  F.  A.  iVitle;  among  the  democrats  tl\ere  were  Thomas 
H.  Williams,  Judge  Garlwr,  and  Henry  I.  Thornton.  Gold  Hill  News,  Aug. 
19,  lS7-_>;  S.  F.  BidlHin,  Dec.  28,  1870. 

"Thomas  P.  Hawley  judge,  auJ  C.  A.  V.  Putnam  printer. 


IP 


t! 


i; 


r 


102 


STATE  GOVERXMENT. 


wcro  some  men  on  the  independent  ticket  from  Ixith 
the  othtT  parties,  but  more  from  the  democratic  than 
the  re[)uhlicai»  ticket.  This  insured  tlie  reelection  of 
(jrovcnior  Braiiley,  the  election  of  Jewett  W.  Adiiius 
lieutenatit-ufovernor,  J.  K.  KittrcU  attorney-<^eiu'iul, 
J,  J.  Hill  .state  printer,  and  J.  Schooling;  trea.sunr; 
the  remaining;  offices  being  given  to  the  republicaiw, 
who  also  elected  their  candidate  for  congressman, 
Williau)  Woodburn  of  Storey  county."  The  Icgisla- 
ture  consisted  of  forty-seven  republicans  and  twenty- 
eight  democrats,  the  full  number  of  members  allowed 
by  the  constitution.  There  was  not  one  dome  k  rat 
among  the  fourteen  members  from  Storey  county- 
all  were  republicans,  and  represented  a  constituency 
nearly  all  of  whom  were  interested  in  the  Coinstock 
mines,  which  they  had  been  told  would  be  ruined  hy 
the  Sutro  tunnel.  To  prevent  this  ruin  Sharon  must 
be  elected,  and  was  elected*'  in  January  l87o,  to  suc- 
ceed Stewart,  for  the  six-years'  term.  Fitch  assum- 
ing the  labor  of  the  campaign.  But  to  his  coadjutor, 
Jones,  was  left  the  duty  of  representing  the  interests 
of  Nevada.  Sharon  did  not  take  his  seat  until  Feb- 
ruary 187G,  and  was  contiimally  absent  from  tlio 
beiiinninij  of  the  session,  commencing  in  October 
1877,  to  January  1880,*^  attendhig  to  his  money  mat- 
ters. No  honor  accrued  to  him  or  to  the  state 
through  such  representation. 

The  state  congressional  and  presidential  election  (if 
187G  gave  results  sliowing  the  very  gradual  restora- 
tion of  the  ante-bellum  political  balance.  Again  the 
republicans  obtained  the  presidential  electors,  tlioir 
representative  in  congre?^s,  Thomas  Wren,  and  .su- 
preme judge,  O.  R.  Leonard.     They  still  had  a  large 

♦•J.  P.  Minor  was  chosen  ,<i»  orr  Jary  of  state,  W.  W.  Hobart  contniUcr, 
S.  P.  Kelly  sunt  of  public  instruction,  John  Day  sur-gen.,  H.  K.  Wliitiliill 
mineralogist,  >V.  H.  Beatty  sup.  judge,  Warren  Earll  sup.  judge  (aliort 
term),  and  C.  T.  Bicknell  clerk  sup.  corut. 

"  The  other  aRpirants  were  H.  K.  Mitchell  and  Thomas  P.  Hawloy. 

"Sen.  Jour.,  240,  44th  cong.  Istsess.;  J<1.,  6,  149.  45th  cong.  1st  seas.; 
Id.,  6,  948,  4.'jth  cong.  2d  sess.;  l'.,  (>-7,  357,  46th  cong.  Istsess.:  Id.,  85, 
912,  46th  cong.  2d  sc^s. 


NEW  OPFICIALS. 

193 

niii|.>rity  in  the  assomlilv  but  i„  n 
'"■■■•'ts  li.ul  a  .Majority  ,/'„„„      A       """""  "">  de.n. 
n>iiv,„ti„ii   U,   revise  the  oon«H>..T'''''"'""'  '"  ™"  a 
'■l':>"'^'^  tlio  ti>ne  of  the  iL^..^        !•""■  "'"'  »'*>  to 

l«75.  „,„!  vote,,  un^,  at  t^^l  'r'''"''  ^'"^^"•"■i     H 
"W-rity  of  3,34.  'a,'ai,3t  -rir''"";  ""-^  ^'"-^  a 
"ftl..  .■«itatorstnab'Zl7t  '  A     **-""!'"'  ""'  <'<'4'n 
I..  tl,e  political  canvas!  of    87^h'"  '"""»?  J'>oclucts 
."•S  t"  >v|...al  tlie  tax  on  I,  .lli        "  '"""•'■'•  "f  ■'.•fus 
;,'  ""•  fl-Wioan  I.latf™,,''^^'  ":C  "r'"-  "  l''«»k 
"•n.u.,r!,  the  ir.fluo  ire  of  t  ,    l!  "'^"'^'^'"'t  withdrawn 
l'"l''i'-".  .<™.didate  fiV  eo     ^etsT "^^  '^'I'i'     ^he  Te? 
"a»  MM.nlaated  without  on  ^  cT'     •""'"  ^f-  Da.r,rett 
•;..l  -l-oted  against  W   E"F"fc  %  '^^  "*"  Party,' 
ileiiioorat.     J,  H    K;„tZ  f'        .  "^  Storey  countf. 
Sovon,or  over  iIr      tni\  'T''''""'-  '«^  ■'  " « 

"PP"-"ts  regretted  toSelten"  ''™"  '"'"  P""*'™ 
;<-.m,,,t,hIe  honorand  practS  h^l  °"  '^""""^  "f  his 
f-v.'iT  state  officer  „„  tCtS/     """T'  "'  ""a'™-" 
''«  ».;i>cri„teudo„t  of  pulJie  i„l„T  ''***'"''  "^'''■Pt 
t™a.,t,^„vemor,  for  whie     n^v    ''?!'  *'"'  "'e  lieu. 
the  hrilliant  and  patrioth^      ^   r""  ^    H.  Jfohw" 
■'»''■<'•    His  defoaTwls  lCr«''  J*''  ''«»  ''">-' 
«l'™lya,lvoeated  thr^uJoPth*   r^  ^'^'  *''»*  •«=  ^ad 
|^»  0  ,.on,,«rc  them  with  nl  of^'-''^' «""'» *"'  far 
'«!,  to  ho  detriment  of  t],elattef  »   f'  f"''  ^'-'nish 
«1  ;v.th  his  utterances,  attemDid'      I,'^''™ '^""^ 
i;  <l™y  them.     The  rjgrets  rf  hi  "'/'•'"'  '°  «■■< P'am 
'--■d    by    his    untimely  laSf'Tsr^^^V-'f 

•'Ki.ikea,lwMU,„,„p,,^.  "''^'     which 


■r  ' 


'ft 


M'  I 


'■    fli 


i\-^ 


194 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


removed  him  beyond  the  possibiHty  of  reparation  at 
some  future  thiie." 

In  order  to  make  more  clear  the  anomalous  rondi- 
tion  of  Nevada  politics,  it  is  necessary  to  consider  the 
local  influences  brought  to  bear  upon  elections.  As 
has  already  been  stated,  the  first  constitution  foriikd 
taxed  all  mines  in  the  same  manner  that  other  pron. 
erty  was  taxed,  and  for  that  reason  was  rejected  l)v  a 
mining  population,  led  by  able  and  well-paid  agents 
of  the  great  mines.  The  accepted  constitutifdi  ex- 
empted from  taxation  everything  but  the  proceeds  in 
bullion.  The  revenue  law  passed  by  the  first  state 
legislature  provided  that  twenty  dollars  per  ton,  tlu' 
assumed  cost  of  reducing  the  ores,  might  be  deckictcd 
from  the  gross  products,  and  that  only  three  fourths 
of  the  remainder  should  be  taxed.  This  discrimina- 
tion in  favor  of  minhig  property,  though  evidtiitlv 
unconstitutional,  was  not  referred  to  the  courts  at 
that  time.  Meanwhile  the  Comstock  mines  were 
yielding  an  aggregate  of  .$15,000,000  or  $17,000,000 
annually,  and  the  amount  which  under  the  constitu- 
tion was  due  the  state  and  Storey  county,  had  :icoii- 
raulated  to  a  vast  sum  on  the  Comstock  mines  rdono. 
In  18G7  suit  was  brought  before  Jud^re  S.  H.  Wri'iht 
of  the  2d  district,  to  test  the  constitutionalitv  of  the 

**Tlic  repuMican  camlidatcs  elected,  besides  those  I  have  iiicntiimcd, 
were:  Jasper  Uabcoek  sec.  of  state,  L.  L.  Crockett  treas.,  .1.  K.  Iliillcck 
coiit.,  A.  J.  Hateli  8ur-i(en.,  Thomas]'.  Hawley  sup.  judge,  A.  M.  Miiriiliy 
attygon..  C.  F.  HickncTl  clerk  sup.  court. 

On  tlie  <leinocratic  ticket  wore  .lewett  W.  Adams  lieut-gov.  d  li-ctoill, 
(Seiirgo  W.  Baker  sec.  of  state,  K.  M.  Elstiier  c<mt.,  .1.  K.  Ihmcm  tnas.,  |l. 
R.  Sl'ssIous  siipt  of  public  instruction  (elected),  S.  H.  Day  sur.  jrcii.,  R  W. 
('olc  sn|).  judge,  J.  R.  Kittrell  attorney-geueral,  Richard  Rule  cKik  of  the 
Hupronie  court. 

Iji-.w'iH  R.  Bradley,  born  in  Va  in  180fi,  began  life  assupt  of  a  fuiii  at  ■<'^il 
per  year,  being  promoted  to  be  purchaser  of  horses  and  mu^■^^.  In  IS4.'ili(' 
removed  to  Ivy,  and  the  foUowmg  year  to  Mo.,  where  he  n'lnaincii  until 
IS.V2,  when  lie  migrated  to  (.'al.  witli  a  band  of  ca'.tle.  The  nrxt  year  h-' 
returned  to  the  states,  and  brought  out  horses,  mules,  and  sheep,  nn  wliiili 
he  macle  largo  profits.  Tu  ISIi'i  he  settled  in  Lamler  co.,  where  hv  iiiis  fal- 
lowed stock-raising.  His  wife  was  Virginia  Willis  of  Va.  John  It.  Hr.nlli'y 
was  born  in  Va  in  1835,  and  married  in  Mo.  in  1857.  The  father  srtiKii  m 
Elko  CO.  in  18(JG,  being  a])ionecr  of  that  part  of  the  state.  He  haij  Ikciu'ii. 
com.  and  treas.  of  Fllko  co.,  and  his  son,  John  R.,  has  held  the  sairu'  ntlin'* 
after  liini.  A.  M.  Hillhouse  waa  uumiuated  for  U.  S.  senator,  yrrult  iW- 
Jourml,  Nov.  17,  1878. 


LE(iISLATION  AND  TAXATION. 


195 


rovcnuo  law  as  it  related  to  minin*^  property,  ami  at 
tlic  saiiio  time  an  extra  session  of  the  lei^islaturo  was 
called  to  deal  with  this  particular  subject.  Before 
the  (Icrisioii  of  the  court  was  rendered  pronouncing 
the  foniier  law  uncoTistitutional,  the  special  legisla- 
ture had  abolished  it,  and  passed  others  still  more 
favorable  to  the  mining  interest,  and  especially  to  the 
iiiiiies  of  Storey  county,  where  the  tax  was  limited 
to  twenty-five  cents  on  ever}^  $100  worth  of  bullion. 
Tliesi!  proceedings  kept  the  matter  in  the  courts  and 
put  off  tlie  day  of  reckoning  when  the  bank  of  Cali- 
fornia, represented  by  William  Sharon,  and  control- 
ling all  the  then  payhig  mines  on  the  Comstock, 
would  have  to  pay  up  its  indebtedness  to  the  state 
and  county. 

Jiut  in  1809  and  1870  new  complicatitms  arose. 
Sharon  had  been  able  in  the  former  year  to  induce 
the  Icjjrjslature  to  auvhorizc  Stt)rey  county  to  issue  its 
horids  for  3300,000  to  constitute  a  gift  to  the  Virginia 
and  Truckce  railroad  company,  his  particular  and 
favorite  enterprise,  a  levy  of  one-half  of  one  ])er  ccjit 
to  he  made  animally  on  the  county  property  to  meet 
the  interest  of  these  bonds  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 
It  became  a  question  with  the  railroad  comi)any, 
namely  the  bank  of  California,  how  to  avoid  paying  the 
tax  upon  one  species  of  their  property  to  discharge  the 
interest  on  money  presented  to  them  by  the  county. 
As  usual,  resort  was  had  to  the  legislature,  and  a  new 
law  |)assed  which  classified  orc^'.  and  exempted  accord- 
'm<r  to  class,  those  which  were  ritod  below  !J12  a  ton 
\mu<j;  allowed  ninety  percent  for  the  cost  of  reduction ; 
under  i?:{0  and  over  $12  eighty  per  cent;  uiider  $100 
and  over  $30  sixty  per  cent;  and  over  $100  fifty  per 
cont,  ])rovided  it  could  be  ]>rove<l  that  this  was  the 
cost  of  reducing  them.  What  was  left  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  mines  was  taxable  exce[)t  in  the  case  of 
those  where  ^he  Freiberg  process  was  used,  when  a 
furtluT  exc.ption  of  $15  was  allowed.  This  law 
euablod  the  Comstock  owners  to  work  their  low  grade 


H 


'  1  t 


190 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


H''ii! 


ores  without  tax,  for  it  was  easy  enoui^h  to  show  tliat 
the  expense  covered  all  or  nearly  all  the  [)r()coe(ls; 
and  at  this  time  the  bonanzas  in  the  old  mines  ^vere 
worked  out. 

But  almost  simultaneously  with  this  legalized  de- 
fiance of  the  constitution,  Fair  and  Mackay  discovorcd 
the  great  bonanza  in  the  Consolidated  Virginia  and 
California  mines,  which  soon  began  to  produce  over  a 
million  dollars  a  month,  making  this  firm  a  powerful 
rival  of  the  bank  of  California,  wliich  did  not  desire 
the  new  money  kings  to  enjoy  the  same  exeni[)tion 
which  had  been  so  advantageous  to  itsel  f.  The  Sharon 
interest,  therefore,  offered  no  opposition  when,  in  1874, 
tlie  people  at  large,  and  Storey  county  i'l  particular, 
elected  their  representatives  with  the  pledge  that 
they  would  enact  a  more  righteous  law  than  liad  yet 
been  enacted  concerning  the  taxation  of  the  mines. 
To  tiiis  end,  Senator  John  Piper  of  Storey  county 
prepared  a  bill  which  passed  without  opposition  in 
February  1875,  making  the  products  of  the  mines 
taxable  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  on  every  $100,  or  at  the 
same  rate  that  other  property  was  assessed. 

It  was  now  the  turn  of  the  bonanza  firm  to  protest, 
partly  because  the  new  law  seemed  to  discriminate 
between  them  and  the  bank  of  California,  wliicli  had 
been  helped  to  evade  paying  a  just  tax  on  its  property. 
and  greatly  because  they  were  forced  to  pay  so  larire 
a  proportion  of  bonds  of  the  Virginia  and  Truekee 
railroad,  which  they  believed  had  instigated  the 
change.  They  set  up  a  plea  that  the  new  law  was 
unconstitutional  and  refused  to  pay  any  taxes  at  all, 
by  their  action  forcing  the  people  to  make  up  the 
deficit.  The  matter  became  a  political  issue  at  the 
election  of  187G,  both  parties  insisting  on  no  uwk 
compromises  with  the  great  mining  corporations,  and 
every  candidate  being  compelled  to  pledge  jiiuisclf 
not  to  vote  for  a  reduction  of  the  tax  on  bullion. 

The  report  of  the  C(mtroller  at  the  opening  of  the 
session  showed  a  balance  of  the  state  debt  unprovided 


RULE  OF  THE  CO.N'STOCK  FIRMS. 


197 


for  amounting  to  ^108,429.71,  of  wliich  $74,678.53 
was  then  due.  Adding  to  this  the  estimated  cost  of 
ruiiniii'^  the  state  government  for  two  years,  or  until 
another  meeting  of  the  legislature,  $894,250.85,  and 
the  state  would  be  owing  about  a  million  dollars, 
while  the  state  revenue  less  the  tax  on  mines  would 
not  reach  $800,000."  The  mining  tax,  less  the 
bonanzas,  should  the  yield  continue  the  same,  would 
reduce  the  amount  of  debt  $64,464,  but  there  would 
still  he  a  deficit  of  $193,255  to  be  met.  This  state 
of  [>ul)lic  affairs  shook  the  nerves  of  the  legislators. 
To  add  to  the  uneasiness  of  the  Storey  county  mem- 
bers, it  was  seen  that  the  refusal  to  pay  taxes  by  Fair 
and  Mackay  would  compel  the  county  to  borrow 
>?  100,000  to  carry  on  its  schools  and  pay  for  its  court- 
'  >use 

l\v()  courses  lay  open  to  the  legislature:  to  increase 
tne  state  and  county  debt  by  borrowing,  or  compro- 
mise with  the  bonanza  firm.  They  decided  to  violate 
their  pledges  and  compromise.  A  bill  passed  both 
houses  which  was  the  essence  of  a  contract  entered 
into  between  Fair  and  ISIackay  on  one  side  and 
Storey  county  officials  and  state  officers  of  finance 
on  the  other.  It  reduced  the  bullion  tax  31^  per 
cent,  which  was  eq'ial  to  giving  up  20  per  cent  of  the 
entire  property  value  of  the  state.  The  price  agreed 
upon  for  tli's  submission  was  the  payment  of  the  tax 
witnheld  h\  the  past  by  the  bcmanza  firm.  After 
ck'liberaf ",ig  tvvo  or  three  days  Governor  Bradley 
vetoed  tl  <>  bill,  and  the  questi(m  was  left  with  the 
upro'u.;  ciuj't,  where  it  was  likely  to  be  decided  in 
favor  ot  thti  't?i*-'of  Nevada. 

In  May  auotiicr  attemi)t  at  compromise  was  made, 
this  time  succesfully.  The  bonanza  firm  offered  to 
pay  all  that  was  due  from  them  under  the  law  to  the 
4ato  and  county,  with  the  costs  of  the  suits  instituted 
to  folleet,  if  the  recipients  would  agree  that  in  case 

""  Tlib  <  iitrollcr  figured  $12,643.47  too  high  on  the  expenses,  and  too  low 
ontliurf  ■..   ;  by  $'ja,(i26.20. 


i-« 


li^f 


196 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


the  decision  of  the  United  States  supreme  court  was 
against  them,  the  district  cou  t  of  Storey  countv 
would  issue  a  stay  of  execution  for  tlie  satisfaction  <if 
so  nmch  of  the  judgment  as  included  the  penalties  for 
contempt  and  the  percents,  until  tlie  1st  of  April, 
1879.  This  offer  being  accepted,  $290,275.72  was 
paid  down  two  days  before  the  svpreme  court  dcciikd 
in  favor  of  the  state.  The  legislature,  as  had  Ijclii 
tacitly  understood,  passed  an  act  in  1879  releasing  the 
bonanza  firm  from  paying  the  penalties  due  the  state 
and  the  county  of  Storey,  The  attorney -general  of 
Nevada,  however,  requested  that  the  constitutionality 
of  the  act  miglit  be  tested,  with  the  result  that  the 
court  '-.lered  the  payment  of  $77,578.22,  the  amount 
of  the  ^;         -es  unpaid." 

From  what  has  gone  before  it  will  be  perceived  liow 
really  little  national  politics  had  to  do  with  politics  in 
Nevada  during  the  rule  of  the  Comstock  firms.  The 
republican  majority  in  the  legislature  in  1879  was 
thirteen  in  the  senate  and  thirty-two  in  the  assenihly, 
making  secure  the  return  of  J,  P,  Jones  to  tlie  Uni- 
ted States  senate.  Jones  had,  as  chairman  of  the 
monetary  conmiission  in  187G,  done  himself  and  his 
state  great  credit  by  his  report. 

This  commission  particularly  concerned  Nevada  as 
a  silver- producing  state,  its  duty  being  to  inquire  into 
the  change  which  had  taken  place  in  the  relative 
value  of  gold  and  silver,  the  causes  thereof,  and 
whether  permanent  or  not ;  its  effect  upon  trade, 
commerce,  finance,  and  the  productive  interests  <»f  the 
country,  and  ujnin  the  standard  of  value  in  our  own 
and  foreign  countries;  also  into  the  policy  of  the  restor- 
ation of  the  double  standard  in  this  country,  and  tlie 
legal  relations  between  the  two  coins  if  restored;  and 

•'The  case  ■vns  appealed  in  Nov.  1880,  and  decided  in  the  sup.  eoiir; 
agaiii!<t  the  oonipaiiy.  Another  attempt  was  made  by  tlie  legi^*hlturl  in  b''! 
to  release  the  iMtnanza  company,  Imt  <iov.  Kinkead  vetoed  tlie  lull.  11 1-^  *;'• 
tion -tva-s  applauiled  1>y  the  majority.  Cir.^in /wlix,  March  4,  ISSl;  Vinjiniii 
City  ChroiticU,  March  4,  1881;  Lamb's  Etrlj/  Miiiiii'j  Canipn,  MS.,  4. 


MONETARY  STANDARDS. 


199 


further,  into  the  policy  of  continuing  legal-tender 
notes  concurrently  with  the  niotallic  standards,  with 
the  ett'ects  thereof  upon  the  labor,  industries,  and 
wealth  of  the  country;  lastly,  also,  into  the  best 
means  of  providing  for  the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments. Nothing  so  thoroughly  exhaustive  of  these 
questions  had  ever  been  presented  to  congress,  and 
the  view  taken  was  favorable  to  the  interests  of 
Nevada,  and  particularly,  at  that  time,  to  the  Corn- 
stock  mines.  Therefore,  he  received  the  votes  of  all 
the  republicans  in  the  legislature,  and  one  of  the 
democratic  members.  The  legislation  of  congress 
upon  the  question  of  a  double  standard  for  money  had 
affeeted  the  mininn'  interests  of  Nevada  sensibly. 
In  July  1870  an  act  v>rs  passed  to  refund  the  national 
debt,  the  government  engaging  to  pay  at  some  future 
time  .32,000,000  000  in  coin  of  the  value  of  the  coin- 
of  that   date.     The    units  of  value  of  coinasre 


aire 


were  dollars  consisting  of  412^  of  standard  silver  and 
25i;  grains  of  that  of  standard  gold.  In  1873  the 
holders  of  the  United  States  bonds,  and  bonds  of  the 
French  government,  made  a  movement  in  Europe  to 
demonetize  silver  in  order  to  compel  the  payment  of 
these  l)()nds  in  gold  only,  Germany  being  the  first  to 
cnint>  into  the  arrangement.  Such  influences  were 
hrougiit  to  bear  in  the  United  States  that  congress, 
ill  revising  and  codifying  the  mint  and  coinage  laws 
of  the  country,  omitted  the  silver  dollar  from  the  list 
of  coins,  and  it  being  the  only  silver  coin  which  was 
a  full  legal  tender,  became  thereby  demonetized,  and 
the  people  were  compelled  to  pay  the  national  and 
private  indebtedness  in  gold  alone.  The  product  of 
i,'old  being  irregular,  and  growing  less  with  the 
int  rease  of  p()[)ulation,  as  well  as  the  decrease  of  the 
laetal,  it  wjis  considered  to  work  not  only  a  present 
hardship  by  raising  the  price  of  gold  in  the  market, 
but  to  threaten  at  some  future  time  to  make  the 
pioplo  slaves  to  the  bondhidders,  by  compelling  them 
to  yield  so  nmch  more  of  their  labor  and  propert}*^  for 


!    '      i.i 


200 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


a  dollar  in  gold  than  they  would  have  to  do  W(  re 
there  a  double  standard  as  before.  Silver  had  alriudv 
depreciated  twenty  per  cent  in  1878,  when  coui^nss 
required  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  purcliuso.  ;it 
the  l<)we.«t  market  price,  not  less  than  two  nor  uu>iv, 
than  four  millions  a  month  to  be  coined  into  staiidiiid 
dollars  for  circulation,  the  <2fovernment  spoculatiiiL;  in 
the  ditference  in  commercial  value,  but  without  nstor- 
ini»  the  silver  dollar  to  its  equality  with  the  <^ol(l  (Uio. 
This  was  the  status  of  silver  in  the  currency  of  the 
United  States,  while  the  question  of  restoring  it  ti) 
its  former  value  was  becoming  one  of  the  foremost 
subjects  with  which  statesmen  had  to  deal,  and  oiio 
of  vital  importance  to  the  state  of  Nevada.  Kv 
1885  the  silver  question  was  regarded  as  a  pitlitical 
issue,  and  the  public  was  much  interested  in  knowing 
what  course  a  democratic  administration  wonid  pur- 
sue with  regard  to  it.  A  silver  ccmvention  was  luld 
at  Carson  January  3 1st.  The  voice  of  the  conven- 
tion WIS  that  demonetizing  silver  would  doubK"  tlio 
riches  of  the  rich,  and  in  the  same  proportion  increase 
the  burdens  of  the  laboring  and  proilucing  classes. 
riie  Nevada  Silver  Association  was  formed,  witli  a 
constitution  and  by-laws,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
insist  upon  the  retention  of  silver  as  money.  The 
meeting  also  indorsed  the  proceedings  of  the  silver 
convention  hold  at  Denver,  Colorado,  at  which  Kan- 
sas, Colorado,  Utah,  Now  Mexico,  Idaho,  Wyoming, 
and  Arizona  were  represented." 

*'  ProffnUnijx  of  tho  Nnyidrt  SHixt  Comrnlion,  ISS');  Pacijir  CouMt  Minin'j 
Ri-i'lrw,  1878-9,  J»"7  10.'<;  Joiuh'  Spm-h  oh  the  SilwriJuiKti,,,!,  April  '.'4,  IsTti; 
Jimc'i'  Sp/'ch  oil  the  O^ilioiinl  Stmidanl,  .luno  28  iiud  .Inly  1."),  ISTti:  ,t<ii<* 
S}M--i-h  oiiSi'm'r  Di'iiioiiil'aUim,  Ful).  14,  1878;  (\irsim  Ap}K'iil,  .luly  11,  l>>Tl); 
<S.  F.  Cfii-onirk,  March  2,  1885;  Procecdinijs  of  tlie  Neviula  Silwr  Voiifntiim, 
188.5. 

A  monograph  upon  the  silver  question  called  A  Phi  for  Sllirr  (' •Iwi'f 
awl  the  Dimlilv  Sttiw/<int,  pp.  139,  written  by  T.  H.  Huchanan,  and  puMisluil 
at  Usnver  in  188.">,  attempts  to  explain  the  money  (piestion  as  atrcctiiig 
values.  It  is  a  good,  common  scn.^e  treatise,  but  shows  what  its  autlinr 
claims,  that  the  science  of  political  economy  cannot  all  be  contained  iii  mie 
l>ook.  and  has  never  Ihjcu  completely  formulatod.  A  much  more  tn-nchaiit 
treatment  is  that  contained  in  a  dictation  on  T/w  Sititr  QiirxtiDii  liy  Win  M. 
JStewart  iu  uiy  yosaoaaiuu,  thu  body  of  which  is  uldo  cuutaiuud  iu  a  pampUlut 


rvi.  11 


DE-MOXETIZATIOX  OF  SILVKU. 


••"  ^  par  witi.  .old,  a,Kl  mnZlA^T  "^  ^"-cuJation 
«.Jv.r  ,vv,vod,  and  was   o  rr t?'^  ^'^^'  ^""«i-t  over 

wesern  sjlver  producers.  L  „•'?*''"  ^'""'^^''-^  ^"d 
1"  JJecvniher  J.o  elaborated  I  A;  '^''''^'^^  *''  ^''^"^'''^•■-•s 
I>'<>"^U  c)utson.e  inter  !^^nr'^''''  '."'''«  ^""^  It 
■^t.tt.Mu>nt  of  the  direet?.r    Af  '^7'r^'"'  «^^'»^^^«-     Tl.o 

'"  .i,">i<l  PHKluotion  on  the  p!   2  '  ''^•'•'  ^^^'-^ttJiedeeJino 

^'••M   .'ind    silver   at    the  %t.      r'      ^^'^  ^^T<>«its  „f 

■^-•^.'^!^J'.ror.lo,or.^5  00oOOOl      ?r''''   "'i"t    was 
.V-':-     The  Nevada  n^t  w^s 'T  ^^'1"  *^'«  l^^^^''^'in^ 

"•*''^'-"y  reduced  to  n'S,;^.,;",  ^"^^""^  " '-''^^ 
l:^'"'^7'oudu,.ted  sin.nlv  as  fn  '  *^J^^  institution 
mrc  heen    closed      Wifl.  f''''->^   "^^o.     It  j,., ' 

^'^'"•■ml,  there    was  Zl   VT''^  <^'»  *''«  countn    i? 

"™  .«•■"■  "f  ^l.7-2!,.72r;ov   "'r;"'r  over  tl,o  ,„■,.- 
■""■■"I  int.,  t),c  Ui,iti.d  St,;'     ,    V  '"'IwrtH  „f  ,',,,1,1 

*»--»'-';:'i£r'"?™^-^^.,?:v'i'r«'! ...... 


i  i     ' 


202 


STATE  OOVTiRNMENT. 


duction  in  tlie  United  States  during  the  year  had 
been  $30,800,000  in  gold,  and  $48,800,000  in  silver. 
Of  this  amount  of  silver  $28,000,000  had  been  coined 
and  $0,000,000  used  in  the  arts,  which,  with  tlu^  l>ul- 
lion  exported  and  wasted,  left  little  or  nothing  on 
hand.  The  production  of  the  whole  world  in  tlie 
year  ending  June  30,  1885  was  $95,292,501)  in  gold, 
and  $115,147,878  in  silver,  gcdd  production  luiviii*' 
fallen  oif  over  $5,000,000  since  1882. 

There  would  appear  to  be  nothing  very  alarniiiig  in 
the  relative  <iualities  or  values  of  gold  and  silver  at 
this  time,  but  agitation  has  made  it  a  party  question 
in  congress.  The  repeal  of  the  act  of  1878  Ixing 
insisted  on  by  the  monometalists,  various  scheim  s  for 
preventing  the  demonetization  of  silver  were  broaclied, 
such  as  certificates  of  deposit  with  a  market  value, 
the  government  beinjj  obliorated  to  coin  the  bullion 
and  use  it  in  redeeming  certificates  when  presented, 
and  other  proposed  devices  for  keeping  silver  in  eiicu- 
lation.  An  English  writer,  Morton  Frcwen,  projiosed 
that  the  Pacific  ports  should  be  made  free  to  the  (ast- 
ern nations  of  China  and  Japan,  buying  their  tea, 
coffee,  sugar,  rice,  jute,  etc.,  in  exchange  for  the  silver 
of  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  California,  and  building  up 
a  mercantile  marine  to  rival  England,  This  propo- 
sition, which  miijht  be  considered  were  it  not  tor  the 
Isthnms  canal  and  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway, 
would  doubtless  bo  received  with  caution.  A  meet- 
iiiil  of  the  Nevada  Silver  Association  was  held  at 
Nevada  City  October  20,  1885.  The  resolutions 
passed  declare  that  the  agitatio  i  of  the  silver  ques- 
tion is  "especially  aggravating,  since  the  success  of 
such  a  policy  involves  the  annihilation  of  millions  of 
dollars  worth  of  capital  locked  up  in  their  mills  and 
mines,"  threatening  to  bankrupt  an  industrious  and 
loyal  people.  A  convention  of  silver  men,  and  another 
of  bankers,  was  held  at  New  Orleans  in  Deoendier, 
but  congress  alone  had  the  settlement  of  the  ques- 
tion;   and    the    president's    message    was    distinetly 


CONSTITUTIOXAL  AMENDMENTS. 


..)vo.o  ..  .Ivor  coinage.    Uter  legislation  was  ,„ore 

an;i'r^i:,,?s„*;tie*iS!;st"in  r;T^"'  <•-  ^ffi- 

..ever  v„tecl  for  a  pros  '1™!  huTl      "^  ""''"''  """  ''« 

tl.o  IJ.iitod  States  sonat,-      Tl  '""■  """"'"'"to  for 

«...tor  luul  „„t  bee     titi  Ju     TT\"^  ^'"•"•''"  »^ 
Ho  ,adoftorcdhiu,self  fi,rr™„„;  ,';'•"'"""  "■•  l"^"^^- 
...o.-.t.s,  without  the  usual  ,X?,'""  P"'''->' '"' '"« 
"'.  \"^  constituents,  and  the        '!'''"''"  ?"  '!'«  I-al.i.s 
s-.i.l  to  have  gone  by  dof'' ,t'lr"""'  ^"''k-''   '"''v  be 
""■  '"""!»  of  the  do^nocrati  „,"■"':  7«'->-""%'  i»to 
".7-    "0.  for  presidential  ett''  '";?  "^  '"f'^y  "^ 
si'ly,  tho.r  eandidato  UcZZT        "'"'*'"'  ^-  Cas- 
j;;-  '.-'00  nmjority,  and  C  S Tb  1?"  ^'^■^""'  ""^ 

^J'a]ofc;lbLS-i::^£g'tr^s: 

••""""l...o..ts  to  the  ronstit,  tT       f  ■"?"  "'«  '■""""'in" 


,  „.'"".. .-r„.a«.,n„  ,,,8..,,., ,    .  '. ■■"  >™'-«»ecoi>ted; 

all  the  other  gUfn  „«'       '      ''"  '''''''''«"  '"'Ik'e  hvrn,     1  i         •'■■'""'  •"••ij-rity 
-y  at  />Wiirf„^S"  .'•-•'^ivo.l  '"-^  -'"-Ui  n  a.  u"k;.    "l  ''r''' -venter 

t">ie,|  liis  ,.|.  ,Vn.        x"*"  ''""""'-■to.l  Mith   thJr'    f  .'-';"""■''  "f  '«<«.      Tie 


■-  '-.rapines'"  W  irBlL^"^'"":''  ^'i''-->    N  vlvlh     l'^^?'^'" '^"4 
''■'""^•■''  t'>  Ky  i.    ;„/:,,,  "''">'/■*'»  '""-'i  >•»  M..nlova    o.'i  Vi     < '""tains 

'"  ""'  >"■«■  .li.stri..f  ,.f  AIM '•.     ,  ^  ''"  H''«I.iture    in  m  !a     *>         *''°  '  th  <   .strict 

"•isticcteU  cliief  jiLstice  Niii,    ,       1    ^""t^r  ho  re- 
J  '^iiie  siq),  court  of  (.'aj. 


I  * 


...I- 


204 


STATE  GOVERNMENT. 


The  elimination  of  the  word  "white"  from  section  1, 
article  2.  The  addition  of  article  18,  grantnig  rij^lits 
of  sutfraije  and  ottice-holdinyr  without  reference  to  racf. 
color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude.  The  addi- 
tion of  section  10  to  article  11,  forbidding  the  use  dt' 
public  moneys  for  sectarian  purposes.  Chinese  inniii- 
gration  was  disproved  by  a  vote  of  17,251)  against 
183. 

Of  the  sixty-one  members  of  the  legislature  elected, 
only  nine  were  republicans.  Two  of  these  were  ;stn- 
ators,  who  with  the  republicans  holding  over  gave  a 
majority  of  five  in  that  branch  of  the  legislatuii'. 
whereas  they  had  but  seven  members  altogether  in 
the  assembly.  The  aspirants  for  the  senatorsliii), 
besides  Fair,  of  the  democrats,  were  Sutro  of  tlie 
independents,  who  desired  to  keep  the  C»)mstock  out 
of  politics,  and  Thomas  Wren,  nominated  by  the 
republicans  in  place  of  Sharon.  Sutro  was  not  jnit 
in  nomination.  Fair  was  elected  on  the  first  ballot. 
Wren  received  twenty  votes  and  Daggett  one. 


*»  William  Sharon  was  bom  in  SmithfieM,  Ohio,  Jan.  9,  1821.  After 
gratluatiiig  at  college  he  studied  law.  jiraetising  for  a  time  .it  St  Loui-i,  Mo. 
Afterward  he  engaged  in  a  mercantile  liu^iness  at  (.'arnillton.  111.  (.'(Hiiuij,' 
to  C'al.  in  1840,  he  opened  a  store  at  Sac.  later  engaging  in  real  estate  in  >. 
F.  When  the  bank  of  Cal.  oj)ened  an  agency  at  Virginia  City  the  niaiiagi- 
ment  was  entrusted  to  him,  and  in  connection  with  hi:*  as.sociate.s  in  the 
bank  lumglit  up  the  greater  piirti<>n.s  of  the  Kentuck.  Yellow  Jacket,  an. I 
Chollar  mines,  and  obtained  contml  of  the  mining  mills,  incorporating  tlie 
Union  Mill  and  Mining  conij)any,  and  the  Virginia  anil  Truckee  K.  R.,  tiie 
state  of  Nevada  granting  z>  lilieral  subsidy  in  aid  of  the  latter.  Tiic  rual 
was  finally  completed  to  Reno,  where  it  cunnected  with  the  C  P.  R.  K.,  tlio 
cost  being  tliree  millions.  .Sharon  an  1  W.  C.  RaUt.m  also  purchased  the 
Belcher  mine,  receiving  large  returns  therefrom.  In  1875  Mr  Sliarnu  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator  from  Nevada,  serving  with  honor  and  credit.  Mrs 
Sharon  was  formerlyMiss  Maria  MuUoy,  a  native  of  Quebec,  and  the  result 
of  their  unkm  was  five  children,  two  sur\-iving,  Frederick  W.,  wlio  tnarrieii  a 
daughter  of  Lloyd  Tevis,  and  Florence  E.,  who  became  the  wife  .>t  >ir 
Thomas  Heaketh.  Mrs  Sharon  died  in  1875,  and  Mr  Sharon  in  bSS.").  After 
setting  apart  SIOO.OOO  for  charitable  puri)oses,  and  the  embellishment  uf 
(iolden  <;ate  park,  the  projjerty  fell  in  et^ual  parts  to  his  son,  daugiiter,  auJ 
son-in-law,  F.  G.  Newlauds. 


if"t 


CHAPTER  IX. 

india:^  wars 

■JS49-1882 
C.*MF0Rxr.v  EMr«R.vvT.s  or  1849    s,.„ 

•^f^i  <  f.i  AS,,  inE  p.,, ,.  '^^  "■'^KQiK.VT  Deeds  op  v, 

"----Move:  .^rV--=    -^   ^^r^^J^Z:    ,t^^'^^- 

Jia>  fn]J()Wetl  wars  nn.i       ^     "''*  ^''^  aboriui,ies  f),..; 

I  '«'vo  s|„k,„  i„    ,     „,"""'''''''; '"'•"'cs,,f  Nevada 
Tl":  niyratioa  to  Cal  L,  ^-     f'"^''  "^  ""*'  ]<istor 

:::!:v!'r-' «-  foil;:  „■"««,«-  '-gc/s 

,    .      '"^'^    "ttackocl  111    fi,«  Tj-      ,"&^'Ui.     oevcraJ 

''7'-  enttJe   taken,  Joav  „..   H.^"'"'^"^^'^^  ^'^^h',  and 

I^a 'T  conipanies  c^mi.^'  "r /^^^    ^"i^^rants    on    f,^^ 

H         , ,    ''"""'"i-ousBill  hVi  ''"'  ""'  allay 

IW-'' n^''f""^ ''•'''' ™'?bout'T'' ''""  ''"»"  '«o 

"^■■"  k'l'«J  bj-  tl.e  India,,".'"*  '"''-'"  ""'"'  "Inte  men 

(206) 


4'ia 


206 


INDIAN  WARS. 


!   I- 


From  1851  to  1857  tliore  were  many  deeds  of  vio- 
lonoe  on  both  sides.  In  1856  a  party  of  ten  nuii  I 
by  Levi  Hutton  of  Missouri  were  surrounded 
eunip  on  the  Hund)()ldt  by  sixty  Indians  well  ariiicd 
with  ritles  and  revolvers.  The  party  returned  the  fiiv 
of  the  Indians  and  retreated,  drag<;injif  their  wji^ou 
by  hand,  four  of  tiicir  horses  bein*^  killed  and  otlurs 
wounded.  All  that  niyfht  and  next  dav  the  Indians 
continued  to  liarrass  them.  Hutton  and  Aleliiic,  u 
Frenchman  fniin  St  Louis,  were  killed.  Two  (ttlur 
men  were  severely  wounded,  Thomas  Reddy  fiom 
Leavenworth,  and  James  Edwards  from  St  Louis. 
Keddy  became  exhausted  and  urj^ed  the  remainder  of 
the  party  to  leave  him  and  save  themselves,  which 
they  finally  did,  takin*^  what  provisions  they  (-(luld 
carry,  and  destroying  all  the  arms  they  were  forird 
to  leave.  The  party  of  seven  arrived  in  Carson  val- 
ley October  25th,  where  Edwards  had  his  Wouiuls 
dressed,  after  a  fatiguing  journey  of  200  miles.  Thir- 
teen Indians  were  killed.* 

In  1857  a  party  of  twenty-two  immigrants  undor 
Captain  Pierson  encountered  on  the  Hund)()ldt.  r 
the  mouth  of  Keese  river,  a  large  body  of  Pah 
with  whom  tliey  hail  a  severe  contest.  The  place  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Battle  Mountain,  which  name  was 
retained  when  the  country  was  settled,  and  given  to 
a  mining  district  on  Reese  river.*  John  McMarhii 
and  James  Williams,  in  charge  of  pack  trains  from 
Mormon  station  to  California,  were  killed  by  Wasliocs 
on  the  trial  which  crossed  the  mountains  south  of  J^akc 
Tahoe  on  the  same  day,  one  at  Slippery  Ford  hill 
and  the  other  on  the  summit.  The  settlers  became 
alarmed  and  called  upon  the  people  of  California  for 
assistance.*  Arms  and  ammunition  were  tendered  hy 
the  governor  of  that  state  ;  the  Pah  Utes  also  ottered 
their  warriors  to  fight  the  Washoes. 

♦  Hayes'  Scravn  Miniiiif,  xi.  2,  3. 

».V.  /'.  Alta,  May  7,  186G;  S.  F.  Altn,  Ana.  2,  Sept.  7  and  10,  IS,". 

•■'A  party  of  young  men  attempteil  to  find  and  punish  the  offenders,  Imt 
incautiously  fired  at  some  birda  antl  discovered  themselves  to  the  Imliaus, 
who  ried.  IJawky's  Lake  Tahoe,  MS.,  4-8. 


WASIIOES  AND  PAII  UTES. 


807 


Bris^lmm  Young,  governor  and  superintendent  of 
Indian  aflairs  for  Utah,  in  the  summer  of  1857  sent 
(iarlaiul  Hurt,  Indian  aj^ent,  to  Carson  valley,  who 
iiiadc  ii  treaty  of  amity  with  the  Washoes. 

In  tJie  Hunimer  of  1858  the  Pah  Utes  gave  consid- 
oralilt'  trouble  in  the  Humboldt  valley,  and  F.  Dodgo 
was  sent  to  reside  in  Carson  valley  as  Indian  agent 
t(»  ciKleavor  to  keep  the  peace.  Early  in  the  follow- 
in!^  year  also,  they,  as  well  as  the  Pit  river  and 
Walkir  river  tribes,  displayed  open  hostility  to  pros- 
pectors and  settlers.  In  March  seven  men,  among 
wlioiii  was  the  well  known  pioneer  Peter  Lassen,  wero 
pidsjurting  in  the  Black  Rock  country,  on  the  immi- 
•Maiit  route  of  184G,  when  they  were  attacked  in 
camp  and  Lassen  and  another  man  killed.  Other 
sinali  parties  disappeared  never  to  be  heard  from,  and 
their  fate  could  be  readily  conjectured.' 

The  winter  of  1859-00  was  one  of  exceptional  se- 
verity, and  the  Indians  suffered  greatly  ft- mi  cold  and 
liiinger.  So  strong  was  their  distrust  of  the  white 
race  that  although  some  good  men  now  endeavored 
to  mitigate  their  misfortunes,  building  large  fires  and 
offering  them  food,  they  were  but  little  benefited, 
many  refusing  to  cat,  lest  the  food  should  be  poisoned, 
and  attributing  the  extreme  cold  to  the  ])resencc  of 
the  detested  white  man.  Many  children  died  of  pri- 
vation.* 

In  January  1860  the  Pah  Utes  killed  Dexter  E. 
Deining,  who  lived  on  Willow  creek,  north  of  Honey 
lake,  then  thought  to  be  in  Nevada.  A  company, 
under  Lieutenant  W.  J.  Tutt,  was  ordered  to  pursue 


If 


.:  i 


I . 
it ' 
\ 

it 

i 


!      .  ■■cfl 


(If    i 


\l  !Fi 


UiiicHiwV.^  Tmlinn  Fii/Iitinij,  MS.,  2-3;  AV////'.i  Srv.  Directory  1802,  33; 
S.F.  liullftiii,  April  21  aiiil  28,  ami  May  9,  10, 'and  11,  l.S.')!).  AVcnnling  to 
tlic  rt'imrt  of  l)(i(lge,  Indian  agent  for  I'arson  district,  tlio  I'ah  Utes  imm- 
litTod  aliout  6,000,  tiie  head  chief,  Winncmucca,  residing  on  Smoke  creok, 
iii'iir  lloiu-y  lake.  Small  bands  under  sult-ohiefs  resided  at  the  forks  of 
Carsiiii  river,  Ciold  Cafion,  Big  Bend,  sink  of  the  Carson,  on  Walker  river, 
at  Hig  Meadows  on  Truckee  river,  at  tlie  lower  crossing  of  Truckee,  at  the 
iiiHiitli  (if  Truckee,  at  Pyramid  lake,  and  Lower  Mud  lake.  The  Washoes 
mutilKTi'd  900,  and  inhahited  the  country  at  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
Waslioe,  and  Eagle  valleys,  and  about  LakeTahoe.  /;/'/.  Aff.  ii}>t,  IS.W,  273-4. 

•■  Territorial  Enterprine,  Dec.  24,  1859;  ILtyci  Miniivj  iScrajw,  xi,  40, 


If 

ill 


ftrv 


208 


INDIAN  WARS. 


ri- 


the  offenders,  who  were  traced  to  the  Pah  Ute  camp. 
The  governor  then  appointed  two  couiniissidiurs, 
William  Weatherlow  and  T.  J.  Harvc\',  to  visit 
Poito,  the  head  chief,  known  as  Old  Winneinunn, 
to  demand  the  criminals,  in  accordance  with  an  exist- 
ing treaty.  Winnenmcca  was  found  at  Pyramid 
lake.  He  did  not  deny  the  governor's  right  in  tl.c 
matter,  but  refused  to  give  the  order  for  the  surim- 
der,  and  demanded  $IG,000  for  Honey   Lake  valkv, 

It  was  observed  early  in  March  that  the  Indiai.s 
were  withdrawing  from  the  settlenienta.  In  the  lat- 
ter part  of  April  they  held  a  council  at  Pyramid 
lake,  and  recited  their  grievances,  a  long  enough  li^t 
of  insults  and  injustice,  among  which  the  cncrc  acli- 
nients  of  the  white  race  upim  their  favorite  lands,  and 
the  cutting  down  of  the  pine  nut  trees,  which  W(  n 
their  orchards,  were  mild  charges.  Every  clii(f  in 
the  council  except  Numaga,  known  as  Young  Winiu  - 
niucca,  although  not  related  to  the  head  chief  of  that 
name,  which  signifies  bread  giver,  was  in  favor  ot 
war,  hj  having  mingled  more  with  white  people,  and 
knowing  theirnumbers and  strenjjth.  Tlio  head  <  hi«  f, 
like  Peupeumoxmox  of  the  Walla  Wallas  was  a 
shrewd  politician,  and,  while  secretly  supnorcing  tlie 
war  movement,  never  connnitted  himself  opinly  to 
either  party,  but  consented  to  be  governed  bv  the 
niajority.  Then  there  was  a  chief  of  the  Shosj.cnfs 
who  had  married  a  Pah  Uto,  and  another  chief  fi  ini 
Powder  river,  Oregon,  a  halt  Bannack,  who  were 
clamorous  for  war.* 

^leanwhile  !Mogoannoga,  cldcf  of  the  I[unili<ildt 
IMeadows  men,  known  to  the  settlers  as  Captain  Soc 
stole  away  from  the  council  with  nine  braves  to  end 

•The  Shoshone  was  killed  a  few  years  later,  afters  raitl  into  I'arailisc 
valley,  hy  soiiie  of  hi-j  own  peojile,  ni';ir  Kattlu  inoiintaiii.  They  killcil  liiin 
iK-'oause  ho  kept  them  in  perpetual  trmilile  l>y  his  raiils  upon  the  stock  lif  tin' 
pettier^  in  Nevada  and  Oregon.  Tiio  chief  of  the  .Smoke  Creek  Iniliiiiis.  a 
lir.ither-indaw  of  *Vinneniueca,  was  slain  Ity  one  of  his  own  people  for  at- 
tempting to  l)ewitch  him.  'I  he  chief  of  the  Honey  Ijake  hand  \v;i^  al^' 
killed  hy  his  followers  after  years  of  war,  to  put  a  stop  to  hostilitit'-;  aii'l 
anutlier  Honey  Lake  chief  was  killed  hy  his  peo]de.  A  hrother  of  Wiiiue- 
inucca  named  Waho  was  murdered  hy  the  Tah  Utes  at  Walker  river. 


1* 


*mcK  AT  »-a„^„,,  ^^^^^^ 

all  discussion  by  oDenm,,  +i,  ** 

M^u-  tliey  attacked  Wjjl^P  '''^'•-  On  the  7th  f 
^-i  road,  kilied  seyZlZ\:Tr'  «"  "-  -or' 
Tiiou  pas^mg  by  tlie  place  o/S^  ^"^"^^  the  house 

H,.  ca,ne  to  the  farm^Tw  H  "i^T^  ^^  ^"^^Cd '^ 
UioNo  oir  the  stock  an  J      !     ^'  -^^oouifield      Ti 
^•f~S  one  „f  their"!  ^  "."-','<>  ^K^'id  wT 

■'"■«rotur„cd  to  his  fe.,,^  t"'".  ^".':  "K  J.  O  W^^ 
Jic'iir  winch  laxr  +]       "'""t-  to  find  it  a  cir.  i  •  ^''" 

ffratiou  was  tlie  ventpfni       ^  ^""5  smothered  n.    a 

^^-^  no.,s  ortheattactl"  W;-n-'""^"'  -^"Kwt" 
si>^"d  ni  ovorv  direct ,V.      ^'V'^^s'  station       p  ^"^*^<i 

•-""''it  i--.  0,1:"''  "'"''-'"'■■""'i. '  aS 

•  "*•  *  uiar  J.  A   Tk 


l^fl^'H:  sli 


210 


INDIAN  WARS. 


interring  the  dead  the  volunteers  proceeded  to  the 
Truckee  river,  where  they  encamped  on  the  ni<,'lit  of 
the  11th  at  the  present  site  of  Wadsworth,  moving 
down  next  day  toward  the  main  camp  of  the  euLmy. 
About  two  miles  from  the  foot  of  the  lake  the  moun- 
tains approach  closely  to  the  river,  leaving  but  a  nar- 
row strip  of  bottom  land,  which  constitutes  a  pass 
easily  defended,  and  dangerous  to  an  attacking  forcf. 
No  enemy  appearing  in  sight,  the  volunteers  niarcliod 
on  for  a  mile  and  a  half.  Wlien  they  were  well  with- 
in the  trap,  about  100  Indians  showed  themselves  m 
the  ridge  a  little  in  advance.  Mnjor  Oruisby  gave 
the  order  for  his  company  to  charge  up  the  shtpe. 
When  they  reached  the  plateau  above,  on  still  an- 
other ridge,  another  line  was  stationed  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  first,  but  more  extended,  and  with  their 
right  and  left  almost  touching  the  narrow  vallov 
through  which  ran  an  impassable  river.  Soon  from 
every  sage  brush  twanged  an  arrow  or  hissed  a  bullet, 
and  the  thirty  men  realized  their  peril.  They  made 
a  hasty  retreat  to  a  piece  of  timber  which  came  down 
toward  the  bottom  on  the  west.  But  hero  they  were 
met  by  the  savages  under  the  Black  Rock  chief  Se- 
quinata,  commonly  called  Chiquito  Winnemucea,  or 
Black  Rock  Tom,  who   forced  them  down  toward 


son,  Lee  James;  Caraon  City  Rangers:  Maj.  William  M.  Ormsby,  John  L. 
Blackburn,  F.  Steinger,  Christopher  Barnes,  James  M.  (Jatewooil,  William 
8.  Spurr,  Frank  Gilbert,  William  Heailley,  F.  Khinn,  William  Mason,  Kul. 
ard  C.  Watkins,  John  Holmes,  Samuel  Brown,  William  E.  Eichelrotli,  AiiMi 
W.  Tjiidcr,  James  J.  Mclntyre,  Eugene  Angel,  William  C.  Marloy,  Lak' , 
Abraham  Jones,  Charles  Shad,  Bartholomew  Riley,  and  5  dischar),'(il  I'.  > 
soldiers  from  Fort  Ruby.  Silver  City  guards:  Cant.  R.  O.  Watkiiii.  .VHiert 
Bloom,  Charles  Evans,  James  Lee,  James  Shalxsl,  Boston  Boy,  Keiiic,  anil  a 
boy;  Virginia  vols,  co,  1:  Capt.  F.  Johnson,  F.  J.  Call,  AleTcriit  y,  Hudi 
McLauKhlin,  Cliarlcs  Mcljcod;  John  Fleming,  Henderson  (Ureck.s),  Andreas 
Schnal<T(  Italian),  Marco  Kneegiswohlt,  and  John  Ciaventi  (Austrians),  (h'ti-o 
(aChileno),  O.  C.  Steel;  Virginia  Vol.,  co.  2.,  Capt.  Archie  McDoiiaW.  \\il- 
iiam  Armington,  Charles  W.  AlUm,  O.  F.  Brown,  Joseph  G.  Baldwin,  .Ir,  I' 
D.  Cole,  A.  K.  EUiiitt,  A.  L.  Grannis,  Fred.  Galchousen,  F.  Hawkins,  Ar. ! 
ibald  Haven,  J.  C.  Hall,  (rcorge  Jones,  Charles  Forman,  R.  Lawrcme,  Henry 
Meredith,  V.  Mcintosh,  O.  Spurr,  M.  Spurr,  John  Noyce,  C.  Mc\':iiu,  I'at- 
rick  McCourt,  S.  McNaughton,  Henry  Newton,  A.  J.  Peck,  and  Hiohanl 
Snowden.  Another  company  from  liold  Hill  contained  J.  F.  Johnson,  i|. 
Jonner,  James  McCarthy,  T.  Kelley,  J.  Bowden,  N.  A.  Chaudler,  A.  (i.  '>• 
Hammond,  Armstrong,  £.  Millsou,  and  24  others. 


THE  WINNEMUCCAS. 

tlio    riVcr,   where    thev   w..  ]  i  ^  """ 

....  the,    would  be   entirely    at    his 

At  tins  lunrturp  XT.,. 

(•i;u  (oiisonfc  took    fi        '"®'^'  where  OrinsKv  I 

c  ;:■;,?"  f "^'  *<>  j-^'oii,':  ir:/"'  i"'-''""^™^ 

V  tmn  l"  r "'  "''  "'"  Silver  atv°"''  ?''  ^'^P'^'n 

I'ssnoss     7;i.  ?"^^  P'-^'^'c  ensued  ^o  •        f^'^'"   «"* 

too  late-      ^'  ^"*  "^«  savages  said  '  K^^^"^"  "^^» 
T^-  batth  be.an  ah     ..  ^^^senow; 

l,,tl,  „r„,r  t7  ''  P'."*"«'  O'-i-ow    „„,,     "  ""f  **'">' 

f»"  '•'•-  ws  h"  Ln "» "' "-  ArcaS";':':' ;" 

'lion  fn  roll        '^^^'     ■i<;wassaiV]fl...fi     I       "^'"»to 
-onues  before  life  was^^LTV',''" 


(f  ! 


INDIAN  WARS. 


(H; 


pursuit  was  kept  up  until  interrupted  by  the  darkness 
of  night,  and  the  fugitives  scattered  ovjr  the  country 
a  hundred  miles  from  Virginia  City."  Comparativtlv 
few  were  wounded.  The  first  effect  of  the  delVat  at 
Pyramid  lake  was  to  drive  many  out  of  the  countrv. 
The  women  and  ehildrcu  of  Virginia  City  were  [)]uct'(J 
in  an  unfinished  stone  house,  whicli  was  turned  iiitoa 
fortress  and  called  Fort  liiley.  At  Silver  City  a  for- 
tification was  erected  on  the  rocks  overlooking  tlio 
town,  and  a  cannon  made  of  wood  was  mounted  iit  the 
fort  to  frighten  away  invaders.  At  Carson  City  tlio 
Penrod  liotel  was  used  as  a  fortification,  after  \mu<r 
barricaded,  ami  pickets  establisliod.  At  Genoa  tlie 
small  stone  house  of  Warren  Wasson  w.as  taken  fnra 
defence,  while  Wasson  rixle  through  the  enemy's  coun- 
try 110  miles,  to  Honey  lake,  to  carry  a  telegnipliic 
order  from  General  Clarke  to  a  company  of  cavuirv 
supposed  to  be  at  Honey  lake,  to  march  at  once  to 
Carson. 

As  I  have  before  stated,  the  Californians  responds  d 
quickly  to  the  (all  for  help.  The  news  of  the  battle 
and  the  death  ofvoung  Meredith  aroused  tho  ( itizciis 
of  Downie\  ille,  who  within  thirty -six  hours  raised  and 
equipped  105  men,  who  marched  to  Virginia  City  on 
foot  in  five  days.  Sacramento,  Placerville,  La  rurto, 
San  Juan,  and  Nevada  City  sent  volunteers  to  lidp 
fit'ht  the  Pah  Utcs.  San  Francisco  raised  monov  and 
arms.  General  Clarke  issued  orders  to  Captain  Stew- 
art of  the  I3d  artillery  stationed  at  Fort  Alcatraz,  and 


*'  The  killed,  l)esi»le3  Onnsby,  wore  Eugene  Angel,  William  Arriiii^ton,  >!. 
Aul>crsnii,  B<>>ton  Boy,  A.  K.  Elliott,  Joliu  B.  Fleming,  \V.  Hawkins  Wil- 
liam Heatlly.  F.  (Jatehouse,  J<ilin  (Javenti,  (Jeorge  Jones,  Flourney  .iulmsun, 
M.  Kuezerwiteh,  James  Lee,  Henry  Mereilitli,  P.  Mcintosh,  Charles  MiLoikI, 
O.  McNaugliton,  J.  McCarty.  Par.-ons  Richard Saowdcn,  William  K.  SjK'ar, 
Anilrcw  Schucld,  and  others.  One  cnrre-ipondent  of  the  S.  F.  y/.v 'A/ gavo 
the  niunlKT  of  l>o<lies  found  on  the  field  and  huried  at  43,  If(tyfii'Sir']ii.Viii- 
iwj,  XI.  101,  and  another  says  that  on  the  27tli,  two  weeks  after  tiu'  tight, 
nearly  00  persons  were  still  mijsing.  See  abo  (Sac.  ^cron/,  .luno 'J'J,  l!)7i'; 
S.  F  I/eniU.  May  14,  ISW);  ,S.  /'.  Call,  Jan.  20,  1S7!);  KUhi'i  F^nwlrnf;} 
CiirMnCity,  MS.,  4;  S.  F.  Aila,  May  8,  IStM);  J/iiwl.'y\i  Luke  Tiiht,;  M^.,+-i; 
CrwUrhau/h's  Nen>  liioif..  MS.,  4-5;  J/iiif>H  Srrit]»  Miiiiwi,  \\.  Ol-SIi;  .V.  /■ 
BiMiHn,  May  14,  IG,  17,  2G,  IW,  31,  and  June  5,  0,  7,  1800;  C.il.  ftmer, 
May  11,  1800. 


li' r  ,■! 


Hap  puo:,  c,u.,WRs,,. 

Capt,-,;,!  FJiiit  of  t)ie  6th   ;.  c    .  "" 

"■-.a.  t,;  proceed  at  once  to  r""''  &^'"'"-<i  at  Bo- 

rompaines  nun,l.erinir  1 50  n,  '.' ^  ""'T.   tlie  tvw 

-■'"-yix'^t.     AJ,,^,,!      "'''"J«,ero-;;taU:,;;' 

arnvals  fr„„,  „,,t  of  tl  e  ,,tZ,,  '•"='"'=''^'-  ".ere   ,vere 

"•""'.„„«.,  to  the  divert  ly  "      '"'•  '■''''•''  ijave  ,.  ,^? 

I"  -^'  wimt  turn  aCr  w  ,  m'TT-  "n  li.^,     ^ 

:';'■  ,■""""'  t'-e--'^  were  ailut  800  ?•     ^-^'  "'«  '•'•■^t 

l^r.,n  city,  Vie,,  t;  etiifeV'"°?f^  ".ilea  belt 
'■•""-:  '■'■«volu;,teers;?reT  ?",'''  ""'  '« toul'i'f ' 

""»  "as  reported  broken  un,  T'"''"''-     Evorrst" 
--"-P^rMnt^/el^LiToffi^^^^^^ 


if'' 
"ill       ' 


iij 


r4. 


\ 


II 


m 


IP 


!  i 

V. 

I 
'I 

i 


Si;; 


S14 


INDIAN  WARS. 


Eureka  county."  On  the  iOth  of  June  the  exjress 
and  mail  were  escorted  from  Carson  City  eastward 
by  a  picked  company  of  twenty  men,  and  the  Hue  re- 
established. While  the  volunteers  were  crossiiii;  the 
Twenty-six-mile  desert,  one  of  the  scouts,  Midiael 
Bushy,  was  cut  oif  by  the  Indians.  His  roniains 
were  found  two  years  afterward  near  Williams'  sta- 
tion, and  the  Indians  who  pointed  them  out  said  he 
had  fought  bravely  for  eight  miles,  turning  on  his 
pursuers  and  driving  them  to  cover,  but  his  horse 
gave  out,  the  enemy  surrounded  him,  and  the  end 
soon  came. 

The  army  found  the  Indians  waiting  for  thcni  at 
Big  Meadows,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Williams'  sta- 
tion, where  they  engaged  a  detachment  of  scouts, 
under  Captain  Fleeson,  whom  they  attempted  to  cut 
off.  In  the  skirmish  two  volunteers  were  woinidod. 
and  six  Indians  killed.  The  enemy  retreated  when 
tlie  main  volunteer  force  came  up.  In  tliis  fig] it.  as 
in  the  battle  of  Pyramid  lake,  the  Indians  had  rifles 
of  longer  ranije  than  the  volunteers.  The  rejjulars 
coming  up  two  hours  after  the  action  at  Bi<,' 
^Meadows,  the  whole  force  moved  on  to  the  scone  ot 
the  first  battle,  where  they  found  and  buried  the 
bodies  of  the  slain.  From  this  point  the  Indians 
warily  withdrew  toward  Pyramid  lake,  followed  hy 
the  army,  which  could  not  bring  them  to  any  decisive 
enixaixement,  but  which  was  resolved  to  drive  them 
beyond  the  lake,  and  then  leave  the  regular  troojis  to 
guard  the  passes,  as  previously  agreed  upon,  ho[iing 
thus  to  starve  them  into  subjection. 

As  the  fatal  pass  was  ncared  they  found  the  bodies 
of  those  killed  in  the  retreat  of  the  12th  of  May, 
which  were  interred,  and  camp  was  made  on  the  1st 
of  June,  about  eight  miles  below  the  lower  rrossini; 
of  the  Truckee  river.  On  the  afternoon  of  the  -'Jd 
an  order  was  issued  to  Captain  Storey  of  the  Vir- 
ginia RiHes  with  twenty  men,  Captain  Wallace  of  the 

'^llayea'  Scraps  Mimwj,  xi.  217,  221. 


S-vl 


FORT  STOREY 

count  t>.eaty-three  bodies '^^IT'"''',  ,»«'»•  ^nouglto 

H^es  and    Captain   St^ivlrt    ,?"""«/«'    <»  Colonel 
s|wt  and  a  battle  tliree  i '?,  '  •  '?^  hastened  to  the 

pW«l.  They  dislod..ed^th.  r  r  ''''«''''"•'  were  en 
l«;t)v.e„  f„„  ^  J  fiv?e  „,  i„  fV,'^."'"^'  pursuing  Jhe^ 
'f ".'  fi%  of  their  h„C^'  r^T-  '-^-'.v-fi've  and 
S  »r.nV'  was  shot  thronTthe    .   '"'  *"""»  Capt^„ 

»vn,  wounded,  and  a  private  of  *!"   ''S''''"-  ^*ie4 

aiJJiiilo  led  at  sundown     H,l  t    .?'     '^''e  Pursuit  was 
'"'lUiitains.     Fortifier/-  I"tlians   flcein,r   *„  ,^ 


K  ,'i| 

fi 

■1^  '^^ 

'     nH 

m  11 

1  i 

T  1  '^- 

'     "jS!' 

h    t 

-  m 

*^^S 

U- 

m.-' 

f^3 

nh 

■  1 

•i'i 

;  aB 

•  »  n 

n« 


INDIAN  WARS. 


I!: 


;r' 


Haven,  Colonel  Hayes  returned  to  Carson  and  dls- 
banded  his  regiment.  On  the  inarch  he  lost  a  valued 
scout,  William  S.  Allen,"  who  was  shot  from  an  am- 
buscade, this  act  being  the  last  of  the  Pah  Ute  war  of 
1860,  in  the  western  part  of  the  county  of  Carsdn. 
There  was  some  fighting  in  the  Goose  Lake  countrv 
between  the  force  under  Colonel  Lander,  then  explor- 
ing for  a  wagon  road  over  the  sierra  and  across  tlio 
great  basin,  who  had  been  appohited  special  Indian 
agent.  In  August,  Lander  gave  information  that 
old  Winnemucca,  with  the  principal  part  of  his  hand, 
was  in  the  mountains  north  of  the  Humboldt  rivir, 
and  the  Smoke  Creek  chief  scouting  from  theTnirkw 
river  over  to  a  point  north  of  the  sink  of  the  Hum- 
boldt. Before  quitting  the  Humboldt  countr\%  Lan- 
der sought  an  interview  with  young  Winnenmcoa, 
and  through  him  a  convention  was  entered  into  Ity 
which  Numaga  agreed  that  the  Pah  Utes  should  kocp 
the  peace  for  one  year,  and  Lander  promised  at  tlii; 
end  of  that  time  to  use  his  influence  with  congress  to 
procure  payment  for  the  Pah  Ute  lands. 

The  regulars  under  Captain  Stewart  remained  at 
Fort  Haven  until  the  middle  of  July,  some  jx  isdiis 
taking  advantage  of  their  presence  to  make  settK- 
ments  on  the  Truckee,  and  near  Pyramid  lake.'*  Tlio 
troops  after  leaving  Fort  Haven  occupied  themselves, 
under  the  direccton  of  Captain  Stewart,  in  eicctim,' 
Fort  Churchill,  a  permanent  post  on  the  Caison 
river  thirty-five  miles  below  Carson  City.  Lidian- 
agent  Frederick  Dodge  endeavored  to  perfect  tlic 
promised  peace  by  setting  off  reservations  at  Walker 
and  Pyramid  lakes,  and  in  the  Truckee  valley,  wlu  re 
the  fishing  and  other  food  supplies  of  the  Indians 
were  most  abundant,  and  placing  them  in  charge  of 
Warren  Wasson,  an  energetic,  fearless,  and  just  man. 

"  Bucklitml'tt  Iwlinn  Figldimf,  MS. 

>•  J.  1).  Rolierts  Thomaa  Slarsh,  Robert  Reed,  Hans  Parian,  0.  Spi-vey, 
Anderson  .Spain,  Washington  Cox  Corey,  and  M.  A.  Braley.  The  in H' ;<  at 
Aurora  were  <liscovered  by  Corey  and  Braley,  whose  names  were  givtii  to 
two  mountains  in  that  region. 


ON  OWEN  RIVER 

fo^-tlu'  time.  J-ruciioe,     war   was  averted 

Tilt!  winter  of  1 861-2  u-o 

St  .•!>  „f  provis  OII3  Was  ;,.„  1         '*l'"''«l.  nil,    «.iiw,B 

.".-I  .1.0  cattle  boI„„7,J':te,  *"  "-"•'•   -ul! 
tlKHis,.|vt.s  so,„eti,„es''s|.''„.;,':'"'"'l">'  «'ei..  ami  were 

I .'"  ''"'o'  to  faiiip  tliov  worn  ,        '  """"  ">">  '"an  " 

«l<"mi,|,  two  „t|,er  wl  it .  I?     '  ""■^"«''  «'"'  "'  anothor 

'«"'..'  -'-M  under  eve;'':f  ">'!;?''"•»•"    Tl,"  '..^f 

«  <■"■  (..rtitieation,  abauSm! '"''" -7"'  '■«""-"od  to 

"f  a-""mniti„„.  ei..l,tee     !     '  "  "'"sideraLle  .mantif  ° 

""  "'«  field.     On     fe  .     '^''  "'«'  I'^avin..  tl,  .1 S 

f "  tl'o  infection  of[Zt     "  '''*""'«"oe,  and  nre 
I'™-     (Jeneral  W,i.  ,!',(        ''"■<^'"'"'.'?  t»  the  S" 

'>•.*'.  hcott,  sheriff  «f  m 

'        "°  "^  Mono  cotintv   anri  Vf       • 

^'  *""  Morrison  of  Visalia 


I 


^^•ff    §f' 


'MUM'' 


i\t'  '  'f 


til 


INDIAN  WARS. 


.i4--i 


command  of  the  detachment  were  not  to  engage  the 
Indians  without  the  sanction  of  the  Indian  aj^tnt. 
But  wlien  Lieutenant  Noble  met  Colonel  Evans 
on  the  7th  of  April  his  command  was  taken  away, 
and  liis  men  ordered  to  join  in  the  pursuit  <»f  the 
Indians,  whom  Wasson  desired  to  meet  and  pucifv. 
On  tlje  second  day,  believing  that  the  Indians  were 
secreted  in  a  certain  canon,  Evans  sent  Sergeant  (}[]. 
lespie  and  nine  men  to  reconnoiter  in  advance  of  the 
main  command.  The  squad  was  fired  upon  almost 
as  soon  as  it  entered  tlie  canon,  the  sergeant  killed 
and  Corporal  Harris  wounrled.  An  attack  was  then 
ordered,  the  cavalry  under  Evans  taking  the  moun- 
tains on  the  right  of  the  defile,  Noble,  with  his  coin. 
pany  and  a  few  citizens,  the  heights  on  the  left,  and 
the  remainder  of  the  force  remaining  below.  Xohle 
succeeded  in  gaining  his  position  under  a  gallin*^  fire 
from  a  concealed  foe,  but  the  colonel  of  the  citizen's 
company,  Mayfield,  who  had  accomj)anied  him.  was 
killed  Not  being  able  to  cope  with  an  invisible 
enemy,  he  retird  down  the  mountain,  and  Evans 
having  no  provisions  for  an  extended  campaign,  re- 
turned to  Los  Angeles.  Noble  then  escorted  the 
graziers  with  their  herds,  numbering  4,000  cattle  and 
2,500  sheep,  to  quieter  pastures  in  Nevada,  and  the 
Indian  agents  undertcK)k  the  task  of  soothing  away 
the  excitement  amon*;  tie  reservation  Indians,  who 
from  fiijhting  among  themselves  were  willing  and 
anxio'is  to  go  to  war  with  the  Owens  River  tril)e 
should  they  be  asked  to  do  so.  But  with  this  people 
the  governor  of  California  made  a  treaty  in  the  fel- 
lowing  October, 

On  the  23d  of  May  the  governor  met  Winneniucca 
and  his  people  in  council  at  the  lower  bend  of  the 
Truckeo,  but  nothing  came  of  it.  In  August,  eh  ven 
immigrants,  men,  women,  and  children,  were  killed 
by  the  Indians  on  the  Humboldt,  eight  miles  east  of 
Gravelly  Ford,  and  their  bodies  cast  into  a  stn  am. 
Thereupon  General  Conner  issued  the  eminently  in- 


Mm 


r^  / 


TREATIES, 

tcHi^nt  just  and  humane  order  to  -^h.  .     „ 
lM|.aiKS  found  in  the  vicuuty,  and  lAa^  al]  nmle 

it  .sava,^re  warfare  or  eiviS  ^   5^'^'*'    "'^  '"^  ««k,  Is 
-"  -'.^a^-  in  ?     The  ctm^^^^^^^^  t],e  white 

sum..!  oonnnand  of  the  ZtZ%?"T'  ''^''^  ^'^ 
-  Au.u.st  1862,  against  the  P^fu?^^  T"^  ^^'^^^ 
Nevada,  and  the  Snakes  ^^l.     i  ^^^^  "^  eastern 

Idnl.o  are  given  Ztre^^tfr'^^'l''^  ^^^^^^ 
.^leanwJnJe    desultor;  ho"tife  ^"''*"''^«- 

^''  ^''«  Oosh  Utes.     A  CO,  na  ^v    T''"    V^^"^^  «» 
nf;.  n  S.n.-fK .       ^  company  of  remi  .-.».., i  _ 


witl.  .1.0  Gosh  Ut-erVZ  :;"  T'"  7'-™''  °" 
'itl>  crept  upo,,  acal^,;'?  '•?P'"!:^  "'■''<"• 
"  tl.e  .«.<««  j;  3  Sr'!.''' Step- 


Captain  Sni..„  crept  upon  a  cami)''nf  T  "?^ '""'.''  """^'^ 
^^"  ya  loy  on  tlie  4tli  of  June  Z  ll "I'f "'  ^'^  ^^^P" 
^^■xtday  they  killed  five  nior.  .  i^'''^"^>*-^<'"r. 
t-';";.v-t];ree^]K>rribIe  massacre  'tf"''  *^?  ^^>'  ^^^^^ 
cali-1  J.ad  the  savages  per»eSa[.  I  !r^  ^'*"  ^^""^^  he 
^  •<•  Indians  ec>ntinued' t<?  p  M  Meanwidle 

«  a,^;- <lriver  occasionally  and  del       f"'"''^"*  <>r  a 
alJ  along  the  line.     Treat  p«  I    ''^^^^^"yed  the  stations 
-I  autunn.  of  1863™  tTrsT^V"  *^^^  «"-'"- 
C..nMor  and  Governor  Doty  of  Ut^ hT^^'r '    ^^"^'^-^l 
S)->.shones  and  Bannacks  in  south  *''f*"'^\^itl»  the 
J"ly-  and  Governor  Doty  and  r^^'^''"x^'^^^^^  i» 
^"-^n  the  north-eastern  pa  tofT''"?'  ^^^^^'  ^'^^ 
-nod,  including  the  Gosh  Utes   .^''^^^'  ^^  ^  ^^^^r 
a  reservation  in   Ruby  vallev  "    V    J"^"^  ^^^'-^^^^  «" 
su-nna-r  of  1863  were  raised {L  V      *^  'P^'"^'  ^nd 
•"^antiy  l.y  order  of  th^  general  ^'""^^  '^"^^^^  ^^»d 
^•t'o  distributed  to  the  rhfl^^    1  government,  which 
;tat.ons      Neverthlt    1';,^-^^^  overlanS 

red  continued  through    864  a mM  8 A.  ''^'t  "^""  ^"^ 
Twenty-n  ne    of  W;«  ^^  "*"fJi  as  before 

"  ."'>■  year  last  name  I  ^^^'^^V ™l<tam  i„  March 

"'"••''.  tl'o  ehieftairS^I  [.rf '"n  "*'  '•"""l  - 
<"i""Mttcd  against  l,i,n  by  „■  L    ™''''"S,"o  oforiines 
™;-d  those  Which  coiJ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 


. 

1-}  I-* 

\'\) 

^    '■ 

w 

i 

> ' 

1 

!i  i 

220 


INDIAN  WAItS. 


liiin;  yet  Winnomucra  was  not  nhlc  to  kill  ton  wliite 
moil  for  evorv  twenty  dollars'  worth  of  property  stuli  n, 
else  lie  woulfl  have  done  so.  In  April  the  s  tthrs  in 
Para«liso  valley  were  attaeked,  and  the  Indians  with 
diiHculty  repulsed.  In  May  thirty-six  men  attacked 
a  force  of  500  l*ah  Utes  and  Shoshones,  IJiO  niiha 
north-east  of  (Iravelly  Ford,  and  75  miles  from  Tiira- 
dise  valley.  The  troops  were  repulsed  afti  r  four 
liours  hard  fightinsij,  having  lost  two  men  kilhd  and 
four  wounded.  An  Indian  camp  at  Tahle  mounliiin 
was  surprised  in  September  and  ten  killed.  A  whole 
vilhige  full  were  butchered  shortly  afterward,  niid 
other  camps  and  other  villages;  and  so  the  game  went 
on,  until  enough  of  the  savages  were  swept  away — 
the  civilized  war  being  likewise  brou<;ht  to  a  close— 
to  enable  the  Nevada  volunteers  to  be  mustered  out 
of  service." 

Troubles  continuing  in  northern  Nevada,  Captain 
Conrad  of  Company  H,  of  that  organizatiofi,  and  a 
detachment  of  Comimny  I,  under  Lieutenant  Duncan, 
with  eight  citizens,  had  a  battle  on  the  morning  ot' 
the  ritJi  of  January,  18(10,  with  th'i  Indians  on  Fisji 
eri!<k,  sixty-five  miles  west  of  Paradise  valley.  Tin 
conflict  was  a  determined  one  on  both  sides,  the 
savages  being  led  by  Captain  John,  a  chi^f  of  the 
Warner  Lake  Shoshones,  who  had  killed  Colonel 
McDermit.  After  a  three  hour's  fight  the  troojts 
were  victorious,  slaying  thirty-five  warriors,  c aptuiini,' 
ten  wonu  n  with  their  children,  and  destroying  their 
supplies.'* 

The  settlers  of  Paradise  valley  being  agam  dis- 
turbed by  Indian  raids,  an  expedition  against  them 
was  organized,  under  Major  S.  P.  Smith,  of  fifty-one 

'■'■''The  military  farce  in  Nevada  in  1808  consisted  of  0  cos.  of  cav.  audi 
of  inf.,  wliicli  coninaniea  garrisoned  camps  McDermit,  Wintield  Scolt,  lliiliv, 
Halletk,  and  Fort  C'liurcliill.  Mv^^.  nwl  ))(«:,  l8G8-{>,  :Hi8-{>.  In  l.ST'J  cainiis 
llallcck  and  McDernntt  alone  w^ro  garrisoned,  the  former  liy  1  cniiiiiuii) nf 
tlie  1st  U.  S.  cavalry,  and  1  company  of  the  I'Jth  U.  S.  inf.  Sir.  War  l,']tl, 
i.  G(i,  4,ld  cong.  1st  sess. 

■^8  Uiiiniirill,;  Nit\  OnzfUe,  Jan.  24.  1866.:  Sac.  Umm,  Jan.  22,  18W5;  Ihc., 
7,  Misc.  Hint.  Papers,  MS. 


WINNl.VUCCA. 


m 


men  of  the  same  regiment  aided  by  tliirty  citizons  of 
the  iiif(?sted  re«fi<)n.  A  hattlo  was  fou}j;lit  ut  Kock 
carioii,  on  the  15th  of  February,  in  which  115  Ind- 
ians were  killed  and  11)  prisoners  taken,  with  a  loss  of 
(Hie  soldier  killed  and  Major  Snnth  and  six  [>nvates 

woiiiuh''!. 

\W  reference  to  the  second  volume  of  my  Iliatory 
of  lh-f;/(ni,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  troops  in  that  state 
and  ill  Idaho  were  drivin<jf  the  Indians  south,  while  the 
Nevada  troops  were  forcing  them  north,  so  tliat 
trulv  the  savage  had  no  place  to  lay  his  head.  The 
total  loss  to  Indians  in  the  district  of  Nevada  for 
IHCd  was  17-  killed  and  about  an  equal  number  made 
|iiisi)ners. 

Iti  1H74-5  there  was  some  trouble  with  the  Indians 
ill  east(>ru  Nevada,  which  was,  however,  quickly  sup- 
pressed. C.  C.  Clevland  was  conspicuous  in  putting 
down  tlie  disturbance.  Owing  to  the  milder  disposi- 
tion of  the  Nevada  tribes,  as  well  as  to  the  swift 
voii'^e.ince  by  which  any  resistance  was  met,  the  state 
lilts  siitt'ered  less  than  some  others  by  Indian  wars. 
Pr<»l»al)Iy  -50  or  300  white  persons  have  been  killed 
1 '•  Indians  in  Nevada,  while  ton  times  that  number 
of  >  ivages  have  suflfered  death  at  the  hands  of  white 
iiion. 

Xo  treaty  was  ever  entered  into  between  the  gov- 
eriinioiit  and  the  Pah  VUes  or  Washoes.  The  latter 
never  had  a  reservation,  but  roamed  u[)  and  down  the 
country  formerly  occupied  by  them,  sometimes  labor- 
ing as  servants,  but  largely  idle,  with  every  combina- 
tion of  vices,  savage  and  civilized.  The  friendly  Pah 
Utes,  \esH  vile,  more  manly,  and  numbering  a  little 
over  1,000,  were  for  the  most  part  established  on  re- 
servations at  Truckee  and  Walker  rivers,  .nggregat- 
ing  044,000  acres  These  reservations  wore  surveyed 
by  tlie  government,  and  confirmed  to  the  Indians  by 
executive  order  in  1874." 

"/»'/.  A^.  Hejtt.  1871,  682.  LmulOf.  Rrpt,  1864,  20;  Ihiyei,'  Smrpi,,  Ind- 
iam,  i.  51;  Sec.  JiU,   Hept,  iii.,   9-10,   108-73,  3G1-95,  40th  isuug.  2a  sesa. ; 


m 


M'       (If  I      '         'If 

>i   'i  f| 


41 


INDIAN  WARS. 


m 


Winnemucpa  dkl  not  remain  long  upon  the  ipsor- 
vatioii  at  Pyramid  lake,  but  roamed  over  the  nortlu  rn 
part  of  the  state,  being  never  met  in  battle.  AlUr 
the  peace  of  18C8  in  southern  Oregon  and  Nevada, 
lie  remained  in  tlie  neigliborhood  of  Can>p  McDeniiit 
and  received  rations  from  the  military  deiiartiiictir. ' 
It  is  (juite  certain  that  in  tlie  Modoc  war  of  1S72  3 
the  Modors  looked  for  assistiince  from  the  Pah  I'tf  s 
and  Shoshones  in  that  quarter.  A  tract  in  eastern 
Oregon  containing  1,800,000  acres  was  set  a[iurt  in 
1870  for  a  reservation  on  which  to  place  tlic  Mal- 
heur and  Warner  lake  Shoshones,  and  tlie  nst- 
less  Pah  Utes  of  northern  Nevaxla.  A  few  \vt  re 
gathered  upon  it  in  1875J,  among  them  Winnemucca's 
band,  who  still  spent  the  summers  in  roaming  tlinnij;!! 
Nevada  and  Idaho,  and  were  fed  whenever  tUv 
applied  for  rations  at  Camp  McDermit.  Duriiij  tlic 
wars  of  .1877-8  in  Idaho  and  eastern  Oregon,  A\  iniK- 
nmcca's  band  was  hovering  on  the  edges  of  the  liostile 
field,  yet  sustaining  a  neutral  character.  The  war  nf 
1878  caused  the  abandonment  of  the  Malheur  rt  si  r- 
vation,  the  Indians  having  destroyed  the  agency.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  war  the  Shoshones  and  Pali  I  tts 
were  removed  to  the  Simcoe  reservation  in  Wasliii)<^r. 
ton,  where  they  were  not  wanted  by  the  Yakimas, 
who  made  them  miserable  by  various  systematized 
oppressions,  causing  them  in  1880  to  return  to 
Nevada.  The  Malheur  reservation  was  ordeied  to 
be  sold,  and  the  money  applied  to  the  benefit  ot"  the 
Indians." 

The  treaty  made  in  October  1803,  befweeii  tlio 
Indians  of  eastern  Nevada  on  one  side  and  govenmrs 
Ny<!  and  Doty,  of  Nevada  and  Utah  respectively,  on 
the  other,  contained  an  article  authorizing  tin;  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  to  select  a  reservation  tor 

Tf,!';'"  PnotA  ami  Stnlhm,  2;  Iwi.  Aff.  Ifrpt,  1874.  3-4,  5XA,  104-79.  ST^M; 
/./.,  1873,  3.Ttt-l(5;  AVr.  Sen.  Jmr..,  1873.  app  no.  6.  18:  S"n.  Dor.,i-2,i., 
43»1  c<ing.  Idtsess,;  //.»iMr>  Ex.  Dm:,  157,  xii..  43«l  cong.  IstiifiM. 

=*  Winnemucpa  died  in  Oct.  1882.  fifnn  OnzfUe,  Oct.  27.  1S82. 

»  Winnemucca  Silver  Shtte,  July  10,  1880;  Jieno  OuzetU,  Nov.  '/I,  18S0. 


ii 


,    i  :^ 


RESERVATIONS. 


tho  western  Shoshones      Th;  ^ 

lisJicd  in  1877  at  Duck  valW  TT'''^'''^  ^««  ^stab- 
t  H^^^lr^  ^'^-'  "^  Elk?"  ^„X^^7,  *^-  forks  of 
^^"^  tl,o  Moapa  river  reservation  in  f.  '^  ","'>'  "t^'^'*- 
corner  c,f  the  state,  estubJisjTedIn  I8r5."'"''"^'"^^^""^ 

■""fji  Fel).  18"! 

4«th  cui,«,  3J  ,««,;  ""'•^••y  reserve.  -',15,5.33  ac^i  '£  i^;''  i^i"'''  ''J'P- 

-^w-,  ^53,  voJ.  2o, 


I,  t  j 


CHAPTER  X. 

MATERIAL  UF>;OUIU'ES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 
I84iM886. 

QtESTioNAni.F.  Value  of  Mines— Transportation — Roads  and  Rmlkoads 

—  Mail   Uoi-ies   and   Tki.eorai'iis-  Staiies-   I'onv  Exi-kess— Sikam 
BOATS  -Fisheries     Metals  -Hook  Reviews  -  Aorictlti' re    t'lniMn 

—  WlllRLVVINKS  AND  EAKTHyUAKm  — FloKA  ANO  FaIJNA— LiVE  SiiiCK  — 

Caitle  R/.isiNo  Lanks  and  Surveys — Counties  ok  Nevada  Si  m- 
MARY  OK  REsorR«;Es- SociEiY  Educational,  Religious,  and  Benev- 
olent Lnstitutions    Newsi'ai'kr.s — Biklum:rafhv. 

What  advaiitai^e  to  Nevada  has  been  her  mountain 
of  silver?  What  advantaj^e  her  organization  as  a 
state?  Some,  no  doubt,  but  more  to  individuals  than 
to  the  connnon wealth  at  larj^e.  To  the  later  inlialii- 
tanta,  the  njerchant,  tlie  miner,  the  farmer,  tin*  jno- 
fessional  man,  it  is  not  a  matter  of  great  moment,  the 
fact  that  millions  of  money  have  been  taken  hi  mi 
somewhere  about  Sun  Peak,  leaving  hills  of  dt'luis 
and  ghastly  hole'?  in  the  ground — money  squaiuh  ml 
by  lucky  gamblers  in  New  York  and  Paris,  and  usid 
for  purposes  of  j)olitical  bribery  and  social  corrui»tioii 
in  Virginia  City  and  San  Francisco.  Less  tlia>)  thi" 
least  of  the  tailings  of  all  this  vast  output  of  wtahh 
has  goi!.^  to  benefit  Nevada.  California  assum*  il  in 
tlu^  beginiung,  and  kept  until  the  end,  the  mastery  of 
art'airs.  San  Francisco  without  the  Comstock  was  a 
dirterent  rx'^y  from  S.'?n  Francisco  with  a  long  list  of 
Nevada  mines,  paying  large  dividends,  on  the  stock- 
boards. 

I  wish  I  could  say  that  Comstock  ethics  were  likely 
to  mend ;  but  the  truth  luuat  bu  tuld,  which  iii  that 


""■""■  ""  "'"-'-^  TO  r„K  sr.o- 
the  manairrrs,  when  they  !,a,l  ,  "■ 

selves  tile  'wnanza  er,w„         "I'l'^'Priated  to  th„ 
M  "..  '■«luei,„.  the  U      "  '""""".lo  of- mni!''™'- 
'l-"-.|ve,  of  «1  a   :„'T„7  Sf/I"  '-res  a    1"  o^t'to 

-;";n.s  fro,,,  ho„a„^r-,''"":^'  ;■'  ft"  "f   al    t,   " 

'"'"'■"'■'"'•-'«  ».lx''t  ;;■'""?'' "''  >'"v.'.i«  lies  ,„  H 

'r"ii""B«»,r,",'"(, """■••  i«  »i.i  I,  ,^, ' ,"»"  "I  n.n";  if  "'•'•■■  »>i 


0} 


h  1 


IN 


m  MATERIAL  UK80URCF.S  AND  DEVKLOPMENT. 

the  absciifo  of  eiiorinous  mineral  developments,  mrh 
as  paralyze  puny  eftort,  invite  speeulation,  and  turn 
the  heads  of  men  from  |3atient,  plodding  eftort.  Kai 
jijreater  general  progress  has  been  made  sinrc  tin 
Comstoek  mines  eeased  their  fabulous  yield  than 
lx;fon'.  But  this  is  not  meant  to  deny  the  vahic  of 
lejjitiniate  minim;  t«»  Nevada. 

With  regard  to  transportation,  always  an  inijiottaiit 
subjeet  in  an  un<K'vt^'ln|>erl  country,  Nevada  was  for  a 
long  time  unfortunate  It  is  true  that  a  road  to  (.Cali- 
fornia existed  bi'ftire  the  discovery  of  mines  in  west- 
ern Utah,  and  the  same  trail  led  backward  to  the 
Missouri  frontici-.  But  the  distance  in  one  direction 
and  the  high  sierra  in  the  other  gave  the  territory  an 
isolation  which  retarded  developmi^nt,  and  added  tn 
the  (MKst  antl  inconvenience  of  living.  It  was  tiecrs 
sary  to  make  provision  in  the  summer  for  tlu;  sub 
sist«'nce  of  tlu-  people  through  th<!  winter  season. 
during  which  they  wi'r<'  cut  oft'  by  snow  t'roni 
travel  in  either  direction  throusjrii  an  uninhaliittd 
country. 

As  early  as  ISf)!  the  United  States  mail  was  car- 
ried by  a  contiact  with  Woodard  and  Chorpenin*,' (•(' 
Sacramento,    from    that    place    to    Salt    Lake   (.'ity, 
going  and  returning  om-e  every  month,  the  nuiil-hajjs 
being  tra'isported  on  th(>  backs  of  nmles,  and  tli<  dis 
tance  l)eing   7.'>0   miles.      Tin-   route  was  via    Fnlsoin. 
Placervillt  ,  the  old   iinmiixrant  road  throu<>h   Shaw 
beriy    and    Hope   valleys  to   Carson  valley.  thiou:i;li 
(iein.a,    Carson    City,   I)ayton,    Kagtown,  across  tin 
forty  mile  dc^sirt  to  the  Humboldt  river  near  tlu  sink 
of  the  Hund»oldt.  thenci'  along  the  S(>uth  side  of  tlio 
river  to  the  jtoint  where  Stone  Housi;  station  of  tin 
(-entrnl  J*acific  railroad  was  placid  ;   then<'e  south  ui 
east    by    the    Hastings    cut-oft'  to    Salt    Lake    ('ity 
W<jodward  and  two  of  his  men  were  killed  at  Stone 
House  station  in  the  autunm  of  I8f)l,  but  Chorpon 
ing  continueil  to  cany  the  mail  until  tht;ex|)lrati(>ii  of 
his  contract  in  lHr)'l.     Siiow-sIkh's  bcL'^an  to  he  usoil 


\h :  i ; 


itOADS  AND  MAILS 

in  crossing  the  Sierra  i,.  f  i  .  '"-'' 

-rr-rs  ^^'^f  Bishop  u.     j^^..^^'"^'  of  ,853  by  tho 
t  '  r<e  ajui  Jojin  A    Tl  *'  succeeded  bv  P 

•'■"■  'oJl-  Veatu-  ■  ""'"■•■'^t  for  ,.ar',  •    ''"•';'-^'"<^  to 

l"-",^'.^r.s,  wj'id,     t  '""'■-;"'''■  toa,,,,  a     '  t„^  "'"' 
'"■■■""■"    LJtal,   „,i„    t     ,"•■  '"■'"  '"rans     r  ,,     "^tT-^ 

■>>;.^/rw,,.Watr;  Cki'V''-'"'^'  "''"•"  .1  I   r  "','" 

<'r -tin^t;  r-^'-"''' ''^'' n;!;\  c.  r 

'"  I"»  is  I W   ;"^"'  '■••"■'.»■  times     iV"  ''  ''""•«""••  «. 

«-'  ''i.-.-rv  it"  !r"^"i7  •-'••"v.i  1  „:^r  '";""••'•• 

■St  .;,.s,.  ;,     u"'  ""■  ">^^Ha,„|  „J '';;."'  ",  «'»no,.t,,,, 

■r..,MI, ,'    l^/fl"^'   ■''•■  IHr,H:  an 7  f  I      J"'"'  "«"-li 

IJl,,.,,,,,'''^'"*  i'Wcrvill,,  »a»       '„""■, .'■'.■•^t  «rriv., 


,;,,u;n,;''^'-^w.„i.„,,„:;;;'^t,n.^,,^ 


r  '■''•■  ""I-ovon„.n,  •  •■""•'""'   of  Ju/j 

"'»«ir  tlint   ,-"'■•"  transit.     1^„.       "'""'  a  ww'k 
'  mat  was  sinf    i..      ,         '"   "mount  ..(•       •• 

■'Mioii^  |„.;„      "   t  toHlio,t„n  tl,..  ,1-  '     '"•  ■""I  ni>w 

'""•'-u'  .rp?"""-  ""••in.'ti  '„;;"/'"""  ■■'•  -«.«' 

usta  siuighs 


**■ 


'2M 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVKLOl'MKNT. 


[S-  I'i 


irii^ 


HI 


between  Strawberry  aiul  Carson  valleys,  kcepinj*  th(^ 
road  «)|)en  all  winter  for  Jie  first  time. 

The  pony  express  was  the  next  step.  It  was  the 
conception  of  F.  A.  Bee,*  W.  H.  Kussell  and  H.  F. 
Ficklin,  nuuiai;ing  officers  of  the  Central  Overlaixl 
and  Pike's  Peak  Express  company,  incorporated  hv 
the  Kansas  le<jislature  in  the  winter  of  185!)  Oo,  \n 
keep  messenjjjers  going  for  over  1,700  miles,  Hyin.:  ;ir 
the  rate  of  from  seven  to  nine  miles  an  hour  foi  t(  n 
days.  Stations  were  first  established  twenty-five 
miles  apjirt,  but  the  distance  between  was  suits. 
(juently  shortened.  The  messengers  were  requiifd  tn 
ride  seventy-five  miles,  but  the  ponies  were  chaiiitd 
at  every  station.  Not  more  than  ten  or  twelve  poumls 
<»f  mail  were  allowed  to  be  carried,  five  dollars  Imui^ 
charged  on  each  letter.  Newspapers  printed  on  tissii' 
|)apcr  were  allowed.  The  mail  was  wrapped  in  nil. d 
silk  and  carried  in  pockets  in  the  four  corners  <»t'  tlir 
mochila,  or  leathern  saddle  cover,  which,  with  tlir 
saddle,  went  through  from  St  Joseph  to  Sa<ra!m  nt.> 
without  change.  The  first  l)ony  express  from  tin-  rasi 
bnught  eight  letters,  and  made  the  distance  in  tni 
days,  having  started  April  3,  1800.  The  first  tiMin 
the  west  left  Sacramento  April  4th,  and  arrival  ;it 
St  Joseph  on  the  IJith.  The  route  followed  \va-> 
nearly  straight,  and  through  Nevaila  j)ursued  tli« 
Simp.son  trail  via  Ruby  valley.  The  ex  pens.'  nf 
maintaining;  this  line  throuijh  mi  unsettled  cuunirv 
was  extra«)rdinary.  As  an  enterprise  it  was  )Mi|»r(»- 
ductive,  and  the  object  of  its  founders  has  nevn-  1m  in 
distinctly  made  known.  They  claim,  howev.  i.  t^ 
have  shown  that  the  central  routi'  across  the  cinti- 
nent  was  feasible  for  railroad  ojierating  at  any  tiuii'  .>t 
the  year,  which  had  been  doubted.  The  view  tnk'ii 
by  Walter  Crowinshield  of  Nevada,  who  assistrd  t  > 

'Rcc  was  horn  Sopt.  9,  IS'iO,  at  Clinton,  Oneida  co.,  N.  V.  M.  ■'iii.i 
to  Cal.  in  1849.  Was  early  idcntilioil  with  tclographio  niattt-rs  aiii  later 
gained  distinction  l>y  l)eing  tiie  third  in  rank  us  consul  of  the  (luiiP't^ 
government.  Fie  wrcs  a  man  of  striking  peraoual  appearance  and  tr'iaoity 
of  purpgee. 


rr^Mthc  road  after  the  Pal,  I  If        .,  "'" 

■>  that  ,t  ua.s  with  a  viow  of   1^ -'"'^^T'^  '"  1^60 
f;-'^' t  over  tJmt  route  wj.en  it    f '"'!".?:  *''^'  '"^ii  con-' 

;'"•"/":".  ';"t«»m'redtriiS  T,f ^'^  ">  «'«t 

t<:  o  .t.uM  tl...  route  west  of  S  It  T  T  '^"H  contractors 

tn-ast.n.  |,orti„n.     But  .ii  ^"'''"^^Kv  to  s.-rur.. 

^i-natol..^  s,ttled  ti.e  t  ^  l^n'of  ^l'^^^''^''^  '-«i'i- 

'  '^--H'-'c-n.^.  it  out  of  the  Cc,:^  f^,  ^''^  'overland 

'^f%,  '^'^'^'  "^  *J>«  confederate 

"I  tlw.  sprin.r  of  iQnn  „     ^i 

;";;■■■■'•  lino  (•,,„„  aJ^^iTZ  IZ"'"  f;r'"--<-'>  tC 

»■"  l..werc,I  tho  far,.  fnmTr^  »'N-li.>rsc.  ooacl,,., 
„  '"  '.««'  a  .lailv„v,ria|  S  *"  '"■""*.>•  ''"'lar..  ' 
'1m-  AfHsouri  riv«.  t„  Sa    V  '""  '^''tal''isl»^d  fr,„„ 

*■""'■■':"  <'alir,„.„i„  '^^•,;^^7M.«i<-o,  Arizona,  a, 

«"l'.>-  vnll,.^,  a,„   ^at;,f';  '•"'"l^'y  "l-.u.l  a  far,,"  ^t 
'"■""•-■  an,(  vo,,ota  I  ;,"",''"  "''•■"  "'■ '>a.l..v,  „at, 
"  'f  <it  farmmir  i„  ..asten.    V       '^i  ^'•'^t  experi- 

o  im.  (iiai  <>■('  i<<>niii»    I  ^1     1  '^ '""ifress    m 

"■'  "-'Ugh  i„  tw..  ,'";•;  '.';,•■''<•'•  -"an  t,? i«  .„ " 

'"■  l""''''.«-'  t..  tiK.  P„  t  "i  ""'■«>•-">•'■  'lavs,  l,o«,l,. 

■""!•"♦  >'/  l.y  .stea,no       nT      r"'"''""  ""'  '■"•■- 
•^"'liiiieil  lurin.r  tl,„  „     .•     '"    '•""tm,.t„re  wen.  -.I. 


1 1 4' : ; 

lu     -^    i 

j   ' 

|;.|il 

■ 

i'L 

3M 


MATKRIAL  KKSOURJ'KS  AND  UKVELOPMENT. 


the  public  $1.50  per  lialf  ouiico.  The  contract  als.. 
required  the  performance  of  a  tri-weekly  mail  servir. 
to  Denver  and  Salt  l^ake  City.  The  maximum  pric 
allowed  for  the  overland  service,  includinjjj  the  pom 
express,  was  .$1,000,000.  The  (luiekest  time  tv(r 
made  across  the  continent  was  in  1801.  when  l*n>i 
dent  Lincoln's  inaugural  address  was  l)rou«?ht  to  Sac- 
ramento in  five  days  and  eij^hteen  hours.  Tlic  last 
pony  to  Denver  was  but  twenty-one  and  a  half  inii: 
utes  in  runnini;  ten  miles  and  eighteen  rods.  TIms. 
were  the  .achievements  of  pioneer  times. 

In  September  18GI  tho  ti^legraph  line  from  Dciivir 
to  Sacramenti),  via  the  stage  route,  was  complitid. 
this  being  the  first  wire  toward  the  east,  ultlmimli 
the  Carson  and  Plaeerville  division,  built  by  V  \ 
Bee,  had  been  in  u.se  since  I8,5i).  It  was  nect'ssan 
to  the  proper  ])roteetion  of  tlu'  road,  as  well  as  ji  con 
venienco  U)  the  public.  There  never  was  any  stairr 
service  in  the  world  more  complete  than  that  bt'twccn 
Placrervillc  and  Virginia  City.  A  sjirinkled  road 
over  which  dashed  six  fine,  sleek  horses,  befoir  an 
elegant  Concord  coach,  tho  lines  in  the  hands  ot"  an 
expert  driver,  wiiose  light  hat,  linen  duster,  ;irul 
Itmion -colored  gloves  betokened  a  good  salary  aiitl  an 
exacting  company,  and  who  tinjed  his  grooms  and  his 
passtMigers  by  a  heavy  gold  chronometer  wat<'li.  In  M 
carelessly,  if  conspicuously,  on  the  tips  of  his  liii'ji  r> 
— these  were  .some  of  its  conspicuous  features.  This 
service  contiimed  until  it  was  supplanted  by  tlic  Cen- 
tral Pacific  railroad  from  Sacranuuito. 

On  the  4th  of  July,  1 858,  the  Plaeerville  and  1  lum 
boldt  Telegraj)h  «-ompany  erected  the  first  pole  on  th* 
line  of  a  transcontinental  telegraph,  and  the  wire  was 
extended  to  (ienoa  that  autumn,  to  Carson  City  in 
the  following  spring,  and  to  Virginia  City  in  ISfiO. 
Congress  then  passed  an  act  directing  that  the  .secre 
tary  of  the  treasury  advertiser  for  sealed  proposals  for 
the  coustructiou  of  a  line  from  the  Missouri  river  iv 


'San  Vrauvisco,  to  be  ,-, 

•'"'y -n.  iHdo,  to  Ih'  r< 


«'rA(;K  AND  TKLmHAVH. 


•"'Pioted  witJ.in  two 


ii>v  i 


<'M    Vt'i 


^<>r  t] 


TMia 


Tins  off; 

Calif; 

wit) 

tj, 


'«"<'t  to. .xcoed  .^40,000 


•-Ml 


r'vi/ij 


I  a 


'  .r*:"'P«"y,    wl.icj 


H^h  voinpauy  aud  t] 


:::V;i^^   -^^^50,000 


*     '"nnetliatoiv 


ntlcrx 


Tl.o  1 


"H'  was   und 


Lake  (^itv,  w] 


•  T 


SKifl, 


s/atr,.  louti-,  and 


'.i^'   tJic  c'ljitm! 


or 


«>vi'rlan(/ 


<•  ca 


In  ,hiu 
San  f 


ny  tl 


'o  mail 


^'«'Jyau.K.<r,,,,,,,  , 


'  ^ailroa<i  I 


K'M 


'•ancisco  to  A 


''^'•■■1  a  /rancj 


urora,  via  ( 


'■";'Vvas  c,„.,p|eu.d  fr. 


;"'<^  '^'"-andC'arso,  X    •   ''''  ^"^^i,,,    Vj, 

,^^:";-viiic^  and  S;;.;::^-^'/^-'^^  ^^-ada 

lic'J 
J'l'ar. 


■oni 

iUV 


1  t(. 
and 
J'y^inia. 


coil 


SfCOIld 


'^*?'''"'r''m::::r'!;'.^='/;!':"-.»'i 


( 


itv 


•^" ''/HI    ()Vi>r  •!•     I     A    I  i^'««^ 


Vtlanti 


|HTati<,„  witlii,,  tJ 


»  Was 


V'ti  l^u-ifi, 


^'•^^3^»nan,Ify.oni    ,.!:^^?^'*'''^'«'ivtoJ> 


ni    ]H(U; 


^7^  t"  Austin  aio,' I";,  ;,"^;.  ^^'^^^  <-an-i..i  fv;;;;;  V 


JiM(.  was  vtccUhI' 

Vnvcr  tin 
";unnia  Citv 


Kt 


tl 

Sa/i  I- 


■';;vas  l.utone  1 


«    wci 


ino, 


iiold 


'I' 


■astc 


;■?:;:;'«•-•  f<:r  ten  wo.,! 


'i'J.O  (./ 


Hand 


ir- 


JfHitc. 


iarL>( 


oil' 


ro 


■ni  citi 


^''•"'  ^^'^-  Nevada  I 


^('.S  as    iliirj,     .^^    gj.^  r^, 


•s  Was  8l'..")() 


Ml  A 


as 


U'oia  to 


I'lTsoii.s  or 


e«rj,s 


tcl, 

(lid 


i('<r 


rapli  I 


.*'"n><"ations 


latu 


<>  ''ncttui-^.r 


"'^'«  *»ver  ,,i,l>Ji(. 


r*'^-Mact('d  in  Jsyk;  m 

.^■'it  constviir.f I 


•'id   to  tl 
■''  conij)(>ti. 


lO 


nii.rlit 


"'Struct  and 


lat  ai 


^^'^''^''<'-nstru::tt::tev^^ 


'y 

"lauitaiii 


^Vc«K/.,  Vo,.j..  ^„,,^  i-  3^^ 


J2. 


tile  Central  Pacific 


't'  sann 


KiiJroad 


'? 
.! 


I  y  -fr! 


I  .  I 


f  in 


l(!  :• 


232 


MATKUIAL  UE-SOLllcl-iS  AND  liKVELOI'MKNT. 


caiuf  th<;  eivrtiim  «»f  the  Wcstorn  Union  transcon- 
tinental  tclt!«jfm|»h  line,  whirli  followoil  the  railroati 
route. 

With  tlie  first  rontr;u't  to  carry  tht;  mail  over  ilic 
Sit-rra  in  waijons,  it  Ixcanie  n«'cessarv  to  iniprovt;  tin 
old  innni<^rant  road,  which,  in  1850,  was  done  hy  |wn 
tiaily  rchuildint;  it.     Tin*  road  to  Salt  Lakr  hail  al^i 
to    he  furnished    with    l)rid«j;cs,    and    nta<lc    |>a.ssal)k 
Numerous  toll-rt»ads  wore  chartered.     John    Kisesf 
and  Israel  ^[ott  were  the  first  grantees  of  toll  privi 
le«res  under  the  provisional  )4overnnient.      Tlu'  first 
territ<»rial   lej^islature  i^ranti-d  six   franchises  foi-  toll 
roads,  the  secon<l  twenty-five,  and  the  thi«'d  twnitv 
nine.      It  wouM   sei-m    from   this   that   t\\v  tiavcIKi 
could  not  |>r<M-eed  far  in  any  dire«'tion  without  |>ayiii.,' 
toll.      From  (lolil  Hill  down  (iold  canon  to  Jiavton. 
a  distance   of  seven   miles,   was  a  toll-road   in    iS.V.i. 
owned  hy  H.  C.  Howani,  S.  J).  Bosworth,  and  (J.  J) 
Holu'rts.      As  mo.st  of  the  quartz  extra«ted  from  tin 
Coinstock  lode  j)a.s.sed  over  it  to  the  various  mills,  it 
was  a  payinjif  property,  and  cost  ahout  $20,000. 

As  early  as   ISdO  an   a))plication  was  made  for  a 
railroad  franchi.se  from  Carson  City  to  Viro;iniji  City. 
tlie  ]X'titioner  hein«jf  l^eonard  L.  Treadwell.      St  vmil 
proje<'ts  were  hefore  the  first  le«;islature,  which  L'liiiitfd 
charters  to  tour  companies,  namely,  the  Nevada  K'ail 
road  company,  with   the   privih'^^e   of  construct  iii<j;  a 
road  from  the  western  to  the  ea.stern  houndary  of  tin 
territory,  to  Leland  Stanford,  Charles  Crocker.  Cnlli> 
1*.    HuntiuLifton,    l^ucius  A.   l{(t(»th,   ^Tark   Ho|»kiii.>. 
Theodore  J).  Judah,  Janu's  l^ailey.  and  Samuel  Silli 
man;  tlu' \'irginia  City  and   Washoe  company:  \  ir 
<j:inia,     Carson,    and     Truckee     com]>any;    and     tin 
Ksmeralda  and  Walker  Kiver  company.     Heniy  A 
Cheever  and  associates  received  the  franchise  for  the 


'Another,  extending  from  itolil  Hill  half  way  to  Carwm,  was  huiltat  > 
cOHt  of  f  I'J.OOO  liy  Waters,  Hianchet.  ami  Carson  in  I8G1.  Krlly's  Xr.  Iht., 
1872.  174. 


\' 


RAlLHoADs. 


ir-jiDia  an 


id   WasJi 


mZ  r   W     V      '"  '••"»^:   'f  H  Tori 


LM3 


Hi 


iicol). 


i>n»kr.    VViJIia,,,     Hj 
i*'»lilk.s.  iimi    n^u,.,.:.-^ 


«y«'«.    Will 


'a't.    Frank- 


Car 


II..         .    J*^^"^'>«'l ;  umW    I>   /I    ./.'/.    *'»'^M/.m, 


»'■'■;  .HKi  Walk,,,  i«v,.r  ,•;;,  ,f ','"'  '■"^  ""■  K».- 

at  t/Mt  <'.ulyperh)W  t) 

mil/. I,     -.     __  .  ^' 


^p^'islat 


«t  r  .at  <.aWy  perio,|  t).o  „    .'"    '^*'^ "'  .^'^ 
''•'i'M'<'WcT  in  the  J,and     ;/  r^ 


'' <u,vr  wore  nu-n  fi„.  cj 


mnts.     i< 


">iin 
Isnicr. 

'veil 


aiMJ  from  tl 


'";"•   ^^''i<'ii    u-a.s 


"'  ^'••I'-iWf  ti.at 


U'liici 


ill   l)( 


'"is  t(,  t/,0  first 


!"^:^''^t<.,i.  a  ,.|, 


t'lTJ 


u'a 


^•"'^^vitIl  naviiral,/, 


sJat 
<'*"M|>an 


'.!'  ^'.'•'   «r.st  .^tato  ; 
■*''f^<'   Was 


^l»iti  tran, 


oo 


:<) 


SJt   t 

'onstitu- 


"itroriucotl 


-'tv'u-k 


en    „ut. 


wato 


tuiv  to  <.iv,.   ^.7"  '"'^^''' 


actii; 


»;■"•  ir'v^- .'""'  -'-ti 


J'ltcndi,.,..   t( 


'■'■'^"■'■"  ^'Hlifornia      tL' 


"  f'oiistruot 


HT    anv 


(•( 


""jiany 


>y  mij- 


tiiii 
u-JiiJ 


\raijvoad    tu   ti 


Ha.s 


'"-?rzj'::£t:\f^^^^^^^ 


aiioti 


-_;>'•     its    soLvtod 


at  ti 
''<»Ut( 


''■■■  l.^^,l  :;/.""'»'"'-t«l  tinrt  .."■■'.''•' 


■ty-(.i,,J 


t"  J-:.tr„l„.  i„  ;'.,,'■',:"■'■?»'""  "11  tl.o  Ham,., ,  ,      ■ 

'"'"'  ''■'"-"  that .,  ;„„j" ,«"".  "-.■,.,;„,,  ',:•'■?'■•'•■•' 


it  Juiios 
>  rivor 


au  ^r|vi;i 

"f'tllilt 


'■'•III 


r  .vvaisorJ,.ss,t 


fosoivod  1) 


■:.!'-"=ns^-^^'!r;::!.^- 


;o  ti 


C'''^*'  ''^  miiwav  lino  :;'''^''^^'""  wiii.i,  si 


lU 


t'S 


'"     ti.e    «; 


'"'■*'ii  va|;,.v.     T,,:„  ,_  .       — ,„ 

''!'' ''-ti".ui«t</t, /::i:;r''"". '-.I 


'■iJiMiin 


lonid 


'a'Tujucnti 


<>r«i 


<'!•. 


•inrrr 


•'SSIO 


*•'   e«»n» 


«\i 


ipany  i,, 


-•*  nvvr  to 
'  <'.tii,.r  ..H'.rt 


■v«-t^/:»!;r^r'."f''"' 


^^^••S'^il^'^r ''^ondti..j,i.,,;T'-' 


»rt.      Tl 


'f^'f  road 


"'"'   ^"'"'i  Pacific 


I  i  il  t 
tl 


•£» 


MATKIUAI.  KKSOUKCKS  AM»  1>K\  KMU'MKNT 


liiH's  wcrr  »iiit«'(l  by  <lrivin«^  a  golden  spike,  with 
t'lal)oruU'  ct'rciuoiiialH,  about  iW'iy  inibs  \vi  st  ,>- 
Oj^dt'ii.  ill  Htab. 

Strant^t'  as  it  may  appear,  thf  Ic^iHlatun;  ,.\ 
Nevada,  wliicli  of  all  the  statt'H  and  torriiorits 
received  |urliaps  tbc  most  beiu'fit  tVoiu  tho  <'iniNtrut 
tioM  of  tilt'  railroad,  failed  to  up[)r(;ciate  tlie  patn..tii 
and  disinttTosted  motives  (»f  the  builders,  and  ;i  viu- 
lent  opposition  early  appeare«l.  The  avt^raL^e  It  .risla 
tivo  mind  is  unable  to  penetrate  far  beneath  iIk 
surface  of  thin*;s.  The  resources  of  the  directors,  nd 
less  than  their  desiijrns,  were  brou<^lit  in  <|Ut  stinn, 
and  a  leadini'  en»rineer  rh'clared  before  tin-  \'  Nadu 
Ic'^islature  that  it  could  not  Ix'  completetl  within 
twentv  vears  thousjfh  its  i)romoters  had  at  theii'  coin. 
mand  all  the  <^old  in  the  bank  of  KiiLjland. 

In  a  letter  written  by  this  en<,xineer  in  Felouarv 
lH(>r),  in  answer  to  the  re<juest  of  a  joint  coniinitttM 
on  railroads  of  the  Nevada  lei;islature,  he  says:  Tlu 
celebrated  eiiLrineeriny:  work  built  for  the  Austrian 
jjjoverninent — a  railw.ay  cntssinj^  the  Alps  from  \  !•  iiim 
to  Tri(>ste  is  a  bajjjatelle  as  compared  with  tin  ]iiu 
ji'cted  liiu'  t.i.  J)utch  Flat.  Coinparinjj;  the  estniiutui 
cost  of  the  Centr*d  Pacific  with  tin-  actual  cost  of 
sui'h  eastern  lines  as  the  Baltimore  and  ( )hio  ami  i\v 
Boston  and  Won-ester,  and  allowin<j;  fitrtlu^  ililf(  ioihv 
in  th(;  j)rice  of  labor  and  materials,  and  for  the  "greater 
physical  obstacles  to  be  overcome,  "  It  is  my  tiini  (on 
viction,"  he  writes,  "  that  the  Central  Pjicifie  will  cost 
$1150,000  to  $:{00.()00  p<'r  mile  before  it  is  eoin|»lt'ttd 
to  the  Truckee,  stocked  ami  equip|)ed  as  a  tiist-class 
railroad."  Now  whiK'  a  few  miles  passim;  llii'Mijii 
the  heart  «»f  the  Sierra  may  have  cost  perha[is  .^:1(M).- 
000  per  mile,  the  avera<j;e  cose  to  that  point  wa.s  lt!i> 
than  half  tliis  amount,  while  the  averaj^e  cost  nt  tin 
entire  road   was  little  more  than   $100,000  [xr  inik 

Not  least  amon^  the  opposinj^  elements  was  tlit 
hostility  of  the  owners  of  toll-roads  and  sta*:;*'  li"'^* 
acroBS  the  Sierra,  all  of  whom  were  arrayed  ai,'aiiisi 


a  f.rof..rt  whirl,  wnuhl  «»  .  ^ 

«iicn  tip  roil.     I  -l ncv  wcrn  „™  ^    ,         '"  "o 

"'?« -"W  "'oTt""*' » ,"«'""  "»^S "' ",  "■'"« 


III' 


'vvi-vvvv  /■ 


Ml  MATRUIAL  KK80UIU'E8  ANl;  UKVKIA>I'MKNT 

wliat  ini«;lit  scoiii  to  bo  oxcessivo  rates  uf  far, 
aiul  tVei}j;lit  should  be  considered.  Th»'  railroad  ijiaii. 
they  wiid,  like  the  merchant,  is  conijK*)Ud  ny  tin- 
very  iiiiture  of  his  business  to  dis<M-iniinat«>  lut^vcn 
his  seviiral  classes  of  customers.  Just  as  th»^  inor- 
chant  (ii^nands  less  for  iiis  wares  when  sold  Uy  tho 
toll  than  liy  tlu^  pound,  demands  ni«»r<'  wlim  In 
knows  that  he  alone  can  supply  the  article  re(|iitrri|, 
so  docs  the  railroad  man  charge  a  h»wer  frciLjIit  fdt 
lar<<fe  than  for  small  (juantities,  and  less  for  |iniiit> 
where  then'  is  competition — as  bv  steamer  and  siilin- 
vess«il- -than  for  those  whore  none  exists.  Kur  iiii< 
<-arloatl  of  j^oods  shipped  from  N«\v  York  to  tlh 
ti>wiis  of  t^astern  Nevada  proi>ably  a  Iwmdud  aiv 
forward(>d  to  San  Fraiiciseo.  and  no  one  will  dls|iijt, 
that  ''ood.i  ean  Uc  conveveil  at  eheaiM'r  rat»'S  in  lai'. 
(|uantities  than  in  Minall,  and  handii>d  mor(>  n.-idily  it 
lennina!  points  than  at  ini/ermediate  stations. 

Then  as  to    local    trattic  it  should    be    renieiiil)oiv  i 
that  the  portion  of  the  line  whi<'h  erosses  tin    Siciv.i 
was    by  far  the  most  cxpensiv<'   set-tion  to  eonstnin 
and  is    p«'rliaps  the  most  I'xpensive  to  ojM'rate  i.t'  aii\ 
in  the    Ignited    States.       Between    Sacraniiiilo  aiul 
lloeklin.  where    the   jijrades   are  nnxlerate,  foity-tiw 
loaded  freiijht  ears  can   be   drawn  bv  a  siii<.;le  eii-'iin 
while  from  lioeklin  to  Truckt-e.  a  distartce  of  niiut\ 
seven    miles,  only   nine   ean    bi>    hauletii    by  tlif   iin -t 
powerful   lotonmtive."      If  w«'  take  int  •  i-onsidrralin, 
also  the   extra  wiar  anu   tear  «)eeasi(»ned    l»y   luavv 
i^rades  nnd   euiMs.   it  will   be  foinnl  that  tin' <«)st 'if 
iiiaintenanc«>  and  operation  on  this  divisii>n  is  pnihaUy 
heven  or  ei<j;lit  times  a.s  much  as  for  the  same  distune 
on  level  uround. 


tn 


The    first,    sec<Mid,    third,    and    f  »urth     tV.iii<lii*'* 
«^rante«l    for  the  con«<tniction  «»f  a  rr.ilroad   (r<>\\\  N  n 
^inia  City  to  the  Tru<'k«'e  river  failed  of  their  puipos.' 

•Fnnri  Kni'kliii  tci  (no  Ruiiiniit  of  Mm  Sii>rr.i  tlii'  fi'm*  in  r».7'»8  ft» '.    iiiJ  t!i« 
work  to  t)v  ovrt-ooiiiu  i>i,uut  to  A'M  iiiilr.t  of  a  Icvt'l  roatllH-d. 


KAILKOAIXS. 


237 


Ytt  it  was  of 'vital  iinportaiioc  to  oounoct  tlio  towns 
tlic  CtnustiM'k  loth^  and  Carson  and  Washoo  vallrvs 


with  tin'  (Vntral  PafiHc  railroad.  At  length  a  t-oni- 
jiiiiiy  \'i>f^  torniod  wliioli  would  Imild  tlio  road  as 
(Itsiittl.  pntvidcd  thecounticsof  WashcMMind  Orinsliy 
\v..ul«i  lakr  $-_'0O,00i)  worth  of  stock  farli.  At  tlio 
iiditl  "t  this  sclifnic  was  Williaiu  Sharon,  and  hotwccn 
hiiti  and  Thomas  Sundorhmd,  tnd  the  connnissioncrs 
ttf  thi  two  countios  in  <|U(>.<tion,  an  aj^recinont  to  this 
-tlrit  was  niadu,  which,  howiVin*.  was  not  <'arricd  out. 
TIk'  \  ir.;iiiia  and  Truckoo  llaih'oad  cotn|)any  fih'tl 
articli  N  «'t'  incorporation  Marcii  ;').  IHTiH,  tiic  survey 
was  i<ini|tlct('d  with  estimate  of  costs,  and  iw  !)<  cem- 
iii  I  it  was  announ<*ed  that  Sharon  would  Imild  th«! 
load  tVon;  \'ir>;inia  to  (^arson  it' the  people  of  ( )rmshy 
(•..iiiity  would  donate  $'JOO,(M)()  and  the  people  of 
Si(iii\  county  $;J00,000.  As  an  inducement  to  make 
this  |iirs(nt  t«)  tl  o  company,  itj  was  shown  tiiat  the 
|irii|)<  iiy  of  a  single  county,  Ornsshy,  would  he  hme- 
titf.i  .^i,0(»(),()()0.  The  p<«opK'  cau«,Mit  at  tiie  <,Mlded 
tly.  and  asked  the  lejifislature  to  permit  th«'m  to  <j;ive 
thiir  lioiids  t'or  the  amount,  with  interest  at  seven  per 
nnt.  |»Tiiiission  heinj^  j^ranted  at  the  followirii;'  .ses- 
sion. With  this  SharcMi  constructed  a  portion  of  the 
nwl,  and  hy  mortiiraiifiniL:;  the  wholi*  raise<l    money  to 

iHliiph'tr  it.' 

Thr  <ost  of  th(^  Virt;inia  and  Truckee  railroa<l  for 
thi  tirst  twentv-one  miles  to  Carson  wa.s  set  «lown  at 
SS:{  ;{.•{;!  |tir  milr  ;  hut  th?  ^otd  «'ost  of  the  whole  to 
ihiio.  and  e((uipment.  Aas  i  nori-  fairly  stated  after- 
Is  at  ."?;)!!.  1 07  prr  ndle,  in  ISHO  the  company  in 
n|>oit  to  the  stat«-  made  its  rost  per  mile,  to  lu'n(», 
•-•'•  100  mijos,  jg;;t:{,(>-J7.  It  had  received  in  .^it'ts 
111  Oniishy  and  Storey  comities  an  I  the  Comstock 
'ii;.r  companies  $HH7.MS;{. .'),'{.  espial  to  $17.0^;')   p^r 


Ul'i 


Its 


iini 


iiiic      Instead  of  incn-asiny;  tlu^  taxahle  property  of 
'if  (I  ,jnty  <»f  OnuMliy  $1,000,000,  the  pr<»perty  of  th<> 

,  '.V.  .  /  ,„v,  \\m,  4.1,  40j   <Vir*>n  ^;7*.i/,  S,].!.  i.»r.,   IS7:»;    Wi-i./ht's  liij 


:••'■> 


I  \ 


1 1 

'  i! 


n 


r? 


■.1 


I  < 


9tt  MATKUIAI.  UE80UKCES  AND  DEVKLOI'MKNT. 

company  in  tlmt  county  was  |»ivcn  to  the  asRosaor  at 
$13(),;}a().  In  order  to  induce  tlio  people  to  nriv, 
their  bond  for  $200,000  the  company  had  proinisid  to 
perniil  themselves  to  be  taxed  on  $40,000  per  mil... 
So  far  from  grovvinjj;  any  richer  through  the  posses 
sion  of  a  railroad,  which  wuk  makin«4  $1*2,000  a  dav 
the  total  tax  paid  to  the  county  hy  the  company  in 
twelve  years  was  very  little  more  than  the  intcnst 
the  county  had  to  pay  to  the  company  on  its  honds 
presented  to  the  company.  1  have  already  spokejidt 
the  strugj^le  of  Storey  county  with  the  Vin^iniu  ami 
Tru«'k(M>  railroad,  or  in  other  words  the  hank  dtCiili 
fornia.  That  Nevada  asHessors,  sheritts,  le<jfi^l''il<'i- 
and  sharehoUlers  have  assisted  thes<'  railroads  (. 
oppress  the  commonwealth  cannot  he  j^ainsaid.  Tip 
exani[)le  to  other  railroad  corporations,  whieli  .uc  in 
a  manner  compelled  hy  the  lanj^er  companies  toaddjn 
similar  tactics,  has  Imumi  and  is  extremely  injuiioMs  ti. 
the  best  interests  «)f  the  state,  by  defeatitijjf  tlie  triir 
pur|)ost!  of  railroads,  which  is  cheap  as  well  as  rapid 
transportation. 

The  Nevada  Central,  narrow  j^auge,  railroad  was 
projectcil  in  1 874  by  iM.  J.  Karrell  of  Austin,  and 
after  five  years  of  uneeasinjjj  liftort  was  compltttd  in 
I8H0.  Tlu' surveyin<^  en<4itie«ir  was  Lyman  Miidtjcs 
of  ('hiea<j;o;  president,  VV.  S.  (j}ajj;e  of  Sa  Franrisco: 
vice-president,  Jt.  L.  S.  Hall  of  New  ^  oik  :  lr<a> 
urcr,  A.  A,  Curtis  of  Austin  ;  secn>tary,  .1.  I>  N(%nis 
«d'  l^attlo  Mountain;  directors.  I).  H.  Hatch  otXtw 
York,  dnmes  II.  Fietllie  of  IJtica,  M.  J.  Farn  II,  M. 
K.  Aii<4«'l,  ami  A.  Ni«'hols;  assistant  superintniditit 
F.  \\  .  Dimn.  (»ov(>rnor  lira«lley  vetoed  the  iVamlii.--' 
bill  in  IS7.^»  on  account  of  a  subsidy  froiii  Laadtr 
county  of  .^200,000  j^rantod  by  the  le}.,nslatui<  ,  Imi 
the  bill  was  passed  over  the  veto." 

The  road  extiuided    from  Battle  Mountain   south 
alojjti;    Keese  riv(!r  to  J^edlie,  two  miles  from  AiiHtiii 

'Net'.  Jour.  Sen.,  1H70,  app.  uu.  1,  l»-20;  Id.  Jour.,  1&,  l'2l. 


KAILltOADS. 


•-';;« 


[<'r,,iii  Lt'dlio  to  Austin  and  tlio  Manhattan  company's 
iiii(u  s,  a  (listu!»cc  of  thnu'  niiloH,  was  another  narrow 
'iiUL'''.  <»wiu'd  by  the  Austin  City  company.  Another 
liraiK  ii  was  the  i^attle  mountaiii,  t^aUed  the  BatUe 
iiiuuiiiaiii  ami  Lewis  railroad,  running  from  (lah^na 
throu'^h  ijewis  and  J^uliion  to  Quartx  mountain,  a 
(listaiic"'  of  elevi;n  mih^s.' 

TIk  l']in'(  iia  aM<l  PaHsado,  narrow  gauge,  company 
was  t<ij,aiiized  in  Nov«'inher  iHj'i  to  construct  ninety 
iiiilts  lit"  foail  h(^tween  tli(>Hc  two  |)laces.  The  in(;or- 
iMtiatt'is  were  Krastus  Woodruff,  Wilham  H.  Knnor, 
Monroe  Salis'oury,  JohnT.  (rilmer.  (\  II.  Hempstead, 
;iii(|,l.  !\.  Witliington.  In  l.s74  tlie  francliisi-  |)assed 
III  a  (oiiipany  of  OaHfornians,  who  also  pun-hased  tlu; 
Kiinka  and  liul)y  Hill  railroad,  five  miK\s  long,  simi- 
lai  to  llie  Austin  City  n)ad,  and  optM-ated  hotli  with 
(in»tit 

Tiif  l*ioch(^  and  Hullionville  narrow  gauge,  was  in- 
((iriMiiali'd  in  Feltruary  IH7'2.  Il  was  t\v(Mity-ono 
milts  long,  and  completed  in  1871},  its  use  i.eing  to 
M.-'iort  the  ores  of  that  region  to  the  mills  at  i^ul 
i)iit;s  lie.  When  the  minus  were  exhaustt'd  it  was  no 
lon-nr  o|>(iated.  Another  short  road  was  eight  and 
ihiir-tourths  miles,  constructed  to  carry  lund)er  and 
(iinl  wood  from  (Jh^nhrook  on  Lake  '''alioe  to  the 
wisttiii  .siiinnut  of  the  Sitrra.  whence  it  was  convevi^d 
111  a  Ihiiiie  to  (-arson  City.  It  was  huilt  hy  II.  M. 
VcriiiiitoM  and  I).  L.  Hliss.  There  are  points  on  it 
ri'Iliarkahle  fol-  r.cenic  ell'ect. 

'fill Carson  an<l  Colorado  narrow  gauge  railroad 
wiuj  iiicorporated  in    May    IHSO,  to  run   from   Mound 


.;  •}  r. 


'KirrtH,  tlio  |tr«ijt>('t(ir  <tf  llio  r<Mul,  wan  a  niitivti  nf  Mount.  Hope,  Morri.'f 

(-■',  N   .1  ,  Ipoiii  March  '_".•.  |S;|'J,  of  Irish  |i;irriit.i^i'.      \lr  iMiiic  to  .s.in  Trail- 

"Hco  111  \l:iv  |.s,"i;i,  K"i"K'  '"  ''>•'  iiiiiK'-*  III  Ncvaila  co.,  (".il.      In   Isii.'l,   tflcr  a 

viriiil  i\|Miiciu't',  he  went  to  Uicm-  river,  NfV.,  localiiii^  hliiisrll'   .it  .\ii.sliii, 

:.  l-iMili'i- in.      Ill' was  at   oiictiiiu'   part  owiirr  in  thr  Kiink.i  ( 'oiisulnlati'ij 

h<\  llii'liiiiiiiiit  niiiii'M,  Iml  ,Mo|i|  out  licfori'  Ihcy  wen-  ili'vi'hi|ircl.      In  ISCT  In' 

lie<;im.   .kk  ictary   to  thf    .Manhattan  Miinnx   co.,  aini    m    jsy-j   was  clicl.  .1 

I'lerk  (.f  I  iiich^r  cii.      He  was  ojci'tiij  to  tin-  state  scnati'  in  IS7H  and  rrrU'i-tetl 

ISMI      III  iill    ri'lation.H   to   socn'tv  lii>    was    a    (Mililic   spintvd   unii    high 

inlnl  c  Ill/on.     Iti.i  wifu  was  Miss  L.  V.  I'ulcrsou  of  Austin. 


.i-W 


.MATKKIAi.  KKiSOURCKS  AND  DKVKLOl'MKNT. 


house,  on  the  V'irj^inia  Jind  Truckee  railroaii,  ulnv^ 
the  Carson  river,  thr<»u«]fh  Mason  valley,  to  Wiilk(r 
river  and  lake  ;  thence  through  tiie  ininoral  rc^iMii  ,,f 
Ksniemlila  i-ounty,  the  borax  and  salt  fields  of  lilnidts 
Marsh,  to  Helleville  and  Candalaria;  and  thence 
over  the  White  niountiiins  into  Owens  river  \;ill(\ 
in  C«>lcirada,  t«»  the  shik  «)t'  Owens  river,  and  •  vn-t- 
ually  to  the  Colorado  rivir.'* 

Th«'  Nevada  and   Oregon  Narrow  (iauge  eoiii|iaii\ 
was  «»rgaiiized  in  Jum*  ISHO.  to  eonstruct  a  road  ['nuii 
Aurora,  via  Hodie,  north  to  (^arson  City,  and  ilciiu 
thence  to   Honey  l^ake    valley,  Madeline  |)laiii>,    I'ii 
river,  and  (i»»ose  lake:  and  thenrr  to  thc^On'g(»ii  lii)(. 
whence    it   was    tx|»e<'ted    it   would    proceed    td  tin 
(\>lund>ia  river.     Tlu>  directors  were  A.   .1.    Ilatch. 
(Jeorge   L.  Wootls.  Janus   NFcMechan,  C.  A.  Hia,".', 
.lohn  Sunderland.    |{.    L.    Fult»>n,  and   C.  P.   Sduh 
Hat<'h  was  presith'nt,  W(»(ds  vice-pr«'sident,  Sumld- 
laiul   treasurer,  T.    S.   CoHin  secriitary,    H.   (J.   M( 
Clellan  <'hief  engine»-r  of  <'onstru<'tion,  ami    Tlinina- 
M<M»re  of  New  Jersey  <ontractor.    (Jnmnd  was  hiokt  n 
at  lieiio  in  Deceinlier,  hut  owing  to  inisnianagciiitiit 
no  material  progress  was  made,  and  in  April  ISHI  tli' 
franchi.se  was  transftrred  to  a   New  York  coni|iatiy 
Besides  the  railroads  actually  completed  and  in  prn:. 
ress  there  wer»'  si'veral   im'«trpoiated  companies  mak 
ing  surveys   in  ditt'erent  parts  of  the  state,  snid  ]mi 
haps  no  U'tter  pro«>f  <'onld  In-  given  of  tlu-  rcsoiini- 
«>f  Nevada  than  this  investment  of  cai>ital  in  railnuni^ 
where  tlu;  jnipulatitui  is  still  much  heK>w  lUO,()<»(i. 

TransportatitU!  hy  water  is  impracticable  in  N>'vail;i 
ext'ept  up«»n  the  lak«'s  of  the  western  |)ortion.  wlur 
small    .steamers  may    be    employt>d  with  some  litti' 


^'SHrrrt/orCiHfmfjt  fifyl,   1884,   '27-8;  Ciiiiihiliirin  Tnir   A'wyM/c,  Si-pt. '.'' 
ISSO;  R-m  Sl-Uf  J<»ir..  May  fi.  1880;  f '.kv...//  7V//;->,  .hiiie  7.  1880;  .S'l/^r  'V» 
TuHfo,  Aug.  'JS,   I.ViO;   Suiro  Iwl-fxnihiit.  Si-iit.   l:«,   1880;   KiOfka  l.-iuh;:  (k' 
I.T  an.l  l).i-.   'jy.    ISM»:    WI.U.  I'h,,    .V.wrs  .Ian.  'Jl,  1881;  K^„„nMi   Ihr-ii 
May  aJ,  ISM;  Ttucaroni  TiiiuH  l{,vi.u-  .Marcli  7,  1881;  Htm  </,iZiU>.  Aiin! 
1883. 


I^ISH  CULTUIJE. 


b«^n.  fit  to  commorrc.     Kfl; 


241 


iiaviLM 


t<'t)u>Colomdo.wW;M!J:rJ^^^n  made 


wJjicli  bounds  tj 


t( 


•  \;»(ia  are   useful   f( 


«UC008S.       Tj 


'<^  -state  on  t! 


o 


le 


ti<»ii>  (iiav 


fact 


"ivs.  aiM 


"-    useiu     for     rrlira*:  .  '"^ 


III  ./, 


niiiarv  at 


'  otiier  hiatjcJ 


I»'>uer.s  utiiized 


to  iivrrs  of 

•o  JJ!-(  iiem. 


t'«  of  iitdu 


IIIISSK 


S'iiiin'ii  III 
Stat. 


"  j''aced  .000,000 


iApnlis7f)thoO 


an 


stry. 
^I'l^oriim  fisi 


'"  tJiaiiu- 


111  A/accJi   |( 


i  ill  M 


^       i*'vt"r,  vvJiicI, 
■KV  IHSO  several  tJ 


partis 


,000 


I  <'oni- 
i"  tj.at 


,"'•"'>?  "i.ito  h-siVZ^r";' '''"■- '-"t 


i^ 


'•'vor,    VVaij. 


':,:;:i^,":"i;'"'-*«t.™ind 


t ^      "V    IJ|(.    ,w;, 

^'  waters  „f  \\',,.^j 


•  iiie 


.fc.test.M.k,,|vvithoatfis) 


'l'  '••v.T,   KuivJ, 


loe 


Ono 


I-'UikI.s  of  trout 


'  and  .sal 


<'-•'-••  Ti,ir":ri*'^^-^- 


;:M'-n,neMtsf;,|I„wedi,U88 


f; 


I'^l'-'^vii  from  ]\r, 


Wtis   erieoiiia 


a  I 


a   poiid^ 
parts  of  tlie 


-'fni  l)rook-troiit 


i,  and 


.unt.cr. 


K  70,. 

KH'    ifl 


FiirtI 


V. '^^-^aiiatej 


ler 


uiie  and  V 


J||  P'v>^u,nal>)v  tlie  |>est  I, 
y'T-  .,  "  ^^'^1  Truek 


^vas   estaMislK,/:  ^     ^  «sP 


(.11. 


>Wltl 


I'MllfHlt.      TJ 
"cations, 
trout 


;*  •^^'.^'•t'lv  planted 


^-is :;';:  c^;;x^;:7,,^:- -'...on ..-; 


«"^'  witii   flatt^ 
weresl,i|,,„.d  toN 


crtni. 


vw 


i\!;:n  '^'h'" "'  T-ko  =S 


>     1',.  ''    """    It  IS  SJO*      *I..>A 


s  sjud  tJiat 


lak 

fliii 


r''''?''''--'.ii."K  nt,;:;-t:r  «'''■•' "■hm-..".:^^ 


and 


S  (I 


♦'aniieries  wore 


^^'♦>ro  inade'fi, 


•**U|.j.|v 

1  i 

lllrtal   . 

wliiVj,  J 
I'liiir, 
Cnal 


'l'<■."".^'  a  now 


sourci'  of  rev 


•'^taMi.sIii.d  at  M 


"II  tJiis 


<'i< 


'•^Wojtli 


'•■'^■"  ,«'.;^a^lv  s,,okeu  of 


^'.'uo  as  w.jj  ,,  f„„J 


lave 


Ix'en 


tins  al)oun,l 


t] 


'<'  |"(.untains  rioJi 


■M»ai», 


"^'P"«it.Hl  in   wat, 


'".!.'    IM    tllost 


and 

ti's.  a  I, 
tl 

TU; 


i;....H'a,arse,iie,and 
^*a.s  found 


in 

niiiierals 


iiiniK 


'•'itiese, 


-«iilt,  soda,  sui'. 


■'■  ".IS  rouiKi  n«  <.o..l  ■■,-,"in!«i 


otu 


''•rson   vail 


"^  uuun  nrovcr   ♦,>    » •  ^  •      ..  "■•"""   va  ev 


"; ':'.""•■  "f  the.  NVv„.i 


nil  1 


'"'■i'ic  riiilr,,i„l 


-- i  A^;:;"'. ;"■;'<  "^^"..mii;;:;; 


lli-T.  N 


KV.     i« 


HI    KIk 


O    CO 


on 
Hear 


"..ty,  and   in   Kl 


242 


MATKUIAL  UKSOURL'KS  AND  DKVKLOr.MKNT. 


.'  I 


Dorado  cnfion.  Iimnonse  tracts  of  peat,  one  lud  cov. 
eriiiLf  13,000  iirruH,  oxtond  uloiii,'  the  Huinl«»l(lt  livtr, 
valualilr  for  fuel,  pa'licularly  in  a  country  destituti  of 
tinilxT  like  this  valley. 

Of  th<'  ores  of  metals  used  in  manufactures,  Ne\a<la 
furnislii>s  many.  Iron,  althou<j;h  known  to  exist  on 
the  Cai-stui  river  as  early  as  18(12,  on  Ket;se  rivi  r  in 
IHfio,  and  in  the  Peavine  distrirt  of  Nye  eountv  in 
ISf)."),  has  l)e(!n  nei^leeted.  Copper,  disoovent I  first  in 
Carson  valley  in  I  HaG,  and  quarried  in  specimen  hlucks 
a  few  years  later,  was  little  heeded  l»y  minin.,'  mm 
until  recently.  (\>pper  ore  is  found  on  Walker  ilv.  r. 
in  Elko  county,  and  near  Soda  sprin«;s  in  Ksmk  raUa 
county.  The  <'opper  mines  of  Elko  county  wciv  tin 
first  to  1x5  devel(>ped.  Load  production  has  iiK  ivasod 
so  rapidly  in  a  few  years  as  t<»  place  Eureka  at  tin 
head  t>f  the  lead  producinj*  distrii'ts  of  the  I'liitrd 
States.  Cinnal)ar  was  (liscovered  in  Washm  ami 
Nye  counties  in  1 87(5.  It  is  found  in  a  er\  staliznj 
state  and  also  in  anior[>hous  masse.s.  NiekrI  iiiiiii> 
exist  in  Hund)oldt  county,  the  discovery  lu-ini;  wd<\< 
in  188'J,  and  immediately  worked.  Ten  car  loads  ni 
the  ore  were  shi|)p(!d  within  a  month  aftoc  it  wns 
found.  Tin  ore  has  been  known  to  exist  in  NCvaila 
since  lH()r\,  but  it  has  ni'ver  been  worked  or  its  valiir 
detennined.  Antimony  was  di.scovered  as  early  a^ 
I87fi,  but  does  not  apjKiar  to  have  been  miiitij  until 
1882,  wiien  there  was  a  shij»ment  of  the  "m-  frum 
Elko  county.  Hismuth  is  aiiothrr  nietaHic  pru'Jmt 
of  which  at  pr-seut  not  DUcIi  is  known. 

Notwithstandiii  '  this  extraordinary  ricliiuss  of 
mineral  proihutions,  or  perlmps  because  of  it.  ftw 
spt'cimens  of  precious  stones  havr  been  fniinl  in 
Ntivada,  and  those  of  an  inferior  <^ualit\,  A  ni!»y 
from  the  C(»mstock  lode  weiiriiuil  one  carat,  r.ftir 
cuttiii'jj,  was  discovered  in  18m2,  and  occasionally, 
onils  and  turquoise  have  been  found,  of  littji  \alii' 
( )f  the  distributiuu  of  tlic  ureciuUK  mt^tuls,  tin;  most 


A'lXKUALS  AX;,  .MkTALS. 


•  2*13 

inipr.rbnt  part  of  tli..  n.;..      i 

'"•     '  """  wax  wl„,i,  tl,e 

"I'll  til.- Slll)jfi,.t„f;.OSo,,..„^,.       ,         . 

r;::::;S':i;;:;-'K;f'te^^^ 


"i'''"!i''t;'''')'>u\.i{.,,«rai,i  !..'■''•''■  "''"•'/*•/•«  r  V  v.,  "'"  ."'•""•cast 


"  iH.lor  s  /irst  .•vi.,.,l,ti,„      .  V        ?  "'"'"  """"•  ''nmrl    !?/  '  ';''  ••"•""«'■ 

».sa.MM..,     ,y  l.,eut...,.,u.  .H  Ji    I  '""'''"•"••••r.s  «t  <Vt,..,,  j1     ,."'*'  ''^''T- 
III-  l.i.t  iM.I,|,.s|„.,|  r,.„.,rt    „.  V^-v         ."-'  ""•'  \>  lilMiii  1     (,''*""'•"'■•      "« 


■M-.v„.„,  (S,,,.,  ^„,.,.,.^  .;."/';'•  '•'"'''•'■■•-I  u...  ,  :, ;:  '^;\'-?'v'"  '»  isra 


""•••^  of  tlun'..,„ r""t">n  .111.7 


'■*" ■"■■•i  .1/.,,,,., K,™  '""''■'  K'-i""'-i  «n.i  1  .;',"""■,"•  "■■^^ <■.»..■ 

f'-'« •i.x.r.j.t..,.;. ,.r ti"'« ';' '""-'^- '«"«.sti,.,, a,. it  ';;'"","'o'. , ..i. 

'■^i<"i«iii...MiMHH«L.;.      r'  '•  ''"-t.-r,  Mi..,J  .      .  "^  "'*  '*'""•"    n^ 

'nititi,,,,  ,,,,,1  I,    "  '■■"*•'•      l<iirt..ii.  Ji..H,v,.r    „         "'"^'"11,    7'/,,   r,y„  ,,-•.. 

"••:;^'' ..I   'U-"nut,r%  "••  '•"-''  »"r.M..(    v:.'7">.-'"'  '  •<t.vl« 

■^-  "''hi,,,  i.siii    ,|,.v,.*       ,      '■'/'■  ""  f'"'  /•/,„•,,,  ,„  /^  ■^'^••l«  in   isijo,  ,,-,„i 

AV.»r,;,.,/l'T,-. >"'.''''>'■  »-  th,.„s,.,i.N  l„  .-.  "   H"■^'•^";''""^.  «itl, 

"^   V"     IV"''  ^'•''writ. 


■r;^.      .  .M»,.r,„«s.  fa,nm« 


( 

n 

1 

f 

f 

1 

jHi 


fl«< 


244 


MATKIMAI-  KKSOUUrivS  AND  DKVEI.OrSIKNT. 


wliulr  (Xpiiiisc  i)f  ]»lain  at  tho  oastrrn  l)a.so  df  the 
]{«t<ky  inuuntains  was  iciuvHcnti'il  to  ln<  a  dcsnt  ;  \.t 
out  of  that  «U'st'rt  liow  many  states  ami  tt'iiittiii.s 
liavc  Ixt'M  raiv('«l  wlio.sc  wcaltli  ami  i«ii|Ktrtaiiri  mv 
ii(»\v  uiiilri'stiMxI.  Kastcru  Or-cj^on  and  Xovadn  lia\i 
l)»'»'n  <onsid(  r«(l  little  Ix'tter  than  (k'scrts,  althtuj'jli  it 
was  kn<»Nvn  that  tho  Imliaiis  [)astuit'd  hw^^v  IkkI, 
U|Hin  their  nutiitious  <jjrasses.  Wlierevei-  tht  |i;i> 
tiira'L;('  is  lieh  tlie  soil  may  l>e  (n)n\'erted  to  the  ijiowtli 
nf  eeicals,  and  often  only  water  is  recjuired  tn  iimk. 
the  driest  and  most  harren-loitkini^  sectiniis  fruittu! 
fields.  The  ovi'rtoppini^  intluence  of  the  mining 
interest  has  kejtt  hack  the  aj^rieiiltural." 

anil   siifTipiontly  ilosorilics  tho   work  witliont   saj-ing   moro.     /Awjm  (:„. 

trill  li'iiil'  til  till    I'lii-ijii- /iitiii  tlir    Viilli  II  of  llif    Mii.-iiM.-^sijipi  t'l  t'liHt 


ll      I'l      till        E.L 


nxilltlnll    I 


t  'iilih 


iriini,   mil 


I   fi 


I   E.    /'".     liiiili ,    Siijiiriii/i  lull  lit     11/  liiiliiiii    .l//'i( 


y/.i 


/A 


<'"]!,     Jl'lllll 


Mixsniiri   III    (  iillliiniiii. 


riir  rmiti'  lallcil  (•cntriil  in  tliii  wntk  i«  liy  tin'  old  trail  trmn  Wc-tport  t 


iv  lUiil's  tort;  th 


t<i  till'  II 


ii.rtaiiK  riviT,  in  tin'  Sjiiigre  1 


!.•(■ 


■I'lii  iiji.iiii- 


tiiiiis,  ami  tlirMii^li  tlii'iii  ta  Kurt  Massacliiisci ts,  mi  IJtali  crti  k,  in  Ni»  Mi<- 
ic".  Ihmx.ii^;  Knit  Massailiiiiftts,  tin?  nuittr  laj'  iii>  tin-  San  l.iii>  \.ilii  \  h< 
tilt'  Sii^iiaclit' \  alley,  tliripiiuli  tin?  ('ucln'tdlia  pass  in  tin'  Saj;liai  he  im  nii- 
tiiiis,  ami  ilowii  till'  Kivi'i'  Umiiiii|ilia>,'ri'  to  tin'  (Iranil  rivor  fork  nj  tied!- 
orailii  ill  I'tali;  tlii'iii'e  aiross  the  Kiiiikani  riviraml  thodririi  rnirlcrk 
of  tilt?  Colorailo,  tlirou^'li  tin'  Morimiii  si'tlli'iinnts  mar  l.ittli  Salt  l.aki' .iiiii 
till'  V'l'^as  ill' Santa  (  lai a;  tliiiirt' aloiiii  tin'  ol.l  Sjianisli  trail  tii  in  Al  .i|iiiii 
across  the  ili'sj-rt  to  till'  Moliavr  riM'r,  into  thr  'I'lilaii!  tliroii^'li  \\  ;ilkrr  |ia*» 
ill  tin' Surra  Nrvaila.  Kxi'i'iil  that  tin;  roiili'Ma.H  nil  iiiiiisual  i.tir,  ;iiiii  tlit 
I'ali  I'tc's  Wire  foiimi  to  ln'  tin?  worst  lior-c  thieves  on  tin?  rmitiiniit,  tlinit 
notliiiij;  wortliy  of  note  in  the  lionk.  (''ill/oriiin  oml  its  (uinliliiii-!  i(  nlilnr- 
nioii  nml  Seitie  N'erliiiltiiisse),  liy  A.  V.  Oswalil,  is  a  liiiinl  I'ook  ei  ii'.iiiiii'>,'a 
Hketi'li  iif  tlu!  history,  neojirajiliy,  utatisties,  cliinale,  Koils,  ceinini  n  r.  I.i««. 
liioiU's,  mill  routes  lit  travel,  etc.,  with  a  ina|i  nf  the  I'liitetl  Stall  >.  \>VX 
The  reteielioes  to  Nevada  are  of  the  liri"fi!st.  J]i}ilitiiii'.i  lininl  ItnLiJ 
'I'rnril.  Istil,  makes  a  lirief  iiotiee  of  I'tah  territory,  \»  itlioiit  mi  ntii'iiini! 
the  se|iaration  of  tlin  territory  of  Nevada  from  I'tah.  The  travi  lli  r  iiiiM 
it  have  ^'allied   niiieli  information   from  A|i]iletoii.      The  Oc  (•/■'/>'/'•■'"'''.  I'V 


ill 


li    II. 


rii,  IS.' 


IS  n  nil 


ro  road  hook  from  Cnuiieil  Hliill's  to  Sm  raiimili'. 


and  as  sinli   must  have  heeii    of   niui'h  use  to   iTniiii>:raiits,  as  it  jjavi    a 


11  \h 


river  eros-iinjjs,  eani|>in>^  ]ilaees.  eti 


itli  tho  distaiiees  l.etweiii.     'I'liirfari 


trikiii).'  inai'i'iirai'ies  in  the  distances,  how.  ver.  mi  the  wtstiin  uni" 
the  route.  Allnrt  (J.  Hrarket.  in  t\\"\Vi^tirii  M  ■ntlilt/.  a  liiava/iiie.  <liii'U" 
Al'ril.  ISIiH,  has  an  artiele  on  Xinnlii  nml  tin  yilri  r  Jifliif<,  whiih 
very  partii'iilar  deseriptinii  of  the  western  |iortioii  of  the  state,  and  1 
Upon  the  then  iii'W  distriet  of  White  Pine,  iiiade  from  |irrsiiii.il  e' 
There  iniu'ht    he  iiientioiied  also    /'nut/    nml    Urimiiliii.    i.    ICi'*'. 


iil.iiii- 
ririai 


k- 


\atii'M. 


Cnii^ 


.W 


S.  II.    /)..'•.,  114,  ISW:    Uit.'ixi'x  Siiiiifiiir 


:iM'  4!': 


Ori'ifiii.  -'>S  (ifl:  Miii/ir's  M'.n'rn:  .!*./('',  SjhiiK,  mill  lfri>.,  ii.    'M \ 


Wmiil- 


•r  Yi 


I  niitt 


'I'M   lliill'i  Hiiiihtii  tl„-  (hint  ll'/i.,  Rf)  (Ml;  and    IV'/'" 


Mniiifiit  Ih  •Hull  ill  tin     Wfl.  m  I >i-  r'l'n'l  ■^fni'i'ltn'.   AllL'.    ISIill, 

•••'III  IStit)  Nevada  had  less  than  l(K)  small  farms:  in  IS70  there  «'-i  o" 


The  li 
ill  l^.">7. 
.""Iiiicks  ; 
iii'„dit 
iliil  no  .'I 
top  nf  tl 
-m  I  Mi: I 
riilllllli'lK 

tiiiiiiii'^-  ;i 
(l;i\.      Si 


l.iHill,   .1111!    i 
Tli.ii  I  line  ai 

iVl.lcM f   V 

.\l.  (radhliai 
ca'ii"  to  ( '.ll. 

li.'tH-1'l'll    III.)  ,-| 

liirt  tl  tlie  III 
M  >riii  III    ant  I 

.V. '•-/.(  ,1/;.,'-/, 

l''lllllV<  of    till 

t"  .Vi'vada  in 
1 1  till'  aiTi!  ill 

riiv'<  .sillllr   III 

1:1,'  t'l  tills  ant 

i''il'ltV,   winrli 

.ml  .M  II ^' iM  st 
Imii'  :h  till..  f;i 
T  11  Siiiiili  of 
f'li  IM  IS.Vt,  a 
With  ll.  H.  Sill 
iiii-iit  wlii'at  \  I 
I'lt-i  .ilnnit  the 
\V:iii,.rs  of  1;, 

l"ltll'"'i.    •Jll   HI 

Til.-  Mi'l.l  is  Ml 
ri'liiH  i.f  liH) 
•I  ■.11'1,'r,  are  l."ii 
|iiiri'!ii„.d  lllil 

in. I  l>liin,|,.d   st( 

''(•   i-ii'i   tl.   I 
Slit.  .Miy  'J,-,. 
Till'  iliin.it,. 
wri'  tlii'i'i'  II,  I 
"III'  '"'I'lirri'd  III 

ll''ll<llt  I'llln;  I,, 
tiiri.ii;4li  |{„.  |,,„ 
iTty  li.'f,,,.,.  it. 
'''!*■  .V  "■/•.,„„,// 
"Vi'rt..„li  |.;,i,.,.k: 
.VlCyW/r  .{f,j„, 

l>H,,,l.-l,,        \|,_, 

iril'ihiy  i.,!l,,^x, 
of  iinnjcTty  at 


SOIL  AND  I'liOKL'tlS. 


946 


Tin-  i'ii'^^  «)l>sorv»'(l  cnrtlKjUukf  since  si'ttlt'iumt  was 
i„  |s,,7.  Oil  tin-  I'Dtli  »)f  May,  I.sCH.  tlu-n'  wnv  tour 
slnuk>  at  (arson  lu'twi't'ii  iiiius  and  'im  o'clock  at 
iii._rlit  Tlicy  were  distinctly  felt  in  tlu^  mines,  l»ut 
,|i,|  IK  I  ;iania<;e,  thoUijii  tlu'V  displact^d  liricks  at  the 
tdiMif  the  court  housi'.  On  tlie  nij^lit  of  Dectinlu'r 
•jC).  isfi'.i.  a  series  of  seven;  shocks  weii!  exjteriencfd, 
(•Miiiiiitiiciiiij;  at  six  o'clock  in  the  evenini^,  and  con- 
tiiiiiiii'i  i't.  intervals  tlirouu;h  that  ni^ht  and  the  next 
(lav.     Some  Imildings  were    injured,  and   at   Steam- 


1 1 


I.IKIO,  ami   in    IS70  m-arly    l,r)0<),   r;ini{iii^  fnun    10  acres  to  I  IHM)  <ir  iiioro. 

Tim  iliiii' ari'  fanii-*  Ml  till'   xUilr  »'i|iial    to  the  lust    aiivw  lure    h  >iillicn'iit 

ni,|,ii, I   whiit   iii.iy   yi't  lie.      In   .V'/--"/"   Hi  «ini)iloi,    Ms.,   |,  liy    William 

.M.  (  raili<'l>aiii;li,  limtlicr  of  ■IuiIkc  ( 'raillrliaiij^li  nf  ( 'Inli'Villf,  Olim,  u  liii 
tM'ii'' til  t  il.  Ill  IS.'i'J,  ami  til  Ni'v.ida  in  iS.V.t,  is  iiicntiun  nl  liis  tarin  nf 
Ih'tw.Tii  U»iJ  ami  .")(H(  aires  in  ( 'ar.snii  valley.  This  .MS.  is  ilevnteil  in  iivvAt 
iiirl  ti  llie  history  of  early  times  ainl  Jinl^e  < 'raiUeliailj^h's  contest  uilli  tho 
M  ii'in  III  antliorittus  in  relation  to  the  .Mountain  Mcailow  s  massacre.  In 
.V.<')/)  Mi-'lhiiit,  M"^.,  coiiliiiniim  neveral  eoiiU'ilnilioiis  u|ion  the  jiliy^ical 
l.iiiinMof  the  country,  M.  II.  Iteyiiii'i-s  oi'  ilanover,  (ierniany,  who  came 
t.i  N'cvulv  ill  ISTO,  s|ieakiiii.;  of  fanning,  s.iys  th.it  lie  t'ets  -I  tins  ol'  alfall.-v 
1 1  till'  ii'ic  ill  two  i'ro|n,  4."»  liiishels  of  w  heat,  .'Ml  to  ■♦(>  Imshels  of  liarlev.  ami 
rii'ii  siiiiic  hlue  joint  iirass,  '2  tons  to  tin,'  acre,  all  in  .Ma^on  valley.  Accoril- 
i!ii  t'l  tlii-i  author  tile  lini'st  ilraii;;lit  horses  111  the  state  an'  raiseil  in  Lymi 
iiiiiilv.  which  aill  yet  l>e  faincil  for  its  iiroilucli..n  of  l''.iivli-h  t'o.-ich.  Civile, 
*iil  M  ii'j;  lu  stock.  Kii'liaril  Kiiinan  ami  T.  15.  Itukey  oi  .Aiiteloiie  x.illiy 
liivi'  a-i  line  f.inii  ami  stock  raisin;;  ]irii|)erty  as  can  he  foiiiiil  in  the  wmM. 
T  U  Siiiiili  of  .Smith  valley  in  Lyon  comity,  liorn  in  .M  i-s  in  ISIU,  came  to 
t'll  iM  Is.'ilt,  ami  to  Ncv.iila  in  liS,">',(.  lie  lirst  settleil  the  valli'V  in  eom|iaiiy 
witli  11.  1$.  Smith  anil  < '.  Siiiilli,  v  hence  the  name.  .Acconlinn  to  his  states 
imiit  wlieat  yichls  in  Smith  valley  'M)  to  (iO  Imshels;  liarhy  '.'.">  to  K(  Im-hels; 
mt*  alimil  the  .same.  A|>|ilcs,  prunes,  pears,  currants,  etc,  i|o  «ell.  T. 
W'.nt.Ts  nf  Kcese  river  in  ISlU  had  I  lit  acres  in  liarley,  7.">  in  oats,  'M)  in 
|MtitiM's,  '.'il  III  lliiui<ai'ian  ):r.iss,  .'lot)  in  native  (grasses,  and  H(  in  vil;i  t  ildes. 
Till' yield  is  Mill  ;,'iMn.  .\ti4iii  /I'rr.ir  /,'!i:  r  /,'i  ri  iili,  .June  'Jl,  ISI'.J.  Willnn  a 
ri'liiH  i.f  1(111  miles  of  rioi'he,  excluding  the  Morinon  settlement  of  St 
(inrHc  arc  l.'iil  farms.  I'hrhr  l;,,-.<nl,  Kd..  i:t,  ls7:i.  .Iiid>.'e  j'crlev  of  I'loelm 
|iiin''i:i..'il  till)  acriM  in  Ste|itoe  \  .illey  for  tin'  iiur]iose  of  raisin;;  fruit,  ^.'lain, 
.'III  I  lilniuli'd  stock.  ,lohn  ( lUthrio  in  MmiiiIioIiU  coiiniy.  liroii::lit  his  farm  of 
tin  are ,  to  lie  one  of  the  most  valllalile  on  thecoa't.  Wiinii  iiiiii-i;i  Silrt  r 
Sill.  Miy  •_'.■>,  I.SS'J.     This  ilata  wa-i  j;.ifhercil  for  nie  l.y  •  ieo.   II.   Morrison. 

Till' iliiiiate  is  dry  and  hcalllifiil.  t'loinl  l>iir>ts  are  oec  i-.ional.  There 
«ri' three  III  IST'J.  itrirliiinl  M"i,l/,li/,  |.s7."!,  -Itil  (1.  The  nio^l  lemark.ilile 
mil' ui'i'iirri'd  in  Is74,   on  the    istii  of  Aii^jiist.      .\  mass   nf  water  .S   feet    in 

lli'i|{llt  ctliie    liilllli^  down    till)    lanon     where    .XiInIih    \\:h    located,    s>\ee|iilii; 

t'iniir.;li  the  tow  n  like  an  a\  al.inche,  and  eai  ryiim  S1(MI.(MM»  worth  of  prop. 
rrty  li"liiie  it.      Till'    |ieo|ile   liein;;  w  ariicd    liy    a    s«  ift  i  iiler,    escijied    to   the 

lill'v  S„;:,i,„ii/'t  J{,,,  .\iiK.    lit,    |h71.     On   the  '.'4th  of  .Inly  a   simil.ir   11 I 

"viTtniili  Kiirek.v  wiilioiit  w.niiiiiL;.      Many  lives  wei-i^  lost  m  this  cloud  liiir--t. 

.VlCyW/.    .{),;.,, r/.    .\llj».    I,    |S7»',     h'rii-S/'llr    Jniirinit,     Auii.    1.     |S7»:    .l//,i»./ri;- 

l>isf,ii,-li,  \u4.  |S74.  .\  flood  resulting!  from  a  violeiir,  ram-torm,  which 
iril.ilijy  tiillowed  a  cloud  liurst  in  the  inouiitdiiiri,  tlustroycil  ?<KK),IMK)  worth 
of  iiri.iH.ity  at  Austin  in  August  ISOS. 


•M 


MATKUIAL  UF>UU11CES  AXI»  IiKVKI.OI'MKXT. 


m 


I  I 


I 


boat  sprinj^s  tho  ;j<'ys4'r«  wtTo  uiiusunlly  active.  Tli. 
iiiiiii's  Wore  iu»t  at  all  atlcTtt'il  liy  tin-  Hlnw-kH,  alf  Inui^l, 
tilt)  l»oiK?rH  of  tli(>Htcaiii  lioiHtiiii^-works  lilcvv  oil  st.aui 
at  each  viltmtioii,  nmcli  to  the  coiiHtcrMatinu  •.('  tin 
i'iii^iii»«T.s,  who  rituhl  Hot  arntiiiit  tor  the  |>lniiniiiiii..ii. 
At  tlu!  Sava;^t'  iiiino  tin*  ent^idri'i'  Ktoji|HMl  tlic  l.nvr 
»uiii|>iii^i;  cni:;'!!!!'.  ami  alaniKil  the  iiiiiu  rs  utidt  i.rniiiinl 
)V  this  action  more  than  the  earth({uake  iiiul  i|ui|.. 
Ill  March  IH72  tiu'ic  were  two  ln'avy  whocks  in  \Vl,it. 
JMiie  couiitv.  This  was  proliahlv  what  is  kin.wn  ;i, 
tlie  Inyo  cartlHiuake,  which  was  felt  at  th*  cna,? 
Oil  XovemluT  .'),  ih7'{,  a  heavv  shock  was  t".  ll  at 
Union ville  ami  four  at  \  irj^inia  City  hetwceii  :•  .\.  m 
ami  7  I'.  M.  Th»j  <listurhance  continueil  two  davs. 
tluriiiLj  which  time  there  were  eij^'ht  distim-t  slimks 
ahout  the  sink  of  the  ('ars«tn,  the  wat»'is  of  wliidi 
Were  nim-h  ai^itate<l.  In  Au'^ust  IHdM  Mount  Hiitl«i. 
near  \'ii<'inia  ( 'itv,  wis  ohstrvi-d  t(»  hi'  ^^iveM  .««i_'iis .[' 
voleaiTu-  «listurl»ancc.  tlanies  hreakin*^  out  in  a  caw. 
but  prohahlv  from  the  i-'iiition  of  ixases. 

Of  the  indi'^eiious  piiMluctions  of  the  si.il  in 
Nevada,  tlu^  timlK-r  is  tirst  in  importance,  aiiil  In 
fouml  in  tlu'  imuintains  <'.\clusively.  First  nn  tin 
ramies  <*oines  a  belt  <»f  the  juni|>«'r  and  nut  |iiiif; 
next  above,  the  white  pine  and  balsam  fir;  then  tlif 
l)ou;j;las  spru<e,  ami  on  Wlu-eler  peak  and  elscwhtn 
tho  Itocky  inounUiin  sprur*'.  (Jrovesof  as|»eM  (pcrin 
at  a  height  of  '.i.joo  t'e«t  in  the  Tiov  ran<4e.  tiie  li.  j.^'lit 
of  the  timbi-r  belt  beiic^  nearly  ll.ooo  fV-et  in  <riitr!(l 
Nevada.  ( K'casioiial  cedars  and  cottonw»)ods.  witli 
willows,  and  mountain  maho^^any,  complete  the  list  <>: 
trcj's.  Their  size  i»lativelv  to  those  of  tin  s.iiin 
Hpecies  in  California  and  Ore<j;on  is  interior.  Ii<<' 
fiftv  feet  in  heiijht,  and  twelve  to  fourteen  iiuln'S  in 
diameter  art?  of  the  avcra«.;tj  si/e  cut  tor  niiiliii'j 
Th(!  number  of  acr«'s  of  timber,  includini^  wni.dlaii'i. 
was  reported  in  IH7l>  at  l.4'J<l.4lo,  with  some<Muiiti.- 
to  hear  from.  Coiinressionaliand  statti  le«^islati"ii  liJi^ 
endeavored  t«)i)rt)tcct  the  fL;rc'stry,  which  with  juiliti«'ii> 


iA 


kilt 


PLANTS  AM>  ANIMALS. 


247 


innnn'-Tfii'""^  ^^Y  ^^^  ^'^''n^'^y  pro»orvt'«l.  Tlio  flora  (»f 
N.  \ii<l;i  is  much  iiun'fioxU'iisivo  tluiii  nt  Hist  Hi«;lit 
iiii.:lif  l)f  supposcMl,  tlu'ii-  lu'liiiT  ovtT  l/JOO  plants  <-ata- 
|(i._'iir«l  witlituit  ('(unpK^tinj^  tlu^  list.  Tin;  ohtruslvt!- 
III  >s  ot'  the  artcnu'sia,  or  Hii^e-brusli,  ohscuros  cvory- 

tllill.'   III'T*'   llUxlc'St. 

W  iM  -•^aine  is  inoro  plnitifiil  now  than  tliirtv  vcars 
Vfiirs  ivu},  \H'u\>r  protuctfd  l»y  i^aiiio  laws,  ainl  not 
so  iiiuili  ncriK'tl  by  tlio  Indians  for  food  as  fdinuirly. 

it  would  1)(!  erroneous  to  conrludi!  that  bccaust!  ft'W 
niiimals  liavo  rhoscji  Nevada  f(ir  tlu'ir  homo  thatthrro 
was  not  su|)|M»rt  for  animal  life;  for  n*-\t  iti  iniport- 
aiiir  to  its  mines  at  pn-scnt  is  tin-  trade  in  rattle,  and 
!.ti>(  k  siiltsist  almost  entirely  Upon  the  native  orasses. 
Tin  ir  low  hills  and  the  l(»ftiest  summits  of  the  inoun- 
iaiii>  furnish  huneh-jj^rass,  of  wlTa-h  tlniv!  are  two 
v.iiit  tiis,  that  }^rowinj,;on  the  lower  hills  I  Min<^  coarser 
iiiiij  mote  thinly  set  than  that  whu'h  ^rows  further 
up,  and  whii'h  hears  an  (wit-shape'd  seed.  Nsitive 
(|n\i  r.  hhie-joint,  red-top,  and  one  kind  of  hunch- 
iia-s  are  found  in  the  valh'vs.  On  all  th«'  creeks  of 
the  northern  part  of  the  stJite  ar«'  extensive  patches 
of  i\ r-<4iass.  which  «;rows  often  six  f«'»t  hinh,  ami 
maki  s  »\<t'llent  hay.  The  mimlur  of  acres  «lassitied 
as  iiaziii'4  laud  in  1H78,  some  counties  not  heing 
lirar.l  from,  was  7,50S,()(;o." 

'-'I'lii' cattle  lionliiil  upon  tliPMc  nntiiral  jiaslnros  niftko  tlio  host  of  liocf, 
or  uliii'h  at  li'.'iHt  I'aiiiiot  lif  I'ljualU'il  i^xcrpt  ii|miii  -iiMiiiiir  ritiiui's  in  the 
liUii' li  ^rnxH  rrL!ioiiM  of  c.'iMtvrn  Ort'^nn,  lilalm,  iiml  Montana,  ami  ).n]H'rior 
t'<  tli.it  |>ri>ilni'<'<l  with  careful  fanning  in  tlic  caKtcrn  Mtatcs.  I  iiavc  given 
M  lull  iiarticiilar.i  of  Htock  raising;  Inr  niarki't  ni  my  //*'•.'";•(/  i;/  M'tiitunn 
that  It  ii  iiuiiciCNHary  to  ri'|icat  the  aic.iiiiit  here.  e\ee|)t  to  say  that  Nevaila 
i<  va>tly  Miiierior  to  Montana  on  acciiiinl  of  the  niilcier  v.  inters.  'I'he  fact-< 
ari'  In  ueiicral  tli<-  Name,  ami  tin-  |irolit.H  Nimilar.  'I'he  eoniiiioii  xtnck  of  the 
I'Miiitiv  w.'is  Lfracjeil  Hoinewliat  !>>'  hulls  kept  hy  immigrants,  hut  has  hi'cn 
>:iiMil)  iiiiproNcil  more  recently  l>y  iinporteil  animals.  The  averajfe  wei^'lil 
"t  i-attli-   has   hccn   increaseil  ten    piT  cent,    ainl   the  Nevaili   herds  in    I.SXl 

Wire   iliMiit    half  thoron^hhrcil.     Some  examples  niay   not  I iit  of  place. 

W.  .\.  Mar'.li  hail  a  .stock  farm  at  the  licail  of  Carson  \  alley  of  hi^h  hreil 
iMttli'.  T.  I».  Parkinson  of  Kelly's  creek  iinporteil  in  ISMl  six  car  loaihi  of 
iiii|irn\id  toek.  Ill'  hail  importeil  wcveral  lot."  hefore.  haiuel  .Mnrpliy 
l.i'l  lin.iNHt  acres  of  laiul  in  Nevaila,  from  which  he  shippeil  li.lNtO  heail  of 
utile  Nearly.     Muri>hy  wan  a  California  pioiiuur  of  1844,  uud  the  largeiit 


! 

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Wi  'ill 


1 
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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


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1.25 


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'■^'  m  112.2 


m 


12.0 


i.8 


U    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STriET 

WEBSTER, N.Y.  \4it0 

(716)  872-4503 


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S48 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


The  number  of  sheep  in  Nevada  in  1884  was  .100- 
000.  The  wool  clip  of  Nevada  was  given  in  187G  at 
100,000  pounds.  In  1880  the  crop  in  Paradise  valky 
alone  was  84,000  pounds.  The  shipment  from  Battle 
Mountain  for  the  year  was  200,000  pounds,  a  falliii«r 
off  from  previous  years,  owing  to  large  sales  of  sheep 


I: 


H 


stock  owner  in  Nevada,  as  well  as  the  largest  land  owner  in  the  world.  He 
owned  4,000,000  acres  in  Mexico  and  23,000  in  California.  He  died  at  Elljo 
Oct.  22,  1882.  The  combined  herds  of  Glenn  and  hia  partners  ag^'roi-ated 
about  30,000  head.  Todhunter  and  Devine  had  25,000  liead,  and  sliijiped 
6,000  annually.  They  had  over  100,000  .acres  of  land.  Riley  ami  lliirdin 
own  about  30,000  cattle.  Burns,  Stoffal  &  Co.  8,000.  E.  W.  C^lltcllel•.^ 
stock  range  covered  all  the  meadow  land  and  water  on  a  section  of  cdiintry 
01  by  42  miles.  He  had  15,000  head  of  cattle  and  1,000  head  of  li(,rse^. 
Hardin  of  Hflmboldt  county  shipped  30  car  loads  of  beef  cattle  montlily  to 
California.  Wells  &  Co.  near  Rabbit  creek  were  the  heaviest  cattle  (Icaltri 
in  that  vicinity.  Altogether  there  were  in  1885,  500  stock  raisers  in  XtvaJa, 
large  and  small.     Hametia  Minimj  Alxtut  Eureka,  MS.,  4. 

One  of  the  first  persons  to  discover  the  advantages  of  keeping  cattle  on 
the  Nevada  ranges  was  Harry  (Jordier,  a  Frenchman,  who  was  killed  in 
1858  by  Edwards  and  Thorrington  that  they  might  get  possession  df  the 
eattle  he  hail  driven  over  the  mountains  from  California,  and  was  fatteiiiiii» 
in  Carson  valley.  But  he  was  not  the  f»nly  person  feeding  California  lattle 
on  Nevada  pastures,  for  as  early  as  1855  the  practice  of  driving  stcxk  mer 
tlie  mf)untains  in  summer  was  well  known.  Ifiiffakvr'n  Earli/  ('<iUle  Tr'tdr, 
MS.,  1-2,  5-0.  G.  W.  HufFaker  bought  cattle  at  Salt  Lake  City,  ami  dnive 
them  to  the  Truckee  meadows  in  1850,  fattening  them  and  selliuj^  licff  to 
the  miners  in  the  early  days  of  the  Comstock  excitement,  when  prices  riikil 
high.  Cattle  were  first  wintered  on  the  Humboldt  in  1859-60,  and  were  df 
the  common  Texas  species.  Long  Valley  in  White  Pine  county  was  lit-st  oc- 
cupied for  herding  cattle  in  1869  by  Alvaro  Evans  and  Robert  Ross.  In  that 
year  se.  •Tal  thousand  head  were  driven  from  Texas  to  stock  the  Nevada 
ranges.  The  laws  of  Nevada  encourage  stock  raising,  and  shield  the  dwiicM 
of  cattle  from  the  penalties  which  sliouhl  f  ■"  injury  to  crops  tlinmgli 
trespass  by  them.     No  act  having  been  pa  .otining  a  lawful  fence,  the 

supreme  court  decided  in  1880  that  owners  ock  were  not  liable  for  dam- 

age done  to  crops  by  their  cattle  unless  the  laud  was  so  fenced  as  to  oxcliuii) 
ordinary  animals.  This  decision  placed  the  burden  of  protecting  cnips  en- 
tirely upon  the  agriculturalist,  and  saved  the  cattle  raiser  the  expense  of 
herdsmen.  Again,  cattto  must  be  taxed  at  the  owners'  residence,  and  not 
in  the  localities  where  they  were  grazed;  by  which  decision  the  county  was 
often  defrauded  of  its  proper  revenue.  The  law  of  1873  required  each 
owner  to  have  a  brand,  and  also  a  counter-brand  in  case  of  sale.  A  law  of 
1881  provides  for  an  inspector  of  hides,  who  may  enter  premises  and  search 
for  hides,  reporting  to  tlie  district  attorney  as  to  the  brands.  This  act  in- 
sures eijual  justice  to  all.  The  number  of  cattle  in  Nevada  in  1884,  as  esti- 
mated by  stock  raisers,  was  about  700,000.  English  capital  was  being  used 
in  purchasing  ranges  to  a  large  amoun'',. 

The  finest  draft  horses  in  the  state  in  1886  were  raised  in  Mason  valley. 
Fox's  Mimoti  Vallfif  ScttU'i-K,  MS.,  1,  in  Nvmda  MiAceUany.  J.  J.  Fox.  liorii 
in  1834  in  Baden,  (Jermany,  immigrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1854,  and  tn  Vir- 
ginia City  in  1860.  In  1864  he  settled  east  of  Dayton,  but  the  folhiwiui;  year 
removed  to  Mason  valley,  and  raised  stock.  J.  A.  Perry  imported  Niirinan 
stallions  in  1880.  Scott  and  Hank  imported  3  English  stallions  of  tiie  Shire 
breed  ia  1881.    J.  S.  Trask,  W.  W.  Williams,  and  VV.  L.  Pritchard  raised 


LIVE  STOCK. 


249 


to  ]\rontana.  From  Winnemucca  the  shipment  for 
18S0  was  140,000  pounds  instead  of  the  usual  amount 
ofjr)0,000  or  300,000  pounds.  These  figures  give 
some  idea  of  where  the  sheep  pastures  are  w  he  found. 
Tlio  total  shipment  by  railroad  in  1882  was  349,585 
pounds,  the  bulk  of  which  was  sold  to  eastern  dealers 
at  from  sixteen  to  twenty  cents  per  pound.  Angora 
Croats  were  increasing  rapidly  in  Nevada.  In  1869 
itlioro  were  25  of  these  animals  reported  to  be  in  the 
state.  In  1879  there  were  several  bands  of  several 
thousand  each.  The  sage  brush  land  was  found  well 
atlajited  to  pasturing  these  hardy  creatures— the 
Olio  animal  which  thrives  upon  this  coarse  diet. 
Tlic  long  silky  wool  finds  a  ready  market,  and  the 
hides  are  sold  to  the  Angora  Glove  company  of 
California. 

In  1861  an  attempt  was  made  to  domesticate  the 
cauK'l.  A  band  of  a  dozen  was  first  employed  in  this 
year  to  bring  salt  from  Teel's  marsh,  in  Esmeralda 
county,  to  the  Washoe  silver  mill,  a  distance  of  200 
mill's.  They  proved  well  suited  to  the  labor,  but  on 
the  discovery  of  a  nearer  salt  deposit,  wagons  were 
used,  and  the  camels  turned  loose  to  take  care  of 
themselves.  This  they  did,  increasing  in  number  and 
condition.  The  camels  taken  to  Nevada  in  1861  were 
part  of  a  herd  of  thirty-four  which  was  sold  at 
Benicia,  California,  by  the  government  to  Samuel 
^[cLaughlin,  who  had  been  intrusted  with  the  care  of 
them.  They  were  brought  to  the  United  States  for 
use  on  the  plains,  and  increased  after  their  arrival. 
In  1S76  the  band  was  taken  to  Arizona,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  pair  placed  on  a  rancho  in  Carson  valky, 
whore  they  increased  to  twenty-six  in  a  few  years. 
But  it  was  found  impracticable  to  use  them  on  the 


liliKuleil  horses.  In  1882  the  latter  shii)pc(l  8  thoroughlireds  tn  Cal.  This 
year  :t(M)  horses  were  sold  to  go  east.  J.  W.  Dean  of  Kuruka  county  was 
till'  largest  horse  raiser  in  tlie  east  range  of  I'ortez  mountains.  In  1881  a 
tar  loail  of  jacks  and  jennies  was  imported  from  tlie  western  states  by 
Willi.uri  Billups;  mule  raising  having  become  a  considerable  branch  of  stock 
farming. 


260 


MATEIJAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


highways,  horses  being  frightened  by  them,  and  suits 
for  damages  following,  for  which  reason  the  legisla- 
ture in  1875  prohibited  their  running  at  large  or 
being  upon  the  public  roads.  A  part  of  the  herd 
was  disposed  of  to  the  Philadelphia  zoological 
gardens. 

An  experiment  in  ostrich  farming  was  made  in  1879 
by  Theodore  Glancy,  whose  land  was  southwest  of 
the  Bismark  range,  near  the  old  route  from  Carson 
to  Bodie.  Failing  to  hatch  the  eggs  in  sand  by  solar 
heat,  he  obtained  a  pair  of  birds  from  which,  in  1881, 
he  raised  ten  others.  The  use  intended  to  be  made 
of  the  birds,  was  in  transporting  provisions  and  other 
parcels.  Their  plumage  alone  would  make  them 
valuable. 

Hog  raising  proved  profitable.  H.  C.  Emmons  in 
1882  had  400  at  the  sink  of  the  Humboldt,  which  was 
the  largest  herd  in  the  state.  There  were  several 
others  near  Lovelocks,  and  James  Guthrie  near  Win- 
nemucea  was  raising  Berkshires  extensively.  Poultry 
raising  likewise  prospered,  George  W.  Chcdec,  at 
Carson  City,  having  in  1882  twenty-six  different 
breeds  on  his  poultry  farm.  From  these  beginnings, 
small  when  compared  with  the  area  of  the  state, 
enough  may  be  learned  to  remove  the  impression  that 
only  metals  and  minerals  can  be  produced  in 
Nevada. 


I  !   1 


'   I 


Something  should  be  said  here  of  the  public  sur- 
veys and  land  laws.  I  have  already  mentioned  that 
John  W.  North  was  the  first  surveyor-general  ap- 
pointed. Acts  of  March  14  and  May  30,  1862,  united 
Nevada  to  the  California  surveying  service,  to  take 
effect  July  1,  1862.  On  the  2d  of  July  congress  es- 
tablished the  land  district  of  Nevada,  and  autlioiized 
the  appointment  of  a  register  and  receiver.  A  joint 
resolution  of  the  Nevada  legislature  protjsted  against 
being  united  to  California,  and  asked  to  have  the 
office   of    surveyor-general    restored,    with    au   ap- 


LANDS. 


251 


propnation  for  the  survey  of  the  pubHc  lands. 
An  act  of  congress  approved  July  2,  1864,  at- 
tached Nevada  to  Colorado  for  surveying  pur- 
i)oscs.  Another  act,  on  March  2,  1865,  attached 
Nevada  once  more  to  the  California  surveying  dis- 
trict. It  was  not  until  July  4,  1866,  that  a  United 
Stated  surveyor-general  of  Nevada  was  again  author- 
ized by  congress  with  a  salary  of  $3,000.  The  con- 
stitution of  Nevada,  adopted  in  1864,  provided  for  the 
election  of  a  surveyor-general  with  a  salary  of  $1,000. 
S.  H.  Marlette  was  chosen  at  the  firc^t  state  election 
to  hold  office,  according  to  the  constitution,  for  four 
years.  By  a  special  law  of  March  9,  1866,  it  was 
enacted  that  the  state  officers  should  be  chosen  at  the 
general  election  for  that  year,  and  on  every  fourth 
year  thereafter.  Marlette  was  reelected.  The  du- 
ties of  the  state  surveyor-general  were  to  select  and 
dispose  of  tlie  lands  granted  to  the  state,  and  act  as 
cx-officio  register.  The  same  law  fixed  the  minimum 
price  of  the  lands  belonging  to  the  state,  except  tlie 
lands  embraced  within  the  twenty  mile  limit  of  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad,  at  $1.25  per  acre,  and  the 
niininmm  price  of  all  lands  falling  within  that  limit  at 
$2  50;  but  the  board  of  regents  of  the  state  had  the 
power  to  fix  a  higher  price  upon  any  unsettled  lands 
not  already  aj^plied  for.  By  an  act  of  congress  ap- 
proved June  8,  1868,  Nevada  was  authorized  to  select 
from  the  alternate  even  numbered  sections  within  the 
limits  of  any  railroad  grant,  lands  in  satisfaction  of 
the  several  grants  to  the  state  made  in  the  organic 
act,  the  act  of  admission,  and  the  act  of  July  4,  1866, 
granting  university  lands  and  agricultural  college 
lands.  The  public  lands  of  Nevada  were  not  subject 
to  entry,  sale,  or  location  under  any  laws  of  the 
United  States,  except  the  Homestead  act  of  May  20, 
18()-2,  and  preemption  law,  until  after  the  state  should 
have  received  her  full  quota  of  lands;  and  she  should 
have  two  years  after  the  survey  should  have  been 
made  in  which  to  make  her  selection,  in  tracts  of  not 


!i--:'l 


"H 


fi- 


»l 


It 


252 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


less  than  forty  acres,  but  could  not  sell  in  tracts  of 
more  than  320,  and  to  actual  settlers. 

The  state  had  selected  all  the  land  granted  by  tlie 
government  in  1877,  except  the  sixteenth  and  tliirtv- 
sixth  sections,  or  common-school  lands.  In  tlnso 
sections  was  included  a  large  amount  of  desert,  alkali, 
and  mountain  land  which  the  public  surveyors  jno- 
nounced  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  therefore  left  uii- 
surveyed.  In  1877,  780  townships  onh'  had  bten 
surveyed,  and  the  available  area  out  of  17,17 1.200 
acres  was  10,702,237  acres.  The  state  in  conse<|Ueiice 
lost  7.208,963  acres,  which  were  pronounced  untit  fur 
cultivation,  and  the  school  fund  in  projx»rtion.  Out 
of  the  10,702,237  acres  of  land  sui-veved  as  cultivable, 
the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  contained 
608,307  acres.  Of  this  amount  only  64,528  acres  had 
been  sold  in  1877. 

The  whole  state  of  Nevada  contained  3, 1  l3[;io  town- 
ships, or  an  area  of  71,737,741  acres,  which  upon  the 
above  basis  would  afford  of  available  land  42,1>00,S,SI) 
acres,  and  of  school  lands  2,428,252  acres,  instead  of 
3,984,640  acres,  which,  if  the  whole  were  availabk', 
would  belong  to  the  school  land.  At  the  rate  at 
which  the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  were 
selling,  it  was  evident  that  not  more  than  257.5H1 
acres  would  have  been  sold  within  the  time  allotted 
for  reserving  the  public  lands  f(jr  selection  by  the 
state,  when  the  opportunity  of  securing  indcinuity 
lands  would  be  lost.  State  survevor-general  Cbaiks 
S.  Preble  recommended  to  the  legislature  to  take 
some  action  to  secure  a  grant  of  land  in  lieu  of  the 
sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  for  school  purpose  s. 
This  advice  was  acted  upon,  and  congress  granted 
2,000,000  acres  of  land  to  be  selected  by  the  state  in 
place  of  those  sections.  For  this  service  the  state 
owes  Mr  Preble  a  lasting  recoijnition  of  his  tab  nts. 
Tliis  grant  placed  the  state  as  well  as  the  school  fund 
upon  a  better  basis,  no  waste  land  being  chosen.  a:.d 
sales   being   much   more  numerous.     From  July  i, 


COUNTIES. 


263 


18?0,  to  January  1,  1883,  1,031  applications  were 
filed,  covering  166,800  acres  of  school  lands. 

The  meridian  and  base  of  Mount  Diablo  were  used 
for  tlic  standard  in  the  survey  of  Nevada.  Guiile 
iiiori( liana  were  established  in  all  the  principal  centres 
of  jiopulation.  The  first  land  district  was  that  of 
Carson.  The  second  land-office  was  located  at  Aus- 
tin in  1867;  the  third  at  Aurora  in  a  di.strict  includ- 
in;4  tlio  counties  of  Esmeralda,  Nevada,  and  Mono 
and  Inyo,  California,  in  1868  ;  the  fourth  at  Belmont, 
in  ISO!),  removed  to  Pioche  in  1874;  the  fifth  at  Eu- 
reka, in  1873,  removed  from  Austin;  there  being  but 
four  local  land-offices  in  the  state.  In  March  1872 
the  Klko  land  district  was  established. 

The  amount  of  mineral  land  in  the  state  was  ap- 
proximately given,  from  the  incomplete  returns  of 
counties  in  1876,  as  being  1,679  acres.  The  total 
amount  of  salt,  soda,  and  borate  of  lime  lands  was  re- 
ported in  1871  at  52,000  acres.  The  legislature  of 
187;5  asked  congress  to  permit  Nevada  to  select  saline 
lands  under  previous  acts,  and  subsequently  fixed  the 
vakie  of  salt  and  borax  lands  at  five  dollars  per  acre, 
maxinmm.  An  act  of  congress  concerning  desert 
lands,  passed  in  1877,  provides  that  a  settler  may 
ac(iuire  title  to  six  hundred  and  forty  acres  by  irri- 
oating  the  tract  for  three  years,  and  paying  $1.25  per 
acre.  Capitalists  were  quick  to  see  the  advantages 
of  this  law  to  acquire  large  tracts  of  country,  which 
hy  the  simple  cost  of  irrigating  canals  became  of  great 
value.  In  1879  an  act  of  congress  provided  for  a 
puhlic  lands  commission,  to  consist  of  theconnnissioner 
of  the  general  land  office,  the  director  of  the  geological 
survey,  and  three  civilians,  to  report  to  congress  a 
sy.steni  of  classification  of  ])ublic  lands,  and  a  codifica- 
tion of  existing  laws  relating  to  such  lands. 


zJM 


The  territory  of  Nevada  established  by  a  legisla- 
tive act,  on  the  25th  of  November,  1861,  nine  coun- 
ties, and  on  the  29th  fixed  their  capitals.     Douglas, 


A.-^' 


254 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Mi 


with  the  county  seat  at  Genoa,  contained  tlie  oldost 
settlements,  and  is  therefore  entitled  to  the  first  jilaoc 
on  the  list.  Extending  on  the  west  to  the  eastern 
summit  of  the  Sierra,  it  includes  50,000  acres  of  tim- 
ber and  wood  lands,  from  which  have  been  drawn 
vast  quantities  of  wood  and  lumber  by  means  of  Huinos 
constructed  at  great  expense  for  this  purpose,  (ileii- 
brook,  situated  on  the  eastern  whore  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
is  the  principal  lumber  manufacturing  point  in  the 
state.  It  was  first  settled  in  1800  by  G.  W.  Warren, 
N.  E.  Murdock,  and  R.  Walton.  In  1861  A.  W. 
Pray  .erected  a  saw-mill,  which  was  run  by  water 
conducted  half  a  mile  through  a  flume  and  ditch, 
which  served  until  1864,  when  a  steam-mill  was 
erected.  Fray's  mill  was  the  second  one  built  at 
Lake  Tahoe,  the  first  being  on  the  California  siih-,  in 
1860.  Other  mills  followed,  and  in  1873  the  firm  of 
Yerington  and  Bliss  began  the  lumber  business  at 
Glenbrook,  and  threaded  the  entire  timber  belt  of 
Lake  Tahoe  and  the  surrounding  slopes  with  tluines 
and  chutes,  conveying  wood  and  lumber  to  the  towns 
about.  The  lumber  product  of  Douglas  county  was 
about  12,000,000  feet  annually.  It  cannot  be  classed 
with  the  mining  counties,  although  some  miniiuj;  en- 
terprises have  been  attempted  there.  Agriculturally 
it  is  one  of  the  foremost  sections  of  the  state,  i)ro- 
ducing  grains,  fruits,  and  vegetables  in  variety  and 
abundance,  and  having  about  40,000  acres  of  arable 
land,  200,000  acres  of  grazing  land,  and  100,000  of 
reclaimable  desert  lands.  In  1885  the  county  had 
six  saw-mills,  two  hundred  miles  of  irrigating  ditches, 
made  forty  thousand  pounds  of  butter  annually,  and 
had  farms  to  the  value  of  over  half  a  million,  (ircnoa 
was  made  the  county  seat.  The  extraordinary  snows 
of  1882  caused  an  avalanche  which  came  near  destroy- 
ing the  town  of  Genoa.  The  towns  and  settlements 
not  before  mentioned  are  Bridge  House,  Carter,  C.i'"- 
son  Valley,  Cradlebaugh's  bridge.  Double  Spriig, 
Hot  Springs,  Hoyes'  Store,  J  ob,  Mollville,  Mammouh, 


POUOLAS,   OllMSBY,   AND  WASHOE  COUNTIES. 


255 


I^rottville,  Mountain  House,  Slieridan,  Spooner  Sta- 
tiini,  Sprague,  Summit  Camp,  Thornton,  Tisdell, 
Twelve-mile  House,  Valley  View,  Van  Sickle's, 
Walker  River,  and  Warren's. 

Ormsby  county,  a  small  shire  sandwiched  between 
Douglas  and  Washoe,  but  of  an  importance  not  pro- 
portioned to  its  size,  contains  about  ten  thousand  acres 
of  arable  land,  half  of  which  was  under  cultivation  in 
1S85,  and  excellent  grazing  lands.  It  shared  largely 
in  the  lumber  and  wood  trade,  was  the  seat  of  numer- 
ous quartz-mills,  contained  the  capitol  of  the  state, 
the  penitentiary,  mint,  and  other  public  institutions, 
and  in  1876  paid  taxes  on  $2,673,006.  Carson  City, 
incorporated  in  1875,  is  both  the  county  seat  and 
state  capital,  and  is  pleasantly  situated,  with  wide 
streets  which  are  bordered  with  trees.  It  has,  besides 
the  public  buildings,  a  number  of  fine  structures  for 
business  purposes,  half  a  dozen  churches,  and  many 
handsome  residences.  Its  water-works  were  erected 
in  1860.  The  towns  and  settlements  not  named  are 
Brunswick,  Clear  Creek,  Empire  City,  Lookout,  Mc- 
Raey,  Merrimac,  Mexican,  Mill  Station,  Santiago 
Mill,  Swift's  Springs,  and  Vivian  Mill. 

Washoe  county,  also  one  of  the  first  subdivisions  of 
Carson  county,  contains  75,000  acres  of  agricultural, 
400,000  of  grazing,  80,000  of  timbered,  and  20,000  of 
mineral  lands,  and  pays  taxes  on  $4,165,210  of  real 
and  personal  property.  One  of  the  farm  products  in 
which  Washoe  excelled  was  honey.  The  crop  in 
1884  was  not  less  than  37,000  pounds.  Hops  also 
did  well  in  this  county,  which  produced  40,000  pounds 
the  same  year.  The  first  county  seat  was  at  Washoe 
City,  but  was  removed  to  Reno  by  vote  of  the  people 
in  i870,  and  an  act  of  the  legislature  in  1871.  Reno 
was  founded  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  company 
in  1868,  in  the  Truck ee  valley,  and  named  in  honor 
of  General  Reno,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  South 
Mountain.  It  has  been  twice  nearly  destroyed  by 
fire,  once  in  1873,  and  again  in  1879.     A  court-house 


286 


MATKUIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


was  croctod  of  brick  in  1872-3.  A  poor-farm  and 
hospital  W(.!re  provided  by  the  county  coniniissioiiLr.s  in 
1875,  who  purchased  forty  acres  for  the  purpose  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Truckee,  one  niih}  east  of  J^ciio, 
with  water  for  irrigating  purposes.  A  free  iion 
bridge  was  constructed  across  the  river  in  1877  in 
place  of  atoll-bridge,  which  had  been  in  use  jsiiuf 
18G3.  An  asylum  for  the  insane  is  located  a  sli.nt 
distance  from  the  town  ;  also  the  state  board  of  ajri  i- 
culture,  the  state  university,  and  a  fine  school  f(»r 
girls  under  the  management  of  the  episcopal  church. 
named  after  Bishop  Whittaker,  who  founded  it.  Tlio 
Truckee  river,  which  is  near  the  town,  will  some 
day,  no  doubt,  invite  manufactures.  The  first  settle- 
ment on  the  site  of  Reno  was  made  by  C.  W.  Fuller 
in  1859,  who  kept  a  hotel,  and  built  the  first  bridi^e 
across  the  Truckee  at  this  place  in  1860.  Fuller 
also  owned  a  toll-road,  and  sold  the  whole  of  the 
property  to  M.  C.  Lake,  from  whom  the  place  took 
the  name  of  Lake's  crossing.  The  name  still  sur- 
vives in  Lake  house,  a  hotel  on  the  original  location 
of  Fuller.  Among  the  prosperous  stock -raiscr.s  may 
be  mentioned  Jacob  Stiner,  a  native  of  Ohio,  who 
came  to  California  by  sea  in  1853,  mined  on  the  Yuba 
at  Park's  bar,  subsequently  settled  in  Sutter  county 
on  the  Sacramento  river,  giving  the  name  of  Stiiicr's 
bend  to  that  portion  of  the  stream.  The  towns  and 
settlements  of  Washoe  county  not  named  above  are 
Anderson's,  Brown's,  Clark's,  Crystal  Peak,  Essex, 
Galena,  Glendale,  HufFaker's,  Lake  View,  Little  Y'M- 
ley,  Long  Valley,  Mayburg  Store,  Mud  Lake,  Ophir, 
Pleasant  Valley,  Poeville,  Salvia,  Steamboat,  Tliree- 
mile  Station,  Two-mile  Station,  Vista,  Verdi,  Wada- 
worth,  and  Winnemucca  valley. 

Storey  county,  named  in  honor  of  Edward  Faris 
Store V,  who  was  killed  in  an  attack  on  the  Pah  Ute 
camp  in  1860,  has  been  the  theatre  of  the  most  stir- 
ring events  of  mining  life  in  Nevada,  and  still  main- 
tains much  of  the  prestige  acquired  when  the  Comstock 


STOREY  AND  INYO  COUNTIES. 


S57 


was  at  its  liigliest  point  of  dovelopmont.  It  was  or- 
(.ani/."l  iu  18Gl,aud  contains  soveii  hundred  and  tifty 
iicics  only  of  fanning  land,  twenty  tliousand  acros  «>f 
.rrazin.;  lund,  the  remainder  being  classed  with  min- 
imal hinds.  Much  of  its  history  has  already  been  given. 

\'ir;j;inia  City,  the  county  seat,  being  (VJOo  fiet 
ahovf  sra-level,  and  2,000  feet  above  the  JIuniboldt 
plains,  })crciicd  on  the  eastern  slope  of  an  isolated 
iiKinntain,  whose  altitude  is  7,827  feet,  the  only  watei- 
sii|(|ily  of  the  city  came  at  first  from  natural  sprius^^s. 
A  few  wills  were  ailded  as  the  town  increased  in  size. 
At  li  ngth  a  company  was  formed,  which  collected  in 
W(»<)(k'ii  tanks  the  water  flowinijf  from  minin*'  tuiniels, 
and  (listril)uted  it  by  means  of  pipes  through  the 
town.  But  in  time  the  tunnels  ran  dry,  and  it  became 
iKci'ssary  to  pierce  the  hills  for  new  water  tleposits, 
which  in  turn  became  exhausted,  until  the  town  was 
thriJitcMcd  with  a  water  famine.  Prospecting'^  for 
watir  brought  out  the  fact  in  topography  that  it  was 
ill  tlif  Hat-topped  hills  it  would  be  found,  rather  than 
in  the  conical  ones.  Miles  of  tunnelling  were  done 
with  no  other  oljject  than  to  find  water,  and  many 
tliuutsands  of  dollars  were  expended  in  this  work,  and 
ill  dams  and  bulkheads  to  hold  the  water  formed  by 
uu'ltingsnow.'* 

All  the  institutions  of  Virginia  City  were  cosmo 
jiolitan  compared  to  other  towns.  The  hotels,  banks. 
cliuivlies,  school  houses,  theatre,  opera  house,  court 
house,  city  hall,  odd  fellows'  hall,  hospital,  stores,  and 
iiusukiss  places  and  residences  still  give  evidence  of 
the  enterprise  and  money  which  have  been  expended 
tliere.  "After  the  discovery  of  silver  mines,"  sa}'^ 
Clarke,  "  two  enterprising  men  of  San  Francisco  took 
advantage  of  the  excitement,  surveyed  and  staked  out 

"  In  1 872  the  Virginia  and  Gold  Hill  Water  company  employed  H, 
Sduisslor,  engineer  of  the  S.  F.  water-works,  to  make  a  survey  of  the  conn 
try  til  tliu  Hrst  available  streams  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  twenty-Hve  niiles. 
«e4  (if  \'irjj;inia  City.  Athwart  the  route  lay  the  Washoe  valley,  an  obsta. 
elf  rt'(|uiriiig  unmistakable  skill  to  conquer.  The  works  were  completed  ib 
1S73  at  ail  estimated  cost  of  ^2,000,000. 
IIlST.  Kev.  17. 


K    '■'■ 
V  H''. 


(mi 


i:: 


!'i 


iff 


>il' 


11 


258 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


''i: 


^1 


'  (   ! 


all  the  unocrupicd  laml  where  Virginia  Cit^'iiow  stands 
and  Hold  ofl'tlie  lots  as  mining  claims,  though  im  minf 
existed  there,  nor  any  symptoms  of  it.  Tlu-y  a<  ttiallv 
sold  otl"  !ii?-2r),000  worth  of  stock."  It  was  l.uiit 
upon  ground  with  such  a  pitch  that  what  was  thf 
second  story  of  a  house  in  front  hecame  tin-  liist  .nt 
the  hack.  The  assessed  valuation  of  the  wlml,' 
county  of  Storey,  giv(>n  in  1884,  was  $'_', 885, ").')('..  In- 
ing  less  than  that  of  Washoe,  hut  its  finances  wric  in 
a  healthv  condition,  without  deht  of  anv  kind.  Tlio 
towns  and  settlements  in  Storey  county,  asidf  fimi, 
Virginia  and  Gold  Hill,  are  American  Flat,  Daltio, 
Bonanza  City,  Gold  Canon,  Louisetown,  Mound 
House,  Washington,  and  Valley  Wells. 

Lyon  county  was  organized  in  1801,  hut  had  it> 
boundaries  changed  in  1804.  It  has  128,000  acre  sdt 
agricultural,  100,000  of  grazing,  5,000  of  mineral,  and 
'2,000  of  timbered  lands.  It  1ms  200  miles  of  iiTJ-at- 
ing  ditches,  which  water  17,500  acres.  Its  prn|Kity 
valuation  in  1884  was  $l,'X^C),C>59.  The  geiinal  sur- 
face of  the  county  is  mountainous,  all  the  arable  laml 
being  upon  the  Carson  river,  except  about  eigjit  iiiiiis 
of  Mason  valley  in  the  southeast  corner.  Da \  ten, 
the  countv  seat,  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Xevadn. 
Being  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  cafum  leadiiiLT  t' 
the  Comstock  nunrs,  it  became  the  site  of  nuiiieiniH 
quartz  mills,  and  s*  ared  in  the  general  prosperity  et 
that  lode.  In  the  mineral  district  of  Palmyra,  seutli- 
cast  from  Dayton  aljout  ten  miles,  in  an  elevated  val- 
ley, in  1803-4,  was  the  mining  town  of  Como  and  it- 
sister  Palmyra.  Como  grew  rapidly,  its  hopes  Ik iiiu' 
based  on  the  supposed  richness  of  its  mines.  It  va< 
made  the  county  seat  of  Lyon  county,  and  liad  a 
quartz  mill  and  a  newspaper,  the  Co/z/o  So/inal 
Gradually  the  town  was  abandoned  by  every  inliaM- 
tant  except  one,  G.  W.  W^alton.  On  the  22d  of  No- 
vember, 1873,  the  last  inhabitant  perished  iu  tlie 
flames  of  jiis  solitary  residence.  The  deserted  lieusij, 
haunted  by  the  ghosts  of  dead  hopes,  open  i<>  tlio 


KSMKRALPA   COrNTY. 


L'.-.9 


witiils  of  sumnuT,  and  Imricd  uikIci'  the  siiow  drifts  of 
wiiiti'T,  oti'er  a  sad  ctinmioiitary  oil  liuinaii  cxpijcta- 
tidiis.  Silver  Citv,  si'ttlt-d  hi'foro  Virginia  ( 'ity,  was 
iiiC(ir|inrutt'd  in  1H77.  There  were,  in  IHSj,  four 
(|u;irt/.  mills,  six  taiiin'^s  mills,  two  arastras,  and  one 
siiiiltiiiij  fiirnaoo  in  the  county,  and  seven  mih'S  of 
miiiiii'j;  ditehos.  The  towns  or  settlenuMits  not  nien- 
tiitiicd  iihove  in  Lyon  county  are  l^uekland's,  (/leaver, 
Kiircka,  Fort  Churchill,  Hayward's,  }[ot  Si)rin;j;, 
.loliiistown,  Mound  House,  ^dountain,  Palmyra,  and 
W.ilmska. 

lOsmerahla  county,  oru^aniztMl  in  IfiTtl,  has,  a|)|>roxi- 
iii.'itoly,  100.000  acres  of  a>4ricultural  laO.OOO  «>!"  jjra/- 
iii'^.  150.000  of  timUercd,  and  ;{00,()()0  of  mineral 
hinds.  The  value  of  its  real  and  personal  r»'''>]ierfv  in 
1SS4  was  <j;iven  in  l>y  the  assessor  at  J?l,  ..S,;w;;),  (.r 
iiciiily  8J00,000  less  than  thc^  j)revious  year.  Miiilii'.^ 
hv'XMi  enrlv,  Ksmeralda  minin;^  district,  ahiait  the 
])r('S(M)t  town  of  Aurora,  being  orjmnized  in  August 
I  -  ).  No  less  than  seventetMi  quartz  mills,  costing 
(ivi'f  ."^ 1. 000, 000  were  erected  at  Aurora,  and  bullion 
ti)  tlu!  amount  of  $10,000,000  has  been  produced  in 
this  district.  Aurora,  for  twentv  years  the  countv 
si'at.  was  first  settled  l)y  J.  M.  Carey,  James  M. 
Brady,  and  E.  li.  Hicks  in  18(50.  The  value  of  its 
tixalili!  i»roi»(!rty  in  1880  was  $200,000.  One  news- 
)ti|>i'r,  the  bUmcrahla  Herald,  was  published  there. 
Hawtliorne,  a  new  town,  twenty-eight  miles  distant 
oil  the  Carson  and  Colorado  railroad,  was  made  the 
countv  seat  in  188;3.  Belleville,  situated  at  an  alti- 
tud(!  of  a.OOO  feet,  on  the  slope  of  the  ]\[onte  Christo 
iiiouiitains,  was  founded  in  187-5.  Marietta,  another 
mining  cam[),  lies  ten  miles  northwest  of  Belleville. 
Candelaria,  the  railrond  terniiims,  had,  in  ISSf),  a 
school  house,  church,  hotel,  stores,  and  other  places 
of  husinoss.  It  was  named  after  a  mine  discovered 
ill  ISG.^  by  Spanish  prospectors,  and  was  surveved  for 
a  town  in  1876  by  J.  B.  Hiskey.  Tre  White  ^toun- 
tain  Water  company  of  Nevada  was  organized  under 


'  "I 


Or.'.». 


2(30 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


the  laws  of  New  York  to  do  business  in  Nevada, 
Henry  A  Gildersleeve  president,  James  A.  Prit- 
chard  secretary,  John  Aandroth  treasurer.  The  dis- 
tance to  the  springs  was  twenty-one  niiies.  The  Van. 
drJaria  True  Fissure  newspaper  was  first  puhHshcd 
June  5,  1880,  by  John  Dormer.  Columbus  was  set- 
tled in  1705,  and  a  quartz  mill  erected.  In  187*!  the 
Pacific  Borax  company  commenced  operations  on  tlic 
Columbus  marsh,  and  in  Fish  Lake  valley  hi  1875. 
This  company  suspended  work  on  the  borax  maishcs; 
but  the  Tecl  salt  marsh  was  worked  by  Smith  Broth- 
ers, and  lilioades  salt  marsh  by  A.  J.  Rhoades. 
Walker  lake,  with  a  part  of  the  Pah  Ute  reservation. 
is  in  Esmeralda  county.  The  only  agricultural  town 
in  the  county  is  Greenfield,  or  oNIason  vallc}-.  in  tne 
bend  of  Walker  river.  It  was  first  settled  bv  W.  K. 
Lee  in  1809.  Its  growtli  has  been  pormaiu-iit  and 
healthy,  with  church,  school,  and  mail  privilei^es 
The  settlements  not  above  mentioned  in  Esnioralda 
county  are  Birch  Agency,  Alida  Valley,  Alum  Creek, 
Black  jMountain  District,  Cambridge,  Chase,  Corv- 
ville.  Coal  Vallcv,  Cottonwood  Well,  L>oad  Horse 
Well,  Durant's  Mill,  East  Walker,  Elbow,  Fisji  Lake, 
Five  Mile  Station,  Gillis  Mountain,  Gold  Net,  lion's 
Back,  Hot  Spring,  Hulche  Canon,  Johnson,  Lida, 
Lobdell,  McGeer,  Mammoth  Ledge,  Marietta,  Me- 
tallic, Military  Station,  Miller,  Montezuma,  Blount 
Grant,  New  Boston,  Nine  Mile  House,  Palmetto. 
Pick  Handle,  Pine  Grove,  Rockland,  Sand  Siuiiii:. 
Santa  Fe,  Silver  Peak,  Soda  S[)rings,  Sweetwater, 
Sylvania,  Virginia,  Vdcano,  Walker  River,  Wasliiii;,;- 
ton,  Wellington,  Wheeler,  Whiskey  Springs,  Wildes, 
Gold  IMountain  is  a  new  town  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  county,  which  took  its  birth  and  growth  from  tlie 
recent  development  of  an  old  gold  discovery  called 
the  State  Lime  mine,  remarkable  for  the  lichness 
and  extent  of  the  fissure  on  which  it  is  located.  Tiiis 
lode  was  discovered  in  1804  by  Thomas  J.  Shaw,  wlm 
abandoned  it  on  account  of  the  distance  from  water 


ROOP  AND  HUMBOLDT. 


2(51 


or  mills.  It  was  relocated  in  1865,  and  sold  to  Jog. 
<rles  W'riglit,  who  worked  it  for  some  time,  with  only 
paitial  success,  and  it  was  neglected  mi  til  recently. 

Churchill  county,  created  by  the  legislature  of 
18(il,  with  the  county  seat  at  Buckland,  wasattached 
to  Lvoii  for  judicial  purposes.  Before  it  was  organ- 
ized  it  lost  a  portion  of  its  area  by  the  creation  of 
Liiiidcr  county,  and  only  came  to  be  an  independent 
(listiict  ill  18G4.  It  lost  another  part  of  its  territory 
ill  1  S()!)  to  Nve  county.  What  is  left  is  largely  tk'sert. 
iiiari^h  land,  and  alkaline  lakes,  but  contains  25,000 
acns  of  excellent  hay  land,  and  20,000  acres  of 
aralilo  land,  of  which  there  are  })erhaj)s  5,000  acres 
uiidci"  cultivation,  on  Carson  slough.  The  first  flour 
jiiiil  in  the  country  was  erected  in  1881  by  J.  T. 
Walker  &  Co.  The  first  farm  was  started  by  Asa  L. 
Ki-uyoii  ill  1854,  who  settled  on  the  Carson  at  Bag- 
town.  The  principal  resources  of  Churchill  county 
are  salt,  soda,  sulphur,  and  f^tock-raising.  Its  asses- 
sihle  property  is  reported  as  less  than  that  of  any 
(itlicr  county  in  the  state,  being  only  $480,432  in 
1.^83. 

La  Plata,  a  mining  town  on  the  eastern  confines  of 
tlu!  county,  was  the  first  county  seat  after  organiza- 
tion, hut  iiaviiii;  become  deserted  by  its  inhabitants 
a'hout  18^0,  the  county  seat  was  removed  to  Still- 
water,  in  the  farming  region,  in  1808.  The  foumhr 
(if  StilKv.'itcr  was  J.  C.  Scott,  who  settled  there  in 
iMiJ.  Wadsworth,  on  the  Central  Pacific  railroad, 
was  tilt!  shipping  jioiiit  for  the  agricultural  region  of 
Carson  slougli.  The  wood  su})ply  was  obtained  in 
t!ic  Silver  Hill  range,  from  twelve  to  twenty  miles 
distant.  In  1803-5  considerable  gold  and  silver  min- 
iiiij  was  done  in  the  mountains  of  the  east  part  of  the 
riiunty,  but  on  the  discovery  of  White  Pine  these 
mines  were  abandoned.  They  never  ])aid  higher  than 
twelve  or  fifteen  dollars  to  the  ton.  The  settlements 
liesidcs  those  mentioned  are  Alan,  Chui  Alpine  Mill, 
Coates   Wells,   Cold   Spring,    Desert,    Desert  Well, 


it-, I 


2G'2 


MATKIIIAL  RESOURCE.S  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Eagle  Salt  Works,  East  Gate,  Hill's  station,  Hot 
S[)rings,  La  Plata,  Mirage,  Mountain  Well,  j\lui|tliy 
Station,  Ilagtown,  Salinas,  Slioshones  Spriiiy',  Sink 
Station,  Soda  Lake,  Soldiers'  S[)ring,  St  Clair,  West 
Gate,  White  Plains,  and  White  Rock  House. 

Hoop  county  has  no  separate  existence,  but  is 
attached  to  Washoe  for  judicial  and  revenue  puiposes. 
It  has  thousands  of  acres  of  land  valuable  for  tarm- 
ing  could  water  be  brought  to  it.  At  present  its 
valleys  are  used  ft)r  the  pasturage  of  stock,  of  Mliich 
20,000  head  are  herded  in  the  county.  The  sitllc- 
nients  in  Koop  are  Buftalo  Meadows,  Chalk  Hill, 
Church's  Camp,  Duck  Flat,  Fish  Springs,  Lewis 
Kancho,  Millers,  Sheep  Head,  and  Smoke  Creek 
Depot.  Several  land  claims  were  taken  on  ])u(k 
Flat,  at  Dry  Lake,  Dry  Valley,  Little  Winnemucca, 
and  Winnemucca  valley  proper,  and  at  ]\rur]»liy's 
Salt  Marsh.  Grain  is  raised  and  dairy-farming  car- 
ried on  in  the  last-named  valleys. 

Humboldt,  the  last  of  the  original  nine  counties,  is 
of  great  extent  and  varied  resources.  It  contains 
i?0,000  acres  of  agricultural,  50,000  of  grazing,  8,0ii0 
of  timbered,  and  508,000  acres  of  mineral  lands.  It 
has  10  miles  of  mining  and  400  miles  of  irrigatin'^ 
ditches.  The  largest  single  enterprise  of  this  kind 
was  the  Humboklt  canal,  projected  in  IHG2  Iv  J. 
Giuacca,  an  Italian,  the  founder  of  the  town  t>f  Win- 
nemucca. He  fi)rmed  a  com[)any  in  San  Fraiicisce. 
Tlie  first  28  miles  cost  $100,000,  and  tliere  uas  no 
more  numey  forthcoming.  Humboldt  county  had  in 
1885  10  quartz  mills  and  2  smelting-furnaces,  .'5  steam 
grist-mills,  and  2  water-power  mills.  It  had  in  l>>4 
of  stock  cattle  28,000  head,  besides  work  oxen,  fjr.OOd 
heeps,  80(5  hogs,  a  few  cashmere  and  angora  goats, 
5,000  horses,  200  mules,  10  asses,  300  milch  rows, 
4,500  calves  on  the  ranges,  and  1,348  bei'f-cattle. 
The  amount  of  land  actually  cultivated  in  1884  was 
9,218  acres.  Tlie  wheat  raised  was  8(5,000  bushels; 
of  barley,  125,000;  of  oats,  5,230;  of  corn,  40  hush- 


LANDER  COUNTY 


263 


tics,  is 
iiitains 

8,01)0 

;.  It 
;j;at'ui'4 
kiml 

Iv  J. 

\Viii- 

|\fisri>. 

:is  11" 
li;i(l  ill 

Istt'aiii 

ir.Onti 

•  '•(  lilts, 
lC(i\V>, 

:ittl.'. 

was 

<lu'ls; 

I  bush- 


els. Tliorc  were  raised  also  8,170  bushels  of  potatoes, 
and  of  hay,  21,175  tons  were  cut.  The  product  of 
the  (livhy  was  1,800  pounds  of  butter.  The  wool  crop 
was  2-40,000  pounds.  There  were  growing  5,000 
apple,  "2,500  pcacli,  250  pear,  200  plum,  50  cherry,  10 
nectarine,  40  quince,  20  apricot,  and  20  prune  trees. 
Of  sluule  or  transplanted  trees  there  were  (5,020.  Of 
the  small  fruits  there  were  7,000  bushels;  grapes,  200 
viiie:^.  Thousands  of  acres  of  wiUI  sugar-cane  grow 
uldiut  the  sink  of  the  Humboldt;  and  a  textile  called 
lieiiip,  but  of  a  stronger  fibre  and  longer  staple,  is 
al»uu'liint  in  the  Humboldt  valley.  In  fruit  and 
tiaiis[tlautcd  triK-s  the  county  of  Washoe  alone  sur- 
juisscs  Humboldt.  The  assessed  valuation  of  the 
countv,  real  and  personal,  for  1884,  was  $3,152,092, 
which  is  a  good  showing  for  the  population.  The 
mining  property  of  Humboldt  county  is  of  much  less 
value  than  its  farm  property,  a  fact  which  I  have 
ondeavored  to  show  in  detail.  Yet  there  are  good 
niiiiing  districts,  one  of  which,  the  Buena  Vista,  has 
viulileil  its  millions  in  bullion  '* 

Unionville,  which  owes  its  existence  to  mining 
prospectors  of  18G1,  was  the  first  county-seat.  A 
iiiajotity  of  its  founders  being  confederates,  it  was 
(iii;j,inally  called  Dixie,  but  as  union  men  became 
prominent,    the   nanie   was   changed.     In   1873    the 

'".Idlin  H.  Hnppin,  engaged  in  cattle  raising  in  Hninboldt  co.,  was  born 
ill  I/iiii'sliiirc)',  Herkshire  co.,  Mass.,  Ful>.  9,  IS'Jl,  and  brought  up  on  a  farm 
ill  till'  town  of  Eldridge,  Onandaga  co.,  N.  Y.  He  was  educated  at  Monroe 
a  il.t  iiiy.  ancl  taught  school  for  a  wliile  after  completing  his  studies.  In 
ISU  his  fatiier  and  all  his  family  removed  to  Niles,  Miuliigan,  where  they 
ivsiiK'l  until  1S4',),  when  John  H.  tl(i[ipin  set  out  for  L'al.,  overland,  and 
iiMeliijil  tlu!  Yul>a  diggings  in  tlie  autumn,  mining  during  tin;  winter  at  a 
\i\mv  now  called  Washington.  The  following  year  lie  started  in  mci-cliau<lis- 
ills,' (III  tlie  N'ortli  Y'uba  at  (tondycar's  bur,  in  connection  witli  ^\'o(Hlrut^, 
Hiuiiiin  iV- Co.  Later  ho  was  joined  by  his  brother  Charles  1!..  and  tliey 
]mivlia<oil  40!)  iicacl  of  cattle  from  the  immigration,  which  they  fattened  and 
<"lil.  Ths  lirothers  purchased  a  (i-league  grant  at  Yolo,  wlicrc  thoy  were 
jiiiiUMl  liy  two  more  of  their  brothers.  Henry  L.,  and  Thaddeus  ('.,  .Tohn  ancl 
CliiirliM  going  to  Texas  in  1870  to  buy  cattle  to  stock  grazing  land  in  Nevada. 
Tlicy  iiwn  l."),(X)0  acres  in  Humbohit  co.,  on  which  are  from  I'J.OOft  to  1.'),- 
OiH)^luvp,  ami  from '2,5()0  to  .S,(XK)  head  of  cattle.  In  1872  John  H.  was 
flocti'il  ti)  tiic  legislature  on  the  republican  ticket,  and  iieljied  to  elect  John 
1',  J.iiic-<  for  U.  S.  senator.  He  is  Iai)orint;  for  the  plan  of  storing  water  for 
use  ill  farming,  aud  believes  Nevada  will  yet  bu  ix  wUuat  growiug  state. 


■•■-.:.  »!1 


ii 


m 


p. 

>'  * 

I 


^ 


MATPJIIAL  BESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


county  seat  was  removed  to  Winnemucca,  wnicli  until 
1868  was  known  only  as  French  Bridge  or  Ford.  In 
tliat  year  it  was  named  to  commemorate  the  Pah  Uto 
chief  by  C.  B.  O.  Bannon,  a  nephew  of  the  secretary 
of  the  interior. 

Tlie  other  towns  and  settlements  in  Huinholdt 
county  are  Adobe,  Barbersville,  Bartlett  Creek,  1  Juta- 
via  City,  Brown's,  Buffalo  Station,  Cane  S[>riii.,', 
Canon  Station,  Centreville,  Clark's,  Coin,  Cuiiil)er- 
land,  Derby's  Dun  Glen,  Fairview,  Fort  McDirmit, 
Gem  City.  Granite  Creek,  Grass  Valley,  Griggsville, 
Hardin's  Ranch,  Hillyer,  Humboldt  City,  Iiuliaii 
Creek,  Iron  Point,  Isabella,  Jersey  City,  Junctiim, 
King  River  Valley,  Lancaster,  Little  Humboldt, 
Lovelock,  McCulley,  Mason,  Mill  City,  Mountain 
Spring,  O'Connor  Station,  Oreana,  Panther  Canon, 
Paradise  Hill,  Paradise  Valley,  Pine  Forest,  Pleasant 
Valley,  Queen  City,  Queen  River  Valley,  Raspberry 
Creek,  Rock  Spring,  Rockwell  Statit)n,  Rocky  ('anon. 
Ross  Creek,  Rye  Patch,  Santa  Clara,  Scottsvillc 
Smith  Ford,  Spring  City,  St  Mary,  Star  City.  Trin- 
ity, Tule,  Vandewater,  Varyville,  Ward,  Willow 
Creek,  Willow  Point,  and  Winnemucca  Spring. 

L..nder  county,  created  December  11),  18()"J,  was 
cut  off'  from  the  eastern  portion  of  Humboldt  and 
Churchill  counties  in  obedience  to  the  demand  of  a 
small  army  of  miners,  who,  according  to  their  tradi- 
tions, made  a  rush  in  the  previous  May  for  Reese 
river,  hitherto  unknown  except  to  the  Indians,  tlie 
military,  and  the  overland-stage  and  pony-express 
companies.  The  road  crossed  Reese  river  at  Jacolt 
station.  Almost  directly  east  of  the  station  was  a 
pass  known  as  Pony  Canon,  because  the  riders  of  this 
express  often  shortened  their  route  by  taken  it  instead 
of  the  usual  pass  through  the  Toiyabe  range.  Wil- 
liam M.  Talcott,  who  had  been  a  pony-express  ridei'. 
being  in  this  canon  May  2,  1862,  discovered  a  quartz 
vein,  S'une  ore  from  which  was  sent  to  Virginia  City 
to  be  assayed.     Reese  river  mining  district  wasimuie- 


diatl 
eouii 
LuH 


m 


1  ,.■. 


LAXDER  COUNTY 


dkUAy  organized,  and  in  the  fnU      •       ^ 

county  was   also   created  ^„ ^ /""^^'ng  December  a 

govcnnnent  and  the  tenitorv      Prn'  T'''*;^'  *^   ^^^^ 
wliKli    was   eidarcred    hv   fi        f^'"  "^^"tiercountv 

'-■V'""^'^^^'  ^^^^*  it  has   btn  ca  r'^.'^^^'^'^^"^«  ^'^^^'^ 
t'-'ii'ities.  ""^^^  t^a^Jod  the   niotJier  of 

TJic  amount  of  survevor?  i      i  •    ,^ 
:'^")all,  wJ.ence  it  may  l?^!^  .'!'  ^"^^^  ^^>""tv  is 
"'jr'-'^t  is   small  acCdi^r  i^' '^"\^"^i^"^t^^''^' 
j^'lvasa  mineral  re<rio„  tjT/'jf  ■\'^'  "''^^"'^''  P''J"ci- 
javing  been  clug  out  of  its    ^Lt  f    "'''^'''  '^'  ''^^^th 
^'--   <>f  son,e  ^other   ,  orS     o^^'  ''^'''^'^  ""^^J^^ 

^rs  sirs'  '^*'^^^^  -^-^  ^^  wf ''  "'"^'» 

Nevada  Central  rii  rri      L  ""^^^    ^^^^'    ^vben    the 
'•^'"ainod    unchanc^e         n  '^'  completed   to  Austin 

-^f  ^-if^l^t-wago^s  dra^nTlf  1  ''^   ^'«''^-"    "c^- 

I-:^<>';'ned  all  th?  transit  ati^Jn  "'    -''"^^  *"-^« 

•".vahe  range,   quartz  VZsfb.f    ^  ]''T'  °^  *^-' 

^'''"'  -^'00  per  ton  were  \hZ\      ^  /'^'^^^^  »<>   iuo2-e 

l-^^-<'tin,,  {be  bulli:,rW?a  j;f  ^V^^^      *^'^  -'^^    'f 

^^'^y  years,  and  never  I,o  J  "  ^  ^^  *^  ^^'^<^  f^>r  tlie  first 

•''".i^^■«edisadvantao"ftl"    1^  >vere  worked.     With 
i^i  torM.>rking.     fiat'tle  \r      ?'  'T'  ^""'^«  have 
.^'^1-a  ores  assa^-in^/^^loo  lerT'"'''  ^'f  ^^^^  ^"'■"i^l'  ". 
'■'",^  ^^^  1^'ad.     The  .wen,?  e  vi. '  1  •"  "\  ^''^''^'^  '•^»^'  ^0  Per 
"'"' '!^  P«-        t  of  lead^  jVV    't  '^'^^  ^^"'"  ^""  ^^'^ver 
^'""'"'.ations  to  cont-iin    A    ^'''"'Jf'^'"  found  in  some 

'"-'''  grade.      Tbe  sa  m  n,  ''"*""^  "^"^  ^J-so  of  a 


li     '' 


'.  >f1 


«66 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT 


Si 


from  Battle  Mountain,  was  connected  by  rail  with  tli< 
Nevada  Central  and  Central  Pacific  railroads. 

Keeso  river  district  was  the  principal  as  it  was  tie 
first  onjjanized  in  the  countv.  Since  it  creation  twi 
other  districts  hav^e  been  consolidated  with  it,  Aniadir 
and  Yaidvcc  Blade.  The  number  of  locations  y. 
corded  was  over  8,000.  The  veins  were  contained  H 
gneiss  of  granite,  and  run  northwest  and  souther st, 
dipping  northeast  35°.  The  ores  were  silver  hearin;'. 
although  a  small  percentage  of  gold  was  foun/1  in 
some  mines;  also  galena,  antimony,  copper,  ironluiid 
zinc.  The  chief  mines  of  this  district  were  jj\u\'^ 
A.lfred,  Chase,  New  Pacific,  Magnolia,  ^[orrisj  ninl 
Caplc,  Patriot,  and  the  Manhattan  company's  cl.jiins, 
The  King  Alfred  mines  were  owned  bv  an  Enslisli 
compan}^  An  English  company  al.so  owned  a  cojijkt 
mine  in  Battle  Mountain  district.  The  first  miiir  ln- 
cated  was  the  Pony.  The  deepest  .shaft  in  1S84  was 
700  feet,  and  was  on  the  Oregon,  one  of  tlui  ^Manliat- 
tan  company's  mines.  The  veins  of  this  district  wvw 
narrow  but  rich,  two  and  a  half  feet  being  the  widest, 
and  all  require  chlorination.  The  gross  bullion  yii  Kl 
(»f  this  district,  from  its  discoverv  to  1^65,  is  esfimatrd 
at  .S-, 000, 000,  since  which  time  it  has  yieMcd  i>V),- 
5 01,;") 5 1. 18.  ranking  third  in  the  state  for  productive- 


ness.'* 

Tlie  amount  of  land  cultivated  in  Lander  county  in 
I8S0  was  2,700.  The  producticms  were  l,0S()  liiish- 
els  of  wheat,  43,000  of  barley,  775  of  oats,  G-J,UUU  of 

"■Tlie  .Marysville mines  ill  Lamlerco.  were  iliscovcreil  liy  Willijim  Stanage 
AVilsdii,  wlio,  with  liis  sons,  owns  t!ie  groiqi.  Mr  Wilsmi  is  cf  Si'nU'li 
descent,  his  granilfather  arrivinj:  in  America  alMiiit  177">.  anil  lifliiiiii,'  to  liglit 
the  battles  of  tiie  revolution.  ^Ir  \Vil-ii>u  wa-s  \f>m  in  L<ii;an  <.•<>..  Ohio,  \hv. 
.TO,  1S21,  hut  at  tiie  age  of  U  years  remove.1  to  hikhart  o>..  luii.  In  IMS 
iie  vohmteered  fiir  tlie  Mexican  war,  hut  j)eace  l»ein2  sfHiu  afttr  iliclaivil.  lie 
■was  (hschart;c(l.  Hj  came  to  the  I'acitic  coa.^t  in  1  vVJ  along  with  the  iiiiini- 
gration  to  Oregon,  residing  in  that  state  until  1''74.,  wl.eii  he  ri'inoviil  to 
('arico  valley.  Lander  co.,  about  GO  miles  from  Aa«tin.  Having  wmU:  iicmiii- 
fortahle  fortune  in  mining  and  cattle  raising,  he  left  the  care  i^t"  thfl.ir.'i' 
C'arico  farm  to  his  sons,  and  devoted  himself  to  pros]M?ctiiiL',  Mliioli  lie  f'll- 
lowecl  for  eight  years  before  lie  found  what  satisfie^l  him.  lie  l:iti  r  Imimi:'.!' 
a  resident  of  Reno,  his  largo  family  being  i»ruviJed  for,  and  all  the  rwiilt 
of  bU  iudoiuitable  euergy  aud  sagacity. 


TOWN   SITES. 


267 


potatoes,  9,500  tons  of  hay,  and  a  few  hundred  fruit 
trees.  Of  live  stock,  it  owned  2,100  horses,  400 
mules,  4,0-J4  cattle,  23,000  sheep,  and  some  otlicr 
fariu  stock.  The  first  town  and  county  seat  was 
Jiu'ubsville,  at  the  overland  staufe  station.  But  Austin 
ill  l,s 08  superseded  it.  In  December  18G2  two  men, 
luinied  Marshall  and  Colo,  were  the  sole  occujiants  of 
the  site,  being  engaged  in  running  a  tunnel  on  the 
soutli  side  of  the  Pony  canon,  on  the  Highland  Mary 
claim,  near  the  centre  of  the  ]ire.sont  town  In  that 
sanu;  month  John  Frost,  '^  Fehx  ()'Neil,J.  Q  C.  Van- 
(Icibosch, and  George  Buffet  located  tlie  Oregon,  North 
Star,  and  Southern  Light  mines  in  the  same  lo- 
cality, and  in  the  following  spring  erected  a  log 
cabin.'" 

A  survey  was  made  of  a  town  site,  which  was  in- 
teiidetl  to  secure  the  water  and  mill  rights,  but  the 
property  was  sold  in  1865  to  a  New  York  comjjany, 
under  the  name  of  Manhattan,  Frost  being  letained 
as  superintendent,  and  having  charge  of  all  the  ma- 
cliincrv  put  up  on  Lander  Hill  for  many  years.  Mar- 
shall also  located  a  town  site,  and  another  was  taken 
iipl.yD.  E.  Bucll,  W.  C._Harringt(m,  E.  Welton, 
and  I.  C.  Batoman.  The  citizens  united  to  construct 
a  uiiuhd  road  from  the  lower  town,  or  Clifton,  to  the 
ui)p(r  town,  or  Austin,  and  soon  the  n)ajority  of  the 
population  was  at  the  higher  point,  and  practically 
thcro  was  but  one  town,  which  was  Austin.  In  April 
18G;5  a  hotel,  newspaper,  and  post  office  were  added 
to  tlio  new  city.  A  pony  express  was  started  by  G. 
L.  Turner  to  the  various  mines,  and  Wells,  Faigo  & 

'•.Iiliii  Frost,  liorn  in  Monroe  oo.,  N.  Y.,  in  IS'J!),  and  ccluoatcd  at  tlie 
(■iiimrinii  scliools,  came  to  C'al.  in  IM4t)  in  a  wlialur,  toiwiiing  at  \'aliiarais(» 
ami  MiititcTuy.  Ho  was  '2  years  lu'fiiro  tliu  mast,  and  '_'  ycurs  lid  mate  of 
tin;  vi'ssel,  tlie  voyage  lasting  4  years  and  8  months.  In  KS.")I  lie  made  an- 
otlur  voyagi!  to  C'al..  and  arrived,  ff.r  the  thinl  time,  in  l>ec.  IS."»2,  in  the 
iliUlii'r  shij)  Tliowii.'<  Wiit.tnn,  when  he  went  to  the  mines  on  Yuha  river,  re- 
iiiainiiicf  there  until  IStiO.  In  that  year  ho  enacted  a  hotel  in  the  Hcmness 
]ia<s  (if  the  Sierra  Nevada,  hut  removed  to  Pony,  now  Austin,  in  ISfrJ,  in 
iiHiipiiiiy  with  Vanderhoseh,  O'Neil,  and  Hutt'et.  This  oomiiany,  known  as 
tile  Oregon  Mill  and  Mining  co.,  erected  a  ten-stamp  uiill,  which  ran  for  two 
J  cars. 


iUltl 


.     ii. 


«8 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEV'ELOl'MKXT. 


Co.  established  an  express  office.  Boini;  directly  upon 
the  overland  route,  Austin  had  stajj^e  conimuiiicatioii 
with  the  oast  and  west,  besides  wliicji  spuciiil  lines 
wore  established.  The  passenger  traffic  for  ISO.)  was 
estimated  at  0,000  fares  between  Virginia  City  uml 
Austin,  at  $40  a  fare.  The  fnight  carried  ov(  r  tlio 
road  cost  $1,381,800  for  transportation  from  this  dl- 
rection  alone,  besides  what  came  from  Salt  Lake 
Lumber  transported  from  the  mills  of  the  Sierra  cdst 
$250  per  thousand  feet,  and  that  sawed  out  of  the  na- 
tive pinon,  $125  per  thousand.  Brick  nuinufacturcd 
at  Reese  river  cost  $12  to  $18  per  thousand,  and  other 
tliin'gs  in  proportion.  The  treasure  carried  by  tlio 
express  company  that  year  aggregated  $6,000. Qui) 
Three  banking  houses  were  in  operation.  Men  of 
the  learned  professions  flocked  there,  and  Austin  was 
that  anomaly  of  motlern  times,  a  city  in  the  midst  of 
a  wilderness,  grown  up  like  a  mushroom,  in  a  u'v^ht 
It  was  incorporated  in  1875,  and  disincorporated  iu 
1881. 

Battle  Mountain,  the  town  next  in  importanco  to 
Austin,  is  simply  a  shipping  pohit  on  the  Central  Pa- 
cific railroad,  and  the  northern  terminus  of  tlu;  Xe- 
vada  Central.  Its  position  with  reference  to  thi; 
Humboldt  valley  is  favorable  to  its  growth.  Irriga- 
tion is  converting  the  desert  lands  in  its  vichiity  into 
fertile  fields." 


•*  Jolm  Ansel  Blossom,  the  first  settler  of  Battle  Mountain,  was  Imrn  ia 
Ohio  in  \S'M>.  went  ti)  St  Louis  in  18r>7,  and  rcniaincil  there  until  ISIiO.  wlic:i 
he  came  to  Cil.  In  18(>'2  lie  went  to  Nevailawith  barley  and  hay,  .startiiij.' ii 
livery-stable  at  Star  eity.  In  18(i7  lie  removed  to  Duu  Cilen,  wini"  lio 
mined,  and  went  next  year  to  French  bridge,  now  Winneniucea.  This  lii-idg'', 
the  first  on  the  Humboldt,  was  erected  by  the  Lay  IJrotiiers,  and  a  i'ltiicii- 
man  named  Frank  Band.  Burned  ont  at  Winneinucca,  in  18(W,  iu^  wtiit  to 
Battle  mountain,  Natiian  Levi,  a  merchant  of  Winnennicca,  assistiiijiliiiu  t  > 
start  anew.  His  house  was  the  first  in  Battle  Mountain,  after  tiie  railrnail 
building 4;  an<1  the  town  received  its  name  from  Robert  Macbeth,  a  iiidiaer 
who  was  conversant  with  the  early  history  of  the  spot.  In  1871  Blosicim  bo- 
gan  stock  raising  on  an  extensive  scale.  He  was  the  contractor  wlio  Ijuilt 
the  Nevada  Central  railroad  from  Battle  Mountiiin  to  Au.stin. 

Another  early  settler  of  Battle  Mountain  was  .lohn  W.  McWilliaiiis,  boiii 
in  Oliio  in  1835,  and  in  I85-I  came  to  California,  and  in  180.T  to  Nevada,  set- 
tling first  at  Unionville,  where  he  was  county  recorder.  In  1870  he  lucati'il 
himself  at  Battle  Mountain,  where  J.  A.  Blossom  had  a  teut,  and  Tliumu 


NYE  COUNTY. 

Tho  settlement"?  in  T  «    i 

tl..«  m.„ti„„ed,  arc!  aS,;™,"'!?,  "^"r''  *'""" 
Ai-..nta,  Artisan,    B„i|,.,.  "/.  ' '    ,'*'"■■•  Ans„iiia, 

Pint.',  IJavonsw,,,  I.  K":^'*']f;""''"i'    J^"''"'".    T.nvis, 
on,  ly  bcoomo  a  «-cl|.k„„w„  ,,^'7;  '  1     ^"T'"  '"'»  ■■'^- 

■■"-  In.vo  bc.cn  several  ti^s  o  V,  T  f "  '''"""'"- 
»  I'.i-ijo  eounty  still  it  "nr,.r  =''''•  •■""'  "  '■^""»i"3 
»l"».v  miloa  Tbo  I'i.,;  vc"^  ."^^i'.f  «'■»  '-",^'  .8.432 
"iM.vnMlcs  south  of  .\,,„i;  ■','"'''' "'""'W  ilistrict 
;va.^  tho  occasion  of  til  su  x"'  *'"'  "'^''r'"'"'-'  '''"'i;^ 
I""o,  in  Union  <listric    bi    f'™'""'  "■""'  *''«  ''"""  <>f 

'' ;"  O"jo,vod  for   thrcrvcars:?'-'  r''^^''''-'' 

'-■"»  »-  -ov ed  to  BeOatZ  tnZrl^ 

,^V  ^'"'^^  "mall  shop.     Err. 

'B    F    W-ii  .    '  "'"-'"  '"J  «'>M  to  \     I      I  ''""CTn  carried,,,,  l,J 

1'"";, '                           '  ''^''''  '^  ^'^P^^'ty  of  lo  tons  nor  /h.  "^""'""■g  '"ino  ),e 
J  nomas  O    Af ,  ^    '  ''''^'  '""""'"g  hy  steal., 


,,'  '^ — "•'  "'  i-J  toils  Dor  .l-.„        -  •.—  s   ■"iiiu  lie 

.  J  '"^"'as  G.  Morgan    In    .        ,  ^  ^ '      ""'"«  ^>'  «'«*'« 

'"•KHH  married  M.ssCa;.'     n'''"    ^'''^''"^   '-I'-e   So  d    1,,    r      ''''",''•  '*'''  'f-^^"" 


i  li  , 


970 


MATKllIAL  UKSOUIUKS  AND  DKVKLOr.MEXT. 


!   i  r 
I    if 


1805,  by  Antonio  Bozquoz,  the  first  settler,  and  A 
Billuian,  H.  il  C.  Schmidt,  J.  M.  Reed,  C.  h. 
Straight,  K.  KelU^y,  1).  li.  Dian,  L.  ^Fartin,  0. 
Brown,  S.  Talhnan,  J.  (Irover,  ]).  E.  Buel,  Williaiu 
CieHer,  Charles  St  Louis,  J.  W.  (iashwilcr,  S.  M. 
Burk,  and  others.  The  situation  was  U}>on  a  ]>lat(aii 
of  the  Toiyaha  range,  at  an  altitude  of  8,000  tc(t, 
wlierc  wood  and  water  were  abundant,  and  the  scenery 
picturesque. 

There  arc  several  j^ood  mining  districts  in  tln' 
county,  which  has  produced  ^8,000,000  in  bullion. 
and  lias  a  permanent  population  of  two  thousand, 
with  an  economical  and  healthy  county  administratidii, 
yet  owing  to  itf  want  of  transportation  the  progiiss 
of  any  kind  of  enterprise  has  been  slow. 

The  nund)er  of  acres  under  cultivaticm  in  1880  was 
2,300;  of  bushels  of  wheat  raised,  4,328;  of  bailtv, 
33,212;  oats,  5,000;  potatoes,  18,000.  It  had  n.ili- 
paratively  little  stock,  about  ten  thousand  head  hav- 
ing been  driven  away  in  tlie  two  previous  years,  o\\  in.; 
to  a  failure  of  a"rass  from  over-feeding.  Fruit  dors 
well  in  this  region,  and  is  extensively  cultivated.  The 
total  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal  jir()|i(ity 
in  Nye  county  in  1880  was  not  much  over  $l,00(),(ii)it, 
the  decrease  being  in  personal  ])roperty,  which,  iKinL,' 
largely  mining  property,  has  failed  to  hold  its  own, 
while  farming  property  has  not  declined.  The  gfoss 
yield  of  the  mines  for  the  last  half  of  1880  and  the 
first  half  of  1881  was  respectively  $273,881  and 
$188,908. 

Mining  having  reached  a  depth  at  which  capital 
and  improved  methods  must  be  applied,  a  tompoian 
abandonment  followed,  this  being  the  historv  of  the 
great  majority  of  mining  districts,  just  as  hydrauhc 
mining  not  being  known  or  applied,  the  placer  uoM 
mines  were  deserted  when  the  bars  liad  been  washed 
off.  The  settlements  in  Nye  county  to  be  named  are 
Argenta,  Barcelona,  Blue  Eagle,  Centennial  City, 
Central  City,   Cherry  Creek,   Cloverdale,   Danville, 


LINCOLN  COUNTY. 


271 


Doyle,  Duckwatcr,  Dutrh  Flat,  East  Belmont,  Ells- 
wnith,  (xrant,  Graiitvillo,  Jott,  Junction,  Kincy, 
Kiii'/j^  House,  KnickorbockiT,  Lodi,  Logan,  Milton, 
^[(»ivy,  Now  Philadelphia,  Northumberland,  Peavine,. 
Kiittlesnake,  lleese  lliver,  Reveille,  Sacramento,  Sail 
Antonio,  San  Augustine,  San  Juan,  Seymour,  S[)auld- 
in<;,  Toyali,  Troy,  Tucker's  Station,  Tyho,  Union, 
Ural  Canon,  Washington,  and  Yokum. 

Lincoln  county,  cut  oif  from  Nye  February  2G, 
ISfiH,  is  a  mining  county  of  much  historic  interest, 
having  been  first  traversed  by  the  white  race  when 
the  Spaniards,  between  1540  and  1775,  made  ex[tlora- 
tions  through  the  interior  of  the  continent.  In  18G3- 
4.  an  Lidian  brought  to  William  Handin,  iu  Meadow 
valltn',  a  specimen  of  silver  ore,  which  on  being  sent 
to  Salt  Lake  caused  several  expeditions  to  visit  that 
r(\L,non,  the  first  of  which,  under  J.  M.  Vandermark 
and  Stephen  Sherwood,  organized  the  Meadow  valley 
mining  district  in  April  1864.  Not  to  be  dispossessed 
l)v  (ifentiles,  Bri*jrham  Younjjf  ordered  Erastus  Snow 
from  St  George  to  Meadow  valley  with  a  company  of 
men,  who  in  the  :omporary  absence  of  the  minhig 
recorder,  oriiaiiizcd  a  new  district  with  new  rules.  A. 
tliinl  company,  consisting  chiefly  of  men  from  tlie 
Californ'a  volunteers,  followed,  and  the  former  rules 
W'To  ultimately  restored  ;  but  the  presence  of  so  many 
Mormons  making  the  place  distasteful,  the  district 
was  aliandoncd  by  the  gentiles  after  some  work  liad 
1)61  n  done  on  the  Panaca,  the  original  discovery  ledge, 
and  on  the  Mammoth. 

Paliranagat  district  was  next  organized,  in  1865, 
hundreds  of  locations  made,  and  one  milKKm  feet  of 
tj;r()und  sold  to  W.  H.  Raymond  for  eastern  cajiital- 
ists.  The  legislature  having  created  the  count v  of 
Lmcoln,  Governor  Blasdel  and  suite  proceeded  to 
Pahranagat  to  complete  the  organization.  On  the 
way.  having  taken  a  roundabout  course  through 
Death  valley,  and  become  involved  in  barren  wastes 
without  food  or  water,  they  narrowly  escaped  destruc- 


I 


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Km 


973 


MATKUIAL  UK.SOUlt('i;S  AND  DKVKLOPMENT. 


-; 


tlon.  As  it  was,  ono  lifo  was  lost,  ami  inurh  sufTcr- 
iiig  ciuluri^il  by  the  party.  Tlio  ^ovt'nior  fimiid  tlmi 
tluTu  was  not  the  nuinlxT  of  lo«ial  vot«'rs  iciiuiicd  in 
flio  county,  wliich  after  all  this  troiilili-  was  not  or- 
jj^anizL'd  until  the  following  year.  Its  ori^^inal  huuii- 
daric'S  wore  twice  diaiii^od,  in  !Marcli  Ksfi?,  whdi  a 
strip  ten  inih'S  wide  was  codrd  to  Nyo  on  the  west. 
and  in  UiZf),  wlicn  it  received  some  torrit<»ry  finm 
Nye  on  the  north.  The  county  seat  was  first  (Icciccil 
to  be  at  Crystal  S[)rinuts,  but  in  18^)7  was  chaiiu;t(l  to 
Hiko  in  tlie  same  district,  and  ultiniatelv  to  l*i(M  he, 
Tliis  town  was  situatccl  on  a  sjMir  of  the  Ely  iii->un. 
tains,  and  faced  north.  It  was  first  settled  by  Josi  ph 
(irange  and  E.  M.  Chubard,  who  in  1808  erected  a 
small  furnace  for  the  reduction  of  ore,  but  failiiiif  in 
their  expectations,  abandoned  tlie  location.  In  I^Oi) 
the  ^leadow  valley  district  wasreorur^nized  and  iiaiiidl 
Ely  district,  in  honor  of  John  H.  Ely,  win)  with  W. 
H.  Kaymond,  })laced  a  five-stamp  quartz  mill,  rented 
from  a  New  York  company,  in  Meadow  valKy,  at 
the  site  of  Bullionville,  the  nearest  point  whore  suffi- 
cient water  could  be  obtained.  A  company  c(»nsistiii;j; 
of  P.  McCannon,  L.  Lacour,  and  A.  M.  Bush  laid 
out  the  town  in  the  same  year,  whi( h  was  sui\ cvcd 
by  E.  L.  Mason,  a  civil  engineer,  and  named  by  ]\Ir,s 
Carmichael  Williamson  after  F.  L.  A.  Piochc  of  San 
Francisco,  who  owned  largely  in  the  mines.  In 
1870-1  it  was  the  most  active  town  in  Nevada,  ami 
consequently  infested  by  the  criminal  element,  wjiic  h 
ever  followed  in  the  wake  of  honest  enterpri.so  in  the 
mining  districts.  On  the  loth  of  September,  1?7I, 
it  was  ravaged  by  fire,  and  $500,000  worth  of  ]iin|i. 
erty  c  >stroved.  An  explosion  of  three  hundnd 
pound  of  blasting  powder  killed  thirteen  men,  and 
wound  forty-seven  others.  But  the  town  was 
quickly  obuilt  in  a  more  substantial  manner,  only  to 
lose  anc  her  $50,000  by  the  same  terrible  agency  in 
May  U  '2.  On  the  22d  of  August,  1873,  a  Vain 
flood  caused  a  loss  of  $10,000,  and  in  1876  a  fire  again 


CASUALTIBS. 


273 


(lostiMVid  $40,000  wurtli  of  proporty.  P'uK'ho  rcnclu'd 
the  111  i^lit  of  its  proHpfi-ity  in  lH7li-3,  wlicri  tlio  ]K)p. 
uliitinii  was  rstiinated  at  six  tliousand,  and  tlicrt!  wore 
OIK'  Innidrod  and  ton  stamps  erusliin;^  oro  in  tlio  dis- 
trict.  with  a  narrow-^au^o  railroad  to  BuUionvillc,  to 
ranv  oio  to  tlio  mills.  Bullionville  itself  had  a  ]M)p- 
uhitiiiti  of  fivo  hundred,  but  it  declined  when,  on  the 
coiiipit  tioii  of  the  water-works,  l*ioche  was  lihorally 
su])|)litd  with  water,  and  the  mills  wore  removed  to 
that  place.  A  revival  began  in  1880,  when  new 
siinltiii<jj  and  concentrating  works  were  erected  at 
IJiiHiiMiville  to  work  the  tailings  deposited  by  the 
mills.  The  nearest  railroad  station  whore  goods  are 
rcci'ivrd  or  bullion  8hi[)i.cd  is  Milford,  on  the  Utah 
SoutliiTn,  which  renders  Lincoln  county  a  dependency 
(if  Chicago  chiefly,  though  some  trade  is  carried  on 
with  San  Francisco.  After  producing  $20,000,000 
(if  bullion,  the  Ely  district  was  almost  deserted, 
Pioclic  having  not  more  than  eight  hundred  inhabi- 
tauts  ill  1880.  The  Pahranagat,  Colorado,  Freyburg, 
Pennsylvania,  Silver  Springs,  Silver  King,  Groom, 
St  TliiMuas,  Timber  Mountain,  Pah  Ute,  Wheeler, 
Southeastern,  and  Yellow  Pine  districts  all  contain 
godd  mines,  which  may  yet  be  developed.  Pahrana- 
gat, which  means  watermelon,  has  been  the  most 
noted  of  these,  but  is  at  present  nearly  deserted.'* 

The  ])opulation  of  the  county  in  1884  was  2,200,  an 
increase  of  four  hundred  over  1883,  and  the  assessed 
valuation  of  real  and  personal  property  $488,004. 
Tho  affairs  of  the  county  have  been  extravagantly 
maiiam'd,  and  the  indebtedness  in  1880  was  $300,000. 
Of  the  several  towns,  nearly  all  of  which  are  mining 

^'' ini;>}  Sibrr  Mlniiirj  Company  s  R<f>t,  180(5,  1-22,  ,34-6;  Tlir  Miner,  i.  27; 
Qmiiri/  t'lihii,  June  23,  18(56.  There  are  several  valleys  wliicli  witli  Irrigation 
woulil  iiniiluce  good  crops.  Meadow  ISpriiigs,  Ash,  Clover,  Eagle,  IJry 
Miiilily,  Ruse,  and  Pahranagat  valleys  are  all  susceptiblo  of  cultivation. 
The  liest  farujers  are  Mormons,  who  have  several  times  been  recalled  liy  the 
clmreii,  when  their  improvements  passed  into  other  hands.  About  1S8()  they 
C'lninienccd  to  return  and  take  up  land,  which  is  a  promise  of  an  increase  in 
amculture.  The  soil  and  climate  in  the  valley  of  Muddy  creek,  a  tributary 
of  Rio  Virgen,  are  adapted  to  cotton  raising.  William  Aiidersou  in  1873  had 
Hist.  Nkv.   18 


.1' 


I'm 


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274 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


il 


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centres,  glc  \rhich  is  not  a  mining  town  is  Callville, 
founded  by  Anson  Call  and  a  few  associates  from 
Utah,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Colorado  river, 
in  18G4.  It  is  not  a  lovely  situation,  being  amo\\<y 
the  barren  sand-hills  of  this  desolate  region,  with 
nothing  to  recommend  it  except  its  importance  as  a 
place  of  transfer  and  storage  whenever  navioation 
shall  be  permanently  established  on  the  Colorado. 
There  are  men  who  see  evidences  of  a  prehistoric  race, 
possessing  many  of  the  arts  of  scientific  civilization, 
bordering  on  the  Colorado,  and  having  large  cities. 
canals,  aqueducts,  and  highways,  and  who  understood 
mining.  As  faith  is  given  each  one  of  us  we  will  be- 
lieve. As  with  the  footprints  of  a  man  of  giant  pro- 
portions in  the  sandstone  quarry  at  the  Carson  state 
prison,  more  is  suggested  than  proved."* 

The  towns  and  settlements  not  described  in  Lincoln 
couuty  are  Bristol,  Bunkerville,  Camp  El  Dorado, 
Clover  Valley,  Cottonwood,  Dutch  Flat,  Eagle  A  alky, 
Parmington,  Flag  Spring,  Freyburg  Mines,  Hillside, 
Homer,  Lake  Valley,  Las  Vegas,  Logan,  Loiil?  Val- 
ley, Lyonsville,  Mayflower,  Mesquit,  Midey  A'alk  y, 
Montezuma,  Overton,  Panaca,  Pahrock,  Patterson, 
Potosi,  Royal  City,  Silver  City,  St  Joseph,  St 
Thomas,  Tern  Piute,  West  Point. 

Elko  county,  created  March  5,  1869,  was  cut  off 
from  Lander,  and  combprises,  esides  a  large  extent  of 

10  acres,  and  Mr  Carter  20  acres  in  this  staple,  which  grows  and  yields  wdL 
At  Washington,  Utah,  is  a  cotton  factory.  Pioche  Record;  Carmm  A]ipiid, 
July  22,  1873. 

^*  A  man  who  has  labored  to  improve  Lincoln  county  is  Eugene  Howell,  a 
memlwr  of  the  11th  session  of  the  Nevada  legislature,  elected  in  ISNu'  mi  tlu' 
democratic  ti'iket.  He  M-as  the  originator  ofa  petition  to  congress  tn  apiim- 
priate  money  for  the  improvement  of  the  Coiorado  river.  The  matter  win 
not  acted  upon  by  congress,  and  G-ov.  Adams  vetoed  a  bill  introdueeil  iii  the 
Nev.  legislature  by  Howell  and  passed,  to  appoint  a  conimissioner  to  giithcr 
statistics  on  the  subject  to  be  presented  to  congress.  The  navigation  of  the 
Colorado  would  be  a  great  boon  to  the  mineral  and  agricultural  regions  lior- 
deriug  on  it.  Howellwas  the  democratic  nominee  for  state  senator  in  IS^I, 
but  was  defeated.  In  1886  he  declined  the  nomination  of  state  coinjjtrellor. 
As  a  mining  man  Howell  has  bean  connected  with  firms  in  Bristol,  in  the 
Pahranagat  district,  and  the  White  Pine  district.  He  was  born  in  Kureka. 
Plumas  CO.,  Cal.,  on  March  21,  18.58,  and  was  educated  for  a  practiial  metal- 
lurgist, alf^hough  he  has  been  engaged  iu  merchaudiaiug  in  Bristol. 


ELKO  COUNTY. 


276 


mineral  land,  a  larger  amount  of  good  agricultural 
and  "lazing  land  than  any  other  county  in  Nevada, 
1(1,1  J  4  acres  being  under  cultivation  in  1880,  or  five 
JiuiKind  more  than  Douglas,  the  most  productive 
(ouiirv  of  the  west  tier.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  farniing  in  Nevada  has  no  other  object  than  the 
local  supply,  on  account  of  the  enormous  railroad  tar- 
ift"  which  places  an  embargo  upon  grain  growing  for 
tlistaiit  .narkets.  The  different  policy  of  the  Northern 
Paoitic  has  encouraged  the  cultivation  of  the  grain 
lands  of  Idaho,  Oregon,  and  Washington,  while  in 
Nevada  the  management  of  the  Central  Pacific  actu- 
ally i)r()hibits  it.  For  this  reason  a  large  proportion 
of  cultivable  territory  lies  idle,  and  what  is  cultivated 
is  not  made  to  produce  as  it  might.  The  average 
pioduft  of  farms  in  Elko  county  is  30  bushels  of 
wlunit,  35  of  barley,  GO  of  oats,  and  100  of  potatoes 
to  the  acre.  Elko  county  raised  in  1880  of  wheat 
30,000,  of  barley  150,000,  of  oats  370,  of  potatoes 
;i70,000  bushels,  and  of  hav  50,000  tons  were  cured. 
The  county  contained  upon  its  ranges  70,520  cattle, 
17,200  horses,  4,150  mules,  10,000  sheep,  and  1,400 
iioirs.  In  1884  it  had  3  flouring-mills,  and  made 
5,470  barrels  of  flour.  It  had  460  miles  of  irrigating 
ditches,  21  miles  of  mining  ditches,  9  quartz-mills, 
and  2  sniel ting-furnaces.  There  were  cruslied  in  1884, 
5,124  tons  of  quaitz  and  smelted  1,412  terns.  The 
jxtpulation  was  over  6,000,  and  the  county  upon  a 
good  financial  basis.  Like  all  the  other  counties,  it  is 
divided  into  valleys  with  a  general  north  and  south 
trend,  excepting  the  Humboldt,  which  is  not  an  agri- 
cultural valley.  Its  mines  of  argentiferous  galena 
and  other  metals  are  found  in  the  ranges  separating 
the  valle3s,  and  are  numerous.  There  are  no  loss  than 
20  mining  districts  in  the  county,  of  which  Kingsley 
district,  discovered  in  1862,  in  the  Antelope  range,  by 
Felix  O'Neil,  is  the  oldest.  A  furnace  for  smelting 
ore  was  erected  here.  The  Tuscarora  district,  organ- 
ized in  July  1867,  lies  45  miles  north  of  Carlin  on 


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m 


276 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMEXT. 


the  headwaters  of  the  Owyhee  river,  and  is  the  next 
ill  point  of  time.  It  was  discovered  by  the  Btaid 
brothers,  who  worked  the  placer  diggings  for  n-old. 
The  quartz  is  free  milling,  and  carries  gold  near  tlio 
surface,  which  diminishes  as  depth  iso  btained.  The 
Grand  Prize  mine  is  down  600  feetj  and  the  Independ- 
ence has  a  tunnel  1,500  feet  in  length.  There  are 
500  miners  in  this  district.  Island  Mountain  district. 
75  miles  north  of  Elko,  was  discovered  in  1873  by 
E.  Penrod,  one  of  the  original  owners  of  the  Ophir 
mine  on  the  Comstock.  It  is  worked  chiefly  for  tlio 
gold  in  the  jilacers,  and  is  supplied  with  water  from  a 
canal  10  miles  in  length,  constructed  by  Penrod. 

Carlin  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  county,  having 
been  settled  in  July,  1868,  by  J.  A.  Palmer,  and  soon 
after  by  S.  Pierce,  C.  Boyen,  and  James  Clark.  A 
town  sprang  up  with  the  completion  of  the  Humboldt 
division  of  the  Central  Pacific  railroad,  and  the  loca- 
tion of  the  comjiany's  round  house  and  shops.  Elkn, 
the  county-seat,  was  first  settled  by  George  F.  Pad- 
dleford  in  December  1868.  In  the  following  year  it 
became  the  point  of  disembarkation  for  White  Piia' 
and  Tuscarora  mines." 

The  towns  and  settlements  not  before  mentioned  in 
Elko  county  are  Antelope  Station,  Aurora,  Arthur, 
Blythe  City,  Bradley,  Brown,  Bruno,  Buel,  Bull  inn, 
Cedar,  Cloverdalc,  Columbia,  Coral  Hill,  Cornucoiiia, 
Deeth,  Dolly  A'arden,  Elaine,  Excelsior,  Fair  IMay, 
Falcon,  Fort  Halleck,  Friend's  Station,  Golconda. 
Gerald,  Good  Hope,  Heenans,  Hicks  District,  Higli- 
land,  Hoolon,  Huntington,  Independence,  Island 
Mountain,  Kinsley's  Springs,  Lamoille,  Lamoille  \  al- 
ley, Lone  Mountain,  Loray,  McPeters,  Marshall  Sta- 
tion, Moleen,  Montello,  Moors,  Mountain  City,  Xat- 


-' A  town  was  laid  oflf  by  William  T.  Rvllou,  Ballnna  Adv.,  MS.,  '-'4,  anl 
had  a  rapid  growth.  In  1885  it  had  a  population  of  800  taxable  imii'irty  to 
the  amount  of  Si:Ml,400,  a  daily  and  weekly  newspaper,  tho  state  umviTsity, 
a  good  coinniou  school  building,  a  church,  several  lodges  of  ditlfn-nt  sdcio- 
ties,  a  brick  jail,  mineral  soap  factory,  tlouring  null,  water  coiiiii.uiy,  ami 
other  useful  institutions.     It  sustained  a  loss  of  about  $100,000  by  lirt's. 


WHITE  riNE  COUNTY. 


277 


chcz,  North  Ruby,  Osino,  Otego,  Owyhee,  Peko, 
Poquoj)  Robber's  Roost,  Ruby  Valley,  Salmon  City, 
Slio;iuiikers,  Stickney  Town,  Tacoma,  Toaiio,  Toll 
Gate,  Tulasco,  Tuscarora,  William,  and  Wyoming." 
White  Pine  county  which  was  created  out  of 
Landor,  April,  1869,  consists  of  a  succession  of  val- 
levs  between  high  ranges.  Diamond  range  on  the  v/est 
briii«4  tipped  with  snow.  In  tlie  autunm  of  1FG5  a 
partv  of  prospectors  from  Austin  being  attracted  to 
the  rrgion  east  of  this  range  by  the  view  of  moun- 
tains covered  with  white  pine  timber,  discovered  some 
miiK'S  of  silver,  lead,  and  copper,  and  organized  the 
district  of  White  Pine  October  10th  of  that  year. 
Kohert  Morrill  and  Thomas  J.  Murphy  were  promi- 
nent in  these  proceedings.  The  first  discovery  was 
ill  the  region  near  the  present  town  of  Hamilton, 
others  following  in  its  neighborhood.  The  succeed- 
in*,'  year  Murphy  and  Crawford  went  to  Philadelphia 
with  ores  from  mines  in  White  Pine  district,  and 
formed  the  Monte  Cristo  Mining  company,  which 
sent  out  a  superintendent  in  18G7,  who  put  U[)  a  mill 
and  i)r()ceed  to  work  the  ores.  In  the  autumn,  after 
snow  had  fallen  on  the  mountains,  an  Indian,  for  some 
tritiing  favor  bestowed  by  A.  J.  Leathers,  the  black- 
smitli  of  the  original  company,  gave  him  a  piece  of 
ore  wiiich  being  nielted  produced  a  button  of  silver. 
Ho  was  induced  to  show  the  place  from  which  he  had 
brouglit  the  specimen,  which  proved  to  be  the  Hidden 
Treasure  mine  from  which  Treasure  Hill  near  Hamil- 


u 

'   '1 

^  1 

!  '^^     'll 

i 
\ 

m 

"■•'An  iinp()rtant  man  at  Tuscarora  was  Amcrious  Vcspuccius  Lancaster, 
boni  in  liulfast,  Me,  Sept. .'),  1835.  Ho  came  to  tlie  I'acific  coast  in  1S."),"»,  and 
after  milling  in  various  localities  in  Cal.  ami  IJritish  L'olunil>ia,  vi.siting  Cen- 
tral America,  auti  liis  former  homo  in  .Me.,  wliere  he  married,  lie  returned  to 
this  coast,  and  in  I8G7  settled  at  Tuscarora,  then  a  ii'^w  i)laee,  where  he  took 
contracts  to  supply  wood  and  ties  to  tlie  C.  P.  U.  R.,  and  with  the  proceeds 
set  up  in  the  grocery  husiness,  and  also  bought  gold  dust  of  the  miners, 
making  a  prolit  whiel»  enaliled  him  in  a  few  years  to  improve  some  valuaMe 
mining  property.  The  Young  America  and  Young  America  .south  M-ere 
wati'ii  and  patented  by  Lancaster  and  others,  and  the  town  of  Tuscorora 
I*  nn  their  eround.  He  owned  in  the  Navajo  and  North  Belle  Isle,  lH)th  of 
*liii'li  produced  well;  and  al-io  greatly  eidarged  his  niercaatile  interests.  In 
ISS')  lie  removed  to  Alameda,  Cal.,  to  give  his  children  the  advantages 
wliioh  his  liberal  means  suable  him  to  bestow, 


iii 


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278 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AKD  DEVELOPMENT. 


ton  took  its  name.  The  Hidden  Treasure  was  located 
January  3,  1868,  by  Leathers,  Murphy,  ai.d  ^Marcli- 
and,  and  sold  in  January  ]  800  for  $200,000,  to  G.  E. 
Roberts  &  Co.  Soon  after  the  discovery  of  the  Hid- 
den Treasure,  T.  E.  Eberhardt  of  Austin,  discoven  d 
the  famous  chloride  deposit  on  Treasure  hill,  whir  Ii 
was  known  as  the  Eberhardt  mine,  although  in  mak- 
ing locations  with  some  friends  the  richest  portion  did 
not  fall  to  him.  The  Eberhardt  mine  was  disposed  of 
in  1868  to  a  companj'  wh\ch  took  several  tons  of  tlio 
ore  to  Austin  for  reduction,  where  it  was  found  to 
yield  from  $450  to  $27,000  per  ton.  Ore  working' 
$3,000  was  constantly  taken  from  the  Ebcrliaidt, 
Keystone,  and  Blue  Belle  mines,  which  was  bankid 
up  for  smeltinor,  when  furnaces  should  be  ererted. 
On  the  25th  of  September  the  Defiance  mine  produced 
in  one  day  ore  that  would  yield  $40,000  wortli  of 
bullion,  and  had  $75,000  in  sight.  These  [)ro(ligie.s 
of  wealth  created  the  greatest  fever  of  excitement 
known  since  the  discovery  of  the  Comstock.  Tliou- 
sands  of  men  hastened  to  White  Pine,  rich  and  pour 
alike,  and  the  prospector's  pick  was  heard  in  all  direc- 
tions, while  every  canon  of  the  bare  and  rui:;4ed 
mountains  about  Treasure  Hill  had  its  sides  adoiiied 
with  miners'  cabins,  hanijing  like  bird  ca(j(^s  from  its 
rocky  sides.  The  excitement  culminated  in  the  win- 
ter and  spring  of  1868-9.  A  question  in  mining  law 
was  raised  which  was  never  before  brought  up,  and 
arose  out  of  the  discovery  that  the  Eberhardt  group 
of  mines  were  not  upon  any  ledge  which  could  be 
measured  off  and  its  extensions  taken  up,  but  were  a 
single  horizontal  deposit,  the  chloride  layers  l)einjj 
separated  by  layers  of  limestone,  and  bounded  by 
walls  like  a  vault.  These  deposits  have  since  become 
familiar  in  Colorado  and  are  called  contact,  or  blanket 
lodes.  Supposing  that  this  arrangement  of  ore  must 
continue  downward  to  the  depth  of  other  silver  mines. 
a  movement  was  made  to  compel  those  in  possession, 
after  working  out  one  deposit,  to  allow  another  claim- 


HAMILTON  COUNTY. 


279 


ant  to  take  the  next  under  it,  and  so  on.  The  move- 
im  lit,  however,  did  not  prevail,  and  the  Chloride  Flat 
irroup  of  mines  was  suffered  to  remain  in  the  hands 
of  its  fortunate  owners,  who  sold  or  worked  them  as 
sccnu'd  best.  Suits  at  law  grew  out  of  the  peculiar 
formation  after  it  was  discovered  that  there  had  been 
ditionnt  locations  made,  by  croppings,  on  what  jiroved 
to  bo  tlie  same  body  of  ore,  that  is,  not  divided  by 
aiu'  wall.  One  of  these  cases,  brought  in  the  courts 
of  Lander  county  to  which  the  district  then  belonged, 
was  among  the  causes  celebres  of  that  country.  The 
bank  of  California  made  haste  to  secure  the  manage- 
mt'iit  as  in  the  Comstock  mines,  purchasing  several 
lainis,  but  it  never  obtained  the  controlling  interest. 
In  the  autunm  of  1869  the  mines  of  White  Pine  were 
producing  monthly  about  ^500,000  in  bullion.  The 
rich  dc})osit  which  set  the  world  agog  proved  not  to 
be  a  deep  one.  Some  millions  of  dollars  were  taken 
out,  but  at  the  depth  of  100  feet  the  body  of  almost 
pure  silver  was  exhausted.  The  Eberhardt  was 
purchased  in  connection  with  the  Aurora  mine  by 
an  English  company,  by  which  it  was  worked  with 
energy  and  varying  fortune.  A  shaft  was  put  down 
l.4<i0  feet,  and  over  a  mile  of  tunnelling  made  into 
tho  licart  of  the  mountain.  There  were  about  twenty- 
four  mining  districts  in  White  Pine  county  which 
were  sufficiently  tested  to  prove  the  value  of  the 
minis,  which  were  of  silver,  gold,  lead,  copper,  and 
otlier  metals.  In  most  of  tlie  districts  wood  and 
water  could  be  obtained  with  little  dittieulty. 

Aurriculture  was  neglected  for  want  of  transporta- 
tion, more  than  2,500  acres  being  under  cultivation  in 
188,").  Tliere  were  in  the  county  in  1884  of  stock- 
cattle  3,000,  cows  2,000,  calves  900,  sheep  10,000, 
lambs  8,000,  hogs  400,  horses  1,200,  and  mules  150. 
The  amount  of  good  farming  land  was  estimated  at 
12.000  acres.  Of  grazing  land,  much  of  which,  with 
irrJLjation,  would  produce  cro]>s,  there  are  4,776,160 
acres;  of  timbered  land,  500,000  acres,  and  of  min- 


wm 


■it-i-'l 


t  ■ 


I 


I 


■ 


280 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


era!  land,  about  the  same  amount.  The  population 
of  the  county  was  2,500,  and  its  assessed  valuation 
$864,870. 

Hamilton,  the  cor.ity  seat  of  White  Pine  county, 
is  situated  on  the  northern  sloixi  of  Treasure  Hill, 
near  the  foot.  Its  altitude  is  7,^J77  feet  abovo  the 
sea  level,  and  the  site  commandini^.  It  was  laid  otf 
for  a  town  by  W.  H.  Hamilton,  Henry  Kelly,  and  E. 
Goben,  in  May  1868.  Previous  to  this,  and  wliile 
only  a  rendezvous  for  prospectors,  who  dwelt  in  turf- 
houses  quite  as  often  as  anything,  it  was  called  Cave 
City,  but  since  received  the  name  of  Hamilton.  Such 
was  the  rush  of  population  in  1868-9  that  houses 
could  not  be  provided  for  the  10,000  inhabitants,  but 
canvas  was  made  to  do  duty  for  wood  and  brick. 
Hamilton  was  incorporated  in  1869,  and  disincorpo- 
rated in  1875.  A  brick  court-house  and  jail  was 
erected  in  1870  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  \  water  com- 
pany was  formed  which  supplied  Hamilton  and  Treas- 
ure hili  with  water  brought  from  Illapah  springs,  in 
Momoke  Hill,  three  miles  ea.st  of  Hamilton,  where 
2,000,000  gallons  of  water  per  day  flow  out  of  the 
rock.  Steam  pumping- works  had  to  be  used  to  force 
the  water  two  miles  through  a  12 -inch  pipe  and  lift  it 
to  a  reservoir  1,000  feet  high.  This  cost  ^^J^O.OOO, 
and  the  original  company  sold  to  the  Eberhardt  and 
Aurora  Mining  companies  in  1878.  In  1873  afire 
destroyed  $600,000  worth  of  property  at  Hamilton, 
this  devastation  having  been  caused  by  the  owner  of 
a  cigar  store  who  set  fire  to  his  premises  to  uct  the 
insurance,  having  first  turned  off  the  water  to  disable 
the  fire  company.  In  Applegarth's  Canon,  at  the 
foot  of  Treasure  hill,  on  the  south  side,  is  Eberhardt, 
with  100  inhabitants.  On  the  western  slope,  near 
the  top,  and  often  above  the  clouds  that  overhanij 
Hamilton,  is  Treasure  City.  It  had  6,000  inhabitants 
in  1869,  and  50  in  1885.  Shermantown,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  canon  dividing  Treasure  Hill  from 
White  Pine  Mountain,  five  miles  south  of  and  at  a 


v  M 


EUREKA  COUNTY. 


881 


mucli  Idwer  altitude  than  Hamilton,  was  the  seat  of 
twti  siiw-inills,  five  quartz-mills,  and  four  furnaces  in 
lg(;g_j)^  and  had  1,000  inhabitants.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1870,  and  had  a  newspaper  of  its  own,  but  is 
to-day  deserted  by  all  but  a  single  family.  Swansea, 
threi-rourths  of  a  mile  north  of  Shermantown,  had 
two  quartz-mills  and  smelters,  and  several  hundred 
peo]>lo,  of  whom  none  remain.  Such  was  the  rise 
and  declitie  of  White  Pine  district,  the  most  remark- 
able of  any  in  eastern  Nevada. 

Cherry  creek  became  the  principal  town  in  White 
Pine  county.  It  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Cherry 
Creek  canon,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Eagan 
range,  at  an  elevation  of  G,300  feet.  It  owes  its  rise 
to  tiio  mines  of  that  district,  which  were  discovered  in 
ISl'l.  Ward  is  another  mining  town  whose  growth 
began  in  1876.  It  is  62  miles  south-east  of  Hamil- 
ton. Both  towns  support  newspapers  of  their  own. 
The  settlements  of  White  Pine  county  not  above 
named  are  Aurum,  Centrcville,  Clayton,  Cooper, 
Diamond,  Eagan,  Ely,  Glencoe,  Hendrie's  Mill, 
Hunter,  Indian  Queen,  Kingston,  Lehman,  Maryland, 
^Mineral  City,  Mosier,  Newark  hill,  Osceola,  Planum, 
Picotillo,  Piuma,  Queen's  Station,  Rubyville,  Srhell- 
bourne,  Shoenbars,  Simpson,  Tiermont,  Warner,  West 
Ely,  and  White  Pine  City. 

Eureka  county,  created  out  of  Lander  March  1, 
187;},  owes  its  separate  existence  to  its  mineral  re- 
sources. These  began  to  be  known  immediately  after 
the  settlement  of  Reese  river,  which  formed  abase  of 
operations  and  supplies.  The  district  was  located  on 
Mt  Tenabo,  the  highest  elevation  of  the  Cortez 
mountains,  thirty  miles  south-east  of  Beowawe,  or 
Gravelly  ford,  where  one  of  the  largest  mineral- 
hearing  belts  ever  found  in  Nevada  was  discovered. 
The  formation  consists  of  granite  and  limestone. 

A  dike  of  quartzite  500  feet  in  width  was  named 
'The  Nevada  Giant,'  and  excited  great  expecta- 
tions.   This  mineral  belt  was  subsequently  developed 


m 

I 

ii 


I'^'MI 


"! 


>  M 


282 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND   DEVELOPMENT. 


and  its  promised  wealth  realized,  under  the  owner- 
ship of  Simeon  Wenhan,^  one  of  the  orighial  discov- 
erers. It  appears  3,000  feet  above  the  valley,  and 
stretches  its  enormous  body  diagonally  down  the 
mountain  in  plain  view  for  about  19,000  feet,  the 
south  end  dipping  down  and  disappearing  in  the  val- 
ley below.  The  district  has  proved  one  of  the  most 
important  in  the  state. 

The  first  mines  were  located  in  the  granite  on  wliat 
was  called  'Bullion  Hill';  an  eight-stamp  :.iill  was 
erected  in  18G4  by  the  Cortez  Company  for  the  ]»ur- 
pose  of  reducing  the  ores  found  in  the  granite  forma- 
tion, and  was  oj)erated  by  this  company  until  18()7, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  Wenban,  who  increased 
the  capacity  to  ten  stamps,  and  continued  to  operate 
it  on  ore  taken  from  his  mines  located  in  the  lime- 
stone formation,  of  which  there  were  many,  the  most 
prominent  being  the  Arctic,  Idaho,  Garrison,  and  St 
Louis.     These  mines  have  proved  of  great  value. 

In  1880  this  mill  was  superseded  by  works  to  re- 
duce ores  by  the  leaching  process,  having  a  capacity 
of  about  fifty  tons  per  day,  erected  under  the  per- 
sonal  supervision  of  Wenban.  In  the  granite  f(jrma- 
tion  the  Viins  running  through  the  quartz  were  found 
to  be  rich  but  narrow.  The  whole  mineral  zone  was 
productive,  but  it  was  in  the  limestone  that  Wt'nl)an 
found  his  great  wealth.  The  ores  required  roastin*; 
before  amalgamating,  and  carried  both  gold  and  sil- 
ver. Wood  and  water  were  brought  a  distance  of 
eight  miles.  Eureka  district,  discovered  in  18(14, 
produced  great  wealth,  which  increased  the  population 
of  Lander  county,  and  caused  a  division  of  the  same. 

'"Mr  Wenban  was  born  in  England  in  the  parish  of  Hawkhurst,  county 
Kent,  May  18,  1824,  and  was  the  son  of  a  wheelwright.  In  1828  his  iMRiits 
immigrated  to  the  IJ.  S.,  residing  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  later  in  Clevi'laiid, 
Ohio.  In  18r)4-  ho  came  to  the  Pacific  coast,  mining  for  a  while  in  C'.il.,  Init 
removing  to  Nevada  in  1862.  In  1803  ho  made  one  of  a  prospecting  ii;irty 
which  discovered  the  Cortes  district,  in  which  he  owns  about  thirty  mines. 
Mr  Wenban  has  done  everything  to  prove  the  wealth  of  that  region,  ami  in 
doing  it  has  made  hiniself  a  millionaire  several  times  over,  and  without  |irai- 
tising  any  selfish  greed  to  tiie  injury  of  his  neighbors.  His  character  .-^tauds 
as  deservedly  high  as  his  success  has  been  deservedly  great. 


EUREKA  TOWN. 


The  town  of  Eureka,  wliioli  was  founded  in  1869  by 
W.  W.  McCoy  and  Alonzo  Monroe  was  made  the 
counry  seat." 

Euii'ka  town,  nearly  7,000  feet  above  the  sea,  is 
situattxl  at  tlie  liead  of  a  canon  four  niilea  lonj^  and 
'jOO  vanls  wide,  from  the  sidesof  wliich  parallel  lines  of 
stOL'j)  hills  rise  one  above  the  other  to  a  hcii^ht  of  from 
50U  to  1,200  feet,  from  whose  crests  numerous  smaller 
canoiH  run  down  to  the  main  one.  Where  this  jjjorge 
spre.'uls  out  among  the  lesser  hills  and  ravines  at  tlie 
top  tlie  town  site  was  located.  It  rapidly  acquired 
])0|)ulatioii.  A  line  of  stages  from  Austin  to  Hamil- 
ton passed  through  it,  and  a  post  office  was  established 
ill  IS70.  In  the  same  year  the  town  obtained  direct 
coiincction  with  the  Central  Pacific  railroad  by  En  nor 
and  \V« (odrutifs  stages  from  Hamilton  to  Palisade.  A 
fiist  freight  line  to  Palisade  was  established  in  1871, 
and  in  1874  the  Eureka  and  Palisade  railroad  was 
boij^uii,  which  was  conn)leted  the  following  year. 
With  its  completion  Eureka  became  the  centre  ot 
freight  and  passenger  traffic  for  a  large  area  of  country. 
By  a  steady  growth  the  population  liad  increased 
to  5.000  in  1880.  Stone  quarries  adjacent  to  the  town 
furnished  superior  material  for  building,  the  public 
oditires  as  well  as  residences  being  partly  constructed 
of  this  material.  Brick  was  also  much  used  in  build- 
ing. In  1879  a  court  house  costing  $53,000  was 
erected.  There  were  two  daily  papers,  two  banks, 
and  good  schools.  All  the  ores  of  this  district  were 
lirought  to  Eureka  for  reduction  in  its  sixteen  fur- 
naces. They  carried  from  15  to  60  per  cent  of  lead, 
and  sufficient  iron  and  silica  to  obviate  the  necessity 
for  importing  foreign  flux.  The  yield  of  Eureka  dis- 
trict for  1879, was  $10,000,000,  and  the  total  yield  for 
the  seven  years,  including  1879,  was  $20,000,000. 
The  town  of  Eureka  has  been  three  times  visited  by 


:lill 


^'  This  section  has  been  thought  of  sufficient  importance  to  justify  the 
pulilioation  by  Molinelli  &  Go.  of  a  bound  volume  of  109  pages  eutitletl 
Eureku  and  Us  Reaourcea,  1879. 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


fire,  the  first,  in  1872,  causing  tlie  organization  of  a 
fire  department ;  tlic  second,  in  1878,  which  destroyed 
$1,000,000  worth  of  property  ;  and  tlie  third  in  I8h0. 
A  cloud  burst  in  July  1874  destroyed  consid(  ruMo 
pro[)erty,  with  the  loss  of  seventeen  lives.  From 
these  disasters  the  connnunity  recovered  witli  tlio 
vigor  imparted  by  conscious  resources.  Kul)y  Hill. 
two  and  one  half  miles  west  of  Eureka,  in  1880  IkkI  a 
population  of  2,165.  It  was  the  residence  of  about 
UOO  miners,  who  had  a  miners'  union,  and  supported 
a  newspaper,  churches,  scliools,  a  theatre,  and  other 
popular  institutions.  Palisade,  the  northern  terminus 
of  the  Eureka  and  Palisade  railroad,  had  200  iiihahi- 
tants.  It  was  furnished  with  water  from  the  moun- 
tains to  the  north.  The  railroad  con)pany's  shops 
were  located  here  for  manufacturing  cars. 

Although  specifically  a  mining  county,  Eureka  is 
self-supporting,  and  might  be  made  productive  of 
a<jrricultural  wealth  to  a  much  greater  extent.  The 
amount  of  land  enclosed  in  1885  was  27,940  acres,  of 
which  9,255  were  in  hay,  grain  and  vegetables.  It 
had  18  miles  of  irrigating  ditches.  The  average 
yield  of  wheat  was  40  bushels  to  the  acre.  It  raised. 
in  1884,  10,000  tons  of  hay,  made  15,000  pouiuis  of 
cheese,  50,000  pounds  of  butter,  55,335  gallons  of 
beer,  and  sheared  74,000  pounds  of  wool.  Its  live 
stock  was  2,425  horses,  466  mules,  7,577  stock  cattle, 
12,400  sheep,  366  cows,  210  hogs.  The  valuation 
placed  upon  real  and  personal  property  was  ,*i^;{,()l)9,- 
429.  The  produi'-t  of  the  mines  in  bullion  was  .sl,- 
647,289,  the  net  yield  being  set  down  at  $218/286. 
Charcoal  burning  was  carried  on  to  a  considerable 
extent.  In  1879  the  mine  superintendents  at  Eureka 
rebelled  at  paying  30  cents  a  bushel  for  this  indis- 
pensable article,  and  fixed  the  price  at  27  cents.  The 
Charcoal  Burners'  association  immediately  declared 
war,  refused  to  permit  any  to  be  delivered  at  the 
smelters,  and  took  possession  of  the  town  of  Eureka, 
threatening  destruction  to  their  enemies,  the  miue 


CHARCOAL  BURNERS'  RIOT. 


285 


inanncrera.  Governor  Kiiikcad  was  inforiiied  by  tclo- 
irrapli  nftlic  clanger  to  the  public  peace,  ami  "a  suflfi- 
oi(Mit  toroo  of  the  second  brigade  of  the  state  militia 
t(»  insure  a  restoration  of  order"  was  autln^rized  to  be 
oallcil  out.  On  tlie  18th  of  August,  Deputy-sheriH' 
J.  1).  Simpson  attempted  to  arrest  some  persons  be- 
joiiLfii'i.?  to  a  coal  camp  at  Fish  creek,  thirty  miles  from 
Eunka.  Five  coal  burners  were  killed,  and  si.v 
wounded  severely,  in  resisting  arrest.  Much  excite- 
ment followed ;  but  the  coroner's  jury  brought  in  a 
verdiet  of  justifiable  honiicide.  Little  doubt  existed 
that  tlio  charcoal  burners  had  suffered  injustice  at  the 
hands  of  the  contractors  who  delivered  coal  at  the 
snieiters,  and  made  their  measurements  to  meet  their 
own  interests.  Added  to  this,  a  reduction  in  price 
brought  on  the  riot  which  culminated  so  sadly  in  what 
is  known  as  the  Fish  Creek  war.  The  price  of  char- 
coal was  reduced  subsequently  to  22  cents.  In  1884, 
105,000  bushels  were  burned.  The  nut  pine  wood, 
from  which  it  was  produced,  yielded  28  bushels  to  a 
cord.  The  towns  and  settlements  not  above  named 
are  Allison,  Alpha,  Antelope,  Beowawe,  Blackburn, 
Boulder,  Bullion,  Cedar,  Cluro,  Colman,  Cortes, 
Corwiii,  Devil's  Gate,  Diamond,  Evans,  Garden  Pass, 
Goodwin,  McLeod,  Mineral  Hill,  Newtown,  Oak, 
Puie  Station,  Pleasant  Valley,  Shipley,  Shoshone, 
Silverado,  Spring,  Springville,  Sulphur  Spring  Sta- 
tion, Summit,  Vanderbilt,  and  Willards. 

To  sum  up  the  condition  of  the  state  in  1883-6,  it 
ranked  third  in  the  production  of  gold  and  silver, 
coming  next  after  California  and  Colorado.  It  pro- 
duced in  twenty  j^^ears  about  $600,000,000  of  the 
precious  metals.  There  was  in  the  state  $27,625,- 
257  in  real  and  personal  property,  at  the  assessor's 
valuation,  distributed  among  62,000  inhabitants.  The 
state  sold  of  its  land  grants  85,000  acres,  showing  the 
prospective  increase  of  farming.  It  had  been  rather 
the  custsm  to  disparage  Nevada,  because  with  only 


W6 


MATERIAL  llESOUUCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


« 


I  '' 


i   i 


I  I  J 


I 
t 

I 


inhabitants  enough  to  make  one  small  city,  wen-  tlicy 
all  gathered  together,  it  did  not  go  on  producing  ut 
the  rate  of  $600,000,000  in  twenty  years  from  the 
nimes,  in  addition  to  its  other  produets ;  but  thu  sub- 
ject was  coming  to  be  better  underHto<Kl,  and  in  <  vtrv 
ordinary  sense  the  state  is  yet  only  in  its  iiifiiiicv. 
Oregon  had  in  18()0  about  the  same  number  of  inlialii- 
tants  that  Nevada  had  in  18F0,  and  raised  of  tlic  diF 
erent  cereals  1,820,278  agauist  Nevada's  crop  in  18>s(i 
of  782,519  bushels  ;  but  Oregon  was  preeminently  an 
agricultural  s^ate,  and  her  wheat  fields  stood  in  the 
place  of  Nevada's  mines;  and  while  it  is  imj^ossiblu 
that  the  latter  should  ever  conipete  with  the  fornur 
in  grain  raising,  it  is  also  improbable  that  ()n'4((ii 
should  ever  show  much  more  wealth  per  capita  than 
it  does  at  present,  which  is,  at  assessors'  valuation, 
^402,  while  in  Nevada  at  the  same  valuation  it  is 
$444,  notwithstanding  the  wastefuhiess  which  attends 
mining  in  new  countries,  and  which  for  the  future 
must  be  overcome. 

Of  manufactures  in  Nevada  there  is  not  much  to  be 
said.  The  assessors'  reports  for  1884,  from  which 
two  counties  nmst  be  subtracted  as  not  sendini,'  in 
any  abstracts,  and  others  of  which  are  visibly  iiniiLr- 
fect,  give  18  grist-mills,  making  22,270  barrels  of  Hour, 
besides  which  they  ground  7,000  bushels  of  corn,  and 
22,000  of  barley;  121  quartz-mills,  crushing  34'.»,<588 
tons  of  quartz;  24  smelting  furnaces,  reducing  (54.076 
tons  of  ore;  8  saw-mills  and  3  planing-mills ;  H  liorax 
factories,  reducing  1,460  tons  of  the  salt;  and  JJ 
breweries,  manufacturing  246,354  gallons  of  \)wr. 
The  Nevada  foULidry,  established  at  Johntown  near 
Silver  City  in  .1862  by  Mead,  McCone,  and  Tas^ar, 
formerly  of  Plar-e^'ville,  was  the  pioneer  iron  works  of 
Nevada.  The  hrni  removed  to  Silver  Citv  in  l.^G4, 
where  they  erected  a  stone  building  at  a  cost  of 
$125,000,  employing  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred 
men  in  the  foundry  afterwards.  The  establislunent 
was  burned  in  1872,  when  McCone,  having  purchased 


the  entire  in! 

wliy-iv  lie  boug 

lH(i;i  \,y  Thoml 

foumh'v,  J)ecei 

the  Vidlow  Jal 

pounds,  the  larj 

roast.     It  was 

made   in  Neva] 

company  in  ISOl 

Pioneer  foundrj 

was  opened  at 

Gold    Hill    four 

erected  on  Moui 

feet  high,  made  : 

a  Wooden  ma.st 

the  first  Nevad? 

In  ISO!)  Mead  a 

1878  Frazer  <i  ( 

foun(h'v,  wOiich  ^\ 

Tlie  first  iron  fc 

at  Bullionville,  i 

company.     Iron  ' 

1880.     The  figure 

resent  the  numbei 

it  appears  upon  sc 

sor's   report  to    t 

county  al(Mio  had 

pro[)()rtion  to  the 

manufacture  of  lu 

tent  in  Washoe  th 

that  modern    inv( 

plays  an  important 

the  flume  is  V-sha 

iiig  power.     Fluni 

'^Jolin  Kewea  in  1876 
suspended  after  about  a 
fimndries,   blacksmiths  $6 
§3.50  :i.i(1  U.  Kelly  K  Xev. 
llian.l  Aug.  13,  1804;  Onl, 
tcl,;  Felj,  6,  1878;  Jieno  Ga 


MANUFA(rrURES. 


t87 


the  entire  interest,  again  removed  to  Virginia  City, 
win  IV  h«3  bought  out  the  Fulton  foundry,  (srected  in 
1H<;;)  l>y  Thomas  li.  Jones.  Tliero  was  cast  at  this 
foumlry,  December  II,  18H0,  a  fly-wheel  centre  for 
the  Yellow  Jacket  hoisting  works  weighing  44,500 
pounds,  the  largest  casting  hitherto  niadeonthe  Pacific 
coast.  It  was  lure  that  the  first  engine  and  pump 
niado  in  Nevada  were  constructed  for  the  Bullion 
company  in  18(54.  In  1802  Oliver  Hyde  started  the 
Pioneer  foundry-  at  (iold  Hill,  and  in  18r)4  another 
was  opened  at  the  same  place  by  (^rreely,  called  the 
Gold  Hill  foundry,  which  cast  the  iron  flag-staff 
erected  on  Mount  Davidson  in  1878.  It  was  <'ighty 
feet  liigh,  made  in  three  tubular  sections,  and  replaced 
a  wooden  mast  erected  in  1803.  The  Pioneer  cast 
the  first  Nevada  cannon,  an  eight-pounder,  in  1804. 
In  ISO!)  IVIead  established  the  Union  foundry,  and  in 
1878  Frazer  Sc  Cumniings  established  the  Virginia 
foundry,  which  was  removed  to  Reno  in  1880." 

The  first  iron  foundry  of  eastern  Nevada  was  erected 
at  Bullionville,  in  February  1873,  for  the  railroad 
company.  Iron  works  were  opened  at  Eureka  in 
1880,  The  figure  eight  does  not  by  any  means  rep- 
resent the  number  of  saw-mills  in  Nevada,  although 
it  a])i)cars  upon  so  authentic  a  document  as  the  as.ses- 
sor's  report  to  the  surveyor-general.  White  Pine 
county  ah>no  had  five  in  1884,  and  other  counties  in 
proportion  to  their  tindjer  and  population.  But  the 
manufacture  of  lumber  is  carried  on  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent in  Washoe  than  in  any  other,  and  in  this  business 
that  modern  invention,  a  wood  and  lumber  flume, 
I>lavs  an  important  part.  As  I  have  before  mentioned, 
the  flume  is  V-shaped,  wherein  lies  its  great  conduct- 
ing power.     Flumes  of  a  box  shape  were  common 


■ 


1 1 1 


'*  John  Kcwes  in  1876  started  a  brass  foundry  at  Virginia  City,  which 
suspended  after  about  a  year.  Macliinista  received  li!>t)  per  day  in  these 
fimndries,  blacksmiths  $6.50,  pattern  makers  $5.  .50,  and  other  workmen 
§3.50  a. id  ^.  Kelbfa  Kev.  Dir.,  1802,  174;  Dnyton  Li/nn  County  Sentinel,  July 
lliand  Aug.  13,  1804;  Onld  mil  News,  March  21,  1865;  Virifinia  City  Chroni- 
icle,  Feb,  0,  1878;  Heno  Gazette,  Dec.  14,  1880;  Id.,  Jan.  31,  1883. 


288 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


enough,  and  had  been  used,  to  float  timber  down  the 
mountains  in  California,  but  the  wood  lodged,  aiul 
caused  waste  and  destruction ;  the  V  form  allowed  it 
U'  move  swiftly  without  obstruction.  The  first  Hume 
for  transporting  wood  in  Nevada  was  project<d  in 
1865,  to  run  from  the  west  Carson  river,  in  Alpine 
county,  California,  to  Empire  City,  in  Ormsby  county, 
Nevada,  thirty-two  and  a  half  miles,  the  fall  beiiitr 
nine  hundred  and  seventy-six  feet.  Among  tliose 
who  contemplated  this  scheme  was  J.  W.  Haiiits, 
who  adopted  the  V-shaped  flume,  and  on  being  satis- 
fied of  its  advantages  patented  it,  in  September  1870. 
At  that  time  there  were  about  twenty-five  nnlesof  lum- 
ber flumes  in  the  state,  which  increased  as  their  econ- 
omical value  became  known.  In  1872  J.  W.  Haints 
sued  William  Sharon  for  an  infringement  of  patent; 
but  he  was  beaten  in  court  on  its  being  shown  that 
certain  persons,  for  economical  reasons,  had  used 
flumes  constructed  similarly,  though  without  having 
any  idea  of  the  superlative  merit  of  this  form  over  the 
box  flume.''* 

In  1874,  several  other  companies  having  been 
formed  in  the  mean  time,  the  bonanza  firm,  for  tli^in- 
selves  and  other  mining  operators  on  the  Conistock, 
having  by  their  agent  surveyed  and  purchased  twelve 
thousand  acres  of  the  finest  timbered  land  on  the 
summits  of  the  Sierra,  formed  the  Pacific  Wood,  Luni- 


**  James  W.  Haines  was  l)om  in  Stanstead,  Canada,  near  the  Vermont 
line,  on  the  17t'ii  of  Aug.,  1826,  his  fatlier  being  a  Vernionter  of  Eiigli.^li 
descent,  and  liis  grandfather  a  revolutionary  soldier.  In  1833  they  k'ft  Can- 
ada for  Aijhtabula  county,  Ohio,  where  they  lived  upon  a  farm.  When  he 
■was  20  years  of  age  lie  begiin  to  follow  the  lakes,  and  remained  in  tliiit  ser. 
vice  for  ahout  three  years,  when  news  of  the  gold  found  in  Cal.  hrouglit  him 
to  this  coast  with  a  company  from  Ohio.  After  a  brief  experience  nf  min- 
ing he  o])ened  a  restaurant  in  Sac,  and  made  considerable  money;  went 
into  merchandising  with  Z.  Lake,  also  from  Ohio,  and  later  with  A.  J.  Web- 
ster. During  the  squatter  riots  he  was  on  tlie  squatter  side  of  tlie  quarrel, 
and  was  arreste<l  anil  sent  to  the  prison  brig,  but  was  soon  released.  Having 
made  about  $20,000,  he  returned  home  and  married,  but  on  revisiting  Cal. 
found  times  somewhat  changed.  Cholera  carried  otf  his  wife  and  nuniernus 
friends  in  1852.  His  partner  sold  out  to  him  and  he  took  another.  In  1854, 
during  the  excitement  caused  by  the  know-nothing  party  in  politics,  lie  was 
elected  marshal  of  Sac.  by  that  party.  In  1857  he  purchased  an  interest  in 
a  hay  raucbo  of  8,000  acres,  bis  partner  being  Alouzo  Gheaney.    lu  ltia9  be 


FLUME  COMPANY. 

280 

ber  and   Flume  comnanv    «,i, 

purpose.     At  a  great'outV«fTb"r' ."'P'''''"'  ''" 
ii.aol,.nery  for  a  steam  saw  m  11  "'"'  ™P'W  the 

iiiit,  wiiere  ,t  was  set  up  anwt  "^  *"  "'^  sum- 

ber  to  be  used  i„  the  Zne      fe?  '""^f^S  the  lu,n. 

aftu-  the  first.     The  «,„„„.      *"^'"'ted  luimediatelv 

twentv-four.i„eh  pitk  tl  n er''^,'^^'''''*''.  °f 
liaci  a  capacity  of  five  UmVT  ,'"  fnckness,  and 
500  000  feet'^^f  lumherda'  y  %^^  "f  .fir-woJd  ™ 
grade  ,fc  was  necessary  „  S)  if  ^"""  "  ""'f"™ 
anJ  st„„gers  the  wholi  dista"!  T  "  "  ^'""'e-work 
"ous  ,  to  support  heavy  th,Xr  if  '"?'*''  "  '''''""g 
tudii.idly  and  across    tL  '  ''  '^^  braced  ion.rf 

,It  was  fifteen  nuS  WtTTh^^  ^^'  "'.  "'-''X 
'•'S  m  the  Truckee  n.erdoi  i  hT^'''  *'="''""'*- 
«t.r  .supply  ,^„,^  fron,  Hu  ter  cr^ft'-:'''^-  »'"'  "'e 
"P  "1  reservoirs.  Great  as  «^^  u  •  '^'"S  danin.ed 
iaj;  was  soon  returned  i,  ZMZ  f  •"'"'"'<=•  "'«  "ut- 
^st,mated  that  in  twenty  .^a  "Lo Ir''''''-     ^'  ""b 

Talwe  and  Truckee  river  anrTtI  If,  '^'■"^'^  <>"  Lake 
;"K".the  basins  of  the  Truck'  '"l '"P"''^  ^«»'»i"- 
'vas  5  000,000,000  feet  after  i"".*'"'  "^  tributaries 
amuiaily  f„r  ten  yeare      if     i^f'''^  '^'"  40,000  000 

»  ,  a  very  i,uportant  one      Tbo  t  ?iT  ''^'^  '"•  »ft,.r 
<!-"-  ,n  Douglas,  Onn^y,!'   ,  wt^"'"'  "f  »vood 

'*m«J  is  fe "T"*™'"*  .ilvon  1  Uo"™.;.1  "r^"*.'-''  '»'"''l  «rcat  », 

-ctor  for  (Jnint.     /»„.?.._*''  .^''«  «tato  Nen 


uiL 


fi^j 


I    ii 


1 


S90 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


over  eighty  miles;  the  lumber  transported  in  1879 
33,300,000  feet,  and  the  wood  171,000  cords.  Large 
tracts  of  timber  land  have  been  purchased  by  eaj)itul- 
ists,  and  the  tendency  is  toward  noneyed  men  owniii'r 
and  controlling  those  two  great  natural  resources, 
timber  and  water,  in  addition  to  a  monopoly  of  graz- 
insj:  and  desert  lands. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  section  of  the  union  in  which 
agricultural  development  is  so  largely  dependent  on 
irrigation  as  the  state  of  Nevada.  Though  in  tlio 
report  of  the  state  surveyor-general  for  1888  30,000 
acres  were  classed  as  agricultural  land,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  narrow  strip  on  the  banks  of  the  larger 
watercourses,  its  entire  surface  is  practically  unavail- 
able for  tillage  without  other  moisture  than  i.s  .sup- 
plied by  the  rainfall.  With  a  water  area  of  more 
than  1,000,000  acres,  and  with  at  least  10,000,000 
acres  of  irrigable  land,  little,  as  yet,  has  been  ac'<;om- 
plished  in  this  direction,  except  in  the  Carson  and 
Humbt)ldt  valleys.  Within  recent  years,  how(\rr, 
numerous  projects  have  been  considered,  auiong 
which  i.s  a  tunnel  through  the  eastern  slope  of  tlio 
Sierra,  starting  from  a  point  near  Genoa,  and  tap- 
ping Lake  Tahoe,  whereby  an  immense  volume  of 
water  would  be  furnished,  not  only  for  irrigating 
vast  sections  of  the  country,  but  for  manufacturing 
and  other  purpc)ses. 

In  1888  the  sum  of  $100,000  was  approp'-iated 
by  the  state  legislature  for  a  hj^drographic  surviv, 
and  a  state  board  of  reclamation  and  internal  im- 
provement appointed,  of  which  Senator  Evan  A\  11- 
liams  was  made  chairma!i,  the  remaining  metnlHrs 
of  the  board  being  senators  Bradley,  Blakeslee,  and 
Springmeyer. 

Artesian  wells  have  been  successful  in  some  local- 
ities and  have  failed  in  others,  though  in  the  great 
valleys  the  conditions  are  such  that  the  existence  ot 
vast  subterranean  basins  is  assured  beyond  a  ])erad- 
venture,  for  to  these  valleys  there  are  no  outlets,  and 


SOCIETY. 


291 


the  greater  portion  of  the  vast  streams  of  water  that 
i1(»\\  fVoin  the  mountains  sinks  below  the  surface.  In 
IS" 2  a  bill  was  introduced  in  Congress  by  Kendall, 
(if  Nevada,  to  authorize  the  sinking  of  wells  on  the 
puMio  domain,  with  a  view  to  the  reclamation  of 
cli'si'i't  lands.  Congress  subsequently  off'ered  a  grant 
(if  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  to  every  person  who 
obtained  a  flowing  well,  which  stimulated  cxpcri- 
nioiit  in  this  direction.  The  cost  of  sinking  wells 
to  a  great  depth  has  varied  from  three  or  four 
dollars  to  twenty,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
r()ik  to  be  penetrated.  The  Nevada  legislature  in 
l!S7i)  enacted  a  law  providing  for  a  bounty  of  two 
(iollars  per  foot  for  sinking  a  flowing  well  in  any  part 
u^'tho  state  below  a  depth  of  five  hundred  feet.  Per- 
r  3  who  at  the  passage  of  the  act  had  already  sunk 
throe  hundred  feet  were  included  in  the  bounty. 
Coiiujress  was  also  asked  to  make  liberal  donations  of 
arable  land  to  such  persons. 


J:  'I-    ii 


iB^T.-ii^ 


The  social  condition  of  Nevada  has  undergone  all 
those  transitions  for  which  mining  communities  are 
noted,  and  in  which  recklessness  and  crime  are  more 
conspicuous  than  honor  and  virtue.  Not  because 
niitiers  are  worse  than  other  men,  or  because  the 
criminal  classes  outnumber  the  law  and  order  class, 
but  cis  the  siiadow  of  that  small  satellite,  the  moon, 
being  nenrer,  obscures  at  times  the  broad  face  of  the 
BUP,  so  I?  iittln  evil  ofttimes  obscures  much  good.  The 
non-pr  d."  I'v  .labor-shirking leeches  of  society  swarm 
wlier-^  they  'xpt  ct  to  c\:3lw  rich  blood.  The  prospec- 
tor, on  the  cc-ri  rary,  is  a  serious-minded  man,  willing 
to  toil  over  the  mountains  and  through  the  rugged 
canons,  where  nature  hides  her  treasures,  and  it  is  he 
who  has  developed  Nevada,  and  not  the  stock-gam- 
blers, faro-dealers,  lawyers,  and  whisky-sellers.  From 
184G  to  1880  there  were  over  four  hundrrd  homicides. 
Couip  V -vtively  few  were  downright  murders  for  rob- 


1    U 


202 


MA.TERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


bery,  but  many  were  from  hasty  qu;^rrels  over  nuDincr 
or  land  claims,  and  were  from  the  excitement  caused 
by  intoxicating  drink  and  mingling  in  the  heterogene- 
ous crowds  of  new  towns  where  there  were  no  com- 
fortable  homes. 

The  Chinese  were  never  welcomed  to  Nevada,  and 
were  discriminated  against  in  the  laws  and  the  oon- 
stitution  of  the  state,  their  employment  beint*-  also 
prohibited  by  the  charters  of  the  railroads  constructed 
within  the  state  after  1871.  They  were  first  intro- 
duced in  1858,  to  work  on  the  ditch  which  Orson 
Hyde  began  and  J.  H.  Rose  completed,  to  take  water 
from  the  Carson  river  to  use  in  mining  at  the  mouth 
of  Gold  c    I  Once  in  the  country  they  could  not 

be  expelled,  1859  they  were  working  in  the  mine:; 

of  Walker  ri\\.r  and  other  localities,  but  were  never 
tolerated  on  the  Comstock,  where  the  miners'  union 
took  care  of  the  question.  They  were  employed  in 
building  the  Virginia  and  Truckee  railroad,  whoso 
franchise  was  granted  before  restrictive  laws  were 
passed,  and  also  by  the  Central  Pacific,  in  grading  its 
road-bed,  a  kind  of  work  which  Americans  by  common 
consent  have  usually  left  to  foreign  laborers.  But 
when  other  industries  were  approached,  the  race 
prejudice  showed  itself;  yet  in  vain,  for  in  spite  of 
miners'  unions,  legislative  enactments,  and  popular 
feeling,  the  scarcity  of  house- servants  compelled  their 
employment  in  that  capacity,  as  well  as  in  that  of 
laundrymen,  farm-hands,  and  wood-choppers.  Xor 
was  it  possible  to  prevent  them  from  v/orking  in  the 
mines  where  there  was  no  ortjanization  against  thcin. 
An  anti-Cliinese  society  was  formed  in  Virginia  City 
in  1879,  and  further  legislation  was  had  aijainst  nn- 
pl(^ying  them,  and  yet  in  1882  they  held  their  ground 
in  s|)ite  of  leagues,  had  begun  to  engage  in  (juartz 
mining,  and  were  applying  to  purchase  state  lands. 

I  have  already  referred  to  the  manner  in  whicli  tlio 
state  supported  a  common  school  system,  by  payinuj 
interest  on  a  large  loan  from  the  school  fund  derived 


EDUCATION.  298 

from  the  sale  of  the  school  lands.  The  common-school 
laws  of  Nevada  arc  enlightened  and  liberal,  and  a 
certain  amount  (>f  education  is  compulsory.  The  total 
nuinbor  of  public  schools  in  the  state  in  1880  was 
IDj;  total  number  of  districts,  109;  average  monthly 
mv  of  male  teachers,  $100,  of  female  teachers,  $77 ; 
whole  number  of  primary  schools  81,  of  intermediate 
11,  unclassified  81,  grammar  schools  19,  high  schools 
3.  The  average  rate  of  county  school  tax  on  $100  was 
;{:{|  cents.  There  was  also  a  number  of  private  schools, 
with  a  total  attendance  of  about  1,000  pupils,  promi- 
nent among  them  being  the  seminary  establislied  at 
K  no  in  187G,  mainly  through  the  efforts  of  Bishop 
Whitaker,  of  the  epis-^opal  church.  The  state  uni- 
vnsity,  originally  locaW  at  Elko,  and  in  188G  re- 
moved to  Reno,  had  two  years  later  115  students 
in  attendance,  with  a  corps  of  zealous  and  efficient 
teachers,  and  included  a  business  department,  a  nor- 
mal school,  and  schools  of  liberal  arts,  agriculture, 
nit  chanic  arts,  and  mining.  Under  judicious  man- 
aufcincnt  its  land  grant  of  90,000  acres,  together  with 
state  appropriations,  furnished  ample  funds  for  its 
su[)])ort.  In  connection  with  it  was  the  agricultural 
experiment  station,  for  which,  as  in  other  states  and 
territories,.  $15,000  v/as  appropriated  by  the  general 
government.  The  appropriation  for  an  agricultural 
college  was  diverted,  with  the  consent  of  Congress, 
to  found  a  college  of  mining  and  kindred  sciences. 

After  the  Mormons,  the  pioneer  of  religion  in  Ne- 
vada was  Jesse  L.  Bennett,  a  methodist,  who  preached 
ill  Carson  valley  in  1859.  In  tliat  year  a  methodist 
society  was  organized  at  Genoa  by  A.  L.  Batenian, 
and  another  at  Carson  by  Bennett,  who  also  preached 
the  first  sermon  ever  delivered  in  Virginia  City,  on 
C  street,  in  1861.  When  the  collection  was  taken 
up,  tlie  humble  itinerant  was  surprised  to  find  he  liad 
nearly  a  hatful  of  gold  and  silver  coins.  Soon  after 
Samuel  B.  Rooney  was  appointed  to  preach  regularly 
at  Virginia  City,  and  Bennett  was  stationed  at  Washoe. 


It- 


\i-i'n- 


m 


894 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AXD  DEVELOPMENT. 


I 

■  ' 

I 


I: 


11  It 


i   F' ; . 


III 


Rooney  built  a  small  woodc-n  cliurch  at  Virginia,  on 
the  corner  of  Taylor  and  D  streets,  costing  only 
$2,000.  In  1862  C.  V.  Anthony,  his  successor, 
erected  a  brick  edifice  costing  $45,000,  wliicli  was 
dedicated  February  14,  lii64,  and  paid  for  by  Jolm 
C.  Fall  and  Ex-governor  Blasdel.  A  parsonage  was 
also  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $2,000.  Nevada  had  Ijien 
made  a  district  by  the  California  conference  in  l^;()l, 
N.  E.  Peck  presiding  elder;  and  in  1864  it  was  orictcd 
into  an  independent  conference,  whose  first  annual 
session  was  held  at  Virginia  in  September  1865,  and 
its  sixteenth  in  September  1880.  In  July  1871a 
high  wind  unroofed  the  methodist  church  at  A'irginja, 
and  blew  down  one  of  the  wails.  Before  re[iairs  were 
begun,  a  fire  completed  the  destruction,  and  a  frame 
building,  costing  $8,000,  was  substituted  l)y  T.  H, 
McGarth;  but  on  Christmas  eve,  1872,  another  wind 
wrought  $3,000  damage,  and  in  the  great  fire  of  1875 
this  building  was  entirelv  con.sunied.  Finallv,  in 
1876,  a  frame  church,  costing  $20,000,  was  crcctt  don 
the  old  site.  A  society  was  organized  among  tin; 
negroes  of  Virginia  in  1873,  under  the  jurisdiction  (^f 
the  African  methodist  conference,  which  in  June  1^75 
completed  a  small  church,  only  to  have  it  destroyed 
in  the  great  fire  of  October. 

The  second  methodist  church  in  Xevada  was  erortcd 
at  Dayton  in  1863  by  J.  N.  Maddox.  An  incendiary 
fire  destroyed  the  building  in  1876.  In  1863  acliurdi 
and  parsonage  were  erected  at  Waslioe  In*  McCTaitli, 
who  preaclied  there  for  two  years.  The  building  was 
donated  to  the  school  trustees  alx)ut  1873.  Tin' 
methodist  church  at  Gold  Hill  was  erected  in  IhlJo 
by  A.  F.  Hitchcock,  and  was  a  small  wooden  build- 
ing. On  the  11th  of  April,  1873,  Valentine  Ifi^lit- 
mycr,  pastorofthis  church,  dieel  of  lingering  starvation, 
having  a  small  salarv,  a  large  faniilv.  and  too  nnn ii 
pride  to  reveal  his  extreme  want,  a  sacrifice  all  the 
more  cruel  and  needless  in  aconnnunitv  where  iili  ntv 
and  liberality  were  the  rule.     The  methodist  cliureh 


RELIGION. 


295 


at  Austin  was  built  by  the  management  of  J.  L.  Tre- 
feii  ill  a  peculiar  manner.  When  mining  shares  were 
sul)scribed,  as  they  often  were,  he  accepted  them 
(rratofully,  and  pooHug  the  stock  organized  a  metho- 
dist  iniuing  company,  of  which  he  became  agent,  sell- 
iti"  the  claims  in  the  east,  and  realizing  $250,000  on 
papir.  Oat  of  this  amount  a  brick  church  was  erected, 
with  a  fine  organ  and  a  commodious  parsonage,  costing 
$35,000.  But  the  shares  had  been  sold  on  install- 
nuMits,  and  the  mining  furore  had  subsided,  so  that  no 
fuitlicr  collections  could  be  made,  leaving  the  concern 
$f),000  in  debt.  The  church  was  sold  to  the  county 
for  a  court-house,  but  subsequently  redeemed,  the 
society  clearing  itself  from  debt.  The  mothodists  of 
Ciirsoii  City  had  no  church  edifice  till  1  8G7,  when,  on 
September  8th,  Bishop  Thomp.son  of  Ohio  dedicated 
a  stono  structure  which  had  cost  $10,000,  and  which 
had  been  built  chiefly  by  the  exertions,  and  not  a  little 
by  the  personal  labor  of,  Warren  Nims.  In  1874  the 
buililing  was  repaired  and  improved.  The  only  meth- 
odist  house  of  worship  at  White  Pine  was  the  broker's 
hall  at  Treasure  City,  where  cpLscopal  service  were  first 
held,  which  building  was  purchased  for  a  meeting 
house  in  1872,  but  subsequently  abandoned.  No 
other  church  has  .supplanted  it.  Winnenmcca  had 
a  frame  church,  built  by  Oeorge  B.  Hincklc  about 
187'?:  Unionville  a  frame  church,  built  by  L.  Ewing  ; 
and  Reno  a  frame  church,  erected  in  1870  by  A.  R. 
Ricker.  Eureka  had  a  church  and  parsonage,  erected 
by  John  A.  Gray  in  1875,  which  were  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  1879.  Being  jiartially  rebuilt  soon  after- 
ward, the  church  was  again  burned  in  another  con- 
riajjration  in  1880.  Another  edifice  was  erected, 
under  the  charge  of  J.  T.  Ladd,  which  was  dedicated 
April  17,  1881.  At  Ruby  Hill  the  methodist  so- 
clety  erected  a  church  in  1876,  completing  and  paying 
for  it  before  any  preacher  had  come  among  them. 
Tiieir  first  pastor  was  R.  A.  Ricker.  Mason  valley 
l);)s  liad  a  small  fcame  chufoh  and  a  parsonage  since 


iM.i  jMi 


206 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


1880;  the  former  the  result  of  the  exertions  of  Mr 
Ladd.  Methodist  societies  were  established  in  Tus- 
carora  and  Elko.  The  membership  of  the  methodist 
church  in  1880  was  470.  with  13  preachers,  and  the 
value  of  church  property  $67,300.  Losses  by  fire 
ag<rregate  $59,600,  and  abandoned  property  in  de- 
serted mining  camps  $6,500.  These  figures  do  not 
represent  all  that  has  been  spent  in  church  proper ty, 
which  is  $160,500. 

The  first  catholic  church  edifice  in  Nevada  was 
erected  at  Genoa  in  1860  by  Father  Gallagher,  on 
King  street.  It  was  blown  down  in  1862,  and  an- 
other erected  in  its  place.  In  1861  the  first  rehuious 
services  were  held  in  Virginia  City,  by  Mr  Snitatli- 
man,  an  episcopal  clergyman,  and  in  the  following' 
year  Franklin  S.  Rising,  of  New  York,  began  a  mis- 
sion for  his  church  in  Nevada,  which  was  followed  by 
a  visit  from  the  bishop  of  the  north-west  territories, 
Talbot  of  Indiana,  who  held  services  at  Aurora  ( )ct()- 
ber  4,  1863,  and  organized  a  parish  with  William  H. 
Stoy  as  its  pastor,  wh.o  was  not  able  long  to  keep  liis 
restless  flock  together.  St  Paul's  episcopal  church 
at  Virginia  City  was  consecrated  l)y  Bisop  Tallxtt  on 
this  visit,  and  received,  as  its  rector  Ozi  William 
Whitaker,  afterwards  bishop.  St  John's  churcli  was 
erected  at  Gold  Hill  in  1864,  and  occupied  December 
18th.  It  was  taken  charge  of  in  1865  by  H.  D. 
Lathrop  of  Ohio,  and  dedicated  October  13,  1867,  by 
Bishop  Kip  of  California.  An  episcopal  churcli  was 
erected  at  Silver  City  in  1874-5  by  W.  K.  Jeuvey. 
Trinity  church,  Carson,  was  erected  in  1868,  and  con- 
secrated June  19,  1870,  by  Bishop  Whitaker,  (xeorgo 
B.  Allen  rector.  A  parish  was  organized  at  Dayton 
December  26,  1863,  under  the  name  of  church  of  the 
ascension.  Bishop  Talbot  held  services  at  Austin  in 
1863,  and  Marcus  Lane  of  Michigan  ministered  there 
in  1868;  but  the  parish  of  St  George  was  not  organ- 
ized until  1873,  with  Christopher  S.  Stephenson  in 
charge,  who  was  succeeded  by  S.  C.  Blackiston,  of 


CHURCHES. 


997 


Colorado.  The  church  of  St  George  at  Austin,  built 
of  brick,  was  the  gift  of  Allen  A.  Curtis,  superinten- 
dent of  the  Manhattan  mine.  The  bell  was  presented 
by  John  A.  Paxton  and  N.  S.  Gage,  and  the  organ 
bv  James  S.  Porteous.  The  cost  of  the  church  and 
rectory  was  $17,000.  The  first  episcopal  services  in 
White  Pine  district  were  held  in  Broker's  hall,  Treas- 
ure City,  ill  the  morning  of  June  10,  1869,  and  in  a 
justicii's  court  room  at  Hamilton,  on  the  evening  of 
the  same  day,  by  Bishop  Whitaker.  In  September 
St  Luke's  parish  was  organized  at  Hamilton,  with 
Samuel  P.  Kelly,  of  Rhode  Island,  rector.  A  small 
Wiioden  church  was  erected  and  consecrated  July  14, 
1872.  Bishop  Whitaker  visited  Pioche  September 
13,  IS70,  preaching  in  a  drhiking  saloon  to  a  large 
coiii^ngation.  A  year  afterward  H.  L.  Badger  of 
Ohio,  commenced  a  mission  at  that  place.  •  The  town 
had  just  been  destroyed  by  fire,  and  services  were 
hold  at  private  residences  until  July  21,  1872,  when 
a  Pinall  frame  church  and  riectory  were  completed. 
Eureka  also  received  a  visit  from  the  bishop  of  Ne- 
vada September  28,  1870,  who  held  services  in  .a 
canvas  restaurant  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening,  ow- 
ing to  a  delay  caused  by  an  accident  to  the  coach 
conveying  him.  During  the  following  winter,  Mr 
Kelly,  of  Hamilton,  preached  occasionally.  In  May, 
1871,  St  James  parish  was  organized,  and  the  corner 
stone  (tf  the  church  laid  by  the  bishop.  A  rectory 
was  completed  that  year,  and  occupied  by  W.  Hen- 
derson ;  but  the  church,  which  was  built  of  stone,  was 
not  consecrated  until  July  28,  1872.  In  February 
187;'-  the  parish  of  Trinity  church  was  organized,  and 
services  held  by  the  bishop  in  the  court  house  for 
three  years.  In  the  meantime,  William  Lucas  of 
Ohio  was  installed  as  rector,  and  a  church  edifice  com- 
pleted June  8,  1878.  The  first  episcopal  services 
were  held  at  Belmont  in  1872  by  Mr  Kelly,  S.  B. 
Moore  of  Pittsburgh  taking  charge  of  St  Stephen's 
parish  the    following  year,  which  was  incorporated 


i'  m 


'  Ha 


:    1 


if 


298 


MATERIAI-  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


February  Ifi,  1874.  and  a  neat  wooden  church  erected. 
It  was  consecrated  in  1875  by  Daniel  Flack,  of 
Rochester,  New  York.  The  cost  of  the  episcopal 
churches  of  Nevada  has  been  about  $140,000, 

The  first  catholic  church  building  at  Genoa,  as  I 
have  said,  was  blown  down  in  18r)2,  not  beinuj  entinlv 
completed  at  the  time.  Patrick  Manogue  then  took 
charge  of  Virghiia  parish,  and  erected  a  better  oiu . 
which  was  consecrated  to  St  Mary  of  the  mountains. 
The  passionists  in  1862-3  erected  a  frame  cliuich 
between  Virginia  and  Gold  Hill,  which  was  afccnvard 
removed  to  Gold  Hill;  but  being  too  small  for  the 
congregation,  Father  O'Reilly  hi  18G4  erected  a 
larger  one,  A  catholic  church  was  erected  in  Austin 
in  1864  by  Father  Monteverde  ;  and  at  Hamilton  ii\ 
1868-9  by  Father  Phelan.  The  church  erocte.l  at 
Virginia  City  by  Father  (xallagher  in  I860  being  un- 
suited  to  the  population  of  1868,  a  brick  churcli  cost- 
ing $65,000  was  erected  in  that  year,  by  Fatlur 
Manogue,  who  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  tlie 
diocese  of  Grass  Vallev,  which  hicluded  the  state  of 
Nevada.  In  1870  Father  Grace  built  the  clmrch  of 
St  Teresa  at  Carson.  In  1871  a  church  was  erected 
at  Pioche  by  Father  Scanlan,  and  in  1872  at  l^clniont 
by  Father  Monteverde,  who  also  built  the  frame 
church  of  St  Brendan,  at  Eureka  in  1871,  whidi  uas 
replaced  three  years  afterward  by  a  brick  church, 
erected  by  Father  Hynes.  In  1871,  also,  Father 
Merrill  built  the  first  catholic  church  at  Reno.  The 
great  fire  of  1875  at  Virginia  City  destroyed  tlic 
church  erected  by  Manogue,  who  in  1877  replaced  it 
by  another,  costing  only  a  little  less  than  the  first, 
and  beautifullv  decorated  in  the  interior.  The  lleiio 
church  having  been  consumed  in  the  fire  of  1879,  was 
rebuilt  in  an  improved  form.  Up  to  1885,  thecatlio- 
lics  expended  about  $250,000  in  churches  and  cliari- 
table  institutions. 

The  new  school  branch  of  the  presbyterian  church 
is  the  one  which  took  root  in  Nevada.     As  early  as 


CHURCHES, 


999 


thf-  pprin<jf  of  1801  W.  W.  Brier,  exploring  agent  of 
thd  tissoinbly's  cominittce  of  home  missions,  visiting 
Xevuda,  hold  a  meeting  at  Carson  in  the  stone  school 
lidust'.  and  organized  a  society.  Subscriptions  to  the 
amount  of  $5,000  were  obtained  for  a  church  edifice, 
and  A.  V.  White  of  California  reiUoved  to  Carson  the 
saiiK!  year.  The  building  was  begun  in  1802,  and 
(IcdicaUid  May  1804,  Mr  White  officiating,  assisted 
hv  Xiiiis  of  the  methodist  church,  and  W.  C.  Pond 
of  ralifornia.  The  presbyterian  society  of  Virginia 
Citv  was  organized  Septendicr  21,  1802,  by  Mr  Brier, 
aiwi  in  December  T>.  H.  Palmer  of  New  York  took 
cliarge  of  it.  No  church  building  was  erected  before 
18n7,  when  a  neat  edifice  costing  $4,700  was  dedi- 
rated  July  7.  It  was  built  with  money  obtained 
hv  a  successful  deal  in  mining  stock  purchased  with 
the  church  funds,  one  of  the  few  examples  of  stock 
(ramhling  by  a  religious  society,  as  such.  The  trustees 
purchased  four  lots  on  C  street,  and  erected  stores  for 
rent  on  either  side  of  the  meeting  house,  the  rental 
of  wliich  left  but  little  to  be  su[)plied  toward  the 
supjtort  of  a  mhiister.  This  property  escaped  the  fire 
(»f  ls75.  The  membership  at  Virginia  City  is  105. 
T\\v  (toUI  Hill  presbyterian  society  was  organized 
Xov.  I,  1803,  and  W.  W.  Macomber  was  the  minis- 
ter in  charge,  thouj^h  the  first  sermon  was  preached 
hy  Frederic  Buell.  This  society  never  erected  a 
church.  A  presbyterian  society  was  organized  at 
Austin  January  3,  1804,  at  the  court  house  bv  L.  P. 
Webber.  No  church  was  ever  built,  and  the  society 
was  assigned  to  the  Sacramento  presbytery.  On  the 
%t\i  of  March,  1870,  John  Brown,  of  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, organized  a  society  at  Elko  with  onlv  seven 
members,  and  the  Central  Pacific  company  presenting,' 
it  with  four  lots,  money  was  raised  to  erect  a  small 
ohurrh,  an  organ  being  presented  by  Henry  W^ard 
Beeeher.  The  presbyterians  of  Eureka  organized 
with  six  members  in  August  1873,  and  W.  C.  Mc- 
Dougal  was  their  first  pastor,  under  whose  cliarge  a 


^'■% 


\\\ 


.!j5» 


5|; 


1^ 


800 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DE\'ELOPMEXT. 


church  waa  erected.  J.  P.  Egbert  orj^aiiizcd  IIk^  so. 
cioty  of  presbytorians  at  Pioche  in  Janua  !  87;j, 
with  twelve  members.  It  never  had  a  moeti  iiouse, 
and  in  1879  it  was  taken  off  the  roll  of  oliurclicg. 
The  total  membership  of  the  presbvterian  cjiurrli  in 
Nevada  is  less  than  200,  and  the  value  of  their  cliurch 
property  $15,000. 

The  first  congregational  church  of  Reno  was  or- 
ganized February  19,  1871,  by  the  society  whicli  was 
ft  )rmed  a  month  earlier.  A.  F.  Hitchcock  was  eKcted 
pastor.  A  building  was  erected  in  which  the  society 
of  odd  follows  had  their  hall,  and  consecrated  to  re- 
ligious services. 

The  Cumberland  presbyterians  formed  a  chunli  in 
1878  at  Winnemucca,  but  after  two  or  three  years 
dissolved  the  society.  For  two  or  three  years  also, 
1874-5,  the  Welsh  miners  held  services  in,  their 
native  languaije  at  Miners'  Union  hall  in  Virtriiiia 
City.  The  Christian  church  also  had  its  representa- 
tives at  Virginia  in  1873. 

Tlie  baptists  first  organized  at  Virginia  in  ISf).'^ 
with  a  membership  chiefly  of  colored  peop^  Natcliell 
pastor.     The  church  was  dissolved  in  1866  idtlRr 

society  called  the  tabernacle  baptist  church  was  foniiKl 
in  1865,  McLafFerty  pastor,  wliich  held  its  services 
in  the  court-house.  In  June  1873  C.  L.  Fislicr  of 
California  preached  in  any  public  hall  obtaiiiahlo, 
until  the  middle  of  Decend)er,  when  the  first  baptist 
church  of  Virginia  was  organized.  In  April  1874 
ground  was  purchased  on  C  street,  and  a  house  of 
worship  finished  in  Jul}'.  In  1875  Fisher  organized 
a  church  at  Reno,  in  the  opera-house.  In  the  tnllow- 
ing  January  he  built  a  modest  meeting-house,  \vliich 
was  first  occupied  on  the  7th  of  May.  This  cliurrli 
was  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1879,  and  a  larger  one 
erected.  The  total  value  of  baptist  church  property 
in  Nevada  in  1880  was  $5,000.  A  bequest  of  .?J0.- 
000  was  received  by  the  American  Church  Mission- 
ary Society,  for  Nevada,  from  Miss  Sarah  Burr  of 


BENEVOLENT  .SOCIETIE.S. 


»1 


>3"(\v  York,  who  died  March  1,  1882,  to  be  applied 
t(i  the  support  of  strujj;«^lin«4  rhurclies.  Tlie  l^il)lo 
Morirtv  <*f  California  had  an  agent  in  Nevada  until 
|S7ii/when  the  Storey  County  Bihlo  society  was 
formed,  which  was  nierj^tMl  in  the  Nevada  Bible 
sorietv  October  19,  187H,  at  its  organization.  The 
itannt  society  in  New  York  presented  the  Nevada 
otfslioot  with  $2,000  worth  of  bibles  in  many  ditierent 
lau'-fuages,  and  H.  Richardson  acted  as  agent  in  tlieir 
distrilnition.  At  the  west  Shoshone  reservation  there 
was  a  school  and  some  missionary  work  attempted, 
but  without  important  results.  The  baptist  church 
had  control  of  the  Indian  missions  in  Nevada,  though 
the  catholics  labored  anumg  the  Washoes  and  Pah 
Utcs  urt'  the  reservations.  * 

Binovolcnt  societies  have  always  found  ready  sup- 
port in  Nevada.  In  charitable  work  every  religious 
(knoinination  took  part,  and  tlie  world's  people  mi)st 
of  all,  the  money  being  chiefly  coniributed  by  the 
non-sectarian  public.  Among  the  first  organized 
efforts  at  benevolence  was  the  formation  of  the  St 
Viiuetit  de  Paul  society  in  1803  by  the  catholic  citi- 
zens of  Virginia  Citv,  which  numbered  500  members, 
and  was  organized  by  Manogue.  Its  charities  were 
extonded  to  all,  irrespective  of  religious  pn^judices. 
The  Nevada  orphan  as3'lum,  St  Mary's  hosf>ital,  St 
Mary's  school  for  girls,  and  St  Vincent's  school  for 
boys  were  charitable  institutions  under  the  care  of  the 
sisters  of  charit}',  and  founded  in  1864  by  Manogue. 
The  grounds  for  the  hospital  were  a  gift  from  ^Vlrs 
John  W.  Mackay,  who,  with  her  husl>and,  was  fore- 
most in  every  good  work  for  numy  yi'ars.  The  Jew- 
ish population  were  notably  benevolent  among  their 
own  race,  and  contributed  lib(>rally  to  many  pu'  lie 
charities.  A  society  was  organized  bv  them  at  Keno, 
April  23,  1878,  called  the  Cliebra  B'rlth  Sholom,  for 
religious  and  benevolent  work,  but  their  property  was 
burned  in  the  fire  of  that  year,  and  the  society  dis- 
solved.    On   the    10th  of  August,   1871),  the   Reno 


,'fi 

l'  111 


1 11 


■I  lis 


1  i1 


f 


I 

I; 


302 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Hebrew  Benevolent  society  was  formed,  with  twcntv- 
one  members,  for  the  same  purposes.  It  owiioda 
cemetery  near  the  city.  In  February  1881  tin. 
Nevada  Benevolent  association  filed  pajjcrs  of  incor- 
poration, the  object  of  which  was  to  give  pubHe  eiitor- 
tainments  of  a  nmsical  and  scientific  character,  to 
sell  tickets  to  such  entertainments,  and  to  purchase 
hold,  and  distribute  among  the  ticket-holders  certain 
prizes  in  real  estate  or  other  property,  to  raise  a  fund 
to  be  devoted  to  charitable  purposes,  particularly  tlie 
care  of  tlie  insane;  and  the  legislature  was  induced  to 
pass  a  special  act  in  aid  of  the  enterprise,  pcnnittiiiL; 
the  association  to  give  five  entertainments.  But  the 
constitution  of  Nevada  distinctlv  forbids  lotteries, 
and  the  supreme  court  deciding  the  law  to  be  con- 
stitutional the  association  abandoned  its  purposes. 

The  first  lodge  of  free-masons  was  established  hy 
a  dis[)ens3tion  of  the  grand  lodge  of  California,  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1862,  and  chartered  May  15th  of  the  same 
year.  In  January  1865  the  grand  lodge  of  Nevada 
was  organized,  and  Carson  City  Lodge  No.  154  be- 
came Carson  Lodge  No.  1  under  the  new  jurisdiction. 
Washoe  Lodge  No.  2  also  derived  its  authority  to 
organize  from  the  California  Grand  Lodge  July  25, 
1862,  and  chartered  May  14,  1863.  Virginia  Lo(1l;c 
No.  3  received  a  dispensation  January  15,  18615,  and 
was  chartered  May  14th  following,  All  these  liKlges 
were  ])rosperous  and  dispensed  many  thousands  o( 
dollars  in  charity.  But  in  the  great  fire  o'.  1375 
Virginia  Lodge  No.  3  lost  its  temple,  and  thereupon 
it  was  resolved  to  hold  a  lodge  upon  the  top  of  ^Mount 
Davidson,  with  all  the  pomp  and  ceremonies  of  the 
order,  which  unique  intent  was  carried  out  in  Sop. 
tember,  when  a  large  number  of  visitors  wert>  pros- 
ent.  The  jewels  of  the  officers,  made  of  Ophir  bullion, 
had  been  recovered  from  the  ashes  of  their  former 
lodge,  and  though  injured,  were  worn  on  this  occasion. 
Soon  the  society  was  refurnished  and  redomiciliated." 

2' Amity  Lodge  No.  4  of  Silver  City;  Silver  Star  Lodge  No.  .')  of  (ioM 
Hill;  Esmeralda  Lodge  No.  0  of  Aurora;  Escurial  Lo<lge  No.   7  of  Virginia 


LIBRARIES. 


303 


A  state  library  was  provided  for  by  the  first  terri- 
toYVdi  legislature,  which  prescribed  a  fee  of  ten  dol- 
lars from  every  person  receiving  a  license  to  practice 
law,  the  money  to  go  toward  purchasing  books  for 
tliu  tci'niory.  After  the  state  was  admitted  an  act 
was  passed  requiring  each  officer  commissioned,  except 
cuiiiinissioners  of  deeds  and  notaries  public,  to  pay 


City:  Liuilir  Lodge  No.  8  of  Austin;  an'l  VjiUey  Lodge  No.  9  of  Dayton, 
all  iwrivoil  tlicir  dispons.-itioiis  and  chartura  from  California  in  ISiW  •'ml 
iNil.  All  tin  Lodge  Mo.  IO(l<SO.")of  Austin;  Oasis  Lodge  No.  11  (18(i7)  of 
]!rlriiiiiLt;  l)ouglu«  Lodge  No.  12(|{5GS)of  Genoa;  Reno  Lodge  No.  L'i  (1809) 
of  lit  iin;  St  John's  Lodge  No,  \',i,  coloreil,  (1875)  of  Carson;  White  Pino 
\.o,]iii'  So.  li  (KSi)'.))  of  Hamilton;  Klko  Lodge  N(..  15  (1871)  of  Llko; 
Kill-,  l<;i  T>od,i,'e  No.  It)  (187-*)  of  Kiiruka;  Hundioldt  L;<dge  No.  17  (1S7I)  of 
riiii'iivillo;  St  John  Loilgo  No.  18(lS7l)of  I'lociic;  Wiiinenniec.a  Lodge  No. 
I'.lllSTl)  of  Winncnmcca;  Palisade  Lodge  No.  '20  (ri7fi)  of  I'alisadc;  Tus- 
carnr.i  J.'Ml.'e  No.  21  (1S7S)  of  Tusearora;  a.id  Hope  Lodge  U.  D.  (1880)  of 
Jhi-dii  v;dlcy,  all  derived  their  charters  from  the  Nevada  grand  lodge,  cx- 
ci'i't  Xii.  }',i,  which  is  working  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  sovereign  grand 
liiilue  iif  California.  A  masonic  association  was  formed  at  Ward  in  187<) 
wliuluu'vcr  asked  for  a  dispensation.  On  the  ICth  of  January,  18(i."),  tlir 
grand  Imlge  of  Free  ami  Accepted  Masons  of  Nevada  was  organized  at  Vir 
giiii;i  City.     On  the  2.")th  of  January,   1806,  soiiie  masons  of  S-'ilt  Lake  City 

iiet.tiuiu'd  tlio  Nevada  grand  lodge  for  authority  to  institute  Mount  Moriah 
jii(li:o  in  that  place.  Three  chapters  of  the  eastern  star  order  have  been 
cstalili-lipil  in  Nevada,  to  which  women  are  admitted.  Tliere  are  feveral 
chapters  of  niasons  under  different  names,  a  general  gran<l  chapter,  and 
gcviral  coiiimaiideries  of  knights  tcmiilar  in  tlie  state.  The  order  has  dis- 
iit'ii^cil  aliout  ^75,000  in  charities;  owns  .*!  10,8 1 3  in  property;  and  lias  lost 
l.y  tiris.«;.->0,000. 

LiHli,'c.-i  of  Odd  Fellows  were  organ '.zed  in  the  following  order:  Wildey 
LmIlv  So.  1,  Crold  Hill,  April  1,  1802;  .Silver  City  Lodge  No.  2,  April  14. 
isiii';  .Ml  lint  Davidson  Lodge  No.  3,  Virgi-'-ia  City,  April  22,  1802;  Carsou 
J,iiii^(!  No.  4,  Carson  City,  April  25,  18i2;  Dayton  Lodge  No.  5,  June  2, 
iSOli;  K'tiieralda  Lodge  No.  0,  Aurora,  Septemlier  10,  1803;  Nevada  Lodge 
No.  7,  \  irginia  City,  January  15,  1S04;  Waslioe  Lodge  No.  8,  Washoe  City, 
January  18,  1804;  Austin  Lodge  No.  9.  Austin,  January  2.%  1804:  Virginia 
huhv  No.  10,  Virginia,  May  18,  1»S()5;  Alpha  Lodge  No.  11,  Austin,  March 
11.  IM>7  (disincori)orated);  Olive  liraiich  Lodge  No.  12,  Virginia,  April  4, 
liilT:  I'arkcr  Lodge.  No.  13,  Cold  Hill,  Octohcr  8,  1H(>8;  Tnu-kee  LcKlge  No. 
14.  Kiiii).  Octolier  28,  1868;  <{enoa  Lodge  Xo.  15,  (ienf)a,  December  25,  1808; 
HmiilM.ldt  Lodge  No.  10,  Winnemncca,  Augu.st  29,  1800;  Hamilton  Lodge 
N".  17,  Hamilton,  April  20,  1870;  Klko  Lodge  No.  IS,  Elko,  October  19, 
I'TO;  P.cno  Lodge  No.  19.  Reno,  May  IS,  1S71;  Cajiital  Lo.lge  No.  20,  Car- 
snn,  .Tulv  2S,  1871;  Buena  Vista  Lodtre  No.  21,  I'nionville,  October  20,  1871; 
Kiinka  Lodge  No.  22,  March  14,  1872;  Pioche  Lodge  No.  2.^,  Sciitember  10, 
l-*7-':  Rilmont  Lodge  No.  24.  March  5.  1S73;  Paradise  Lodtre  No.  25.  Paia- 
<U-  valley,  October  17.  1873;  Palisade  Lodcre  No.  20,  Palisade,  April  1.3, 
1^*74:  M.mntain  Lo.1ge  No.  27.  Eureka.  MayTl.  1S75;  Tybo  Lodge  No.  28, 
Tvlid.  .Xjiril  17.  1877;  rornueo]iia  Tiodeo  No.  29.  Cornucopia,  May  31,  18i/; 
T.Hciirnra  Lodge  No.  30.  Tuscarora.  .Tunc  7.  1878  Battle  Mountain  Lodge 
No.  :il.  Tvi,tle  Mountain.  March  19,  1S79.  At  'irantsville  and  Cherre 
Cn-ck  there  are  odd  fellows'  associations  for  the  relief  of  the  order,  which 
will  lie  chartered  in  the  future.  The  first  ten  lodges  were  fomied  under  the 
jurisdictiou  of  Califomia,  but  uu  the  Slat  of  January,  L8G7,  the  graud  lodge 


i'l 


304 


MATERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPxMENT. 


five  dollars  to  the  library  fund;  and  all  fines  and 
forfeitures  for  non-compliance  with  the  law  were 
devoted  to  the  same  purp(»se.  The  number  of  bound 
books  in  the  state  library  in  1878  was  i>,4'J8;  of 
unbound  books,  663  ;  and  the  number  of  newspapors 
on  file,  15.  A  library  was  organized  at  Wadsworili 
in  1879  by  the  locomotive  engineers.  A  ciroulatin;,' 
library  was  opened  at  Eureka  in  1872.  A  litirarv 
and  scientific  society  existed  at  Gold  Hill  as  early  as 
1865,  and  encouragement  was  also  given  to  the  attain- 
ment  of  knowledge,  especially  of  the  sciences.  The 
Nevada  state  medical  society  was  formed  in  A[)ril, 
1878,  as  a  branch  of  the  national  American  iptdical 
association.  Twenty-four  physicians  were  eurolkd  at 
the  organization,  the  number  increasing  to  38  in!  880. 

of  Nevada  was  organized  at  Virginia  City.  There  were  in  1885  ten  encamp. 
ments  in  the  state,  tlie  lirst  six  deriving  their  organization  from  tliu  gnuiil 
eucanipniont  of  California,  the  7th  from  the  sovereign  grand  hxlgo,  ;uiil 
three  from  the  grand  lodge  of  Nevada,  or^;inize(l  DccenihrT'iH,  IHTt,  atCir- 
Bon.  Two  llehekah  degree  lodges  were  instituted — the  Colfax  Lodge  at  \'ir. 
ginia  City,  and  Esther  Lodge  of  Austin. 

The  Knights  of  I'ythia-j  order  had  12  lodges  in  1885:  Nevada  Lodge  No. 
1,  Virginia  City,  organized  March  2H,  1873,  by  authority  of  the  suimiue 
chancellor,  H.  C.  lierry  of  Chicago;  Damon  Lodge  No.  2,  Carson  City,  .)iily 
18,  1873;  Mystic  Lodge  No.  3,  Cold  Hill,  Nov.  24,  1874;  Cars.>n  Lod^go  Xo. 
4,  Carson  City,  Decendjer  20,  1873;  Uumholdt  Lodge  No.  5,  Genoa,  Miirth 
1,  1874;  Lincoln  Lodge  No.  fi,  V^irginia  City,  March  2'>),  1874;  Hcatitio 
Lodge  No.  7,  Eureka,  Sei>tend)er  22,  1874;  Amity  Lodge  No.  8,  Kcim,  .Ian- 
uary  31,  1875;  Toiyalw  Lodge  No.  9,  Austin,  >fovenil)cr  9,  187.");  Ai^.Mita 
Lodge  No.  10,  Battle  Mountain,  July  20,  1870;  Triumph  Loilge  No.  II.  \  !;•• 
ginia  City,  Octolier  20,  IH70;  Lyon  Lo<lgo  No.  12,  Dayton,  October  l.">,  INS.), 
A  grand  lodge  was  organized  at  Carson  City  March  31,  1874. 

The  ancient  order  of  United  Workmen,  ancient  onler  of  Hibernians,  in- 
dependent order  of  lied  Men,  independent  order  of  Foresters,  Calicliuiiaii 
club,  Virginia  Turnverein,  and  (irand  Army  of  the  Republic,  all  have  their 
organizat'ons. 

Tiie  Miners'  Union  was  organizeil  at  Virginia  City  JuneO,  |S(i.'<,  vitli  It. 
D.  Ferguson  president,  W.  C.  Kiteman  vice-president,  and  11.  .1.  Sha\  mito 
tary.  I'ho  Cold  }lill  brancli  was  organizeil  August  (>,  I8(>4,  with  \\ill:aiii 
Woodburii  president.  Wooilburn  was  afterward  mend)er  of  congress.  The 
union  lia<  a  l!l)rary,  est.ililislied  l)('ceml)er  28,  1S77.  Its  lir.t  board  ef  ili- 
rectors  wai  composcil  uf  William  11.  J'arker,  H.  Colgan,  T.  1'.  Uolu'it.s,  .In- 
seph  Josephs,  Jolni  V.  McDonald.  Secretary  and  librarian,  11.  Colgan.  The 
library  building  was  erected  in  \S1\\,  and  took  the  pl.ice  of  tlie  miin'is'  iiinnu 
hall,  wliich  was  destroyecl  by  the  lire  of  1875.  There  were  set  ajarta  ciicv*^- 
room  anil  daneing-liall,  and  a  public  hall  used  by  several  societies,  iiinnly, 
tlic  mechanics'  union,  ancient  order  of  Hibernians,  kniglits  of  thr  lli'l 
Branch,  and  Montgomery  guards.  The  library  contained  in  1880,  2,2(HI  linnks, 
Wort!)  !*0.000,  and  tlie  building  and  ground  were  worth  §15,000  :iorc.  It 
M-as  free  to  meinl>ers  of  the  union,  but  a  fee  of  fifty  cents  .:  niontli  w;y 
charged  other  peMouit  u4ug  tUg  buuka.    Ruby  ilill  aluo  iiad  aiuiuers  uuiuu. 


p;ir[ 

fro  II 

nii.s.'^ 

gov 

in  18 

000 

erect 

in 


]8 

theri'i 

displ 

lection 

ing   l)( 

^larka 

for  the 

the  offi 

in  1877, 

of  puldi 

niuseuii 

mens  w] 

and  wJii 


"Nevadi 

catiizntiims. 

June  22,  187 

to  January  ] 

nieml)ers.     ^ 

the  CDnll.igrj 

That  ci  111  Id  II 

costing  822,0 

of  K«  .0  liiv 

who  rosiilucl  i 

olijc'ct  iiuingi 

Pctiiatc  the  n 

I  liavo  me 

Thenuni'ier  ( 

fhows  great  ii 

Ki'l'Io.     WitI 

I'.v  ciiiintien,  tl 

"here  known, 


First  Issued. 
'S65,  Sept,  5. 
Nm,  Oct.  7. . 
I'^T.i,  Fell.  20. 
''^*>.  July  23. 
18S0,  April 

J'lsr. 


LITERARY  AND  SCIENTIFIC 

The  lejrislature  in  Ififii 
p:.rp„^  uf  collecting  and  so'S-''t!?'^.»5»0  «>'  the 
fr<.m  Nevada  to  the'world's  fat  af  r'^T"^  of  ores 
-n.ss.o„or  was  also  authorized  to  hi  ."''?"•     ^  ''om- 
gov.TM.ir  to  rej>resent  NovaJla  ft  h  ^PT^'x^ted  by  the 
"  I«W.     The  legislature  XlS^-i  '"  ^•''I'o^'tion 

000  t„  constituted  eentom  II  ft"dT'^l>™*«d  «20,. 
er«t,„g  a  quartz-„,ill  at  the  Pk •.'/",'  "'«  I'"''l'"se  of 
;"   '^76,   and   to  exhibit    .nS'^'P'"!^  "^^I'-Won 
thereat.     At  the  Paris  PTrw>i"."        >''"''''    siiecimens 
«l!layed  one  of  the"arges7a^r  °V-'''«  "'"■"o  was 
cctions  of  minerals  evefevi  -A"',""'  '"terestin.r  col 
";g  lx.en   made  po'ssTbl'  ifmk^f'^P''^^''^^' 

■r the  .naiptenani^ o  a     ,„    ^f'r'-"""^  '*-'d^' 

l.e  othce  of  state  .nineralol     1   7'""'  ""^  '■'•o-ted 

a  IS    , and  it  was  „,ade  the  dutv.Tf  h  '""  ""'  "-"P^W 

»f  pul.hc  instruction  to  beev  oZ;        "^  ™I'ori>.tondent 

"'««^"".  of  n.ineraWicaI  lof   ■"7™'°'""'"t''estate 

Zr  r^^^  *"^  been^tilSfe.'  "'"'."""•'^  -p-S- 

»V i_ 


to.lanuarv  1    IsT  f?  ^ "-'asses;  tl.ose  who  w!!!      '  '^'"■"'*"'  **  vfrBini-  rT 


-as  organised  Juno  j  "7o*"*''''"-ary.  Tj.c  «,„,,"« 


.  -  •;"'i  mil,  1)0  reniace 

S:',fiii^£;j^;-;;iecti„ga„oti;;;^,i^,^a,i  later  a  [.;;;i;;=,;^ 

«l!"ro.si.Ie,l  in  Reese  rivo'-''-^*'"^'^"'  Juno  1       jo*-"*''''"-a'-y.  Tj.c  «,„,,"« 


"" '"""■  ■*"" '-- S.?^  t,?^  K^  S jSiS; 

first  Issiiort  IWiroLAS   r..iTv 


'#  'I' 

}  f 


AUTERIAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


rLKO  COUNTT 


jE.  D.  Kelley  and) 
<  G.  0.  Berry,  d.  S 
JW.B.  Taylor  and)  ... 

T.  I.  Butler,  r.  f  ^^'^'  "«<=• 
iE.A.LittIefield  k) 


1869,  May Elko  Independent,  d. 

1870,  June  6. .  .Elko  Chronicle,  s-w. . 

1875,  Sept.  11. .Elko  Weekly  Po8t |S  c.  P^wnS  rf  1881.  April 

18''7,  March  lO.Tuscarora  Times,  w E.  A.  LittleHela,'  r. 

1877.  May f  Tevir. "s^'^f   .. C.  C.  S.  Wright 1878,  .Jan.,. 

■ta-'a    T„_    1         jTuscarora Times-Re-     J  Dennis Fairchild/ 
lOin,  Jan.  1 . . .   ^yjg^  (consoli<rtd),  d. .    (       &  Wright       ) 

ESMERALDA  COUNTY 

1862,  May  10.  .Esmeralda  Star,  w E.  A.  Sherman  A;  Co.  1864,  March. 

1804,  March 21. Esmeralda  Daily  Uniou.  J.  W.  Avard,  r )8(i8,  Oct. 

186.%  April....  Aurora  Times,  d.&w.  .   j^' r]  oJen^d  °'H  1805,  April. 

1877,  Oct.  1.3.  .Esmeralda  Herald,  w... Frank  Kenyon,  r. 

1873,  Aug Borax  Miner,  w \Vm.  W.  Barnes,  d. .  1877. 

1877 Ikdleville  Times Mark  W.  MusgroTe..l878,  July, 

1880,  June  5. ..   ]  t-'andelaria  True)       j  ^j   j, 
'  I       rissure,  w.      \ 

1881,  Sept.  1... Oasis  (Hawthorne),  w.  .0.  E.  Jones. 

EUREKA  COUNTY 

1870,  July  16.  .Eureka  Sentinel,  d A.  Skillman  k  Co.,  d.  1885,  May. 

1878,  Jan.    1 . .  Eureka  Dy  Repuldicau.  J.  C.  Ragsdale 1878,  Juiie  '.'4. 

1878,  June  25.  .Eureka  Daily  Leader  . .   j  ^^'E^^is^',*  } 
1880,  April  26. . .   j  ^"''^^"  News.^'°"  \  ^""'^'^  ^-  Anderson. 


1863,  May  2. 


) 


HUMBOLDT   COUNTY. 

Unionville  Humboldt   (  W.  J.  Forbes  k  C. 


Register,  w. 


\ 


L.  Perkins,  iud.     s 


-  18f)9,  Mav. 


1869.  Oct  30. 


j  Winnemucca  Hum-     j    E.  D.  Kelly,  M.    )    ,^-.    , 
)     holdt  Register,  w.      1    S.  Bonnifield,  d.    »    '■''"•'" 


1868 Winnemucca  Argent Jno.  &.  Jo.  Wasson,  r.  ISiW,  Nov. 


1870,  March. 


Unionville  Silver 
State,  w.  k  d. 
'_    Winnemucca,  Hum- 
Imldt  National. 


H.  A.  Waldo,  d. 


J.  A.  Booth,  d....lS(;9. 

. . .  I8.S<),  Nnv. 


1869.  Aug.  18  . 
1879,  May  10 .Paradise  Reporter .H.  Warren,  d 

LANDER  COUNTY. 
First  Issued.  Name.  Name  of  Pounder.         I)is<'oiitiuue<l. 

1863,  May  16.  .Reese  River  Reveille,  s-w. .  W.  C.  Phillips,  r. 

.873,  Dee.  26....    j  ^^J^Ye'^su!:.'**""    \    W.J.Forbes 1875,  Oct 

1877,  May  19.  .Battle  Mtn  Messenger.  .M.  W.  Musgrove,  r. 

1881,  Aug Battle  Mtn  Free  Press. . 

1881,  Nov.  23.  .Lewis  Weekly  HeraM. . 

LINCOLN    COUNTY. 

1870,  Sept.  17.  .Pioche  Ely  Record,  s.  w.  W.  H.  Pitchford  k  Co. 
1872.  Sept.  17.  .Pioche  Daily  Record Pat.  Holland,  d. 

1872.  Sept. . .  .Pioche  Review,  d j^*^-  B*'fflor,*r.^^'   I   ''"-'  ^"'* 

1874»  D~.  16.  .Pioche  Journal j  ""■  ^..^Tytl''  \   ''''•  ''''  ' 


NEWSPAPERS. 


807 


tTON  OODNTY. 

ISM.  April  le.Como  Sentinel,  w j  ^vhu?ahX*r^[  '^  ^'^' 

r  I    n        (  Dayton  Lyon  County  (Abraham,  Cooper)  ,aaa 

m,'hdy9...   j       ^ Sentinel,  w.  ]  &  Paine.  \  '*^ 

1574,  July Lyon  Co.  Times,  t-w Frank  Kenyon 

1876i  March  10. Silver  City  D.  Mg  Reptr.Reporter'Company.  .1876. 

1575,  July . . .  .Sutro  Independent |  ^  ^^^Fic'^t  ^'   \  ^^'  ^*''' 


NTK  COUNTY. 


1864,  June  25.  .lone  Nye  Co.  News.  w.   j  ^-  g^  ^^^^  f  «} 

1S64.  Sapt lone  Advertiser,  w John  Booth,  d 

iStir,  March  SO.Silver  Bend  Reporter,  w  j  ^-  ^  c/'iL'd  "*^  [ 
,S.S.  .I.ue  6. . .  j  ^[Tam^ptrt"  {  W-  F.  M;res."  r. . . . 
,S74.  Fe.,.  U., Belmont  Courier,  w....   j  ^^*BoX^d.*  } 

ISSiJ,  May Tybo  Sun.w J.  C.  Ragsdale 

1S78,  Dec Grantsville  Sun,  w D.  L.  Sayer,  ind 

1S80 OrantsviUe  Bonanza....   )    ^-i-S^^f-  ( 

ORM.SBY  COUNTY  ( See  vbi  supra). 


1867.  May. 
.1864,  Nov. 

1868,  July. 

1868. 


1879.  Nov. 
1879,  Jon«. 


S  Philip  Lynch  and  ) 
J  _J.  H.  MandalL    f 


STOREY  COUNTY  (see  ubi mpra). 

1S63,  July  7 . .  .Virginia  Evg  Bulletm,  d.H.  P.  Taylor  &  Co.,  r. 

1803.  Aug.  10. .  Dy  Democratic  SUndard    \  f  ^;  ^^^^^^^  \ 

ISe.'J The  Occidental Thomas  Fitch 

18(5:},  Oct.  12. .  Gold  Hill  Daily  News 

1864,  .March  31  .Nevada  Pioneer,  s-w J.  F.  Hahnlen,  d 

Virginia  Constitution.. 

lSr.4.  July  3. . .  .Washoe  D.  Evg  Herald     j  '^;  ^^^^^-^^  \ 

ISG(,  OL-t.  28. .  .Nev.  Staats  Zeitung,  w.H.  M.  Bien,  r 

STOKBY  COUNTY  (continued). 
Fir«t  Ivni'il.  Name.  Name  of  Founder.  Oiscoutinaed. 

isi;.-),  .\i,ril  17 .  Two  O'clock  News John  P.  Morrison 18«5. 

ISiii),  Oct.  lti...Deut8ch  Union J.  F.   Hahlen 1866. 

1S72.  Oct.  8. . .  Virginia  Evg  Chronicle.    \  IZ^Annn"!  \ 

m),  Sept Comstock  I).  Record . . . .  W.  Frank  Stewart. . .  1876,  Sept 

ISS  Virginia  Footlight 


1864,  May. 
1863,  Oct 

1863,  May. 

1864,  Oct 

1864,  July  27. 
.1864. 


1^2.  Oct.  18. . . 
ISiiit.  l>ec.  12. . . 
ISW.  April  16. . 
l-itw,  .l:in.  8.  .  .  , 
•*'S,  Aug.  5.  .. 

1S70,  V,)v.  23. . 

1876.  March  28, 
1881,  March  . . , 


WASUOR  COUNTY. 

Washoe  Times,  w (i.  W.  Derickson,  r. . .  1863,  Dec.  12. 

Old  Pah  Ute lohn  K.  I^vejoy,  r. .  1864,  Apr  16. 

Daily  Old  Piute Wilson  &  Gregory.. . .  1865,  Jan.  8. 

Washoe  Weekly  Times.  .De  Lashmutt  &  Co.. . .  1865,  Nov.20. 
Reno  Daily  Record H.  A.  Waldo  &  Co. .  .1878,  Nov.  1. 

Reno  Evening  Gazette.  J.  F.  Alexander,  r. 

The  Flaindeuer ...M,  U.  Hogan,  ind.  . 


Hi] 


;  4  J 


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MATEIUAL  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


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WHTTB  PISE  Cf»CSTY. 

ia«o  r»«^.  ofi        S  White  Pine  Xewg  f      \V.  H.  Pitchford   )   ,„-,,   , 

1868.  Dec.  26..    J     (Treasure  City).    (     A  B.  W.  .Simpson,   f  '^''^' 'Tan- 

1870.  Jan |  ^^'(HaSl^.*"  (     W- J- F^rl^^^  r 1878,  Nov. 

1869.  Veh j      ^^/AiS'*      f     ''*'°^  ^-  ^y'""'  ■"•    •  ^'""'  ^'"^• 

»««».  i^- I  ^Tiiln^lr"  f   »'*^  "°»-''-  ^ •■^'»- 

1869.  March  . . . Shcrmantown  ReiMfrter. . McElwain  A  Allen. . .  Is7(),  ^[ay. 
1872.  July Schell  Creek  Prr«pect. .  .F<.r»K-»  &  Pitchfor.l. . .  I.s7:{,  .),iii. 

1876,  Out Ward  Miner Mark  \V.   Musgrove. .  1877,  April 

1877,  April  19.  .The  Ward  Retlex,  w 1;.  W.  .Simpw.n,  ind. 

1878,  Jan.  1 Cherry  Crk  Indeiiendt-nt.B.  M.  Barney,  iuil. .  .1878,  March. 

,„„,    T  S  Cherry  Creek  White   i     W.   K.   Forrest, 

^^^'  ''*° ]         Pine  New*.  *     W.  L.  Davis. 

Spirit  of  the  Wesrt  (Wanl). 
IJnion  (Wanl). 
Watchman  (Wanl). 

The  histories  of  all  these  ncwsi»aper»,  which,  by  their  itinerant  haliits, 
well  illustrate  the  restless  vitality  of  a  mining  jiopulation,  as  well  ai  tliiir 
varying  fortunes,  would  l>ea  history  of  the  state  from  a  political  aiiil  tinan. 
cial  point  of  view,  and  would  contain  a  great  deal  of  the  must  inturfstini 
biography  of  tlie  country;  hut  it  wonM  form  a  volume  of  itself.  I  li:ivc  in 
my  collection  tiles  of  all  the  more  im|«ortani  journals;  for  several  of  wliicii  I 
am  indebted  to  O.  K.  Leonard  and  James  Crawford  of  Carson. 

Reference  has  been  made  in  thi*  chapter  to  the  following  works:  Tm 
Yi'iim  ill  Neixula,  1870-80,  by  Mrs  M.  M.  Mathews,  which  i.s  a  narr.itivu  (.f 
family  life,  antl  s^ieaks  of  Nevada  incidentally,  but  none  the  less  trutlifiilly 
for  that.  Tlio  Tim  A meririu  \>y  f>ir  Htme  LAml«ert  Price,  Bart,  ill^l^trat^•li', 
1877,  is  a  book  of  travel  in  South  and  North  America,  superticiul  in  (iliserva- 
tion,  and  of  trilling  interest.  TV  JIona^tHs  amJ  tJir  Silf^r  Miw/i  Ijy  ,i,  \im- 
wick,  1872,  another  hasty  book  by  an  EnglLih  tourist,  the  most  nntiocalile 
feature  of  M'hich  is  the  credulity  of  the  author  as  to  the  fallil>ility  of  every- 
thing nn-English.  The  chapter  on  Nera<Ia  silver  mines  is  the  lust  |iart  df 
tile  i)ook.  J'/ii;  Woiiinii  In  BnttU.  A  X'trriitin-  nf  Uie  ErplniU,  A'li;  ntitm. 
anil  Tntveln  of  Miiilinn  LorvUa  Jnnfttt  I'fLvm/tuz,  MenriM'  kiinini  <(.<  Lhiitin- 
ant  lltirrii  L.  Biiford  q/*  the  rrnif'tlfnttti  anutf,  f/i/^l  liy  C.  J.  W'liiliiwjtm, 
The  title  explains  the  nature  of  this  ^>ook.  It  is  only  to  be  adiled  liiai  utter 
her  ailventurea  as  a  spy  the  subject  of  the  narrative  married  ainiiur  in  .Aus- 
tin, Nevada,  and  offers  some  slight  remarks  up<iu  life  in  that  aiiil  (ithcr 
western  towns.  livanurces  ami  Prtiitprft.'  of  Atin-ririi,  Ann'rUiiiml  ihtriiii  a  Vmt 
to  the.  Uiiiteit  Stnlea  in  t/ie  Autumn  of  18  -'•,  by  Sir  .S.  Morton  Peto.  Hart,  ISIki, 
is  a  book  of  nearly  400  pages,  containing  some  facts  and  soiiie  ali>iirclitie'<. 
What  shall  we  say  of  a  man  s\ippoEie<l  to  lie  in  his  senses  wlio  visits  Ni'vaiia 
and  writes  thus:  'This  district  is  said  to  liave  been  actually  iintravirseil 
before  1859.  In  the  spring  of  that  year  it  was  explored  by  .Mr  Horace 
(Jreeley,  and  in  the  ntonth  of  September  following  by  a  party  of  yniiiii;  imii 
from  Illinois.'  'Ihis  |>arty  was  proliably  the  young  man  with  his  associate^ 
to  whom  Horace  said  'Oowest.'  tt'rjtti*tr>l  ti^  /{<ul;  the  N<ir  /,'nii/,  tn  tlv 
EiiM,  by  W.  F.  Rae,  1870,  is  another  iMwk  by  an  English  touri.-t,  tins  times 
very  good-natured  one.  Thirty-three  pages  are  devoted  to  sights  ami  inci- 
dents along  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific.  AUtJif  Wtmtem  Sf>it'--"ii'l  'IWri- 
tnrie.i  I'm  n  tin-  Alltyhnnifx  tn  the  P"rijif,  ami  from  the  fAiies  to  li-,  (iiilj.  liy.lnhn 
W.  Uaiber  and  Henry  Howe,  ISliT,  is  a  history  from  their  carihst  times, 
with  pioneer  incidents,  biographical  sketches,  and  geographical  ilcsiriiitinn, 
illustrated.  Twelve  pages  are  devote<l  to  Neva«la.  and  thebnef  skrtrli  i,<in 
general  correct,  BarWr's  work  is  worthily  done  where  he  deals  "  itli  terri- 
tory within  his  reach,  and  it  an  excellent  epitomized  hiatory,    i^-tyioration 


AUTHORITIES. 


309 


,,.,._  3og 

Mmernliviiipif  Deg   Rfinnna    %r    •     • 
n.>ir.ivhi.,w.H,  par  M  /  /Ziu^'^'^lH'''''  *«'"!  De  NotfA  A^ia  ,    . 
tk^e\snljc.  t    to  thr»i^    /'''"'",^*'-*3''-«.  ^tc  '  fm  iff ''"^'''  '■<  JStA. 
...erelv  to.icla.,1  uponin"  re'to^k^P?'*'.  '"^^JS  ^t  ISn"^"^*  "» 
aii.i  a  few  jiages  to  the  ireZrl?i'  *  chapter  being  civenf-,  fK    V    Nevada  is 
r .<w^  J//«;i  i./.,.   IsTl^n;':?  .*»:1  "li-eralog/ «rt^"„  J^'^t^e  I„,,,a„  tribes. 

Sunvu,  a 


tiling's  tlie  society  of  Carson  r'?     uJ-   ^^^ite,  IHS2  dol.J)  ^  "'"''  ««'^ 

W;  l-if'''u.lU^rlu,^'l?^.   i,'*yv262-7l;  ^^'m-Jro^.^^  7  ^"""'g  other 
tniir  II  the-  western  Iff/    ;..'"■"'■•'"'.    >y  W   H.3,,  iV        ,  '  •^'""•'"'*,  270- 

£-7/  withXtstt  N^;s^'iv'^-.  fc^.fc^^^^  i-f  ^'^ 

i';ngli»ii,  and  an  indu8trin..«    1  ■^''*'  W  ter  of  tlm  1=  I  *"*' ""''th-west 

•i-e  !.o„k  ia  good  of    tSj     T''  t  ^*3^«''>«  ^--^V^^  T'^f  ^"'•k  is 
.'.imes  J!o«3  and  Geor«?e  r«?         ::"""  '»^»'-o^mi«  to  Pnnf.     ■     '"^'aJ  customs. 

l"ry  •'    li.e  nation  and  each  nJ  A    ''■  J'^^^'  ^iv^^  a  brief  TfV     '""P  '""'  '^ 
erarid  ,, recent  re8o,"rce8vL*''!/***««  ^^I'arately   with      "^  "^*''«  '''«" 

ejcril.ing  wlia    was  ^teruln^f'' ^*^^'  '^  «'«  title  of  'l"^^-  f'^''"'-*  ^''••p 
*  Alackays  lumber  rt?.^P^"*''^,l«"'-ney.     A  f^w?.         "'*  "'^  ''i^  pages 

'^tl'er  points  of  interestin  H  ^  T^  ^*''^*  station  on  thlV,,^  *'"*^«"ers'  guide 
i^^'.V';'//V.   ^.oS«/  >«  the  state.      White  /C  //,« ''■■"*''•   a^'l  a*o  of 
"' .  I'.v  Albert  S   CL  Sr"'  ^'^'"■".'/   ^"'r^.^T'''"'-'''  ^'-"^'«« 
P;»m,se  of  its  title  page'  1 L  £r"tLP"'"»'''^^*  «f  ^^  1  S  tTr^'    ^'""•"* 
J^"'//m  „(  0////br«ia  bv  T  r -   1^,  *''*"  many  a  more  M^ff'  ^ '"-'*  '"=«P8  the 

f  3  a  cliapter  on  the  Ses  of 'C*  '.'  ^^^"^^'^  <^hieHy  Jo  Cabf"*''''  ",*  »»'«*«- 
tiNii  wortli  reading.     pZ,,?,/     ^ f^^da,  with  here  and  H  1         , '^'"*'  ''"t  con- 

^"-ne'-y  the  isSs  of  pI?"*.  *''«J"»rneytmIol'^  *««''•'■««  of  k?- 
•^^^a'iaoutof  l.SSinan  t"±  ^  dozen  pages  a ri»-  ***=*'*"  ^"^'age 
"""•  ''.v  V.  French  Tn„\  ^?  ^^Aotisand  J/Z/^V^Vf^cf "  *"  mining  in 
»''«tl,e  «ritersaw  »    ^l*"""'.'  <=*?*  2d  Life  GuanI,  '•'"*''  '^'?«'<.  "'«l  A,fnl?. 

;  "';  l'!-ram,Tom"e'remrir  ^'«  ^--^n  Am  t;ave?  ^i;'!""^  n"'-^"^ 
^;'".'-/"  '■o««<„/;  ^  y^r  y%ln«  aT!"  ""mingin  Neva.la  ^'i^'""n«  hunting 

yi"-y  readable  styi;     p'lj'it^  ^^"^  descrij.tive  andh'istortS^*  ""  ''"  '^''"^'• 
^eva.  a.  H^j^rJof  uIt'J^T,If.^\?re  given  t?    ^'  l'"*  «I-r  and 


CHAPTER  XI. 


■  I 


, 


i :  i 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 

1881-1888. 

Finances — REorcnoN  of  Exfenseh — Public  Buildinos — State  riasn'* 
War — State  University — Pcblio  CHARrriEs — Educational  Affaim 
— Proposed  Annexation  of  Southern  Idaho — Mining — Railroads— 

POLHICS. 

Following  the  excitement  of  the  bonanza  period, 
and  the  struggle  in  congress  over  the  silver  quistiou, 
was  a  period  of  quiet  adjustment  to  existing  condi- 
tions. Nevada  had  begun  its  car<'«!r  under  those  cir- 
cumstances which  foster  a  spirit  of  recklessness  iu 
expenditure,  and  had  for  some  time  been  inakiii;^' 
endeavors  to  bring  the  cost  of  county  and  state  ^x*)\- 
eminent  down  to  a  level  of  reasonable  economy.  Only 
one  defalcation  of  importance  had  occurred  to  stain 
the  records  of  the  state — that  of  the  treasurer,  Ebcn 
Rhoades,  in  1869,  when  $106,432.58  of  the  state's 
money  were  feloniously  converted  to  his  use.  The 
bonded  state  debt  in  1872  amounted  tto  $500,000, 
bearing  fifteen  percent  interest  per  annum,  then  nearly 
due,  with  very  little  in  the  treasury  to  meet  it. 

To  remedy  this  unfortunate  condition  of  aflairs  the 
legislature  of  1871  had  passed  a  law  authorizing  the 
state  to  borrow  $280,000,  and  to  issue  its  bonds  tliere- 
for,  payable  in  1881,  with  interest  at  ten  per  cent  per 
annum.  A  loan  of  $160,000  was  negotiated  in  April 
1871,  and  a  further  loan  of  $120,000  at  nine  an«l  a 
half  per  cent,  payable  in  1882.  In  1875  the  lei^isla 
ture  authorized  the  purchase  and  cancellation  of  these 

(310) 


FINANCE8. 


SlI 


bonds,  and  $119,600  were  so  cancelled  at  that  time. 
Till?  state  moneys  were  also  applied  to  the  purchase 
of  United  States  and  California  state  bonds,  the  inter- 
est on  wliich  was  devoted,  with  the  principal,  to  extin- 
.ruisliiiiir  the  debt  of  Nevada.  But  there  was  also 
what  was  known  as  the  territorial  debt  amounting  to 
,^380,000,  which  the  legislature  of  1871  provided  for 
in  a  manner  similar  to  that  ado[)ted  for  the  state  debt, 
l)V  borrowing  and  issuing  bonds  at  nine  and  a  half 
crnts  interest,  and  payable  in  1887.  United  States 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  $100,000  were  also  jmrchased 
toward  tiie  extinguishment  of  this  debt  during  the 
years  previous  to  1878.  With  a  view  to  the  cancel- 
lation of  the  territorial  debt,  which  congress  had 
repeatedly  been  asked  to  assume,'  the  legislature  of 
1877  passed  a  state  law  authorizing  the  application  to 
this  )uir[)ose  of  the  assets  of  the  territorial  interest  and 
sinking  fund,  the  bonds  belonging  to  the  state  school 
fund,  and  $50,000  from  the  general  fund. 

This  law  contemj)lated  the  issuance  by  the  state  to 
the  school  fund  of  an  irreducible  bond,  bearing  five 
per  cent  interest  per  annum,  for  the  sum  of  $380,000, 
whicli  was  considered  to  be  the  best  application  of  the 
assets  in  the  state  school  fund  that  could  be  made  in 
the  interest  of  the  public  schools.  But  the  liolders 
of  the  territorial  bonds  refused  at  that  time  to  aoc^ept 
this  exchange.  The  debt,  however,  was  virtually 
extinguished,  as  the  means  were  in  hand  to  pay  the 
honds  whenever  surrendered. 

There  was  in  Nevada  at  this  time  a  singular  dis- 
proportion of  revenue  to  expenses,  notwithstanding 
the  refusal  of  the  bonanza  mine-owners  to  pay  taxes 
areording  to  law,  there  being  in  1879  a  surplus  "far 
bevond  the  wants  of  the  state," ''  besides  the 


mmmg 


'Tlie  legislature  of  1867  endeavored  to  have  congress  assume  this  iudebt- 
wliiess.  Aci*.  Lows,  1807-83;  and  again  in  18(59  niuniorialixed  to  the  same 
etftct.  III.  1869;  'AKi.  These  claims  Mere  still  unsettled  in  1887,  but  were 
then  miller  consideration,  and  liave  since  l>een  paid. 

'^Governor  Bradlet/'s  Memuuje  to  t/ie  LeijiiiUUure  1879  JJ.  6. 


,!lii 


li 


812 


rRCXJRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


tax  due  amounting  to  $290,275.95,  and  a  penalty 
for  refusal  to  pay  off  $101,596.57,  for  which  suits 
were  pendini^  iti  the  state  court-s,"  and  the  territorial 
debt  due  from  congress  and  notwithstanding  the  Icr. 
islature  of  1875  liad  reduced  the  tax  for  all  state  pur- 
j)ose8  from  a  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  on  cverv 
$100  to  ninety  cents,  which  reduction  amounted  to 
half  a  million  in  the  four  years  followhig.  Clcarlv, 
taxes  were  inordinate  when  the  state  treasurv  was 
overflowing.  However,  the  valuation  of  real  and 
personal  property  fell  off"  between  1873  and  187H  fidui 
$20,466,505  to  $21,342,663.  This  simply  showwl 
that  other  resources  of  the  state  had  been  nc'dccttd 
to  give  undue  attention  to  mining,  and  also  that  iiiin- 
ing  property  was  not  taxed  as  it  should  havi-  hicn. 
The  state  had  produced  an  annual  average  of  $25,000,- 
000  in  bulli<m  ever  since  its  admission,  doing  niort-  to 
help  resume  specie  payment  after  the  war  than  luanv 
t»f  the  older  states,  and  had  asked  and  received  less 
in  appropriations  than  any  other  commonwcaltlis. 
maintaining  also  a  clean  record  as  to  its  public  tiiists. 
Nothing  was  wanting  but  a  little  time  to  bring  min- 
ing to  a  legitimate  basis,  and  to  develop  the  a;,n  icul- 
tural  and  other  resources  of  the  state.  In  IHS2 
the  valuation  had  again  risen  to  $27,000,000. 
Yet,  a  bill  was  before  congress  hi  that  year  to  abolish 
the  state  of  Nevada  and  attach  the  territory  to  Cali- 
fornia I  It  was  quite  the  fashion  in  some  quarter.s, 
after  the  failure  of  the  bonanza  mines,  to  dis|wira^o 
the  battle-born  member  of  the  republic,*  which  had  i^o 
speedily  relieved  the  government  by  its  support ;  hut 
this  fashion  proceeded  solely  from  the  spleen  conimon 
to  humanity  when  any  prodigal  gift  once  enjoyed  is 
withheld. 

Senator  W.  W.  Hobart  of  Eureka  county  intro- 
duced a  bill,  which  passed  the  legislature  ui  1881, 
reducing  the  public  expenses  about  $26,000  annually, 

*  These  taxes  were  finally  paid  according  to  the  decsion  of  the  suitieuiu 
ooort. 


r^  / 


FINANCES. 


313 


first  hy  diminishing  the  number  of  legislators  from 
seviMity-five  to  sixty,  and  secondly  by  reducing  the 
salarifs  of  the  state  officers.*  The  pay  of  the  latter 
liaviiii;  i)ecu  adjusted  to  the  cost  of  living  in  the  early 
territorial  and  flush  mining  times,  and  to  the  expectation 
that  tlio  state  would  become  populous  and  wealthy, 
coultl  very  properly  be  made  to  conform  to  later  condi- 
tions without  an  exhibition  of  parsimony.  With  a  view 
to  rt!torms,the  legislature  of  1883  submitted  to  the  peo- 
ple the  question  of  calling  a  convention  to  revise  the 
roiistitution,  but  the  pro])osition  was  negatived,  and 
Hohart's  bill  took  its   place." 

At  the  close  of  1888  the  finances  of  Nevada  were 
ill  a  sound  condition.  It  had  between  ^G00,000  and 
§700,000  in  cash  in  the  treasury,  and  $(J00,000  in 
I'liitt'd  States  bonds.  Tlie  school  funds,  chiefly  in- 
vtstcd  in  United  States  and  Nevada  state  bonds, 
amounted  to  ^1,250,000.  The  revenue  was  still 
f(tiisi(h^rably  in  excess  of  expenses.  The  state  owed 
little  except  its  debt  to  the  school  fund,  which  there 
was  money  in  the  treasury  to  meet,  and  which 
amounted  to  about  $400,000,  of  which  $380,000 
was  in  the  form  of  a  five  per  cent  irreducible 
1)011(1,  the  interest  on  which  was  payable  semi-an- 
nually, and  the  remainder  in  forty-five  $1,000  bonds 
at  four  per  cent.  This  conversion  of  the  school  fund 
into  a  fund  for  the  support  of  the  state  was  found 
to  l)(i  beneficial  to  both.  It  at  least  prevented  specu- 
lations in  the  school  fund  which  were  carried  on  to  a 
considerable  extent  in  another  of  the  Pacific  States. 
All  that  the  state  owed  in  1885  was  due  to  this  fund 
which  was  irredeemable,  as  well  as  irreducible,  and 
the  interest  alone  applicable  for  educational  purposes. 

Public  buildings  in  Nevada  have  kept  pace  with 


■'!!' 


iiirl 


m 

mi 
( 

M 


'if 


*  Says  Gov.  Adams:  '  We  find  a  system  of  state  government  much  too 
cumlitirsome  for  our  present  wants,  and  requiring  an  annual  expenditure  en- 
tirely out  of  proportion  to  our  taxable  resources.'  Bknninl MeMta<je,  188G. 

Till!  salaiies  of  sup.  judges  were  reduced  from  $7,000  to  ^,000;  govern- 
or's salary  from  «6,000  to  «.">,000;  secretary's  salary  from  $3,600  to  $3,000: 
treasurer's  the  same,  and  smaller  salaries  in  proportion.  The  mileage  of  the 
legislators  was  reduced  from  40  to  2.5  cents.  The  law  went  into  e£fect  in 
1883.    Qqv.  Mempjt,  1885;  Treas.  Rep(,  1884, 


314 


rUCXJUESS  OF  EVENTS. 


I 


•I 


f 


it! 


the  general  progress  of  the  state.  The  Unitod  States 
hranch  mint  erected  at  Carson  was  founded  Srpttiii. 
bur  25,  18(>G,  and  its  machinery  put  in  motion  Noxm. 
ber  I,  IRfil).  It  is  a  handsome  structure,  built  of  wiiid- 
stone,  with  a  front  of  90  feet,  and  two  antl  a  half  stoius 
high.*  In  January  1 8G1>  the  legislature  api>ro|iiiiit((l 
$100,000  to  erect  a  capitol  of  sandstone,  tlu'  (•i»nii  r- 
stone  of  which  was  laid  on  the  9th  of  June,  1870.'  The 
state  prison  was  also  located  at  Carson,  where  a  stinic 
quarry  marked  by  the  footprints  of  primeval  nmii  furn- 
islied  the  material  for  its  construction.  Curry  was  tlio 
owner  of  the  land,  of  whom  the  legislature  pur- 
chased tlio  site,  and  was  the  first  warden  apitointed 
before  the  purchase,  wiiile  the  projxjrty  was  uiukr  a 
lease.  The  state  in  1804  paid  ^80,000  for  twenty 
acres  with  the  buildings  and  appurtenances  as  th  v 
then  existed.  In  18G7  the  buildhigs  were  destroynl 
by  fire,  together  with  the  records.  The  stone  for  the 
new  )>ris()n  was  quarried  by  the  convicts,  and  over 
$72,000  was  spent  in  its  erection,  besides  the  labor 
and  material  on  hand.*  But  in  187J)  the  political 
exigencies  of  the  democratic  part\'  in  the  state,  and 
the  wishes  of  the  inhabitants  of  Washoe  county, 
caused  the  legislature  *o  assume  that  there  was  a  su; 

•The  block  of  granite  cnntnbutetl  l>y  Nevada  to  the  natioiiul  mimui.i^ 
expressutl  tlio  temper  of  the  people.  It  wa-i  a  simple  Klalt  'Jx.'t  feet  uinl  o 
iiiclius  ill  thiokneH!4,  with  a  raiseil  panel  highly  {Kilislied,  inHcrilteil:  '  All  for 
our  CDiiiitry,'  the  letters  being  lined  with  gold  and  arranged  in  a  siMiin'iri'le, 
with  the  date  1881  beneath.  Across  the  face  is  the  word  Nevaila  in  IrttiTs 
4  inche.-)  in  height  of  native  silver  set  in  the  atone. 

'<  Xri\  L'lWK,  ISGO,  73-i).  Contract  awarded  to  Peter  Cavaniiu):li  fnr 
$84,01)0,  to  be  completed  in  Jan.  1871. 

*Ncv.Joni:  Sc/i.,  1869,  181-«.  ///.,  1879,  10.3-4.  In  1870  a  nuinl.r  of 
priscmers  attempted  to  escape,  and  several  perMins  were  wounded.  A  still 
more  serious  uprising  took  place  in  1871,  in  which  Lieut. -gov.  Denver  ami  4 
guards  were  seriously  wounded,  F.  M.  Is<aacs,  guard,  and  Mattiicw  I'lxk'y, 
a  prominent  citizen,  killed,  and  29  oi  the  most  desj>eritecliaractcrs  i-iiii[nil. 
The  militia  were  called  out.  After  that,  in  1873.  tlitre  was  what  was  Um^wii 
as  the  state  prison  war.  when  Denver,  who  was  warden,  refused  to. •"UirciiKr 
the  prison  to  his  successor,  P.  C.  Hyiiian.  Gov.  Bradley  called  out  tiu' 
militia  in  tliis  instance,  also,  and  60  armed  men  under  Maj.-geii.  Van  Bnk- 
kelen,  with  one  piece  of  artillery,  were  ordered  to  place  the  new  inruinl«nt 
in  possessi(m,  even  at  the  cost  of  life.  Denver  then  surrendered.  In  1H77 
there  was  a  third  attempt  at  escape,  made  by  8  men  employed  in  n  shoo  fai'- 
tory,  which  had  been  aiided  to  the  prison,  in  which  one  convict  was  killi'il, 
and  the  deputy  warden,  captain  of  the  guard,  and  one  prisoner  woiin'li'il. 
An  attempt  was  uade  to  bum  the  prisuu  iu  Aug.  1879,  which  wad  detected. 


^VhUV   BUILDINGS. 


fifiontly  urorent  nood  for  .»  ^" 

an  u,.t  was  ,«,sed  providing  CTntl  «":  '"'"•'f  .'•  »"■' 
K.r  tins  |>urp,«c  a  stnf.,  LA°' "".^  "'" *  - 


■  -  """  """ra  provKlin.' fill- „  ..  . '•"J"'-^.  otut 

for  tins  purpose  It  state  Ll^'Z  •'/'"*""  "'  J^'""- 
I"t"  tins  fund  t|,o  Jaw  tra.  sfe,l    ''  *«»  •■'"•tal. 

"'■'";;"«  .n  tho  state  ,apit'j&''  "'^  «"TIu»  re. 

vwl.tl,  of  one  percent,  was  l/v^^  ' f"'"'- '  *»"  "''  ""- 

«..•  nr.st  1100,000  so  obtai'^r  ".''.^ ."' "I-"^'"!  "x*^^. 

(iurrlmse  of  the  neeessar/Ck '  ^  t""^'^  '«  "'» 


buildin-s  to  accomodate  nnf  fu"^  *^^  ^'"^^'^tio,.  of 

T1.0  law  of  the  pH^:^    tl'  t  ^r  ''?  i'"-"-« 

prosecution  of  the  Work        S  -^'^'"^^^^  "»  ^^'^ 

oecded  to  purchase  200  acro/nr  i  ''''"""'^^'""ers  pro- 

clwnory,  the  foundattrs  w  ^^'l"-  f '^  '"  "«  «'Hi  nm- 
eroct..d.  But  iiotwithstandin'.  !h  'l^?;^  *''«  ^'""« 
co/iditioi,  of  the  Rf«f«    """uin*,'   the  better   fin.iiir..-o? 

.-s  ha«  been  rnlt  t^S'^'  "^^.  ^^^ '-  - 
^■•'"'.nodated  in  t],e  oJd  pr^^on  i  ?^  ''""'''^^'  were  ac- 
sufteientJy  large  under  a  lift'  ?^7""  ^'"^h  proved 
1^  "as  discovered  tW  wlut  S^^^^^  -nl 

JJeno  was  an  excellent  on!  T^^^^^^^y  the  site  at 
about  the  advisability  oTU;;;!;'  ''"?  ^^^'"^  ^'^^^t 
conjpet.tion  with  wa/e  vor&5.r^""  ^^^"^  i» 
K«»<>:     And  as  nothin  J  c^fc^;.  .%  "'"^^^  l>«  at 

;i"-^t.on,  the  subject  mnabs  in     K  ^  ^^*^""'»-  the 
ho  meantime  an  asylunX  th.  '     '•^^"""-     ^"^  "> 
f  Ko,.o;  and  the  inentallv  ifflT?"*  ^^«  ^^''^cted 

^-"  Cahfornia  hospital  SeVf^   .T^'^'^ 
XT       ,  '"'^  at  home. 

Nevada  received  frnr«  *u 
usual  grant  of  seventvTw^^  ^!"'^''*'  S^overnment  the 
-taWishing  a  stari^itlr^tf  71 1^^"^  ^  -id  in 
th^'mamtenance   of  a   coF'   ^'^   ^0, 000  acres  for 
'"^''^hanic  arts.     In  the  nf'^%  "^    agriculture    a    [ 

appropriation  was  eontrttTjf/r  ^^^^-^--»t  t    ' 
f  ess  to  tho  niaintenance  of  7    •  *' ^"  """«^"*  «^  ^^on 
""•versity  was  located  at  Elko  ?'"%  '?"^«^*     The 

•^V-  Jour.  Sen.,  ,8C,  ^pp.  „„  ,   p  ^^     «     "''  ^"^'"    ^^^    -- 

i>  p.  20;  no.  8,  p.  12-14,  43-9. 


8'  i-i 


:  < 


^ 


816 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


isting  centres  of  population,  and  was  for  a  long  time 
no  more  than  a  preparatory  school  or  academy.  The 
citizens  of  Elko  in  order  to  secure  the  university 
offered  to  erect  a  brick  edifice  with  acconnnodations 
for  one  hundred  pupils  as  the  initial  foundation  of  the 
state  colleges.  A  school  was  first  opened  there  in 
1874,  and  taught  for  four  years  by  D.  R.  Sessions, 
A.  M.  and  B.  A.  of  Princeton  college.  With  but 
meagre  appropriations  by  the  state,  the  university 
languished  until  1887,  when,  it  having  been  removed 
to  Reno,  a  more  eligible  locality,  the  legislature  ap- 
propriated $30,000  for  its  support,  and  started  it  ujxtn 
a  niijre  useful  career. 

Congress  had  been  liberal  to  Nevada  in  the  matter 
of  land  L'rants.  The  school  lands  amounted  to  .3 ')J5,- 
000,  acres,  of  which  the  state  had  sold  previous  to 
the  Ifithof  June,  1880, 16,967  acres.  By  relinquish- 
ing to  the  United  States  all  the  remaining  16tli  and 
36th  sections,  many  of  which  were  not  agricultural, 
the  state  secured  the  privilege  of  selecting  2,000.000 
acres  of  any  unappropriated  non-minsral  lands,  to  he 
disposed  of  under  such  laws  and  regulations  as  the 
legislature  should  prescribe.'*  The  grants  bos' its 
those  above  mentioned  were  500,000  acres  for  internal 
improvements,  12,800  for  public  buildings,  and  12,800 
for  a  penitentiary. 

The  state  made  provision  for  public  charities,  erect- 
ing an  orphanage  "  at  Carson  in  1861).  In  1873  (reo. 
H.  Morrison  was  the  author  of  assembly  bill  29, 
which  greatly  enlarged  the  usefulness  of  the  institu- 
tion, since  which  time  it  has  been  one  of  the  l)est 
charities  on  the  Pacific  coast.'*  There  is  an  asvlumfor 

^» SHn-eynr-ijcwmrn  Kept,  1884.  31. 

"A'cr.  Jour.  Ahsi-ih.,  1^M•^6,  247-9;  AVi-.  Jour.  Srn,,  187.1,  app.  no.  '.),  10; 
RemStfilf  Jimnuil,  Jan.  27,  lh77;  Gold  I/ill  Xiwh,  April  13,  1881;  Uhiti' 
Pine  X<^o»,  Doc.  24,  1881;  Eiinka  Lmlet;  April  9,  1881.     . 

'^  ^lorrixon  was  bom  in  Calaia  Maine,  Nov.  8,  1845.  Ho  camoto  N'i'v,"..ia 
in  18:>4;  was  ansossor  of  Virginia  Vx'y  in  18G6;  represented  Storey  cniinty  in 
the  statu  IcgiHlatnrc  in  1S7H;  waH  chief  clerk  of  tlie  asseniM}'  in  I88:t;  mar- 
neil  Mary  E.  Howard  of  Bostor  in  1870.  In  1H89  ho  wiia  elected  ilimtor 
of  th)t  Kiincroft-Wliitney  li.w  puliliithiii^  oo.,  and  director  and  Heorei.ii'v  i>t 
the  Hixtory  company.  He  rendered  niu  valuable  aid  iu  ^fathering  dat  i  fur 
my  hibtoriuul  work. 


i\,  i-\.  /v  1^  '■>»  ■'■>'  '' 


rraiic  INSTITTOo.vs 
.,     .  ,  _  "    *  317 

the  insane  at  Reno.     Until  1  sa.>  • 
sent  to  California  asylums  at  til'""*""  •*'''""*'  "^^ 
but  tl„.  logisiaturc  at  lei  rf  h  ■"'''''""••  "^  »''«  state- 

th^-  l«ly  politic,  and  in  1881  ^iT*',  ""^'"'x-'ra  "f 
8  ;>m.  of  the  Nevada  asWum  T^  i'"'^  *'"'  <"'"'«••- 
HmkI  were  sent  to  CaliCnia  in^J-*  ?■'-''"'  /"■"''•  "'"I 
tioM.  the  „u,„ber  of  such  "nf  1  "''""*  ^"'^  "'st™c. 
P"|..i  ation  not  justify,™  thef^^'l-f  '"  ^^^"d"'- 
m»  /or  state  schools.'^'  '^^ipenditure  of  a  lai^e 

A    favorite  idea  -vith  <5      *      ci 
mmrxation  of  soutl^n.   IrMl"        •.t'"*'"^   ""^^  the 
l«l'"  .>tio„.      There    "ere  hi  T'"'    '■»  '"»>««  and 
j,'';l>"'at.o„,  as  the  noi  lX,r  ^'•''?  "^  "»'*»""•'« 

"' ■^'.-.t-  with  b,«r*ri ,!"■''"','"''''•<' youti.- 

l™.vaux   have  re.ninded  I  in       ,^    ",'"'    """"•.^'mtion 
Fooeed.ngs.     I„  antioiiM       ;,f  .  "  ''^^  ''"^  "'"•''■"ry 
t«.".  perhaps,  and  ren  em  "r  n,       'T,"'"  •■"■'^''H'la 
of   h,,  c,ti.ens  of  souther    S,.        ''  TF  ""'"l^« 
filth,  the  Nevada  le,.islatu'    of     '? ?  ^onnons  in 
eur.v,,t  resolution,  amc     Tt  ^Z-  '■''''  J'"'"'  <•""- 

exWu, le  from  the  privik  e  '  f 'l\™r"*"'''"'  *'  «»  to 

aft  hated  with  anv  onler  n-  ''elonyed  to  or 

«".  :>r  Lostile  to\l  ri'veraS"'?  V"  '"'•"--tent 
^'  I'mted  States,  ..r%W,1™    '  L"    "',"  '*»'«  "■•  "f 
';«--ii"y  or  polv^a  nv      tL     *'""^''"»ed  or  tolerated 

; '''-  t.  r<laho  "JhielU    lf"r  ■'"'!"'«   '''«    -^d 

!"■  a;m„ge„,e„t  with  Neva  h   f, '  H ""'  f"  ""'"«  »'«'" 
"jr  "tatelKHKl.     If  the  M  i''°  ^''«  of  aehiev 

'':".'-tned  territory  tm  S'V'f  ^<''";"  -"'ed  ihit 

-'■-;-vheniten:„i:^„-t-^,int.;e^ 

•>/'•.  7o»/,-.  ,9^„     lofa  „,  rt"',-,    iiie    Sink- 


'4 


818 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


:\k 


ing  of  artesian  wells,  and  the  storage  of  water  from 
the  snow-fall  of  winter.  For  the  soil  only  awaited  a 
sufficiency  of  moisture  to  change  its  condition  from 
one  of  sterility  to  that  of  fertility,  as  had  been  dore 
in  the  state  of  Colorado  and  the  territory  of  Wyom. 
ing.  Another  important  bill  looked  to  the  miiiiinr 
interests  of  the  state  by  authorizing  the  appointiiient 
of  a  board  of  commissioners  to  hear  and  consider 
testimony  as  to  the  most  economical  and  best  metliods 
of  treating  and  reducing  ores  of  gold  and  silver  found 
and  reduced  in  the  state  thereafter.  Rewards  wore 
authorized  to  be  paid  out  of  the  general  state;  fund 
for  the  most  economical  method,  and  the  most  suc- 
cessful method,  separately,  economy  taking  the  first 
prize. 

Mining,  although  causing  less  excitement  than  in 
the  early  history  of  the  state,  was  by  no  means  on 
the  decline  as  an  industry.  The  amount  of  bullion 
returned  for  taxation  in  1887  was  .$7,000,000,  wliich 
did  not  represent  more  than  half  the  actual  t)ut|>ut, 
but  even  at  the  assessor's  fii'ures  this  sum  divided 
among  a  population  of  60,000,  which  was  thec(Misus  of 
1880,  would  give  every  inhabitant  $116  from  nnning 
alone.  New  discoveries  were  frequently  made,  tlio 
country  never  having  been  thoroughly  prospected; 
hence  the  law  of  1887  to  stimulate  this  industry  and 
reduce  it  to  a  scientific  basis." 

Nothing  in  the  history  of  Nevada  ever  gave  grtatir 
satisfaction  than  the  passage  of  the  interstate  ecmi- 
mcrce  bill  of  congress,  compelling  the  railr<ta<is  t<» 
cease  discrimination  against  the  owners  of  sliort-liaul 
freight,  compelling  a  merchant  at  Battle  Mountain, 
for  instance,  to  pay  a  high<}r  rate  from  New  York 
than   the    San    Francisco    merchant    whose    goods 

'♦  A  new  concentrating  process  was  cmployeil  in  the  Rccsc  river  ilistriet 
with  ffreat  success  in  1887.  It  waa  invunteii  by  Hannhett  and  .ijiiiliiil  liy 
Hancnett  and  Whipple  to  the  dump  of  mills  in  that  district,  niakmir  i  liv- 
ing of  9(^,(NN),OnO  from  ore  that  without  this  method  would  he  vasttd.  t!ii! 
former  mills  reducing  no  ores  assaying  lean  than  !P40  jmrton,  wliilo  tlif  tail- 
ings thua  disvarded  uft«n  held  (30,  of  which  the  concentrator  savol  ^0  ])vt 
ceut. 


RAILROADS. 


m 


W(  rn  cam;»<l  for  two  days*  time  farther  west.  This 
heavy  tax  upon  the  people  of  the  state,  dopendent 
entirely  upon  railroad  transportation,  was  sufficient  of 
itst  It'  to  prevent  the  undertaking  of  various  enter- 
prises which  would  otherwise  have  been  set  on  foot 
for  the  deveh)pment  of  the  state's  rcf»'>urces,  and  the 
rilief  felt  and  expressed  at  the  pas&u^.  of  the  relief 
bill  nf  congress  was  universal. 

llailroads,  the  great  want  of  this  state,  as  of  every 
other  li'  this  era  of  rapid  movement,  were  now  thrice 
welcome.  Fortunately  for  Nevada,  18 87  was  a  year 
of  great  activity  in  railroads,  which  were  spying  out 
new  linos  in  all  directions,  anticipating  the  growth 
whieh  they  were,  more  than  any  other  agency,  to  pro- 
mote.'* Such  was  the  business  on  the  Central  Pacific 
in  til  is  year  that  blockades  of  freight  were  frequent, 
more  cars  being  loaded  for  the  west  than  the  com- 
pany had  locomotives  to  move.  There  was  the  same 
Condition  on  the  other  transcontinental  roads,  showing 
that  with  the  half  dozen  eastern  roads  to  the  Pacific 
there  was  room  for  more.  Naturally,  Nevada  looked 
to  have  her  hopes  gratified,  when  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
linij;ton  and  Quincy  company — "the  old  reliable," aa 
it  was  fondly  named  by  the  expectant  Wyoming  and 
Nevada  jieople,  had  surveying  parties  in  the  field  who 
actually  had  made  more  than  one  reconnoissanco  over 
the  Sierra  itito  California  She  had  hope  also  of  the 
Utah  Central,  which  was  understood  to  have  a  stake 
in  California.  And  the  finger  of  prophecy  pointed 
besides  to  the  Northwestern  whicli  was  hesitatinij  at 
a  point  in  Wyoming  whether  to  go  northwest  to 
Ort>gon,  or  west  to  California.  The  year  of  ISH8 
went   by,  however,  and   no   definite  measures   were 


m 


li .  '■'I 


f  :  ui 


'"■  Tlie  legislature  of  1887  enacted  a  law  providing  that  narrow  gauge 
roaiN  Hlinuld  lie  aHsessed  at  $6,00()  i)cr  ntilu,  ami  Htaiulanl  gaiiji^u  f  l*l,<MIO 
per  mile.  This  settled  me  queatioii  fur  the  asMosxorH  wlui  had  lieen  taking 
tuuh  i)r<i{>erty  at  the  valuation  of  the  owucn;  hut  a  Instter  law  would  have 
been  to  assoHs  them  at  their  actual  value,  and  tax  them  at  aa  low  a  figuro 
u  thti  public  iutercst  rt-i^uired. 


820 


PlUXiUESS  OF  EVENTS. 


taken  by  any  company  to  parallel  the  Central  Pacific 
through  Nevada.  Neither  was  there  much  uuleage 
added  to  the  local  railways,  for  until  interociimic 
roads  should  parcel  out  the  threat  area  of  the  state 
between  thetn,  there  would  be  Uttle  use  for  merely 
local  lines. 


m- 


But  whatever  drawback  there  may  have  been  to 
the  progress  of  the  silver  state,  which  I  have  or  liavo 
not  pointed  out,  its  honor  has  never  been  assjilKd; 
its  representatives  in  the  national  legislature  liave 
been  men  of  mark  ;  its  people  loyal  to  the  Aintrican 
idea  of  progressive  government.  The  re[)ul»]i(an 
leorislature  of  1887'*  elected  William  M.  Stewart  to 
succeed  James  G.  Fair  in  the  United  States  senate, 
making  him  the  colleague  of  John  P.  Jones,  hotli 
strong  on  the  silver  question  in  which  the  state  Lad  so 
great  an  interest,  and  on  which  the  best  financial  talent 
in  the  countrv  still  remained  at  variance.  Bv  their 
united  efforts,  joined  with  those  of  Teller  of  Colorado, 
and  a  few  other  friends  of  bi-metalism,  the  demonet- 
ization of  sil .  or  was  prevented.  Stewart  also  effected 
some  important  changes  in  the  mining  laws  of  con- 
gress, desirable  from  the  standpoint  of  the  miinr.  ' 

At  the  general  election  of  1886  William  Woo< II lurn 
was   elected   to  succeed  himself  in   congress.    C.  C. 

**  T)ie  republican  majority  in  the  senate  in  1887  was  8;  in  the  assenilily 
22. 

"As  the  law  was  amended,  the  amount  of  work  necessary  to  \\M  a 
placer  claim  was  rediit'cil  til  ■S.M)  per  aiiniiin,  and  the  amount  i>f  land  whiclk 
might  Ik;  inchidud  in  a  patent  to  100  a«;res.  It  tixed  the  hour  of  uiMin  on  iln' 
1st  day  ot  Auguift  as  the  cumm~:ncenieut  and  close  of  the  year  for  aiiiiiKil 
work,   instend  of  midnight  on  the  ol^t  of  l)vc,,    darkness  and  cold  having 

Sroven  favoraldo  to  perjury.  Relocations  by  the  same  persons  were  furliiil- 
en,  thus  preventing  the  fraadulent  practice  of  making  anew  iofutM'n  mi 
the  same  ground  to  avoid  doing  the  amount  of  work  required  by  law.  Ki;.'lit 
of  way  was  reserved  through  or  over  any  mining  claim  for  roads,  ilitrlui, 
tunnels,  eauuls,  or  cuts,  the  damages  oocasioned  to  be  assessed  and  \>w\  in 
the  manner  provided  by  statute  for  the  eonileinnaticm  of  private  iircpi  rtv 
tor  public  use  ia  the  states  an<I  territories  in  wliich  the  mines  are  sitmti'il. 
No  person  should  acipiirc  in  any  manner  more  than  one  mining  claim  '>n  the 
same  vein.  This  restriction  was  meant  to  l>e  in  the  original  law,  wim  li  waa 
■o  worded,  however,  that  .'t  was  often  construed  otherwise.  t)tli-'r  iniimr 
changes  ma<lo  the  miniug  law  dearer  and  stronger  in  the  interest  d  tiis 
actual  miner. 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


321 


Sttvonson,"  who  for  many  years  had  been  closely  iden- 
tiH<'<l  with  the  political  history  of  Nevada  as  senator,  as 
chainiiaii  of  numberless  committees,  and  as  r,  leader  of 
tilt'  republican  party,  was  elected  governor  after  a 
i-harp  but  friendly  contest  with  J.  VV^.  Adams,*"  not 

'M'liarlu*  C.  Stevenson  is  a  native  of  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  whence  in  1830, 
liciu^'  tlu-ii  lour  years  of  age,  he  went  witii  his  parents  to  Canada,  a  few 
yt:l^^  afterward  removing  to  Michigan.  In  1859  he  joined  a  party  bound 
tiir  Pilv<!  peak,  but  on  account  of  discouraging  reports  decided  to  push  on  to 
.Scvati,  ami  was  one  of  the  (ir^t  to  arrive  on  tlie  Comstock.  At  this  date, 
July,  IS.')*.),  Virginia  City — then  called  Ophir— consisted  of  a  single  tent  and 
ahrusliwooil  saloon,  while  Gold  Hill  contained  one  lu^j-house  and  two  miners' 
cil)iiH.  After  mining  for  a  time  at  the  latter  point  with  fair  success,  he  pur- 
(.'liasc'l  lit  18lil  a  lialf  interest  in  the  fir^t  quartz-mill  erected  in  Nevada, 
kiKiu'ii  ;i8  the  Coover  and  Stevenson  mill,  and  has  ever  since  been  engaged 
ill  iiiiiiiiig  and  milling.  In  I8<i7,  and  again  in  180<J  and  1873,  he  was  a  mem- 
In-r  oi'  the  state  senate,  serving  also  in  the  first  of  these  years  on  the  state 
ceiitr.il  <;<>ininittee.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  national  con- 
vt'utiiiii  at  I'iiiladelphia,  and  in  187m  a  member  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the 
st.ito  university.  It  was  largely  through  his  efforts  aa  governor  and  fx  oJHeio 
line  III  the  regents  that  this  institution  was  afterward  placed  on  a  solid  fuun- 
(laciiiii.  Tiirough  his  instrumentality  an  appropriation  of  920,UU0  waa  secured 
tor  till!  proper  representation  of  the  stiite  at  tlie  centennial  exhibition,  and 
as  oli;iirm m  of  tlie  board  and  superintendent  of  the  department  he  gave  his 
services  free  of  charge,  returning  to  the  state  treasury  IJ1,000  of  the  appro- 
(iriitiiiii.  In  i(>S't  and  also  in  1884  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  national 
iiiiivi'tition  at  Chicago,  in  the  latter  year  being  appointed  chairman.  For  a 
nuiiiliiT  of  years,  as  chairman  of  the  Storey  coimty  and  state  central  com- 
mitti't's,  he  was  one  of  the  most  active  workers  in  the  interests  of  his  party. 
.\!i  rliairman  of  the  Nevada  silver  convention,  held  at  Carson  City  in  188o, 
anil  III  tlu!  Nevada  silver  association,  he  rendered  good  F.rvice  to  the  state. 
Hy  till'  latter  thousands  of  documents  were  published  and  distributed  in  all 
parts  iif  the  union,  advocating  the  free  coinage  and  restoration  of  silver  to 
its  tiiniier  standard.  As  president  of  the  stiite  agricultural  society,  whu-h 
iilliir  lie  held  for  several  years,  he  devoted  his  time  and  means  to  the  farm- 
l;  uiil  stock-raising  interests  of  Nevada,  introducing  at  his  own  expense 
lilt'  liiMt  grades  of  Lloodod  Jersey  cattle.  Governor  Stevenson  is  widely 
est<  t'liiiiil,  not  only  as  a  ruler  and  statesman,  but  also  as  one  of  the  most  publio- 
Mpiritml  men  in  his  adopted  state. 

"tiiiv.  Adams  was  born  in  V'ermont,  Aug.  6,  18.1');  came  to  California  in 
IvVJ,  aiiil  to  Nevada  in  18<U;  was  married  in  1878  to  Miss  Emma  E.  Ia-v; 
W.IS  aiiiidig  the  early  Comstock  pioneers,  coming  there  from  Mariposa  oo., 
I'al.,  ami  engaged  in  the  various  pli.wes  of  mining  industry  until  elected 
lifiit  KKV.  in  1874.  A  keen  active  politician,  yet  a  thoroughly  clean,  hon- 
ist  <iti/,en.  For  eight  years  lieutenant-governor  and  iiresident  of  the 
mulv,  iluriag  which  period  he  was  in  the  most  intimate  relations  with  Gov. 
Briilli'v,  ad  adviser,  and  on  many  imjiortant  ooeiuiions  the  chief  executive, 
ill  tact,  also,  during  his  own  four  years  of  gubernatorial  control,  he  wa^,  at 
all  imi.'its,  the  actual  servant  of  the  i>oople.  In  all  niatt<!r8  of  an  economic 
nature,  especially  as  a  member  of  various  boards,  having  in  charge  the  dis- 
burmiiient  of  the  state  funds,  he  looked  exclusively  to  tlie  bent  interests  of 
tho  i» 'ople,  regarding  their  affairs  as  a  sacred  trust  in  his  hands,  and  hence 
igiiiiriug  every  distracting  consideration  of  nartisan  feeling  or  iiers.tnal  affil- 
latioii.  Ho  aerved  the  state  faithfully  and  with  honor.  His  friends  are 
Duuieroun  and  an  intense  in  their  regard  for  him  as  )<•>  lias  shown  himself  in 
his  loyalty  to  them,  but  iu  this  his  fourth  oandidacv  it  was  found,  as  is  true 
UisT.  Nbv.    n 


; 


'     ••! 


f    .  'Pi 


lb 


322 


PROdRESS  OF   EVENTS. 


a  single  unkind  word  or  act  marring  the  friendship 
which  had  long  existed  between  the  rival  candidates; 
H.  C.  Davis  was  chosen  lieutenant-governor; '  J.  M, 
Dormer  secretary  of  state;  George  TuHy  treasurer; 
J.  F.  Hallock  comptroller ;  J.  F,  Alexander  atturiuy- 
genural,  and  W.  C.  Dovey  8U|K*rintt'ndent  of  jtuhjii 
instruction.  O.  R.  Leonard  was  chief  justice  of  tin; 
supreme  court,  and  C.  H.  Bi-lknap  and  Thomas  1\ 
Hawley  associate  justices.  In  this  placidly  prosptr- 
ous  condition  I  leave  the  silver  commonwealth,  wliost^ 
greatness,  although  it  makes  liaj^te  slowly,  is  march- 
ing forward  to  meet  and  crown  her  none  tliu  hss 
surely. 

in  the  cxperiRicc  of  all  men  of  his  p«»itirc  charaottr  an<l  unpoinpvdmisini,' 
temiier,  his  enemies  ha<l  liecome  KnlfiL-icntly  nuinfronx  t<t  tlctVat  liiiri  liy  a 
smaU  majority.  Mra  Ailams,  a  m«Mt  rvtiiK--l  and  worthy  lady,  was  in  cviry 
sense  the  ornament  of  the  Unyenu'r'rt  mansion,  ami  continiK-.s  to  (>r<'ii|>y  ;i 
'warm  place  in  the  esteem  and  affeetioiu  <>f  the  best  men  and  woiiait  ut  tlic 
silver  state. 

Philetns  Everts,  a  n-itive  of  Xew  Vf^rk.  lir»m  IKWi,  came  to  Cal.  in  is.Vj, 
where  he  cngage<l  in  various  hrancliea  of  Ko^m^-s^  untd  ISdl),  whtii  lu'  went 
to  White  Pine  and  engaged  in  merchanduing  at  Hamilton.  Mr  Kvcrts  took 
an  active  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  town,  an'l  in  the  atlairs  of  the  Kui'ki 
and  Palinade  railway,  of  which  he  wa:<  saperint^ndent.  He  was  also  a  lar';^r 
owner  in  the  Eureka  Lnndter  comiiany.  Hu  health  failing,  Mr  Kvcrts  dis- 
posed of  his  interests  in  Nevada,  ami  after  a  trip  to  Kuro]>e  went  to  ()aklaii<l. 
Cal.,  to  live,  where  he  built  a  busine**  block  on  Broa4lway.  Mr  Kvcrts  li.i-t 
large  interests  elsewhere.  He  Lt  a  man  of  sterling  character,  and  is  lii::iily 
respected  by  all  who  know  him. 


HISTORY  or  COLORADO. 


CHAPTER  1. 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 
MocNTAis  System— Primeval   Watkus— Upheaval,    EvAroRATtox   and 

(iLAOIAL  AcriON — ])HY  lllVKIW — FloKA  AND  FaUNA — PrIMII'IN  K   ,\rA!l — 

CaSo.ns  a.ni>  UirBB  Systems — Series  ov  Parks— Climate— Soil— 
FtiKEsrs — UEoL(MiHVVL  Formations — Minerals  and  Metals — (}olu  and 
Silver -Coal  asu  Iron— Precious  Stones — Lani>  and  Water  Elb- 

VAIIONS. 

Is  the  j^radual  uplicaval  of  the  continent  from  a 
deij)  soa  submersion,  the  <,'reat  Sierra  Madre,  or 
iiiotlitr  range,  of  old  Mexico  first  divided  tiie  vvatcra, 
and  presented  a  wall  to  tlio  ocean  on  the  west  side. 
The  San  Juan  ranijo  of  Colorado  is  an  extension  of 
the  Sierra  Madre,  and  tlie  oldest  land  in  this  part  of 
the  continent.  Then  at  intervals  far  apart  rose  the 
Saii<,'re  de  Cristo  range,  the  !Mojada  or  (jrreenhorn 
raii<j;t',  and  lastly  the  Colorado,  called  the  Front  range 
litc.iuse  it  is  first  seen  from  the  east;  and  northeast 
from  this  the  shorter  upheavals  of  Wind  river  and 
the  lilack  hills,  each,  as  it  lies  neanr  or  farther  from 
the  main  Rocky  ranijo,  beiin'  jnoro  or  less  recent. 

The  longer  slope  and  greater  accessibility  of  the 
mountains  on  their  ejistern  acclivity  has  come  from 
the  gradual  wash  and  spreading  out  of  the  detritus  «>f 
these  eh'vations  in  comj)aratively  shallow  water,  while 
yet  the  ocean  thu!idered  at  tin;  western  base  of  the 
mother  range.  The  sjilt  waters  enclosed  by  the  bar- 
rier of  the  Rooky  nmuntiiins,  and  subdivided  after- 
ward by  the  later  upheavals  into  lesser  seas,  were 
carried  off  through  the  canons  whicli  tlieir  own 
mighty  force,  aided  by  other  activities  of  nature,  and 


!:4 


,     J.J 


3-.'4 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 


by  soim-  of  her  weaknesses,  opened  for  tliein.  Fur 
unrounted  ages  the  fresli  water  of  the  hiu<l  lln\v,(| 
into  the  inUind  seas,  and  purged  tlieni  of  tlu  ir  salii,, 
flavor,  waslnng  the  salts  and  alkahes  int«>  tlic  Ind  ,,(' 
the  orean  on  the  west,  where  after  the  einrriLjciicc  <if 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  elevation  of  tlut  iiittivtn- 
ing  niountainsofthegreatbasin,  they  largely  rtin.iiiitd, 
having  no  outlet.  Gradual  elevation  and  evaporiiiinii, 
with  glacial  action,  completed  the  general  sliiipin;^'  ^>\' 
the  couDtry.  Subsequent  clenientjil  and  voltunic 
action  has  left  it  with  four  parallel  mountain  rauyos, 
from  which  shoot  up  l')'2  peaks,  ranging  from  rj.Odo 
to  I4,r>()0  feet  above  sea  h'vel,  anil  from  D.OOO  in 
10,000  feet  above  the  general  l(!vel  o(  the  state.  Mitli 
man v  lesser  ones;  witli  larije  elevated  vallevs  ealhd 
parks,  walled  about  with  majestic  heights,  (((vtnd 
with  luxuriant  grasses,  threaded  by  streams  of  tlic 
purest  water,  beautified  by  lakes,  and  dotted  witli 
groups  of  trees;  with  narrow,  fertile  valleys  skirtiii;^' 
numerous  small  rivers,  fringed  with  cottoiiwocKl  ami 
willow;  with  nobler  rivers  ru.shing  througli  mils  in 
the  solid  mountains  thousands  of  feet  in  depth,  and 
decorated  by  time  and  weather,  with  carvings  such  .h 
no  human  agency  could  ever  have  designed,  th(  ir  wild 
imagerv  softened  by  blended  tones  of  color  in  hariii«>ii\ 
with  the  blue  sky,  the  purple-gray  shadows,  and  tlic 
clinging  moss  and  herbage;  with  f«»rests  of  piiic.  fir, 
spruce,  as[»en,  ami  other  trees,  covering  the  iiioiiiitain 
sides  uj)  to  a  height  of  10,000  or  12,000  feet;  svith 
wastes  of  sand  at  the  western  base  of  the  Snowy  raiim. 
or  main  chain,  and  arid  mesas  in  the  southeast,  whiiv 
everything  is  stunted  except  the  enormous  cacti ;  witli 
urrassv  plains  sloi)in<jf  to  the  east,  niavle  <jav  with  an 
indigenous  flora,  and  other  grassy  slopes,  exteiuhiiu'  to 
tlic  mountains  toward  the  west,  each  with  its  own 
distinctive*  featun^s.  It  is,  above  all,  a  moiintaiii 
countrv;  and  with  all  its  streams,  which  are  numt  lous. 
it  is  a  drv  one.  In  the  summer  manv  of  its  seciiiini' 
water-courses  are  merely  arroyos— -dry  creek   bods; 


otli.rs  roritaiii  some  wnior  fl      • 

tuvufy  or  .noro  feet  Itu  i^       ^  '"  ''>"""^''«   ^'"t 

up  fro.u  these  nfaV  h    a\T   T'"'!'  *'^'^"*^-     «J"Pi'.c^ 
<"ven<i   sparsely  wit     lov.    «n    '  r     '^^^'•"^'  ^''»'  tr? 

f- ;'.";'  ""•^■'••i,'  about  u,)on  it  i"'r'^*^''*^'''"vxT 

'•""••'-■s,  , leer,  and  antX'    '       7'''^  ''O^'''^'  ''orsen. 
"'••■""■'HlowsJ.avi,,.  i„  tlu'ir'niicl  1  V"  !""""taina 

,U'..UM  with  aspens  ar.d       n         '    r'''''^''-*'^^'"« '»ver- 
;'-"•,  Several  ithe^  ?:;lh       L^fr'''^^  ^••'^•'<'i%'  rJn 
In  still  other  localities  are  fin     ?    Tl^'  ""'^  ^^^^'-^  a'Ho. 
f'^-'t  then,  is  ahundan  tet   ul"^   f ?'-'";^.and  ^an.u 
V'^"^'  ^^'oJves,  panthers    pu,;"l'"';^'V';  "^'''-P-  '-ars, 
f'---nts.  ptannVans,    an      b  rd«     f ''"'"^    -^'''"^^ 
J'^vn.i.  their  I.ahitrtt  tlie^  "^  ''^"'*"«    ^'"ds 

J5ut  these  were  not  tli     «    *  • 
"""'"'""';•'•     In  tl.o  l,.Kl  ,'f  ,!!'  ';;!'al>it«nts  „f  tl.eso 

«  '»  -"Ic^  to  co,„.|u,le  that  r  I       r'"'  "I"'"-'-'  i"il<'s 
»' ,"t  "f  ani,„al   ifo  at  tl,?;  r"' '",  '*"l'l'"rt-^'l  a  vas 

r.To,,t,«.|e.  ""-"^  '■«"«"'"  to  ti,at  anWeat 

™"i»M,l  sandstone  of  v^.rf    "  '" ''  '"'""■"  "'  «'l'ito  sfvn 

'*""■'•  asl,os.     Their  for':::    '^.'/^[^^j-'i';"  "f 


If!      i; 


-,.   -! 


i 


3M 


THYSUAL  FEATURES. 


and  they  enclosed  usually  a  <"n<lar  stump,  tlio  usp  of 
which  is  purely  ronjceturul.  So  numerous  wtTc  tlitsf 
dw»'HiM«;H,  that  the  pupulation  must  have  luni  dniso 
which  <K'Cupied  thv'Ui ;  yet  all  were  in  these  in>(r«s- 
sihh;  situations.  Ahout  them  were  scattere«l  i  few 
domestic  implcMcnts,  including;  lar«^e  water- jjii>  sunk 
in  the  «^round,  and  some  arrow-heads.  But  ii>  im 
water  can  now  lu;  found  within  twenty-five  mil.  ,s  nt" 
the  clifl-dwellinj^s,  a  lonj^  time  must  have  elapsid  t.» 
account  for  the  chanjjfe  of  climate  which  has  takm 
place.  Why  this  ancient  people  found  it  nccessjuy  or 
dcsirahle  to  dwell  on  the  top  or  in  the  fa<e  ot"  the 
clitts  is  unanswen»'>le,  unless  we  accepi,  the  almost  in- 
credil)le  thet»ry  that,  like  the  lake-dwellinujs  of  Swit- 
zerland, these  houses  were  erected  when  the  water  of 
the  now  dried-up  lake  reached  up  to  them.  This  hc- 
lief  mii^ht  i;o  far  to  account  for  tluj  vjreut  numh.  r  of 
bones  of  animals  fountl  in  the  lakt>  bed,  for  tiny  must 
have  subsisted  upon  animal  food.  The  few  liuiii.iii 
bones  found  have  boon  fossilized,  which  is  in  it.«n  H' 
evidence  of  the  long  period  of  time  since  they  were 
clothed  in  flesh. 

I  should  be  afraid  to  say  this  primitive  race  wt  n- 
capable  of  comparin«jf  the  beauties  of  the  j^reat  canons 
over  which  modern  (^oloradans  jijrow  enthusiastic;  or 
that  they  would  understjind  what  to-day  is  meant  I'v 
Garden  of  the  (Jo<ls,  the  place  beinj^  cons[>icuous  for 
the  absence  of  both  garden  and  gods;  yet  more  strik 
ing,  |)erhaps,  than  the  Olympic  mount,  as  Inn  wv 
liave,  if  the  imagination  be  strong  enough,  sandstoiif 
columns  sculptured  b}'  the  elements  intt>  the  simili- 
tude of  giant  human  forms,  divim^ly  tall  if  not  divinely 
fair.  ()f  the  eight  or  more  principal  canons  whit  h 
were  opened  for  the  waters  in  the  infancy  of  this 
early  world,  the  most  wonih^rful  and  beautiful  ;irc 
west  of  the  main  range;  and  Black  canon,  on  (Juii- 
nison  river,  which  is  a  branch  of  (irrand  river,  itself 
a  branch  of  the  great  stream  of  the  west,  with  the 
longest  and  deepest  canon  in  the  world,  is  the  gnuKJ- 


r!lEaENT  AND  PRIMEVAL 


W 


e«t  of  thoin  all.  So  many  aspocts  has  it  tliat  any 
HICK » I  iiiiiy  1)0  aatisfii^J  in  regarding  its  varied  features. 
Tin  Willis  have  an  average  width  of  three  hundred 
felt,  tlie  rock  heing  stratified,  and  continuing  for 
inil(  s.  In  places  it  rises  one,  two,  or  three  thousand 
fci  t,  with  level  sunnnits,  surmounted  hy  a  sijcond 
wall  of  prodigious  height.  The  level  of  the  (iunnison 
rivir  iit  ^[ountain  creek,  above  the  canon,  is  7,200 
flit  ahove  the  sea,  that  of  the  mesa  on  the  noilh  side 
8,(100.  the  wall  of  the  canon  here  being  1,000  feet, 
ami  a  little  lower,  on  the  opposite  side,  l,{)(").  Still 
fiiitlier  down,  the  wall  rises  3,000  feet,  tiie  lower 
l.HOO  being  of  gneiss  rcK'k.  The  elevation  of  the 
iiirsa  at  this  point  is  9,800  feet.  But  these  figures 
n  |ii«si'nt  only  height  and  depth;  they  convey  no  im- 
|ii(,ssii»n  of  the  gorge  itself,  which  sometimes  narrows 
(l(»\vii  to  the  width  of  the  river,  and  is  all  gloom  and 
.rriiideur,  and  again  broadens  out  into  a  park,  with 
wabifalls  dashing  down  its  inclosing  walls,  needles 
(pf  highly-colored  sandstone  pointing  skyward,  trees 
Lirou  ing  out  of  the  clefts  hi  the  palisades,  hugt;  rocks 
^muped  fantastically  about,  curious  plants  sheltering 
ill  their  shadows,  and  the  brilliant,  strong  river  dart- 
in.:-  down  in  swift  green  chutes  between  the  sj)ume- 
riecked  boulders,  dancing  in  creamy  eddies,  struggling 
t'l  tumble  headlong  down  some  sparkling  <'ataract, 
making  tlic  j)rismatic  air  resound  with  the  soft  tinkle 
as  of  merry  laughter.  Again,  it  surges  along  in  half 
slia(l<»ws,  rushing  as  if  blinded  against  massive  abut- 
iiiciits,  to  be  dashed  into  spray,  gliding  thi^rcafter 
iiioie  smoothly,  as  if  rebuked  for  its  ]>revious  haste, 
but  always  full  of  light,  lif«s  and  motion.  The  grand- 
cur,  beauty,  and  variety  of  the  views  in  I^lack  canon 
make  doubly  interesting  the  reflection  that  through 
this  channel  poured  the  waters  of  that  great  })rimal 
soa  which  once  spread  over  western  Colorad«\  A  rival 
to  it  is  the  canon  of  the  Uncompahgre,  in  the  same 
di vision  of  the  state;  and  on  the  eastern  slo^ie  are 


ii; 


m 


b5L 


:' ;  m 


32« 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 


thoso  of  Boulder,  Clear,  ami  Cheyenne  creeks,  imd 
the  Platte  and  Arkansas  rivers. 

The  W(!stern  slojx)  in  drained  entirely,  execptin^ 
some  Hinnll  streams  falling  into  the  San  Luis  liiki'>. 
hy  the  atHuents  of  the  Kio  Cohirado  (»f  the  wrsf.  All 
of  th(!  |>ritiei{>al  of  these,  exet-pt  the  main  rivt  r  ;iiii| 
some  of  the  branches  of  (»r<'en  r»ver,  have  tlnir 
8oure(!s  ill  tlio  R(M'ky  ranj^es,  in  the  state  of  Coloiadn, 
most  of  them  in  the  Park,  the  Sa;^uache,  tiic  KIk,  (.r 
the  San  Juan  numntains.  The  (irand  river  ris(  s  in 
tlie  ^^iddle  park,  and  after  rcceivinpf  the  trihiiiiiiif.s 
that  drain  E^eria  park,  and  the  northern  sIo|ms  u{' 
the  Elk  mountains,  euts  its  way  in  mii,d»ty  <  iiiKniM 
tlirough  the  plateaus  of  we.storn  Colorado,  wliili-  its 
two  chief  atHuents,  the  (Gunnison  and  Hio  |)<»i(iivs, 
with  tlieir  branches,  drain  all  the  western  s1«>|)ls  lyiiii,' 
between  latitude  37"  'M)'  and  .'VJ'  north.  In  tlie  cx- 
trenu^  soutiiwest  the  Rio  San  Juan  and  its  triijutaiiis 
perform  this  office  for  a  large  extent  of  country. 

On  tlie  east  side  of  the  great  divide,  the  South 
Platte  river,  with  about  forty  tril)Ut{iries,  rises  well 
up  among  i!ie  peaks  of  the  Front,  or  Colorado,  raiiu'f, 
and  flowing  north-northeast  and  easterly,  (haiiis  a 
large  e.4tent  of  country,  whih  the  North  Platte,  ris- 
ing in  the  Park  range,  drains  the  whole  of  tkf  Xnith 
park  toward  the  north.  The  east*  rn  slojx' of  Colo- 
rado is  watered  and  draine<l  by  the  royal  river  Ar- 
kansas, with  its  sixty  or  more  tributaries,  smut  of 
which  are  of  considerable  volume.  It  heads  in  the 
hiiih  re*cion  of  the  Sa<jtuache  ran«jre,  interlarino;  v  ith 
springs  of  the  (irand  river,  quite  as  the  Coluiiihia 
and  the  Missouri  ri^•^)  near  €?ach  other  farther  iioitli. 
Re[)ublican  river,  an  afttuent  of  the  Kansas,  itself 
having  four  tributaries,  fl«)ws  northeast  down  th- 
long  descent  to  its  union  with  the  main  stream,  m  lu- 
its  junction  with  the  Missouri,  and  in  the  south  the 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  starting  from  the  summits  of 
the  same  range  which  feeds  the  Gunnison  branch  ef 
Grand  river  on  the  opposite  side,  flows  towar<l  tho 


VALLEYS  AND  I'AKK.S. 


(»ulf  of  Mexico.     Such  is  tho  river  system  of  Colo- 


n 

rail' 


Till"  sories  of  higli  valleys,  to  which  in  Colorado  arc 
j^MV.  II  tho  iiaine  of  jiarks,  and  of  which  1  have 
s|miIm  II,  are  of  various  diineiiKtoiiH.  North  park  has 
a  diameter  of  thirty  iniles,  and  an  elevation  of  H,  jOO 
fctf.  Middle  park  has  a  lenj^th  of  sixty-Kve  miles 
Itv  a  hnadth  of  forty-five,  witli  an  altitude  of  H.(M>o 
ftrt.  South  park  is  but  little  less  in  size,  and  is  84'2 
fed  tnon' elevated  than  its  neijuhhor.  San  Luis  park, 
.till  further  south,  is  nearly  as  lar^e  as  all  the  i»ther 
tlirce  just  nrwned,  and  has  an  altitude  of  7,500  feet. 
Tn  it  are  the  San  Luis  lakes.  These  elevated  valhv- 
aif  separated  from  each  other,  and  surrounded  l>y 
the  several  mountain  chains,  and  their  spurs  or<-ross- 
raiiL,'es,  except  San  Luis,  which  is  op«jned  toward  tho 
last.  Throuf^h  them  courst;  tlie  tributary  streams 
wliieli  fe«'d  the  <jfreat  rivers.  Ej^eria,  Este.s,  Animas, 
and  Ifuerfano  parks  are  small  valK^ysof  great  Leauty, 
at  a  1,'eneral  elevation  of  8,000  feet. 

What,  then,  shall  be  said  « if  this  country  so  fjrandly 
ni^aiiic  ami  so  intercstiniif  in  its  cosmical  histor\'? 
Thar  it  illustrates  the  conditio!i  of  tin;  lower  valh'VS 
and  j'lains  when  they  shall  be  as  old  as  these  oldest 
lands  in  America?  For  with  all  its  numerous  streams 
as  I  have  said,  Colorado  is  .'i  drv  country.  Tin  air 
lias  little  humidity  in  it.  The  sunnner  heat  of  the 
plains  is  excessive  by  day,  but  owin'^  to  the  altitude 
the  lULjhts,  even  in  midsunnncr,  are  cool.  The  sum- 
mer mean  temperature  rauijji's  from  (54. (I' to  (i\).'2\  and 
tlic  winter  mean  from  lil.'.i  to  li'l.H".  The  maximum 
luat  of  sunnner  ranges  from  DU"  to  1)1)  ,  with  from 
?«i\  to  thirty  days  above  DO";  and  the  minimum  «>f 
winter  from  M"  to  12°,  with  from  six  to  ti>n  days  when 
tlif  mercury  is  below  zero;  wliieii  gi\(!s  an  extreme 
range  for  the  year  from  1)0"  to  !10";  and  the  rain- 
fall averages  1H.H4  inches.  With  a  surface  composed 
of  mountiiins  and   plains,  ranging   in   altitude   t'roin 


ft*?  Ill 


\. 


330 


PHYSK'AL  FEATURES. 


al)out  3,000  to  more  than  14,000  feet  aborc  the 
level  of  tiie  sea,  Colorado  possesses  many  varicl'us  (»t" 
climate.  The  sharp  extremes  of  heat  and  colcl  are 
perceptible  to  the  senses  only  in  a  limited  deujrco,  (u 
account  of  the  large  preponderance  of  sunny  days  and 
the  dryness  and  tonic  properties  of  the  atmosplit  ic. 
which  is  at  once  healthful,  bracing,  and  exhilaratiii!,'. 
Tlie  winter  is  the  season  of  greatest  charm,  for  tlicii  tin- 
bright  sunshine  gives  balminess  to  the  air,  while  in  tlio 
blue  dome  of  the  sky  is  no  cloud  to  stain  its  purity. 

From  tiie  small  amount  of  nioistui'c  (listributcd  ovt  r 
the  surface,  and  the  great  general  elevation,  it  is  nat- 
ural that  the  agricultural  area  should  be  limited,  and 
that  only  by  a  good  svstcm  of  irrigation  could  tlu  soil 
be  made  to  produce  food  enough  to  supi)ly  a  dcnsi! 
po)iulation.  Yet  the  soil  is  exceedingly  rich  with  its 
mineral  constituents  of  plants,  and  also  deep,  and 
nmst  yield,  when  supplied  with  water,  la.'ge  and  fihc 
crops  of  cereals.  On  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  stat  •, 
in  tl)'.?  parks,  and  west  of  the  mother  rang<\  are  «;ni?,- 
iiig  lands  for  countU'ss  herds  of  herbivonnu?  animals. 
By  and  by  all  this  will  be  changed  ;  the  herds  \vi!l 
give  way  to  the  superior  demands  of  the  soil,  a  way 
ujean while  having  been  found  in  overcome  the  ster- 
ility of  nature. 

The  etlect  of  climate  is  visible  in  tl)e  forests  (f 
Colorado,  which  cover  perhaps  a  tenth  part  of  tlic 
area.  The  tn-va  are  not  Mnvjestically  tah  and  strai^'lit. 
like  tliose  of  the  more  northern  and  western  ri'^wi's. 
but  s<|uat  and  branching,  and  of  no  great  size. 
Neither  are  they  m  any  great  variety,  but  they  will 
serve  for  fuel  and  lund»er  as  well  as  the  tries  of 
nianv  of  the  trans-Missouri  states. 

To  find  out  where  tli«-  natural  wealth  of  this  won- 
derful and  beautiful  eouatry  is  hidden  we  must  seardi 
beneath  the  soil  and  !)n'ak  opiMi  the  rocks.  Tlic 
geology  of  the  plains  is  <'ri'taceous,  or  poKt-cretaerous. 
with  the  excei)tion  of  areas  of  tertiary  formation  in 
the  northern  portion  and  on  the  Arkansas  di\itlt 
At  the  base  of  the  mountain  the  strata  a)  -^  turned 


GEOLOGY. 


an 


up,  forming  hog-backs  in  which  the  cretaceous 
and  Jura  trias  are  exposed,  coal  being  found  in  the 
liitt<  r.  All  this  is  very  simple  ;  but  in  the  mountains 
all  the  formations  known  are  represented,  and  the 
arraii;^oment  is  complex.  The  Front,  most  of  the 
Park,  all  of  the  Mojada,  and  part  of  the  Sangre  de 
Cri^tt•  ranges  are  of  granite  and  allied  metamorphic 
rocks.  The  southern  poition  of  the  Sangre  de  Cristo 
is  carboniferous,  with  here  and  there  an  intruded  vol- 
canic rock.  The  San  Juan  mountains  are  volcanic, 
with  an  area  of  quartzite  peaks  in  their  midst, 
and  flanking  the  range  on  the  south  is  an  area 
of  carboniferous  and  cretaceous  rocks,  while  the  Elk 
mountains  are  a  medley  of  volcanic  peaks  thrown  up 
among  the  siluiian  and  carboniferous,  I!.*nked  by 
cretaceous  areas. 

The  North  and  Middle  parks  rest  upon  the  tertiary 
formation,  througn  which  liave  been  thrust  U[>  moun- 
tains of  volcanic  rock,  while  South  park  is  an  inde- 
scrihable  jumble,  and  San  Luis  is  of  recent  f<»rmation, 
V^^lcanic  rock  overlies  the  high  jdatcau  on  White 
river,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  beneath  which 
may  be  found  every  formation  down  to  the  t^"tiary. 
Still  further  west  and  north  the  plateaux  are  tertiary. 
The  Uintah  mountains,  which  project  into  the  state, 
consist  of  cretaceous,  Jura  trias,  carboniferous,  and 
Silurian.  In  some  places  small  groups  of  igneous 
U|»Ii(  avals  have  been  pu^h^d  up  through  thosedinjen- 
tarv  locks.  South  of  tlie  ;-an  Juan  mou!itainsa  larue 
tertiary  area  is  enclosed  i.-y  cretaceous  iH'ds.  And  so 
oil.  (Iranite,  gnei.j.-,  and  sandstone  might  be  said  to 
bo  country  rock,  with  impure  liniestoiH;,  slates,  shales, 
Lud  trachyte.  It  would  seem  ho[)eless  to  search  for 
in  isure  uith  so  confusin  a  stone  guid«-l)ook  to  take 
('Ur  lirectioiis  t'ro'n.  The  younger  world  in  (^dorad(^ 
lias  .ten  n^seiitfully  pushed  aside  and  overflowed  by 
till-  tKler  in  so  rude  and  violent  a  mannei  that  iiiucji 
lal>.  :•  oiust  be  expended  in  fitting  together  again  the 
dis'  'cated  strata  and  reading  the  story  they  should 


I'i 

u 


! 


PHYSICAL  FEATUFES. 


Hrl 


teach.  First  1)}'^  accident,  and  a,^terward  by  S(>arcli. 
tlie  clue  was  discovered  vvhicli  led  to  the  ki.)wl('(l|ire 
of  tiic  mineral  wealth  of  this  portion  of  the  Kooky 
mountains,  for  so  lons^  a  time  unsusjxjcted. 

The  minerals  of  Colorado  were  not  easy  t«^  coiiu;  at 
Gold,  which  was  found  in  y;neiss  |>rini'i[)ally,  existtd 
in  many  refractory  combinations,  with  sulphur  tind 
iron,  with  copper  and  sulphur,  with  zinc,  telluriuin, 
ajid  other  metals  and  minerals.  If  it  were  tree 
miilini;  it  contained  silver,  and  sometimes  lead.  In 
the  trachyte  mines  of  the  south-west  there  was  a 
chloriJized  combinati«»n  of  izjold,  silver,  iron,  matfaiuse 
and  gray  copper.  Silver,  which  was  found  in  hoth 
gneissic  and  granite  rocks,  was  chieHy  in  the  form  c^f 
a  compound  sul[)iiuret  of  silver  and  lead  called  nrj^iii- 
tiferous  galena,  but  existed  also  in  combinations  with 
carbonates  of  lead,  carlx mates  and  sulphunts  of  cn\). 
per,  zinc,  tfUurides  of  gold,  nickel,  iron,  coj)per,  inaii- 
ganese.  antimony,  arsenic,  and  sometimes  in  the  form 
of  a  chloride,  or  as  horn  silver. 

N()r  was  there  any  rule  of  nature  known  to  iniiicr- 
alogists  which  applied  to  the  situation  of  miins  iii 
Colorado,  and  old  traditions  were  entirely  at  fault. 
Ciold,  which  had  always  been  found  in  jdacers  washrd 
down  from  the  mountain  veins,  or  in  fissurr  vrins  of 
granite,  or  at  the  deepest,  siluriun  rocks,  fillrd  with 
fragmcnt.s  of  quartz  or  conglomerate,  among  which 
grains  of  gold  were  mingled,  or  deposited  by  watrr, 
was  lusre  found  in  metamor[)hic  rock.s,  and  also  in  the 
tertiary. 

Silver,  too,  was  e(|ually  eceentric  in  its  situations. 
( )ne  of  its  remarkable  <h'poslts,  found  in  the  Liail- 
vilhi  leoioii,  was  in  horizontal  flat  vi'ins,  from  a  li  v. 
iiu'hes  to  a  foot  in  thickness,  separated  from  <aoli 
other  by  layers  of  barren  rock  of  a  depth  of  a  frw 
hundred  feet — blanket  lodes  they  are  called.  TIm  y 
extended  quite  through  lofty  heights,  cropping  out 
ou  uitlicr  side ;  but  whether  they  were  so  depo^^ited 


MINERALS. 


333 


or  wore  formed  in  tlie  rocks,  which  by  some  convul- 
sion of  the  mountains  were  split  open  and  turned 
over,  is  still  conjectural.  Almost  equally  surprising 
was  it  to  find  silver  in  trachyte  rocks,  or  enveloping 
|(tl)ltlrs  and  bowlders  like  a  crust,  or  still  more  rc- 
iiifirkaldo,  in  fine  threads  or  wires.  These  were  prob- 
jeiii-i  t'»»r  the  scientists,  as  the  modes  of  extracting  the 
metals  from  their  matrices  was  for  the  practical  met- 
al hi  i'j:ist. 

Tin'  trend  of  the  fissim^  veins  in  Colorado  is  north- 
east a!id  Houth-west.  They  have  in  general  clearly 
(jftincd  walls,  some  of  tluMii  remarkably  sniootii  and 
n  „Milar,  and  correspond  in  direction  with  the  <'leav- 
ajre  of  the  eruptive  rocks,  and  with  the  dikes  wlii(  h 
cxtt'iid  long  distances  across  the  plains.  There  is 
aiii'tlier  cleavage  of  the  nietamorphic  rocks  ina  sctuth- 
east  and  north-west  direction,  which  was  made  at  an 
earlitr  period  than  the  cleavage  of  the  eruptive  rocks, 
as  is  shown  by  the  eruptive  material  overlying  the 

■tainorphic  in   large  areas,  a  combination   of   facts 

icli  seems  to  fix  the  age  of  the  deposit  of  the  ores 
ill  fissures  at  a  date  more  recent  than  the  cleavage  of 
til"'  iiietamorphic  rock.  In  a  few  instances  short  veins 
art"  found  running  east  and  Mest,  or  noi*th  and  south  ; 
l)Ut  tliough  sonu'times  rich,  they  soon  pinch  out. 

Coal  in  innnense  (juantities  has  been  formed  in  Col- 
orado. It  is  of  several  geologic  ei'as.  some  of  it 
iinrcly  lignite,  some  beds  petroleum-l)eari!ig.  and  in 
tilt'  westt'rn  portion  of  the  state  anthracite  in  large 
anas.  Iron  is  placed  in  juxtaposition,  as  niso  lime- 
stone, hydraulu"  lime,  and  a  variety  of  rocks  u.scd  in 
building  or  manufacturing.  Of  the  dilh-nMit  crystiils 
<tf  <juartz  which  are  scattered  liberally  ovt-r  the 
nunitry  the  varieties  are  numerous,  thouoh  none 
iiioii'  valuabh'  than  cai-n«lian.  cbalcetlony,  onyx,  jas- 
jK'i,  sardonyx,  chrysoparse,  and  trope,  rose-tpiartz, 
Itlai  k  (|uartz,  nioss-agatr,  and  aventurine. 

After  all,  nothing  intensts  matiy  of  us  like  the 
muuutaius,  which   will   alwavs  draw    men    from  the 


\  n 


"    mm 


win'  '' 

i^'i 

Hi  .1 

9m    i  1 

WMa  ii 

334 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 


ends  of  the  earth  that  they  may  cHmb  as  noar  to 
heaven  as  may  be  by  their  rocky  stairs.  Take  a 
position  on  Gray's  peak — there  are  really  two  <if  tliem 
shooting  up  from  a  single  base  in  the  midst  <>f  a  \\\l 
derness  of  mountains — which  is  won  by  a.scdKlinjf 
from  the  plains  to  the  timber-belt,  then  following  tin 
course  of  rapidly  descending  creeks  to  where  uttticcs 
can  grow,  but  scant  grass  and  lowly  flowering  plants 
have  the  zone  to  themselves ;  higher  still  to  the  licit 
of  starving  mosses;  and  yet  higher  among  gnat 
blocks  of  loose,  broken  rock  with  patciios  of  siutw 
between  them,  and  chilly  springs  in  their  si ia(l«»\vs; 
and  theti  to  the  whidy  pinnacle  above  the  8in>\v  I 

The  view  begins  nowhere  and  ends  nowhere.  It  is 
infinite.  Mountains  beyond  mountains,  unlHiundid 
plains  belittled  to  look  like  parks,  the  great  South 
park  like  a  pleasure  ground,  range  after  range  west- 
ward, silvered  with  the  lingering  snow,  although  it  is 
August — f«>r  we  nmst  not  attempt  the  higli  pcika 
bef(»re  the  summer  heat  has  done  its  utmost  to  nuMlity 
the  climate  at  their  altitude.  Among  the  innri! 
western  mountains  stand  some  covered  with  almost 
perpetual  snow,  and  one  which  fixes  the  eve  on  ac- 
count of  the  snow-field  having  taken  the  toriii  df  a 
cross,  that  symbol  of  life  eternal  alike  among  \y.\\*a\\ 
and  Christian  philosoj)her8,  and  which  could  have 
found  no  nu  re  fitting  place  to  be  displayed  than  »>u 
these  everlasting  hills.  Yet  here  more  than  almost 
anywhere  are  the  evidences  of  change  which  \\v  r,\.\\ 
decay,  the  proof  that  eternity  is  but  a  comjiarativf 
term.  (Jorge  and  ledge,  shattered  cliff,  and  \vi  in! 
shapes  in  stone,  furrows  cut  by  avalanches,  torn  iits 
hurrying  down  from  the  melting  snow-drifts,  washiiii; 
earth  and  gravel  into  the  basins  below,  generations  of 
forest  fallen  like  slain  warriors  on  a  hard  fought  fitld. 
all  point  to  a  continual  transformation,  and  show  that 
the  most  heaven-inspiring  heights  are  destined  to  lower 
their  proud  heads  before  time  and  the  elements,  that 
the  grandeur  of  the  past  and  the  presgut  is  constuntly 


MOUNTAINS. 


336 


passiiii?  away.  Lower,  this  consciousness  becomea 
liss  o|>|»iv88ive,  until  it  is  lost  ia  the  injoyinent  of 
wliiit  the  decay  of  the  higher  zone  has  «!onu  for  the 
lower.  Tiny  parks,  gem-like  lakes,  green  gnjves,  beda 
(it"  tltiwers,  miniature  presentments  of  the  grander  val- 
1(  vs,  fon'sts,  and  lakes  still  farther  down. 

Ill  a  general  way  one  mountain  is  like  another;  yet 
tlnv  have  tlieir  differences,  dependent  upon  the  kind 
(if  j'.ick  of  which  they  are  formed,  its  hardness,  friahle- 
lu'ss,  .stratification,  color,  and  condition  of  upheaval. 
Tli»'  variety  of  rocks  and  their  singular  displacement 
«ri\  rs  a  corresponding  variety  to  the  mountain  scenery. 
Ill  one  place  is  a  cluster  <)f  low  cones,  broken  down 
and  rounded,  so  grouped  as  to  ri'scmble  the  rim  of  a 
iiiiulity  peak  broken  roughly  off;  in  another  an  almost 
siiioutli  round  toj),  and  in  its  immediate  neigliborhood 
a  iici'dle-like  peak.  The  other  features  of  each  are 
likely  to  corres|K)nd  somewhat  to  the  character  of  the 
summits,  which  are  approached  either  by  circuitous 
tiails,  by  long  slope  after  slope,  or  by  wild  ravines, 
kadiiig  from  bench  to  bench,  but  everywhere  grand 
and  impressive  sceiujry  meets  the  eye.  Many  are  the 
jKiJsst's  by  which  the  mother  range  may  l)e  crossed, 
imt  only  seven  are  Im'Iow  10,000  feet,  five  are  over 
IJ, 000,  and  one  is  13,000  feet  alxne  sea-level.  Some 
of  tile  high  mountains  to  whieh  names  have  been 
jriveii,  none  «tf  which  are  less  than  14,000  feet  high, 
are  Blanca,  Harvard,  Massive, Gray's,  Kosalie,  Torrey, 
Ell)ert,  La  IMata,  Lincoln,  Buckskin,  Wilson,  Long's, 
Quandary,  Antero,  James,  Shavano,  ITncompahgre, 
Cnstones,  l*rinceton,  Bross,  Holy  Cross,  Baldy, 
Snetiies,  Pike's,  Castle,  Yale,  San  Jjuis,  Kv.il  Cloud, 
Wetterhorn,  Simpson,  ./f!A»Ius,  Ouray,  Stiwarfc,  Ma- 
roon, and  Camer»in.  Of  thosii  over  III. 000  fci't  which 
have  received  names,  Handie  lacks  but  three  fe*>t  of 
Iti'longing  to  the  first  class,  ihvu  Capital.  Horseshoe, 
Snowmass,  Grizzly,  Pigeon,  Blaine,  Frustrum,  Pyra- 
mid. White  Rock,  Hague,  H.  (4.  Pyramid,  Silver 
Huels,  Hunchback,  llowtcr,  Heuiestake,  Oj(»,  Spanish 


336 


PHYSICAL  FEATUR&<. 


Peaks,  Guyot,  Trinchara,  Kendall,  Buffalo,  Arapahoe, 
and  Dunn.  The  nomenclature  of  these  peaks  httrays 
its  unroniantie,  unscientific,  undeseriptive,  and  ottin 
commonplace  orij^in,  tlie  accident  of  a  mineral  discov- 
ery  by  prospectors  fref|uently  givin*^  the  appellative; 
for  the  i)reeious  metals  lie  far  up  ainon*^  the  eruptivt' 
rocks,  and  the  gnomcjs  of  these  lofty  )»eaks  aic  oftin 
the  Smiths  and  the  Joncftt-s. 

The  lakes  of  Colorado,  with  the  exception  of  the 
San  Luis  group,  lie  fr«»in  eight  to  eleven  thousand 
feet  alM)ve  sea,  and  may  therefore  he  reckoned  a  part 
of  the  mountain  scener}'.  At  the  f<iM»t  of  the  SaHua(li(> 
range,  near  the  source  of  the  Arkansas,  are  the  Twin 
lakes,  one  three  and  a  lialf  miles  liy  twi»  and  a  half  in 
extent,  the  other  one  third  sm  large,  and  both  finiii^li- 
ing  delicious  trout,  while  the  surntunding  mountains 
al>ound  in  game.  Not  far  distant,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Massive,  set  in  terraces  of  the  mountain,  sur- 
routided  by  gently  sloping  i>h<*res,  is  a  group  of  silvirv 
sheets  of  purest  water,  which  pa«s  under  the  roller. 
tive  and  inappropriate  name  of  Evergreen  lakes,  one 
lake  being  five  hundred  feet  above  the  ]>rineipal  grouj). 
of  wliich  it  is  a  feeder,  and  the  lower  and  larger  .sinylc 
lake  occupying  a  teri-a«e  to  itself  None  are  laruc 
this  one  being  but  alxmt  fifky  acres  in  extent,  but  all 
are  highly  pictures<|Ue,  witli  clear  wati^r  which  K  ts 
the  speckled  trout  Ix'  plainly  wh-ii.  The  middle  ter- 
race furnishes  some  rare  mineral  springs,  tlit  wat(rot 
wliich  bubbles  sfmrklingly  out  «»f  the  .artli  around 
i\w  lake,  adding  to  the  other  i»ttTacti<»n.s  of  tlu'  |»laee. 
The  view  overlooks  the  valley  -»f  the  Arkansas  river, 
with  clunjps  of  trees  up«>n  il«  banks  «-ontrasting  with 
the  briglit  liuneral  stains  uprm  ks  Vianks,  whih'  ahove 
all  towers  the  backgnmnd  of  e\ ♦•r-present  mountains. 

On  the  west  side  of  Fmnt  rau^--.  in  the  «dgeof 
M.ddle  park,  occupyinir  the  trouirh  «4  a  glacier  basin, 
is  Grand  lake,  in  the  imni-  au  r-hadow  of  Koundtop 
mountain,  wliich,  with  oiner  niirii  jH-alvs,  iruards  its 
.Molitudes.     It  is  three  mika  ioun  bv  twy  iu  breadth, 


MOUNTAIN  LAKHS. 


SS7 

and  hwuhodB  of  feet  i„  (Jeotl,      n.    u     ,    , 
nnrronW  the  8urr*,undi„'   C„.  /      '^^ '^"''^  ^«^^  are 

^^'"K'y  currents  whir],  w,,^,  .  ,,^  '"    ^^'^  g'-fgos   sweep 

approach.  leavinJ  it  >„  !  J*-  ^'''^^  *''«  ^''^iarM  feu?  L 

Clu.aj.0   lakes,  tl.e  hUrh^J^!'  ,. 
i  ,5"0  f..et  above  the  seaT are  near  .^T'?'^'   »^^'»S 
^  '';;  ••^"  <Teek,  on  tJ.e  easten!  SZ     f    r^'^^ters  of 
""•tl,..,-  range.     Thev  a r..  *?      •  ^  '*^  *''^  Koeky  or 
^/--i  lakeTsurroXl  1^^^^^^^   ""'"'•-;  «"'!,  like 

*'""''f"'"y  the  8an.e.     San  S«  I  i    '?*  ''"'«"•  ^"s  un- 

;'^^vaf.r  „,  C.>Ioraclo,  and  Jms  H  «  n"'- '•^'  ^'»'-^'^'  ^'"'v 
;[r  -^  '-in.  without' any  ^  ':;f''''"^';^^  P^''^"''^^- 
^'-,;;-'tor  of  sixteen  trih^tl Hes  if -'""f''  ^•"■"'^•'••^' 
'""'•'"  "^  the  ,,ark.  and  eUenl  -•  .  ''  "f"^'*^'^  '»  ^''e 
-'t'..  About  its  borh"^^^^^^^^^^ 
•Stnrir.s  are   told  of  a  «„»;*  ^  deposits  of  peat 

"■'1  ■"  -^i"  oxt„:t  on™,'  :&'' 't°  '"  ^'"'--'' 
"I.  " lu.l,  l,as  a  .•..ni-fic.M  „r  '  ''""''.*''  ""l-s  of 
'"'''•■•"'•I  (Irops a  1h,, k  a,,,l  r      •  T''  "^  """  <li".xa 

'■'  «/"„„try  so  alH ,liM«     ,    ,  f     ';'■■"'•''•  ^™".^l't- 

'■"■■  -;:'  l"To,  i,„|,.,„|,  J.fi  "","'''■  ■"''■■"'•I  I-  l....k,.,l 

!";;>"0-  .....untains.  ■„;      1?^"'  "I'/".  *'"■  f-t  of 

"'■"-I.  andClom,!,,  ,„;,|    i    '  ""■:  "  ■'"'l".v  »-«8  re. 
"■*  "M,|  very  .lifter,..  '"  '"  ""■  «'"-M  i.,  iu 


CHAPTER  II. 


•(I 


DISCOV  ERY  AND  OCCU  I' ATION. 

1541-1853. 

What  Corpnado  Failed  to  ito— Emcalante'h  Expedition— Spanish  asd 
French  IKh-upation— Fikk'h  anu  Ldno's  Expkuitionh— K.viti.v  (;iii.,i 
DiscovRRiEM— Akvknturem  ok  thk  Williamh  Fakty — .Santa  Fk  Tiuii. 
— Trappkrh  and  Traiikrm — Forth— The  Bknts,  VAnyi'Kz,  St  Vkais, 
and  (>rHER)«— El  Ppeblo— La  Jitnta — Immiokation — Fkkmont's  K» 
ioktm — The  Murmonh  at  Pitrblo— Militahv  Expeihtionh— (;uvkkn- 

MINT  tSDKVEYS  BY  Gl'NNDtON,  HaYDEN,  WUEELIR,  ANU  KlN«i. 

Probably  the  inquisitive  and  not  woll-beliavid  fil- 
lowor8<if  Coronadu,  in  their  marcliea  from  New  Mcxici 
in  search  of  Quivira,  dici  not  set  foot  withhi  the  {)i 
ent  limits  of  Colorado.  If  they  did,  they  have  left 
no  record  of  their  ex|)loration8,  and  no  sij^n  of  tluiii 
remains;  and  thou^^h  they  atfirm  havin|^  found  struc- 
tures similar  to  the  ruins  which  exist  in  soutliern  Col- 
orado, they  found  them  in  what  is  now  New  Mtxiod. 
The  expedition  of  the  Spanish  captain,  in  1541.  at  the 
instance  of  a  native  of  fabled  Quivira,  brou^^Iit  liiiii 
possibly  across  the  extreme  southeast  corner  t>\'  the 
state;  but  since  the  j^uides  complained  that  in  his 
march  lie  went  too  far  ea.st,  it  is  hardly  pmliahh. 
Changint;  his  course,  he  foU!id  Quivira,  an  Indian 
village  not  ditterent  from  those  wo  may  see  to-ihiy,  iii 
latitude  40 \  but  far  out  on  the  plain.s,  am<ti><j:  the 
northern  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas.  A  few  ptrsnns, 
priests  and  their  attendants,  remained  with  the  Iixl- 
lans;  some  of  them  in  time  returned  to  Mexico,  ami 
some  died  by  the  hands  of  their  converts.  .Many 
narrators,  who  have  hastilv  yjlanced  over  an  atcount 


J:' 


UNDER  MEXICAN   DOMAIN. 


339 


givi  ti  by  some  previous  writer  as  careless  as  theiii- 
srlvcs,  state  conhdeiitly  that  Coronado  was  the  first 
Kur<>|)(>jin  in  Odoraclo,  and  so  he  would  have  been 
liad  lie  liecn  tlierc  at  all' 

Al)«»ut  the  middle  of  the  eijrhteenth  century  con- 
8i(l<  nihlo  interest  was  manifested  by  the  authorities 
of  \(!W  Mexico  in  the  country  to  the  nortli  of  Sunta 
V6,  iiiid  Cachupin,  who  was  trovonior  for  a  long  time 
ill  tilt'  last  Iialf  of  the  century,  set  on  foot  one  or 
mori'  (expeditions,  the  object  of  which  was  to  ascer- 
tain the  true  character  and  value  of  the  minerals  to 
1)0  found  in  what  is  now  known  as  the  San  Juan 
(•((untry.  After  these  came  the  exi)cdition  of  Juan 
Mana  Rivera  in  1761,  which  was  prosecuted  as  far 
ns  the  (xunnison  river.  He  was  accompanied  by 
l)(iM  Joa(|uin  Lain,  (iret;orio  Sandoval,  Pedro  Mora, 
uiiii  others.  There  is  no  do'ibt  that  a  number  of  expi- 
(litioiis,  of  only  local  importance,  were  made  into 
what  Ih  now  Colorado,  botii  east  and  west  of  the  con- 
tiiitiitai  divide.  About  fourteen  years  after  Kivera's 
tour,  Padre  Junfpero  Serra,  president  of  the  Cali- 
fitrni.i  niissiitns,  ui^ed  the  ecclesiastics  of  New  Mexico 
to  undertake  the  exploration  of  a  route  from  Sunta 
Fe  to  the  ct)a8t  of  upper  Califtirnia.  With  this  ob- 
ject in  view.  Padre  Francisco  Silvestre  Velez  Esca- 
liintc!,  niinistro  d<K;tnnero  of  Zuni,  and  l*adre  Atana- 
(io  Doniinguez,  visitador  comisario  (»f  New  Mexico, 
I'liTiiui/A'd  an  ex|>edition  in  1770,  which  consisted,  lu'- 
hitles  themselves,  of  Pedro  Cisneros,  alcalde  mayor  of 
Zuni,  n«>rnardo  Mieray  Paclu^'o,  capitan  milicianoof 
Santii  F<5,  Don  Joa<piin  Lain,  w]io  havini^  acci»nipa- 
uied  Rivera,  was  ofKcial  guide  of  this  expedition,  and 


■ ,,  |1 


'<;riM'iihow,  who  i»  UMually  well  informod,  nayiiQuivira  was  prnUably  tho 
n'ljhiii  .'iliiiiit  tho  hoailwattirH  of  tlio  Ark<lll^<a.s  ami  I'latto  rivers,  Ixit  Contiia- 
il<>'4  iciiitu  would  not  liavu  brought  him  ho  far  wc^t  aii<l  north.  Or.  and  Cut., 
Oil.  .Siiiiio  of  the  Spanish  writers  have  coniiiiitt«.Ml  Herious  blunders  in  geog- 
rapliy,  making  tho  wa  visihlo  from  Quivira.  See  ll'mt.  North  Mfx.  iiUilrt. 
Iiiiihui,  St'tririt  of  the  Snidii  Fi'  Tniil,  I  \  59,  has  an  account  of  Coronado 's 
man'h,  and  aives  his  course  <|uite  correctly.  This  is  a  well  written  and  cap- 
tivatiii)/  8eri)>s  uf  legends  and  talus  of  the  great  historic  highway  of  tn« 
pkiui,  by  Ueary  lumau  of  Kaunas,  18M1. 


MO 


DISIOVEUV  AND  tX  (  UPATION. 


five  sol^litTs,  Lornizo  OlivornH,  Lurn'rio  lyfui'ii/.  An- 
(irt'S  Muniz,  Juan  4I0  A«>;uilai',  aiul  Simon  Ijuc*  im. 

They  sot  out  from  Santa  V6  July  2J»tli,  antt  pro. 
rri>(l<>(l  to  Al>i<|uiri  on  tlu!  KioCMinma,  from  wli.nce 
tlioy  took  a  nortli  rourn*;  to  tlic  J{io  San  Juai>,  n  acli- 
\n^r  it  tliri'o  Icajjrm*  below  tlie  junction  of  tlu-  Xaviijo 
AuLTUst  5tli.  Tho  \Aivo  of  contact  was  calUd  Nms- 
tra  Sinora  las  Ni«'vcs,  and,  although  not  tlir  first 
place  named  in  Colorado,  as  we  ghall  see,  is  the  first 
whose  date  is  unquestioned.  From  Nievestliey  t.mk 
a  course  north-west,  across  the  sevi-ral  attiuents  ot'thr 
San  Juan,  which  lay  between  them  anrl  the  liiu  dr 
Nuestra  Senora  de  Um  ])(»lores,  the  Tiames  of  wliich 
havi!  been  retaini'd  to  the  present  as  l*iedi*a  l\ir;i<la, 
l*in(»s,  Florida,  and  1ms  Animas.  The  eastern  srctinn 
of  the  Im  JMata  ran<j:e  was  called  bv  Ksoilanti 
Sierra  (h-  la  (iruUa.  The  lia  ]Mata  river  he  call. d 
the  San  Joa<}uin,  and  in  the  canon,  says  his  narrative, 
Were  the  mines  sought  for  by  Caciiu|>in's  oxpionrs. 
and  which  gave  the  name  to  the  mountains,  supposed 
to  contain  silv<r. 

l^si'alante's  <h'scription8  of  th(!  country  passed  o\(  r 
avoid  dwelling  upon  the  exceeding  roughness  of  this 
region,  dwelling  rather  upon  the  beauty  and  fertility 
of  the  small  vallevs,  the  urandcur  of  the  forests  <»f 


pine  which  grew  upon  the  high  benches  and  iiioun- 
tttin  sides,  and  the  abundance  of  water,  even  tlmt 
which  fell  from  the  clouds,  of  which  he  com)>laiii<  d  a 
little.  At  the  llio  Mancos,  or  San  Liizaro,  he  a^aiii 
heard  reports  of  mines.  At  the  llio  Dolores  he  U- 
heM  ruined  habitations  high  up  in  the  south  iiank. 
( )n  this  river  he  met  with  sonu;  difliculty  in  trav(  lliiiir. 
being  sometimes  at  a  distance  fr<»m  tlie  stream,  and 
at  other  times  ap|)arently  confined  to  its  canon.  Tlir 
stations  or  camps  along  the  Dolon^s  were  nainetl 
Asuncion,  Agua  Tapada,  Canon  Agua  l"'.sr(>inlida. 
Miira  Lal)arinto  (in  honor  of  tlie  capitan).  and  Anciii 
San  Bernardo.  At  the  latter  \)\iU'o,  he  found  soiic 
Utis,  frt»m  whom  he  obtained  a  guide ;  and  obsers  in- 


THE  ESCALAHTK  EXPEDITION. 


(Iirfc  paralvzed  women  (»f  fl     *    u 
a  "M.all  stream  with  the  D,',l  ro,?!  "'"  J"'',''?'"'' "f 
Par..  III.™.     It  „„,  ,t  this  n  Zr'  ""'.'"'''  ''  "'O 

'■  ' '!«  c«n„n  .,f  the  river  i^d™,''  ""f-"'  """  he 
vall.-.v.  .>r  Caj,.„  ,|.J  Yeso  still  «        »"    '"  ^'-»l«""' 
"l-i. ..  mesa,  he  travolM  s  ,  i      ''»""'■     C'liml.i.i.' 
''.•■-xt  station.  SarBcrnaL    T','""^''-"""'  '" 
fmni  this  |,„i„t  bmuffht  liim     L,       .''   '""»"'«  ""rtl' 
S-  Miguel,  ,.r,  as  jfe  t  "Jif  Tj^-S^  »  ^Ao".  to  the 
'■aiii|mi« atstatioiiH on  tim  ..lli    •      ®""  ^  <"'"'•     Kii- 
fn  i.eli,«  (,,.„,„  Ze\Zt^  rf  ur""^  ^"  ^"». 
i^iJ.iitttdo  Ja  Guia  *in/i  .      •         -twvora's  passa<r,.i 

[••<'.)<'  d-"  Lain  (nauied  in  ho,    r  VT'''^^^'^^'^^  I'^^k, 
';•'  -.u.J.od  the  U.u.o,ni  a]      e  rill^''^  -ffi^jal  Kuide) 
;^'" 'I'ajran,  and  named  Jiio%n      ^  ^^''^"^'^  ^v  hi.n 

tothc  l^neon.pah..r^rtw?.nf    ;^  fr-'"  the  San  Mi^u "l 

Kwis  W(Te  needed  of  hii  1  ''"^^  "^^'«»'  than  descri,. 
;'n.Hn,.hgre  cour//"fe^^^^  through  tL 

^n  Agustin.  The  distai^f fro'  n  "  ^V^^'^I  was 
yncoM.pahgre,  in  a  nortreast  court  '  "'"''"'-  ^'^  ^''^^ 
Mhe  Gunnison  river  which  I !  • '.  "^^  *^^" '^'^^'"^'S 
tl.e  natives  Tomichi  bu  1-  i  '^"^  ^^  ^^"^d  by 
«an  Javier.  His  pnlball  '''*  ^"'^  ^'»"«J  »>y  him 
^UH  near  tlie  junction  of  the  8.>nH.  n    i        ^'"""»S'>n 

1"  InsregionHivera's  exnwl"      1"'^,  ""'*^'»  ^'^^J^^- 
^arth.T  down  a  cross  hllho  !"'«  ^ad  reached,  and 

"•"•^'•-oast  ch-rection,  he  caniX  '  ,^"""'«"'^  i»  a 
"'""-'  Santa  Rosa  :  and  nrocr  ?  ^^'7'"'  ^^^'^^  ^^^ 
"^^m..  course,  to  Rio  Santa  i^rf^'^'^'^J^^her,  in  the 

to  the  ..rth  branch  of'tfre  ttlXk '^^J  ^'"^'^l^ 
son     F„M,„v,„    ji     ji      ,,       ';'  ,"1'^*  "f  the  Gunn . 

t"tho  Ri„  San  A„to,lMrtirw!'-  K  "'■''"•  '""<•»"•« 
"";;■'' <;f  the  present.  Even  th;  ^  "  V"  "'"  ^"<''<^ 
«« t,.o  North  «n,l  South  Mmn         *"  ''""^■»'  '"'""•n 

t^'  (after  liacalanter»,^m':,7uN"h'' '''''"•  ^'■'"- 

"^h  anu  JVebuncari.     The 


!-      !.'« 


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H»ip*^-' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


5, 


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1.0 


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S  Jf  llllitt 


1.8 


U    III  1,6 


Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  HMH  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4  J03 


4s^ 


C/. 


6^ 


342 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


Mam  creek  of  the  present  day  was  at  that  time  called 
Santa  Rosalia.  Near  here  he  forded  the  San  Rafael 
or  Grand  river,  the  course  of  the  travellers  seeming 
to  lead  over  Book  cliffs,  and  thence  north-west  to 
White  river,  called  by  them  Sail  Clemente,  where 
they  arrived  September  9th,  about  L:t  the  pohit  where 
it  crosses  the  boundary  of  Utah,  having  spent  a  little 
more  than  two  months  on  the  journey,  and  travelled 


UlaAL. 


Snitr  L. 


Escalante's  Roctb. 


from  the  Dolores  86^  leagues.  In  two  places  on  his 
route  Escalante  mentioned  other  roads,  and  especially 
that  there  was  a  shorter  way  from  the  Gunnison  to 
the  Grand  river  than  the  one  he  was  t;aking.  He 
crossed  this  road  near  the  stream  he  called  Santa 
Rosalia.  Beyond  White  river  te  found  hilla  of 
loose  slate,  passed  throuj^h  a  long  cafion,  on  the  wall 
of  which  were  painted  three  shields  and  a  spear,  and 
two  warriors  in  combat ;  saw  veins  of  metal,  and 
found  buffalo  trails,  from  which  he  named  this  defile 
Arroyo  del  Cfbolo.  At  Green  river  he  found  a  group 


FRENCH  COLONIES. 


343 


of  six  large  Cottonwood  trees,  and  one  lone  tree.  On 
Olio  of  these  Lain  carved  his  name  and  the  date,  1776, 
with  a  cross  above  and  below.  The  company  returned 
from  Utah  by  a  more  southern  route,  and  the  Span- 
isli  trail  was  established  not  far  north  of  the  37th 
parallel  in  Colorado,  crossing  southern  Utah,  and 
thence  southwest  to  Los  Angeles.  A  trail  to  Salt 
Lake  was,  however,  established  at  a  later  period, 
which  crossed  the  boundary  of  Colorado  and  Utah 
on  the  south  side  of  Rio  Dolores,  which  was  surveyed 
as  late  as  1857  by  Captain  J,  N.  Macomb  for  the 
United  States  Government.' 

In  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  France 
claimed  the  sovereignty  of  the  country,  and  dur- 
uv^  that  period  several  expeditions  were  undertaken 
toward  the  Spanish  frontier,  a  not  very  clearly  defined 
boundary.'  The  most  important  of  these  was  con- 
ducted by  Monsieur  La  Salle,  who  first  having  in  1682 
explored  the  Mississippi  from  the  Illinois  region  to 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  named  the  region  contiguous 
Louisiana,  in  1685  took  formal  possession  of  Texas, 
and  founded  a  colony  or  two  near  the  gulf,  on  the 
Guadalupe  and  Colorado  rivers.  But  La  Salle  was 
assassinated,  and  the  only  effect  of  his  settlement  was 
to  carry  the  western  boundary  of  Louisiana  as  far 
west  as  these  rivers.*  In  the  mean  time  the  countrv 
west  of  the  Mississippi  had  again  changed  hands, 
Spain  claiming  it  from  1762  to  1800,  when  it  was 
retroceded  to  France,  and  sold  by  the  first  Napoleon 
to  the  United  States  three  years  afterward.  Still  the 
boundary  was  unsettled,  and  in  1806  an  arrangement 
was  entered  into  between  the  Spanish  and  American 
authorities  that  the  torraer  should  not  cross  the  Sabine, 
nor  the  latter  approach  to  it,     To  prevent  collisions, 

^Domintfuet  and  Eacalante,  Diario  y  derrotero  para  tletcuhrir  tl  catnino 
dmle  SaiiUi  F^  d  Monterey.  In  Doc  Hist.  Mex.,  2d  ear.,  i.  375-558.  See 
also  Iliat.  Utah,  this  series. 

^  Among  these  few  are  mentioned  one  by  Col  Wood  in  1654,  and  another 
by  Capt.  Bolt  in  1670;  but  they  were  productive  of  nothing  in  particular. 

*  U,  S.  luwa  aud  Doa,  1817,  6. 


y  f 


'I 


1  m 


Hi 


.I'S 


MA 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


orders  were  given  not  to  survey  the  public  lands  west 
of  the  meridian  of  Natchitoches,  or  Red  river. 

But  the  curiosity  of  the  new  proprietors  of  Louisi- 
ana concerning  the  regions  toward  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains could  not  be  restrained;  and  President  Jcft'cison, 
also  desiring  to  know  something  of  them,  encouraged 
exploration.  It  happened  that  Zebulon  Montgoincry 
Pike,  son  of  Zebulon  Pike  of  New  Jersey,  an  ofticfcr 
in  the  revolutionary  army,  who  at  the  age  of  twenty 
had  been  appointed  an  ensign  in  his  father's  company, 
and  was  a  lieutenant  at  twenty-six,  was  serving  under 
General  Wilkinson  in  the  west,  at  the  time  when 
Lewis  and  Clarke  were  fitting  out  their  expedition  to 
the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Columbia  in  1804. 

General  Wilkinson,  whose  military  duties  included 
keeping  peace  with  the  Ind.ans,  thought  to  serve  liis 
country  and  gratify  the  president  by  sending  young 
Pike  to  explore  the  upper  Mississippi,  under  the  pre- 
tence of  comnmnicating  with  Indian  tribes  in  that 
region.  To  this  end,  in  August  1805,  a  keel-i)oat 
seventy  feet  long,  manned  by  a  crew  of  one  sergeant, 
two  corporals,  and  seventeen  privates,  under  Lieuten- 
ant Pike,  left  St  Louis  to  discover  the  source  of  the 
Mississippi,  being  provisioned  for  four  months.  Ho 
had  started  late  for  such  an  undertaking,  encountir- 
ing  many  difficulties,  and  performing  the  last  part  of 
the  journey  with  sledges  drawn  by  his  men.  On  the 
last  of  January  1806  he  reached  the  utmost  source 
of  the  great  river,  arriving  at  a  fort  of  the  North- 
west Fur  company,  by  whose  officers  he  was  gener- 
ously entertained.  He  returned  to  St  Louis  about 
the  last  of  April. 

General  Wilkinson  had  meanwhile  found  cause  for 
another  expedition,  having  on  his  hands  some  rescued 
captives  of  the  Kaw  nation,  who  lived  on  the  Osaife 
river,  a  southern  branch  of  the  Kansas,  and  whom  ho 
had  promised  to  restore  to  their  people.  On  this 
errand,  possibly,  Pike  set  out  July  15tli,  after  a  brief 
rest  at  home  with  his  family. 


VARIOUS  EXPEDITIONS. 


34S 


His  party  consisted  of  one  lieutenant,  one  surgeon, 
one  sergeant,  two  corporals,  sixteen  privates,  and  an 
iiitoiprcter,  besides  fifty -one  Indians  of  all  ages,  and 
both  sexes.  He  ascended  the  Missouri  in  two  boats, 
taking  six  weeks  to  this  part  of  the  journey,  which 
brought  him  to  the  Osage  river.  Here  he  landed  his 
exixxlition,  purchased  horses,  loaded  theui  with  pro- 
visions aiid  presents,  and  set  out  north-westward 
across  tlie  plahis,  delivering  his  Indian  wards  to  their 
pco[)le  as  previously  agreed  upon.  Having  performed 
this  part  of  his  duty,  he  entered  upow  the  more  inter- 
esting one  of  exploration.  Crossing  the  country  to 
tiie  Arkansas  river  he  ascended  that  stream,  finding 
th(!  plains  black  with  bufl'alocs.  At  two  o'clock  on 
tlie  afternoon  of  the  15th  of  November  he  first  dis- 
cerned a  small  blue  cloud,  which  being  viewed  with  a 
s[)y-glass  he  perceived  to  be  a  mountain.  A  half 
hour  later  the  range  came  into  view,  and  his  men  gave 
"three  cheers  for  the  Mexican  mountains." 

It  was  already  too  late  in  the  autumn  for  mountain 
travel,  but  Pike  knew  nothing  of  fear  or  discourage- 
ment. Pressing  eagerly  forward  for  yet  another 
week,  he  at  length  reached  the  most  eastern  ridge  of 
the  Colorado  range,  thinking  to  come  to  the  base  f  f  the 
peak  which  bears  his  name;  but  finding,  when  with 
great  toil  and  suffering  from  struggling  through  snow 
tliat  he  was  still  distant  fifteen  miles  from  this  moun- 
tain, he  relinquished  the  attempt,  his  men  being  with- 
out proper  clothing,  and  having  quite  worn  out  their 
stockings.  Before  beginning  the  ascent  Pike  had 
established  a  depot  at  or  near  the  mouth  of  Fontaine- 
qui-Bouille,  where  he  left  most  of  his  party;  thence  he 
aioved  camp  nearer  to  the  foot  of  the  Sangre  de 
Cristo  range,  about  where  Canon  city  now  stands. 
Tlie  cold  was  severe,  and  many  of  the  men  were  frost- 
bitten. Leaving  these  in  camp  he  began  exploring 
for  a  river  by  which  he  might  return  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, it  having  been  specially  charged  upon  him  to 
discover  if  possible  the  sources  of  the  Red  river. 


1 


346 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION, 


i'  ,i 


Coining  to  the  South  park  by  the  present  route 
from  Canon  City,  he  called  the  first  stream  he  reaclud 
the  Platte,  in  which  curiously  enough  he  was  correct; 
but  in  his  wanderings  striking  the  head  of  Grand 
river,  he  believed  it  to  be  the  Yellowstone.  Other 
errors  were  entered  on  his  chart,  given  in  cliapter 
XV  of  my  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  The  geograpliv 
of  the  west  was  very  vague  as  yet ;  and  toiling  about 
in  the  mountains  with  the  mercury  below  zero  was 
but  a  poor  way  to  improve  it. 

But  in  the  South  park  he  made  a  discovery  that 
white  men  and  Indians  had  been  there  before  him, 
and  that  recently.  Not  wishing  to  fall  into  the  hands 
of  Mexicans  or  Indians,  he  retreated  toward  the  soutli, 
and  became  entangled  among  the  canons  of  the  upper 
portion  of  the  Arkansas  river,  but  finally  reached 
camp  with  only  one  horse  able  to  travel.  After  a 
little  rest  he  again  set  out,  this  time  on  foot,  in  search 
of  Red  river,  and  crossing  the  Arkansas,  violated  the 
terms  of  the  recent  arrangement  by  entering  Mexican 
territory.  Marching  up  the  Wet  Mountain  valley, 
leaving  disabled  men  by  the  way  in  improvised  shelt- 
ers, he  moved  straight  to  and  up  the  Sangre  de  Cristo 
range,  and  from  its  summits  looked  down  on  San  Luis 
park  and  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  which  he  btdieved 
to  be  the  Red  river.  Greatly  rejoiced,  he  descended 
to  the  valley,  erected  a  fortified  camp,  and  sent  back 
a  detachment  of  his  little  party  to  pick  up  the 
stragrglers. 

Not  long  did  he  enjoy  his  dreams  of  success.  The 
Mexican  authorities  had  been  on  the  lookout  for  his 
expedition,  which  had  become  known  to  them,  and  a 
few  days  after  completing  the  above  arrangements  he 
was  politely  arrested  by  a  squad  of  Mexican  soldiers, 
and  jiersuaded  to  accompany  them  to  Santa  Fd,  El 
Paso,  and  subsequently  to  Chihuahua,  more  than  a 
year  being  consumed  in  this  courteously  manai,'cd 
captivity,  during  which  the  most  valuable  portion  of 


PIKE'S  DISCOVERIES. 


347 


liis  papers  were  lost,  and  his  command  scattered. 
Till}-  wore  finally  returned  to  the  United  States 
through  Texas. 

One  thinof  pertinent  to  the  subsequent  history  of 
Colorado,  Lieutenant  Pike  discovered  during  his 
detention  in  New  Mexico.  An  American,  James 
Pursley,  of  Bairdstown,  Kentucky,*  whom  he  met 
there,  showed  him  lumps  of  gold  brought  by  himself 
from  tlie  South  park;  and  he  learned  that  the  traces 
of  white  men  and  Indiansseen  by  him,  and  which  had 
turned  him  southward,  related  to  gold  discoveries  in 
that  region.*  In  1807  Pike  was  permitted  to  return 
home,  and  in  the  second  year  of  the  war  of  1812  was 
killed  at  the  assault  on  Toronto,  after  having  been 
previously  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.' 
The  peak  which  bears  his  name  was  measured  by  him, 
ou  the  base  of  a  mile,  and  on  the  presumption  that 
the  })lains  were  8,000  feet  above  sea-level.  He  made 
the  height  of  the  mountain  to  be  18,581  whereas  it  is 
really  but  14,147.  Most  early  explorers  exaggerated 
tiie  height  of  mountains,  whether  purposely  or  not. 


:'s} 


:<  I 


!■   |. 


'Purslej'  went  up  the  Platte  in  1803  or  1804,  and  was  conducted  by  Ind- 
ians to  Santa  Fe.  A  French  Creole,  La  Lande,  took  some  gooda  up  the 
Platte  in  1801  for  his  employer,  Morrison,  a  merchant  of  Kaskaskia;  but  he 
toi)k  the  goods  to  Santa  Fe,  and  established  himself  in  business,  where  he 
remained.   Burlier  s  Hist.   Weid.  Staleji,  549. 

^  W.  B.  Vickers,  in  HnyderCs  Great  Wext,  98,  says  there  is  no  evidenie  to 
show  that  there  were  any  settlers  in  Colorado  previous  to  1843,  or  any  knowl- 
edge of  the  treasures  hidden  in  the  soil  or  rocks  at  that  time.  This  is  a 
lia.sty  conclusion.  The  Spanish-Mexicans  would  conceal  as  much  as  possible 
any  such  knowledge  from  Americans;  but  it  existed.  The  American  referred 
to  above  discovered  the  gold  on  the  head  of  the  Platte  while  a  captive  in  the 
hamls  of  the  Indians;  and  he  assured  Pike  he  had  been  frequently  solicited 
to  go  and  show  a  detachment  of  Mexican  cavalry  where  to  find  it,  but  re- 
fused. It  was  probably  this  detachment  which  had  just  left  the  park  when 
Pike  arrived  in  it.  Appendix  to  An  Arronnt  of  an  Erpetlition  to  t/ie  SourcfH  of 
the  MUiiaxippi,  and  Tlirow/h  the  Western  Part  of  Loumnna,  etc,,  in  the  Year8 
181).;,  l8iH>,  and  1807;  PhiladelpUa,  1810.  I  have  seen  it  stated  that  old  de- 
fiertocl  shafts  had  been  found  in  southern  Colorado,  together  with  some  cop- 
piT  vessels,  the  writer  attributing  these  evidences  of  mining  to  the  ancients 
wlio  inhabited  the  ruined  cities  and  the  cliflFs;  but  these  people  used  only 
Htoiic  implements,  and  clearly  knew  nothing  of  mining.  The  prospect  holes 
W('re  undoubtedly  made  by  the  Mexicans  about  tiie  beginning  of  the 
century. 

•  J  limes  Parian,  in  TVie  IKsroverer  of  Pike'n  Peak,  MS.,  7,  an  abridgement 
of  I'arton's  account  of  Pike's  expeditions.  See  also  Denver  Rocky  Mountain 
Umild,  Aug.  21,  1875. 


■■  iSli 


:^m 


348 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


Probably  the   cold   had  something   to  do  with  tlie 
reported  altitude  of  Pike's  peak."* 

No  furth(!r  official  explorations  of  the  country  at 
the  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains  were  ordered  until 
after  the  treaty  of  the  22d  of  February,  1819,  bv 
which  the  boundary  between  the  possessions  of  Spam 
and  the  United  States  was  definitely  settled,*  givinjf 
to  the  latter  the  northern  two  thirds  of  Mie  present 
state  of  Colorado,  with  all  the  country  north  of  the 
Arkansas  river.  Immediately  after  the  confirmation 
of  the  Florida  treaty,  Secretary-of-war  Calhoun  or- 
dered an  expedition  more  complete  in  equipment  than 
any  which  had  preceded  it,  comprising  besides  military 
officers  a  number  of  men  of  science.  The  company, 
commanded  by  Major  Stephen  H.  Long,  left  Pitts- 
burgh May  30, 1819,  and  proceeded  by  a  steam-vtssel, 
constructed  especially  for  the  purpose,  to  St  Louis, 
and  thence  by  land  travel  to  Council  Bluffs,  on  tlie 
Missouri,  where  they  wintered.  In  the  following 
June,  Long  explored  the  Platte  valley  to  the  junction 
of  the  north  and  south  forks,  where  he  took  the  di- 

*  From  the  original  Pike's  ErpediUon — for  a  biographical  notice  of  wliich 
Bee  my  lliMtoi-y  of  the  Northiveitt  Const — come  scores  of  accounts  whioli  follnw, 
such  as  is  found  ill  the  Colorado  Gazettetrtor  1871.  This  book,  wliicli  con- 
tains besides  a  brief  history  of  the  state,  a  eompreliensive  accfmiit  of  its 
mining,  agricultural,  commercial,  manufacturing  interests,  and  climate,  will 
be  frequently  referred  to  for  statistics  on  these  subjects.  Notice  of  I'ikv.'s 
expedition  is  found  in  Thomas  B.  Corltett's  Coloraito  Directory  of  Mincx,  1  .S79, 
p.  M.  This  also  is  an  important  book  of  reference,  containing  a  description 
of  tlie  mines  and  mills,  and  the  mining  corporations.  The  Northurd,  by 
Samuel  J.  Parker,  son  of  iSainuel  Parker,  explorer  and  missionary  i'>  the 
Oregon  country  in  1835,  is  a  manuscript  history  of  the  north-west  country, 
compiled  partly  from  the  father's  writings  and  partly  from  the  accounts  of 
other  explorers.  It  is,  like  the  other  missionary  writings,  very  bitter  against 
the  fur  companies.  A  writer  in  Harper's  Mmjaziiie,  xli.  372,  gives  a  good 
brief  account  of  Pike's  expeditions. 

» U.  S.  Laws  and  Treaties,  1815-21,  vi.  614-29.  This  boundary,  which 
was  changed  by  conquest  and  purchase,  subsequently  gave  the  U.  S.  the 
Florida  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi.  West  of  tlie  Mississippi  the  line 
began  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  river,  continuing  north  along  the  west 
bank  of  that  stream  to  the  32d  degree  of  north  latitude,  thence  due  north  to 
the  Red  river,  which  it  followed  up  to  the  degree  of  longitude  23  west  from 
Washington,  running  thence  due  north  again  to  the  Arkansas  river,  m  iiich 
it  followed  to  its  source  in  latitude  42°  north,  and  thence  it  was  drawn  wus* 
ward  on  that  parallel  to  the  '  South  sea.'  It  will  be  seen  that  this  !)■  u.i'iary 
supposed  the  Arkansas  river  to  be  two  degrees  longer  than  it  really  w  ■'.s,  aiid 
left  the  actual  boundary  from  central  Colorado  northward  to  tiie  42'  still  iu 
doubt. 


LONO'S  IlEPOllT. 


349 


rp(tioi\  of  the  southern  branch,  which  brou*]fht  him  to 
the  South  park  by  a  route  different  from  that  of  Pilce's. 
Tho  high  peak  first  seen  by  Lieutenant  Pike  received 
tlie  name  of  E.  James,  botanist  of  the  expedition," 
ho  l)oing  the  first  man  known  to  have  reached  a  suni- 
iiiit  of  the  Colorado  mountains.  He  also  measured 
it,  and  made  it  almost  as  much  too  low  as  Pike  had 
madt)  it  too  high."  Long  descended  the  valley  of 
tlio  Arkansas  to  the  Mississippi,  having  gained  nmch 
valuable  geographical  information  of  the  country  cx- 
j)l()r(Hl.  But  his  account  was  not  one  pleasing  to  the 
socretary  of  war,  or  to  the  government.  He  repre- 
sented the  wliole  country  drained  by  the  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  Platte,  and  their  tributaries  as  unfit  for 
cultivation,  and  uninhabitable  in  consequence.  Ho 
found  all  between  the  39th  and  49th  parallels,  and 
for  five  hundred  miles  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  a 
desert  of  sand  and  stones,  whereupon  this  region  was 
represented  on  maps  as  the  Great  American  desert. 
The  report  of  Long  was  a  stumbling-block  in  the  way 
of  the  advocates  of  the  American  claim  to  Oregon  in 
congress  for  many  years,  for  no  sooner  did  an  advocate 
of  that  claim  open  his  mouth  than  he  was  remhided 
of  Major  Long's  scientific  observations  and  explora- 
tions, and  asked  what  value  could  attach  to  a  desert. 
This  impression  was  to  some  extent  the  key  which 
kept  Colorado  a  locked  treasure-house  until  Oregon 
and  California  had  both  been  settled,  and  proved  to 
1)0  rich  agricultural  countries,  even  where  they  had 
appeared  as  much  deserts  as  Colorado. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  small  parties  of 
adventurers,  like  Pursley,  had  already  penetrated  the 
Rocky  mountains  in  advance  of  either  of  the  abovc- 


m 


i^  L 


i 


'■  .','  vi 


It 


i  lis 


"Tlie  name  of  Pike  has  been  retained,  hut  to  James  ami  Long  were 
given  peaks  elsewhere.  For  Long's  note  on  tlie  subject  see  Low/h  Ej-)^''I. 
JM:i/  MoHittaim,  ii.  45.  Another  peak  lias  been  named  after  Lieut  (iraliain 
nf  Lorii^'s  party,  and  the  hot  springs  on  tlie  Arkansas  after  Captain  Bull. 
Cnl.  Gm'ttver,  21;  FrimrmHn  Elxphr.  Erped,  liO. 

"James  called  Pike's  peak  11,500  feet  high.  Fremont  in  1843,  made  it 
U,300.  Its  present  received  measurement  was  made  in  18<i'2  by  Parry, 
whose  careful  examinatioa  of  the  country  entitles  his  work  to  credit. 


til 


350 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


named   expeditions,"  and   that   previous  to  that  of 
Long's,  a  number  of  traders  had  established  jjosts  on 

'■•Soe  Hull.  NortlivifKt  CouM,  this  geries.  A  little  work  Ly  l)avi(I  il. 
Coyner,  first  published  in  1847,  and  repul>liHhe<l  in  Cincinnati  in  Ib.'t.i,  lalluil 
Tlif.  Loxt  Trappen,  aivea  a  particular  account  of  the  wanderinge  of  a  <  <iin. 
pany  of  '20  men  who  left  >St  Louis  in  1807,  intending  to  cross  tho  iCniky 
niountaina.  The  leader  was  Ezckiel  Williams,  and  this  was  the  tivnt  kwI- 
land  expedition  to  tlie  Pacific  of  the  kind  ever  undertaken.  It  procL-odiii  to 
the  Mandan  village  under  the  guidance  of  a  chief  of  that  trilte,  lii^  Wliitc, 
who  had  accompanied  Lewis  and  Clarke  to  Washingtoi ,  and  was  rutiiniinir 
to  Fort  Mandan.  From  this  point  Williams's  party  proceeded  hy  Liiid  tu 
the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone,  up  which  they  travelled  looking  for  luMven. 
Soon  after  finding  a  locality  where  beavers  were  plenty  in  the  streamu  ami 
buffaloes  upon  the  plains,  a  hunting  party  of  ten  men  went  out,  )iut  wire 
set  upon  by  Indians,  whom  they  believed  to  bo  Blackfoot,  and  iive  of  tkin 
slain,  the  other  five  escaping  to  camp.  The  company  at  once  set  olf  again 
southward  until  they  fell  in  with  the  Crows,  by  whom  they  were  so  will 
treated  that  a  man  named  Rose,  who  had  joined  the  party  at  St  I  oui^,  Imt 
whose  character  as  an  outlaw  was  not  known  to  Williams,  determiut'il  to  re- 
main among  them,  and  did  so  until  1S23,  being  the  first  white  man  w  ho  liail 
a  residence  in  the  Yellowstone  country.  He  returned  as  guide  to  Fit/]i,'it- 
rick  and  Sublette,  and  afterward  joined  the  American  Fur  company,  |jut 
was  ever  one  of  those  unprincipled  men  wlio  gave  to  the  trai>pers  t!ie  iiu-a- 
vory  character  dwelt  upon  by  the  Parkers.  Williams' mrty,  now  redmicl  to 
14  members,  proceeded  in  a  direction  toward  the  Southpass,  and  when  upnii 
the  headwaters  of  the  north  Platte  were  attacked  by  Crows  and  sii  taiiicd 
another  loss  of  five  men.  In  the  first  attack  one  Indian  had  hccn  kilk-<l;  in 
this  fight,  for  wiiich  the  company  were  prepared  by  the  the  tlieft  of  tluir 
horses,  twenty  or  more  of  their  enemies  were  killed.  Tlie  party  now  re- 
duced to  ten,  their  horses  being  gone,  hastened  on  foot  out  of  the  vicinity  of 
the  battle-ground,  caching  their  furs  and  such  things  as  they  could  not  carry 
on  a  long  march,  and  moved  southward,  wandering  about  until  spring,  wlicn 
they  found  themselves  on  the  sources  of  the  south  Platte,  and  of  course  in 
Colorado.  One  after  another  of  them  were  cut  oflf  by  the  Comanclies  until 
only  three  remained,  Williams,  James  Workman,  and  Samuel  Spencer,  who 
determined  to  return  to  St  Louis  if  they  could.  But  as  often  hapi>en.s,  mis- 
fortune had  made  them  not  only  reckless,  but  at  enmity  with  one  another; 
and  the  tliree  wanderers  separated,  Williams  journeying  down  the  Arkan- 
sas, which  he  mistook  for  Red  river,  in  a  canoe,  and  by  travelling  at  night 
arrived  safely  among  the  Kansas,  who  directed  him  to  Fort  Cooper,  on  the 
Missouri.  Ilere  he  found  an  Indian  trader  of  the  U.  S.,  C.  Cibley,  almiit  to 
pay  the  Indians  their  annunities,  and  who  first  compelled  the  Kaiis:is  to  re- 
turn to  William]  several  packages  of  furs  they  had  stolen  from  him  after 
his  departure  from  their  village.  In  the  following  year,  1809,  Williann  re- 
turned to  the  mountains  with  a  party  and  recovered  the  furs  caclied  1>y  l.i^ 
company  on  the  Platte.  Workman  and  Spencer  in  the  meantime  had  made 
their  way  to  the  Arkansas,  which  they  also  mistook  for  the  Red  river,  and 
in  following  which  toward  its  source  they  discovered  the  trail  of  Pike':  party 
of  the  year  before,  who  had  cut  in  the  rocks  the  name  of  Red  river,  w  liieh 
confirmed  them  in  their  error.  Hoping  to  find  that  its  headwaters  w  ere  in  a 
range  by  crossing  which  they  would  rtnd  themselves  at  Santa  Fe  in  Xcw 
Mexico,  they  followed  up  this  stream,  cominff  in  sight  of  Pike's  peak,  v  hioli 
they  said  seemod  so  high  'that  a  cloud  could  not  pass  between  its  top  and 
the  sky.'  They  became  entangled  among  the  mountains  and  canons  of  Col- 
orado, passing  many  weeks  in  endeavoring  to  find  the  sources  of  tlic  Itio 
Grande  Del  Norte,  but  coming  instead  to  the  Rio  Colorado,  which  tin  y  fol- 
lowed— ^believing  it  would  take  them  to  Santa  Fe — until  they  came  to  a 
crossing  and  a  plain  trail,  which  they  resolved  to  follow.     Meeting  a  Muxi- 


INCOMING  FUR  TRADER.S. 


361 


lity  (if 

;  carry 

when 

mrse  m 

until 

wl.ii 

ir.is- 
.ther; 
Arkau- 
niglit 
n  tlie 
Mint  to 
to  rc- 

aftor 
iii.s  re- 
ly las 
1  maile 
r,  ami 

party 
vLicli 
re  in  a 

New 
viiich 
111)  and 
'i'  C..1- 

e  I'M 

|y  fnl- 

to  a 

iMcxi- 


tlK  Arkansas  and  other  rivers,"  forerunners  of  the 
iimiv  powerful  fur  companies.  A  profitable  trade 
w;i>  also  carried  on  between  the  merchants  of  St 
Louis  and  the  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico,  of  which 
all  of  Colorado  south  of  the  Arkansas  river  was  a 
pait.  The  Indians  on  the  Santa  Fd  route — the  Co- 
ma iirhes  of  the  plains — gave  traders  and  travellers 
much  trouble;  and  in  1823  the  government  ordered 
an  escort,  commanded  by  Captain  Riley,  to  meet  the 
Santa  Fe  train,  and  conduct  it  to  the  Missou'^'  fron- 
titr."  He  advanced  to  the  crossing  of  the  Arkansas, 
and  conducted  it  to  Independence,  the  eastern  termi- 
nus of  the  Santa  F6  trail,  the  first  military  expedition 
by  United  States  troops  west  of  the  Missouri  and 
north  of  Texas.  Four  years  afterward  Fort  Leaven- 
can  raravan  bound  to  Los  Angeles,  California,  two  days  afterward,  tliey 
joiiieil  it,  and  the  following  spring  returned  with  it  to  Santa  Fe,  where  they 
reniaiiiud  trading  for  15  years.  Wlien  Workman  and  Spencer  set  out  to  de- 
fend the  Colorado  it  was  l>y  canoe.  From  the  description  given  by  them  to 
the  author  of  tlie  Lout  Trappern,  I  think  tliey  were  upon  the  Ounnison 
hraiich  of  the  Colorado,  and  that  it  was  tlie  Mack  caflon  which  interrupted 
their  navigation.  Tlie  crossing  of  the  Spanish  trail  could  not  have  been  far 
friiiii  the  present  crossing  of  the  Salt  Lake  road.  At  all  events,  they  were 
the  lirst  Americans  to  Hoat  upon  the  waters  of  this  stream,  rr,  so  far  as  I 
have  discovered,  to  cross  the  Rocky  mountains  south  of  Lewis  md  Clarke's 
pass. 

"  Manuel  Lisa,  a  Mexican,  enjoyed  a  monopoly  of  the  Indian  trade  west 
of  the  Missouri  at  the  beginning  of  the  eentury  under  a  grant  of  the  Mexi- 
can government.  Peter  Choteau,  a  rival  trader  and  U.  S.  agent  for  the 
O.sago.-i,  managed  to  separate  a  part  of  that  nation  from  their  adherence  to 
Lisa,  and  estsildislicd  a  post  among  them  on  the  Verdigris  branch  of  the  Ar- 
kansas in  1808.  It  was,  however,  removed  in  1813,  and  it  was  not  for  ten 
years  afterward  that  a  regular  fur  trade  to  the  Rocky  mrmntaiiis  was  begun. 

"This  was  in  conseouence  of  the  capture  of  the  previous  year's  train  from 
Santa  Fe,  commanded  oy  Capt.  Means,  who,  with  several  of  his  men,  was 
killed.  Coyner  relates  that  in  1823  the  Mexican  government,  having  ban- 
ished several  citizens  of  importance  for  alleged  treasonable  designs,  per- 
mitted them  to  go  to  the  U.  S.  with  the  annual  Santa  Fe  train,  and  sent  as 
an  escort  a  company  of  60  men,  Mexicans  ami  Pueblo  Indians,  under  Capt. 
Visearro,  who  was  to  conduct  the  exiles  along  the  road  until  he  met  Capt. 
liiley.  When  near  the  Cimarron  river,  GO  miles  from  the  crossing  of  the 
Arkansas,  he  was  attacked,  and  8  or  10  of  his  command  killed.  Visearro 
himself  is  accused  of  cowardice.  The  Pueblos  and  two  Americans  named 
Ranies  and  Wallace  fought  and  pursued  the  Comanches,  inflicting  severe 
losH  upon  them.  The  company  hoping  to  meet  Riley  at  the  Arkansas,  yet 
fearing  that  he  might  be  gone,  sent  a  detachment,  consisting  of  the  Pueblos, 
Wallace,  Barnes,  and  Workman,  to  overtake  him.  They  found  he  hail  moved 
away  from  the  river,  but  overtook  him  in  two  days'  travel,  and  detained 
him  until  the  train  came  up,  after  which  they  were  under  the  protection  f>f 
American  troops,  and  Visearro  with  his  depleted  force  turned  back  to  Santa 
Fo.  Coyner'a  Lost  Trnppers,  170-8C. 


11 


I 


Ml 


» 


i 


ni 


352 


DISCOVERY  ANIJ  Ot'CUPATIOX. 


Worth  was  c'stablislu'tl  on  the  west  bank  of  th-  Mis- 
souri, twenty  niiloa  above  tlie  uiuuth  of  tlie  Katisas 
rivtr,  and  near  enou-^li  to  tlio  Santa  ¥6  trail  tout!«.r«l 
protection  to  travellers.  For  many  years  this  was 
the  initial  point  of  exi)etntions  west  and  n«>rtii\v.  >i. 
ward,  as  all  books  of  travel  show.  In  182'J  Maj..r 
Hiley,  with  four  companies,  escorte<l  a  caravan  as  far 
as  Jient's  fort,  on  the  Arkansas,  Captain  Whartuii 
was  on  the  trail  in  1834,  and  Captain  Cook  in  l'«4.>. 
The  establishment  of  a  fort  in  the  Indian  enuntrx- 
did  not  precede  but  followed  the  adventures  of  j»riv;»to 
indiviiluals  and  associations  in  the  public  territory  i.f 
the  United  States,  to  which  I  have  alreadv  referred. 
Among  those  who  followed  their  pursuits  in  Colora<li» 
were  the  Bents,  St  Vrain,  Vasquez,  Bridger,  Carson. 
Lupton,  I'feitfer,  Nugent,  Pattio,  Baker,  Beckwounli, 
Sarpy,  Wiggins,  the  Gerrys,  Chabonard,  and  oth.  r-*. 
Bonneville's  company  of  trappers  and  explorers  pa.-.s<.-(l 
through  the  Arkansas  country  in  1834.  * 

^fieo  Virtnr'H  Hiwr  of  tlie  West,  157,  and  HM.  Northvyi4  C""^,  thb 
Buries.  Ik  is  dillii'tilt  to  givo  satisfactory  accnuuts  of  men  wlio  lead  a  wander* 
i:ig  life  in  an  unsettled  cuuntry.  Only  8cra|]a  of  informatiou  are  prt-ervt:*!, 
wlio.se  authenticity  may  well  be  quustinneil.  From  the  liest  infoniiati>'n  lii- 
tainable  tlic  following  liingraphies  have  been  gathered:  James  P.  B>:ckwi>Lnh 
was  lK>rn  in  Virginia  of  a  negro  slave  mother  and  an  Irish  <>ver>ie>'r.  H.4 
white  blood  impelled  him  to  run  away  from  servitude  in  or  about  1^17,  arrd 
he  joined  a  caravan  going  to  New  Mexico.  Some  years  afterward  lie  wvi 
in  the  service  of  Louis  Vasquez  ia  Colorado,  and  subsequen  :ly  so  ingrati- 
ated himsi-lf  with  the  Crows  that  they  made  him  head  chief,  an  otii'v  in 
which  he  used  to  give  tlie  Am'rican  Fur  company  much  trouble.  Latt;r  la 
life  he  severed  his  counectio.  with  savagery,  and  became  interprtter  aal 
guide  to  government  expedituns.  He  resided  for  a  time  in  a  valh-v'  of  ti-.e 
Sierra  Nevad.a,  but  being  implicated  in  certain  transactions  which  attm  tel 
the  notice  of  the  vigilants,  fled  and  went  to  Missouri.  Wiien  the  niij-'niti'  n 
to  Colorado  was  at  its  height  in  1859,  he  proceeded  to  I>enver,  and  w« 
taken  into  partnershi]>  with  Vasquez  and  his  nephew.  Being  tired  of  traile, 
he  went  to  live  on  a  farm,  and  took  a  Mexican  wife;  but  fell  out  with  l;er, 
and  finally  relapsed  into  his  former  mo<le  of  savage  life,  dying  about  I ^77. 
Moiitntft  Patt,  Feb.  23,  1867,  Bridger,  Carson,  Pattie,  and  others  have  l^ra 
frequently  spoken  of  in  other  volumes  of  this  series.  The  last  name>i  '-arne 
to  the  mountains  of  Colorado  in  1824  with  a  company  of  120  men.  lb.'  »m 
a  youth  at  the  time.  The  company  fell  apart,  and  drifted  in  various  .lir«o- 
tions  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  Pattie  and  a  few  companion-*  de- 
scended the  Colorado,  and  reached  the  coast  at  San  Diego,  naked  and  I'tarv- 
ing.  They  were  arrested  by  the  Mexican  authorities  and  imprison-?.!, 
sutfering  much;  but  Pattie,  on  account  of  his  knowledge  of  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage, was  employed  as  an  interpreter,  and  escaped  back  to  the  states.  .Jarne* 
Baker  came  out,  probably  with  Bridger,  and  roved  about  in  the  niount.i;ru 
until  he  finally  settled  ou  Clear  creek,  four  miles  north  of  Denver,  I  d<j  not 


FOULS 


3C3 


No  forts  of  importance  were  erected  within  the 
nn'S(  lit  linuta  of  Colorado  before  IH32,  when  the 
Jii  lit  brothers  erected  Fort  WilHani  on  the  nortii 
briiiicli  of  tlie  Arkansas  river,  ei-^lity  miles  northeast 
froiii  Taos,  and  one  jumdrod  and  sixty  fniin  the  moun- 
tains.'*    They  traded  with  the  Mexicans  and  the  Co- 


kuuw  exactly  at  what  date;  1)ut  he  is  recngnize<l  a*  the  firitt  American  set- 
tlir  HI  Coliiniiln.     Ho  hail  an  Indian  wife  ami  half-ca^tc  childrt-u  grown  to 

maiili I  ill  1S59.     The  occupation   of  the  conntry  diHiilt!a!M.'il  liini,  and  he 

It't't  ('l<':ir  creek  for  the  mountains  of  Idaho,  where  he  ended  Win  dayu.  O. 
P.  \\'i^;,L;init,  a  Canadian,  formerly  a  servant  of  the  HudMm'M  HuyCo.,  came 
tiiColiiiailo  in  1834,  and  was  employed  hy  the  Amc-ncan  Fur  Co.,  and  sta- 
tinnu'l  at  Fort  St  John.  He  hecame  a  vcalthy  citizea  of  Colorado.  Peter 
A.  Sarjicy  was  one  of  the  French  families  of  .St  l>iui».  H<jha<l  oue  trading- 
|iu'<t  ill  Colorado,  and  another  at  Bcllevue  in  Nc1>ra»ka;  a  Mil  '.  wiry,  nier- 
i'uri.'il-di.s]io!iitioned  man,  who  lived  among  savagc'i  simply  tu  n  i  '■  money, 
wWwU  fiirtiiercd  no  enterprises  and  purcha.sed  no  plea«turc-a  t.uch  Hb  a  man  of 
giMid  family  Hliould  value.  Col  Ccran  St  Vrain  liegan  tnuliuK  '  >  I^<ew  Mex- 
i '(J  ill  1S'_'4,  Working  up  into  American  territory  a  lew  year  .ater,  where  Jio 
l.iiilt  a  fort  named  after  himself.  He  died  at  Mora  in  H«  •  I'jxico,  lu  Octo- 
l*r  1^70,  to  which  country  he  returned  on  the  'decline  of  tlie  'nr  tiade. 
Oo'lfrcy  and  Klbridge  Gerry  were  lineal  deseenilantiiof  fiov.  Elhriil'^a  Ocrry, 
(piie  of  tiin  sij.'  era  of  the  declaration  of  independence.  They  cam's  lo  the 
Kiicky  ^lllauw^,in8  while  auite  young  men,  and  sj^nt  their  li^>-»  on  the  fron- 
tiiT.  After  settlement  began,  Godfrey  built  an  adol^e  re^iil-juce  on  the 
''ttc,  and  kept  a  station  of  the  Overland  Stage  Co.  iJuriug  tLi:  Indian 
iiisturliaiice  of  18(54  his  station  was  besieged — it  went  l>y  the  name  of  Fort 
Wukcd — for  days  by  a  larco  force  of  the  savages,  who  endeavored  to  fire 
tlie  ImiUKngH.  With  no  help  but  his  own  family  he  HUcceHsfully  resisted  all 
tlic'ir  attempts  to  reduce  hia  fort,  and  killed  m.'iny  of  the  Ije^iegers.  The 
luiliaiia  also  conspired  to  capture  Elbridge  Gerry  and  ai»  large  band  of 
Ijorsus,  but  hia  IniUan  wife  having  discovered  the  iilot,  infonne<l  liiin  of  it, 
ainl  Ir',  too,  saved  his  life  and  property.  These  orotherij  were  among  the 
„....i„...  :..  i~.,i.._.,_     «yc,.///i,t  Cot,   MS.,  61 -S.     


■  4 


Elbridge  (lerry 
Kit  Carson,  Bill'  Williams,  Pfeiffer,  the  Auto1*eas  brothers, 


earlif.it  settlers  in  Colorado. 
(lieil  ill  1S7G. 

Jnlin  i'aisel,  andRoubidcau  were  all  noted  mountaineem.  Carbon  rendered 
liiiii'-clf  a  second  time  famous  during  the  civil  war.  He  die<l  at  Fort  Lyon 
iu  -luiio  1808.  Denver  Rocky  MounUiin  KarM,  .June  3,  ISO-**.  Williams  was 
kilk'cl  by  the  Utoa  in  south-western  Colorado  in  18.jO.  F'/t^jin  (<'al. )  Tek' 
ijrayh,  t)ct.  28,  1871.  And  so  died  many  a  brave  man.  But  none  who  went 
to  tiie  mountains  in  those  early  times  wercljettcr  known  than  the  ]:k-nt  fam- 
ily of  St  Louis.  There  were  six  brothers,  John,  Charlt.»,  William,  Robert, 
(iuiiriie  and  Silas.  Robert  and  George  died  in  IS41.  Charles  was  the  first 
Aim-rican  governor  of  New  Mexico,  and  Mas  killed  in  the  ui>a.->isacTe  at  Taos 
in  March  1847.  Silas,  the  youngest,  was  a  memlitr  of  the  exj)edition  to 
Jajiaii  under  Perry,  and  made  a  report  to  the  Crcr>graphical  .Society  of  New 
Yurk  concerning  the  warm  current  from  the  Ja^tan  lea,  which  t-oucbcs  the 
C'last  of  North  America.  The  other  brothers  were  fur  trailers.  an<l  William 
was  subsequently  government  freighter.  He  died  May  10,  ISiJH,  the  last  of 
tlie  orij{inal  firm.  Colorado  Paper,  in  MonUmn  Demttrnit,  June  17,  ISG'J;  Ar- 
himtx  VaL  Hint.,  830. 

"^  It  is  related,  and  is  probably  true,  that  Manrice,  a  French  trader  from 

Detroit,  built  a  fortification  on  Adobe  creek  in  Arkannas  valley  in    1 8.30, 

wiiich  would  give  him  precedence  in  point  of  time      He  collec-t«<l  a  Mexican 

Bettlement,  and  erected  13  adobe  cabins  around  a  si^care  or  plaza,  in  Mexi- 

Hist.  Nev.    23 


i 


111 


u 


854 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


■'■t;! 


Y,r..  . 


manches,  Choyonnes,  Arapahoes,  and  Utes.  Fort 
William,  after  which  the  other  trading-posts  \\ire 
modelled,  consisted  of  an  enclosure  150  by  100  feet  in 
extent,  surrounded  by  an  adobe  wall  seven  feet  thick 
and  eighteen  feet  high.  At  the  north-west  and  south- 
east corners  stood  bastions  ten  feet  in  diameter  aiul 
thirty  feet  high,  with  openings  for  cannon  and  small 
amis.  A  partition  wall  divided  the  interior,  two- 
thirds  of  which  was  devoted  to  the  necessary  shops, 
storehouses,  and  dwellings,  the  remaining  third  beintr 
a  corral  in  which  the  horses  and  nmlcs  were  secured 
from  theft  at  night.  In  the  east  wall  was  a  laiyc 
gate,  with  heavy  plank  doors,  opened  only  on  certain 
occasions.  Adjoining  the  wall  on  the  west  was  a 
wagon-house,  made  to  shelter  a  dozen  or  more  large 
wagons  used  in  conveying  goods  from  and  peltries  to 
St  Louis.  The  tops  of  the  houses  were  flat  and  grav- 
elled, and  served  for  a  promenade  in  the  eveiiiiii.'s, 
like  the  house-tops  of  Egypt.  There  were  about 
sixty  persons  employed  in  the  affairs  at  Fort  WilliaDi, 
and  many  were  the  dangers  they  incurred  and  advc  n- 
tures  they  encountered;"  for  the  region  was  the  com- 
mon ground  of  several  of  the  most  warlike  tribes  of 
the  plains.  Here,  too,  at  different  times  were  enter- 
tained travellers  of  every  description  and  rank  for  a 
period  of  more  than  twenty  years.  In  1852  Bent 
blew  up  Fort  William  and  moved  his  goods  down  the 


y: 


can  fashion,  one  of  which  was  used  as  a  church.  In  1838  the  Sioux  and 
Arapahoes  attacked  the  place,  and  were  fought  by  the  Utes,  wliose  assistaiuo 
had  heen  sought.  The  hattle  was  a  bhwdy  one,  resulting  in  the  victory  ni 
the  Utes.  This  Mexican  settlement  was  not  entirely  broken  up  until  IMti. 
ArkiiiiKim  Vnl.  Hist.,  54r)-6.  Among  those  earliest  in  the  service  of  tlic  fur 
companies  were  Bill  Williams,  John  Smith,  a  young  man  of  good  eihu'atii'ii 
from  Philadelphia,  Ben.  Ryder,  0.  de  Bray,  Metcalfe,  and  William  liiaiis- 
ford,  who  later  lived  in  Las  Animas  county. 

"  Fitnihain'i>  I'mnlH  in  the.  Oirnt  Wfufeni  Prairies,  .'?.5.  The  author  of  tliis 
book  was  at  Fort  William  in  1830,  and  wrote  accurately  of  what  he  saw. 
He  says:  'In  the  months  of  June,  August,  and  September  there  are  in  tlu' 
neighborhood  of  those  traders  from  15,000  lo  20,000  savages,  ready  ami 
panting  for  plunder  and  blood.  If  they  engage  in  battling  out  old  causes  oi 
contention  among  themselves  the  Messrs  Bent  feel  comparatively  .'■aff  m 
their  solitary  fortress.  But  if  they  spare  each  other's  property  and  livn 
there  are  great  anxieties  at  Fort  William;  every  hour  of  day  and  uiglit  i* 
pregnant  with  danger.' 


FUR  TRADERS. 


355 


Arkiiusaa  to  the  nioutli  of  Purgatoire  river,  whore  he 
trectt'J  a  now  fort,  wliich  was  leasod  to  the  govorii- 
TiK  nt  in  1859,  wlicn  it  was  occupied  by  troops  and 
called  Fort  Wise,  after  tlie  governor  of  Virginia. 

Another  trading-post  erected  in  1832  was  that  of 
Louis  Vasquez,  five  miles  north-cast  of  the  site  of 
])( liver,  at  the  junction  of  Vasquez  fork  or  Clear 
ci-.H  k  with  the  Platte  river.  A  nephew  of  Vas<iuez 
r('si<lod  with  him  at  the  fort  from  1832  to  4836,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Colorado.  Fort  Sarpy 
was  erected  soon  after  the  two  above  named,  and  was 
situated  on  the  Platte,  five  miles  below  Vasquez's 
pi)st.  Five  miles  below  Sarpy's  post  was  another 
fort,  whose  name  has  been  forgotten,  and  fifteen  miles 
fiiitlier  down  the  river  was  Fort  Lancaster,  erected 
by  Lupton,  which  in  1886  was  in  a  good  state  of 
pivscrvation.  Fort  St  Vrain,  ten  miles  below  Lup- 
ton, at  the  confluence  of  the  Cache  le  Poudre  river 
with  the  Platte,  was  erected  in  1838.  The  Bent 
brothers  also  had  a  post  on  the  Platte  before  reaching 
the  junction  of  the  next  stream  below.  So  thickly 
flustered  rival  establishments  in  the  first  ten  or  fif- 
tocii  years  of  trade  in  the  Rocky  mountains.  Five 
iniK'S  above  Fort  William  toward  the  mountains  was 
El  Pueblo,  a  Mexican  post,  although  owned  in  part 
by  Americans,  and  constructed  very  nmch  on  the 
}i!au  of  Fort  William.  It  was  not,  like  the  others,  a 
trading  establisment,  but  a  farming  settlement, 
iiiteuded  to  supply  the  trading-posts  with  grain,  veg- 
ttables,  and  live  stock.  The  proprietors  irrigated 
their  farm  with  water  from  the  Arkansas,  and  were 
ui'.doubtedly  the  first  agriculturists  in  this  region  ; 
but  as  they  neglected  to  water  their  potions  of  alco- 
hol sufficiently  at  the  same  time,  their  enterprise  did 
not  flourish  as  it  should,  even  hi  1838." 

''Stone,  Clmeml  Vkm,  MS.,  20-21,  mentions  a  Col  Boone,  who  had  a 
trailing  no.st  known  aa  llardM^rahle  in  the  Arkansas  valloy,  contemporary 
with  St  Vrain  ami  others.  Anotlier  post  was  on  the  site  of  Trinidad  in  Las 
Animas  county.  The  St  Vrain  mentioned  hero,  1  have  no  doubt,  was  one  of 
tlie  family  uf  that  uanie  which  became  poudCiisud  uf  a  grant  to  certain  lead 


'.? 


^i| 


'■^11 


i\ 


m 


356 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION, 


I  m' 


iH:- 


Si 


Somewhere  between  1840  and  1844  anotlier  settle- 
ment was  made  on  Adobe  creek,  further  u))  the 
Arkansas  on  the  south  side,  in  what  was  later  Fre- 
mont county.  It  was  under  the  patronage  of  an 
association  of  traders,  among  whom  were  Bent,  Jjup- 
ton,  St  Vrain,  Beaubien,  and  Lucicn  B.  Maxwell, 
Beaujien  having  charge,  and  being  the  owner  of  a 
large  grant  of  land  from  the  Mexican  government. 
The  settlement  was  broken  up  in  1846  by  the  Indians. 

A  feature  of  the  period  to  which  I  have  just 
alluded  was  the  obtainintj  of  grants  from  the  Mexican 
authorities  for  the  purpose  of  colonization  and  devel- 
opment. As  I  have  shown,  success  had  notatteiuhd 
their  efforts,  but  the  grants  were  valid  notwitlistnud- 
ing.  The  Vigil  and  St  Vrain  grant  embraced  nearly 
all  of  what  is  now  Colorado  south  of  the  Arkansas 
river  and  east  of  the  mountains,  excepting  the  Nolan 
grant,  a  tract  fifteen  miles  wide  by  forty  miles  in 
length,  lying  south  of  Pueblo,  Under  the  treaty  of 
1848  the  title  to  these  lands  was  undisturbed,  except 
that  the  United  States  government  thought  best  to 
cut  them  down  to  eleven  square  leagues  eacli,  as 
enough  to  content  republican  owners,  I  shall  have 
occasion  to  refer  again  to  them  in  this  history.  <  )ii 
the  Vigil  and  St  Vrain  grant  James  Bonney  in  1842 
founded  the  town  of  La  Junta. 


In  1841  the  first  immigrant  wagon  bound  to  the 
Pacific  coast  passed  up  the  Platte  valley,  and  taking 
the  North  fork,  crossed  the  Rocky  mountains  into 
Oregon  by  the  South  pass ;  and  soon  it  became  the 
usual  route  instead  of  tliat  by  the  Arkansas  valh  \, 
being  safer  from  Indian  depredations.  Butwhatevir 
route  was  taken,  no  settlers  came  in  these  days  from 
the  United  States  to  make  their  homes  in  the  Rocky 
mountains  ;  and  even  the  hunters  and  trappers,  whose 


niinf  .  in  '  iipppr  Louisiana  '  l)y  authority  of  the  Baron  de  Carandolet,  sm - 
vcyor-geiit>ral  of  Louisiana  in  1796.  This  was  James  Ceran  St  Vrain,  ami 
tlie  mines  were  iu  Tennessee. 


THE  MORMONS. 


357 


nunibtrs  had  once  been  that  of  a  respectable  army, 
\V(!ic  being  killed  oft'  by  the  Conianchos  or  absorbed 
bv  the  half  civilization  of  the  Mexican  border. 

The  first  government  expedition  since  Long's  was 
sit  on  foot  in  1842  under  Fremont,  but  did  not  more 
tlian  touch  Colorado  this  year.  Returning  in  1 843-4, 
s<»iiic  explorations  were  made  of  this  portion  of 
United  States  territory.  The  only  persons  encoun- 
tered in  the  Rocky  mountains  by  Fremont  '*  at  this 
time  were  the  few  remaining  traders  and  their  former 
employes,  now  their  colonists,  who  lived  with  their 
]\Iexican  and  Indian  wives  and  half-brccd  children  in 
a  primitive  manner  of  life,  usually  under  the  protec- 
tion of  some  defensive  structure  called  a  fort." 

The  first  American  families  in  Colorado  were  a 
part   of  the  Mormon  battalion  of  1846,   who,    with 


i:   •it 
'  -I  .  ^U 


"  Kiinugh  has  been  said  about  Fremont's  expeditions  elsewhere.  He  made 
no  iiiipiirtaiit  di.scoveries  in  Colorado,  tliose  which  he  did  make  being  noted 
uiiilii'  cither  lieads.  His  expedition  was  very  completely  furnished.  He  left 
tlif  I'latte  with  a  part  of  his  command  after  reaching  Fort  Ijaramie,  and  fol- 
liiwiiii,'  the  8outli  fork,  came  in  siglit  of  Long's  peak  July  S,  \S4'2.  He  con- 
tiinud  up  tiie  valley  as  far  as  St  Vrain's  fort,  ]  /  miles  ea.st  of  that  niomitain, 
wlirio  lie  remained  for  three  days  only,  returning  on  the  I'ith  to  rejoin  his 
niiii|jaiiy.  In  184;i  he  took  a  different  route  to  the  mountains,  via  the  valley 
ci  tliL'  Kansas  river  and  Republican  fork,  crossing  thence  to  the  Snioly  Hill 
fork,  aiul  proceeding  almost  directly  west  to  Fort  St  Vrain  by  the  well-worn 
trails  (if  the  fur  companies.  From  St  Vrain,  where  he  arrived  July  4th,  ho 
iiiiitiinifil  up  the  I'latte,  seeing  Pike's  peak  covered  with  mw -fallen  snow  on 
tlu' iiKiniing  of  tlie  10th.  Crossing  the  divide  lietween  the  I'latte  and  Ar- 
kaiisa-t,  he  arrived  on  the  17th  at  Fontaine-qui-Honille,  or  Soda  Springs, 
iioai  the  eastern  base  of  the  peak,  the  same  which  Long  hatl  named  after 
Ciqit.  Ik'U.  On  the  19th  he  left  this  spot,  and  descending  the  river  to  the 
castuiu  fiirk,  wliich  was  liastily  survejed,  the  party  returned  to  Fort  St 
Vraiii,  whence  tliey  proceeded  north  to  Fort  Laramie.  Fremont  mentions 
tile  I'.irt  called  Fl  Pueblo,  and  explains  that  the  inhabitants  were,  at  that 
time  at  least,  a  nund)er  of  mountaineers,  principally  Americans,  who  had 
iiianiiMl  .Mexican  women,  an<l  occupied  themselves  in  farming  and  carrying 
(111  a  ilcsultory  traile  with  the  Indians.  In  l^>44  he  returned  by  a  course 
wliiili  took  him  tiu'ougli  the  north-west  corner  of  tlie  state,  through  North 
jiark,  wliich  lie  cnlleil  New  park,  through  the  South  ])ark,  and  to  the  Ar- 
k  iii.sas  river,  by  wliich  route  he  reiiched  St  Louis  in  tlie  autumn.  EjyUn: 
Erfu'l.,  IK).  His  .'id  and  last  expedition  in  1S4S  was  ii  disastrous  <uie,  in 
which  he  lost  most  of  his  men,  animals,  ami  stores  in  an  attempt  to  cross  tho 
niiiiiiitaiin  to  ( Jrand  river  in  tlie  dead  of  winter. 

•"Captain  (lunnison  in  18.")3  noticed  a  small  settlement  in  the  Culebra 
valley,  and  on  the  banks  of  tlie  Costilla,  wiicre  lie  Tound  a  little  farming, 
ulirat,  corn,  beans,  and  watermelons  being  among  the  productions.  Six 
Moxican  families  were  settled  on  the  CJreenhorn  river,  and  at  Sangre  do 
t'listo  pass  an  .Xmtrican  named  \\  illiams  was  herding  some  stock.  Ba-kviUi, 
in  i'ac,  2i,  Ii,  liiid,  ii.  uL.  iii 


^- 


888 


DISCOVEliY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


their  wives  and  children,  resided  at  Pueblo  from  Sep. 
teniber  to  the  spring  and  summer  of  the  folluwinir 
year,  when  they  joined  the  Mormon  migration  to  ISalt 
Lake.  A  number  of  persons  later  living  in  Utah 
were  born  at  Pueblo  in  1846-7." 

A  number  of  houses  "  wore  erected  by  them  fur 

^'  See  Hiat.  Cul.  and  Hist.  Utah,  tliis  series.  From  Tykr's  Mommn  B^il- 
talion,  120,  [I  take  tlie  following  naniea  of  persons  who  were  fiu.-irtiicMl  at 
I'ueblo  during  this  period:  Gilbert  Hunt,  Diinick  B.  Huntington,  MciutL,'iiiii- 
ery  Button,  John  Tippets,  Milton  Kellej*,  Nicholas  Kelley,  Nornuin  Mjaq), 
James  Brown,  Harley  Morey,  Thomas  Woolsey,  8.  C.  Slielton,  Jnsciili  \\'. 
Richards,  James  T.  S.  AUred,  Reuben  W.  Allred,  Marvin  S.  Uluuohriril, 
James  W.  Calkins,  David  Garner,  James  H.  Glines,  Sclmyler  Hulett,  Klijaii 
E.  Holdcn,  Charles  A.  Jackson,  Barnabas  Lake,  Meleher  Oyler,  CaratatC. 
Roe,  Joha  Sessions,  John  P.  Wriston,  Elam  Ludington,  Joiin  U.  ('liasc, 
Franklin  Allen,  Erastus  Bingham,  William  Bird,  Philip  Garner,  HaniKin  1). 
Persons,  Lyman  Stepliens,  Dexter  Htillman,  William  \V\ilkcr,  CliarKs 
Wright,  Orson  B.  Adams,  Alexander  Brown,  Jesse  J.  Brown,  William  ]•;. 
Beckstead,  William  H.  Carjjenter,  Isaac  Carpenter,  John  Calvert,  I'raiicilli) 
Durphy,  Samuel  Gould,  John  C.  Gould,  Jarvis  Johnson,  Thurston  Larsmi, 
Jabez  Nowlan,  Judson  A.  Persons,  Richard  Smith,  Milton  Smitli,  Andrew 
J.  Shupe,  James  Shupe,  Joel  J.  Terrill,  Solomon  Tindall,  David  Wilkiti,  l)a- 
vid  Perkins,  John  Perkins,  Thomas  S.  Williams,  Arnold  Stephens,  .Insliii.i 
Abbott,  Jonathan  Averctt,  William  Casto,  AbnerCliase,  James  Davis,  Italpli 
Douglas,  William  B.  Gilford,  James  Hirons,  Lorin  E.  Keaney,  LisbnuJ.amli, 
David  S.  Laughlin,  Peter  J.  Meeseck,  .Tames  Oakley,  William  Rowc,  .bilm 
Steel,  Abel  M.  Sarj^'cnt,  William  Gribble,  Benjamin  Roberts,  Hemy  W. 
Sanderson,  Albert  Sharp,  Clark  Stillman,  John  (i.  Smith,  Mynni  Tainu", 
Almon  Whiting,  Ednuind  Whiting,  Eljenezer  Hanks,  Samuel  Clark,  (icni;^.! 
Cummiugs,  Luther  W.  Glazier,  J.  W.  Hess,  Charles  Hopkins,  Tlioiua.s  Kai- 
ren,  David  Miller,  William  A.  Park,  Jonathan  Pugniire,  Jr,  Roswell  8tipli- 
»  s,  Bailey  Jacobs.  These  M-ere  detached  and  sent  to  Pueblo  on  account  nf 
sickness;  first  detachment  from  the  crossing  of  the  Arkansas,  and  a  stcnml 
one  from  Santa  Fe.  Those  who  had  families  were  ordered  to  send  them  to 
Pueblo,  except  such  as  were  retained  for  laimdrcsses;  bnt  as  their  uatiics  are 
given  but  onco,  and  that  before  the  division,  it  is  impossible  to  give  tli';  num- 
ber of  women  who  wintered  in  Colorado.  There  were  34  married  wdnuii 
with  the  battalion,  with  children  of  all  ages,  to  the  number  of  GO  or  70. 
There  were  also  several  men,  not  enlisted,  with  the  families,  as  John  IJoscn, 
David  Black,  James  P.  Brown,  and  others.  Milton  Kelley,  Joseph  W. 
Richards,  John  Perkins,  Norman  Sharp,  Arnold  Stephens,  M.  S.  Blaiichanl, 
Milton  Smith,  Scott,  and  Abner  Chase,  died  in  Pueblo,  or  on  the  mail  to 
that  place.  Tlie  first  white  American  bom  in  Colorado  was  Malinda  Catlior- 
ino  Kelley,  daughter  of  Milton  and  Malinda  Kelley,  in  Nov.,  soon  aft(M-  the 
death  of  her  father,  whose  first  child  she  was.  Subsequently  Mrs  Fanny  M. 
Huntington,  wife  of  Captain  Diniick  B.  Huntington,  gave  birth  to  a  cliilil, 
which  died  in  a  few  hours,  Eunice,  wife  of  James  P.  Brown,  bore  a  snn, 
John;  Mrs  Norman  Sharp  a  daughter;  Albina,  wife  of  Thomas  S.  Willi.iins, 
a  daughter,  Phobe.  A  child  of  Capt.  Jctferson  Hunt,  by  his  wifi;,  IVlia, 
died  and  was  buried  at  Pueblo,  and  probably  otliers,  whose  names  have  luen 
forgotten;  but  from  this  record  it  is  easy  to  imagine  the  remainder  of  a  s-ail 
story  of  privation,  death,  and  burial  in  a  savage  laud,  and  children  born  to 
Borrow. 

'"  f^eo  Stone's  Gau  View,  MS.;  Byns'  HkL  Coin,  MS.  Tlie  detachmi-nt 
sent  from  Santa  Fe  built  18  rooms  14  feet  square,  of  timbers  cut  in  tlu' 
woods.  Tj/lir'a  Hint.  Mormon  BiUtalio/i,  171.  The  first  detachment  may  have 
built  others. 


ROUTES  AND  EXPLORATIONS. 


■11! 


uy  W. 
iimu", 
iciirgfi 

las  Kr.i- 
Sti'pli- 

ouiit  of 
second 
lom  to 

UK'S  are 

IlUlll- 
WOIPOU 

or  70. 

]5osL'o, 
ph  W. 
ncluinl, 
riail  ti) 

'atluT- 
f tor  the 
miv  M. 
c'liiM, 

a  son, 

llianis, 
(Vila, 

0  lirCU 

a  i-ail 
orii  to 

(■linient 
liii  th'> 
ly  1ki\  e 


winter  quarters,  and  here  were  born,  married,"  and 
buried  a  number  of  their  people.  Driven  out  of 
Illinois  at  tlie  point  of  the  bayonet,  seeking  homes  on 
the  western  side  of  the  continent,  they  liad  accepted 
Service  under  tlie  government,  which  had  failed  to 
protect  them  in  their  direst  need,  for  the  sake  of  being 
jtrovisioned  and  liaving  their  families  transported 
across  the  continent.  Of  their  strange  history  the 
winter  in  Pueblo  was  but  an  incident."  Another 
jiortion  of  General  Kearny's  army,  under  Colonel 
Price  and  Major  Emory,  travelled  up  the  Arkansas 
as  far  as  Bent's  fort,  where  it  turned  off  to  Santa 
Vv  hy  the  Raton  pass.  This  force  consisted  of  1,058 
men,  including  Doniphan's  1st  regiment  of  Missouri 
mounted  volunteers. 

Meanwhile  there  were  no  real  military  establish- 
ments in  the  whole  region  west  and  north-west  of  Fort 
Leavenworth  ;  although,  to  protect  the  Oregon  immi- 
gration, a  chain  of  posts  across  the  continent  had  been 
niucli  talked  of  in  congress ;  and  it  had  been  announced 
that  Fremont's  explorations  were  ordered  with  the 
design  of  establishing  a  permanent  overland  route, 
and  selecting  the  sites  for  the  posts  which  were  to 
guard  and  render  it  safe.  I  have  shown  in  my  history 
of  Oregon  that  this  w\as  not  actually  done  before  1841), 
the  intervention  of  the  war  with  Mexico  diverting 
the  army  to  that  quarter.  But  measures  were  taken 
early  in  March  1847  to  select  locations  for  two  United 
States  f()rts  between  the  Missouri  and  the  Rockv 
mountains,  the  sites  selected  being  those  now  occui)ied 
by  Kearney  City  and  I'ort  Laramine,  the  latter  being 

'"..Uiiii-a,  <Iaught«r  of  Capt.  Nelson  lliggins,  was  marriiil  to  Jolm  Chase 
at  riiolpld. 

'•"  1  liave  notiiod  some  erronoous  statements  concerning  the  Mormon  hat- 
taliou  ill  my  Colorado  manuscripts.  It  was  commainli'd  ia  tlie  tirst  place 
liy  a  regular  otticer,  Col  James  Allen,  1st  dragoons,  though  it  was  an  in- 
fantry force.  He  died  soon  after  the  battalion  left  Leavenwortli,  and  the 
cdMimand  was  taken  hy  Lieut  A.  J.  Smith,  who  rc[)orted  toCol  Doniphan  at 
Santa  Fe,  the  whole  l)cing  nndcr  the  commaii<l  of  TJen.  Kearny.  From 
fsinta  Fe  to  Los  Angeles  Col  P.  Nt  (Jeorge  Cook  commanded  the  battalion. 
!5cu  JJiat,  CitL  aud  //w<,  i'dih,  this  scries. 


.  <■■   ! 


■m 


N-'f 


'U, 


m 

PL 
m 


360 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


^^1 


i" 


i  ' 


purchased  from  the  American  Fur  company."  The 
work  of  constructing  and  garrisoning  these  forts  [iro- 
gresscd  slowly,''*  and  it  was  not  until  some  nioutli.s 
after  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war  that  troops  wtre 
stationed  at  them,  although  in  1847-8  there  was  a  con- 
siderahle  force  kept  moving  on  the  plains.  In  1 850  Fort 
Massachusetts  was  erected  on  Ute  creek,  at  the  west 
base  of  the  main  chain  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  near 
Sangre  de  Cristo  pass ;  the  site  being  chosen  the 
better  to  intercept  the  raiding  bands  of  Utes,  and  was 
occui)ied,  although  the  situation  proved  unhealthfuh 
until  1857,  when  the  present  Fort  Garland  was  sub- 
stituted." 

In  1853  congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  a  sur- 
vey of  railroad  routes  from  the  Mississippi  river  to 
the  Pacific  ocean,  that  between  the  38th  and  ;5;ith 
parallels  being  entrusted  to  Captain  J,  W.  Gunnison. 
<if  the  Topographical  engineers.  Captain  Gunnison 
began  his  survey  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river, 
proceeded  westward  to  Bent's  fort,  up  the  Arkansas 
to  the  Apishapa  and  Huerfano  affluents,  throu^li 
Sangre  de  Cristo  pass  into  San  Luis  park,  the 
Saguache  valley,  and  Cochetopa  pass,  down  the  (Jnn- 
nison  branch  of  the  Colorado  to  its  junction  with 
Grand  river,  thence  westward  acri)ss  the  Wasatch 
range,  in  Utah,  as  far  as  the  valley  of  Sevier  lake 
and  river,  where  he,  with  several  of  his  party,  was 
murdered  October  26th''*  by  Pah  Utes.     Gunnison's 

*  Flirt  Ijaramie  was  sometimes  called  Fort  John.  Byrse  in  his  IIM.  <  "/'», 
MS,,  06,  says  it  v.as  St  John,  and  that  the  government  changed  its  naiiiu  to 
Laramie.  But  it  wa»  known  to  travellers  as  Laramie  a  number  of  years  lit- 
fore  the  iiurchasc;  and  in  Bomu'riUi's  AilrciUunn  it  is  called  Fort  William, 
nrol>al>ly  after  William  Sublette,  who  built  it  in  18l}4,  in  conjunction  v  ith 
Rol)ert  Camiibell.  They  sold  it  the  following  year  to  Milton  Sublette  and 
James  Briilger,  who  went  into  partnership  with  the  American  Fur  Couiiiany. 
There  is  a  more  complete  account  of  Fort  Laramie  in  my  J/htoryo/  Wijninhhi, 
this  vol.  Hastings,  in  his  Or.  and  Cal.,  13G,  meatious  Ft  Jolm  as  being  one 
mile  south  of  Fort  Laramie. 

■■'•Rept  of  W.  L.  Marcy,  sec.  war,  in  Mkx'  Prg.,  Dec.  13,  1848. 

^  Fort  fiarland  is  located  in  latitude  27°  35'  north;  longitude  27°  20'  west; 
with  an  altitude  of  7,805  feet.  The  reservation  comprises  4  scjuare  niilos, 
and  lies  betweca  Sangre  de  Cristo  and  Ute  creeks  in  San  Luis  park.  .S'h/-;/i '>«• 
yii.  Cirr.,  1870-t,  257;  Berhrith,  in  P<ir  R.  R.  RifX.,  ii.  38. 

■■^Ounnison  had  an  escort  of  a  dozen  mounted  riflemen,  Co.  A,  uiu'.er 
Capt.  Morris.     On  the  morning  of  Oct,  25th  Gunnison,  with  F.   CrcutzfiLlt 


ROUTES  AND  EXPEDITIONS. 


»6I 


survoy  of  the  mountain  passes  of  Colorado  rendered 
it  cniK'lusive  that  there  was  no  route  equal  to^  that 
tnivelled  by  the  immigration  through  the  great 
Jojuession  about  the  42d  parallel;'*  although  the 
apprehension  of  i)bstruction  from  snow  in  this  lati- 
tude continued  to  govern  the  views  of  those  in 
autliority,  and  in  spite  of  the  survey  of  the  Northern 
1'.  -itic  railroad  line,  until  the  civil  war  forced  the 
abandonment  of  the  more  southern  routes. 

liiituiist,  R.  H.  Kern  topographer,  William  Potter  giii<le,  John  Bellowa,  and 
a  iiiiii'iral  and  G  men,  left  camp  to  explore  the  vicinity  of  Sevier  lake.  On 
the  ni\t  morning,  most  of  the  party  l)eing  at  breakfast,  the  Imlians  fired 
U]iori  tlicm  from  a  thicket,  and  stampeding  the  horses,  prevented  tiieir  es- 
lape.  Only  4  out  of  the  12  survived  the  attack.  The  coq)()ral,  who  was 
a'lili!  to  mount,  gave  the  first  information  to  Capt.  Morris,  and  the  escort  ar- 
rived on  the  scene  of  the  massacre  that  evening  too  late  to  collect  the  re- 
in iin  of  the  murdered,  which  liad  liecn  mangldl  by  tlie  savages,  thougii  not 
s oaliieil,  and  torn  and  almo.st  devoured  by  wolves  during  tlie  niglit.  Brrk- 
n-'tli  III  Pw  R.  R.  Rej^t,  ii.  73-4;  Oijimpia  Wimh.  Pioneer,  Jan.  21,  1854.  See 
HUt.  i'f'i/i,  this  series. 

-'  See  Hi.4.  Xorthircst  Cout,  this  series.  The  other  government  expedi- 
tiniis  wiiicli  have  surveyed  Colorado  have  been  tiiose  military  reconnoissances 
0  "iiiii'e'ted  with  railroads  and  mail  routes.  In  1Sj4  Stei)toe,  on  his  way  to 
()ii'L.'iia  witli  300  troops,  survej'ed  the  country  from  New  Mexico  to  Salt 
Liiki;  City,  and  expended  .?lJ5,000in  improving  the  route  from  that  place  to 
till!  siuirhcrn  California  coast  by  tlie  way  of  the  Rio  Virgen  and  Muddy 
rver  aii<l  the  Cajon  pass.  V.  S.  E.r.  Dik.,  34th  cong.  1st  sess.,  i.  pt'2,  r)04  7. 
The  overland  mail  was  carried  overtliis  route  for  several  years,  or  until  the 
war  with  the  south  compelled  the  adoption  of  the  central  route.  In  1857  the 
f.MV(M-nment  sent  out  an  expedition  under  William  M.  Magraw  to  locate  a 
wagnii-road  through  the  South  pass.  It  was  accompanied  by  a  corps  of  sci- 
liitiiio  men,  who  made  collections  of  the  plants,  niinerals,  and  animals  of  the 
country.  Sinithsoni'tn  Rtpt,  1S58,  50.  Congress  had  at  ditlerent  times  made 
api)ro[)riation3  for  the  exploration  of  the  Rocky  mtsin  the  interest  of  science, 
auil  especially  of  geology.  An  expedition  to  the  lower  Yellowstone,  under 
the  eniiimand  of  C^.  K.  Warren,  of  the  U.  S.  Eng.  corps,  as  early  as  185(5, 
was  tlie  first  to  become  interestecl  in  the  marvellous  reports  of  the  Yellow- 
stene  country  tlirough  tiie  medium  of  the  fur-traders.  James  Bridger  otfered 
til  giiido  the  command  to  the  head  of  the  river,  but  the  undertaking  was  not 
etileied  upon  at  that  time.  Warren  had  planned  an  expedition  to  Yellow- 
st'iiie  lake  for  the  years  of  ISoit-lJO,  but  was  superseded  in  connnaud  by  Col 
Kt  yiinlds  of  his  corps.  Prof.  F.  V.  Hayden  was  connecteil  witli  the  expedi- 
tiiiii  of  1856,  and  had  charge  of  the  geo.ogieal  department  in  1859-CO;  but 
lleyiidlds  failed  to  nake  tiie  passage  of  tlie  Wind  River  mts,  from  which  side 
he  iiunle  his  approach.  At  tiie  same  time  a  small  party  under  Cook  and 
tolsoiii,  by  approaching  by  tlie  valley  of  the  Yellowstmu!,  crossed  the  divide 
intii  the  geyser  basin  of  tiio  Madison  river,  but  not  until  after  W.  W.  Do 
Laoy,  as  I  have  shown  in  my  HUtimj  iJ'Mniitdii'i,  had  peiietratcil  to  that  spot 
fniiii  tlie  hoacl  of  Snake  river,  in  180.'$.  In  1870  tiic  sur.-gen.  of  Montana, 
Henry  I)  W'ashburne,  with  a  party  of  settlers  reached  the  upper  geyser 
h;i<iii,  at  the  head  of  the  Yellowstone,  and  N.  P.  Langfcrd,  one  of  the  party, 
piihlislied  an  account  of  the  discoveries  made  by  the  expedition  in  the  May 
aiiii  .hine  numbers  of  Srril>iin''i  M'liji'ziiii'  for  1871.  An  army  officer  who 
ai'eiiiiipanied  the  excursion  ineommanil  of  a  small  escort— Ijietit  (!.  C.  Doane, 
lM  eav.  — luude  au  otlicial  re^wrt  to  Gen.  Hancock,  who  forwarded  it  to  the 


Ft     -\ 

■^1 


ill 


362 


DISCOVERY  AND  OCCUPATION. 


sec  of  war,  Belknap.  These  revelations  of  the  wonders  of  the  Rncky  tnts 
greatly  utimulateil  ruscaruli.  Under  the  direction  oi  the  sec.  of  th«  int., 
Dehmo,  the  geological  survey  was  reaumed  in  1871  in  tlio  mountain  ivgidns] 
I'rof.  Hayden  being  in  charge.  He  proceeded  from  Odgen  to  Fort  Hull,  an,! 
tlieuco  tu  Fort  Ellis,  Montana,  where  ho  obtained  an  escort  and  muilu  the 
long-contcniplated  visit  to  the  geyser  basin,  of  which  there  is  a  dusi'iipijim 
in  his  report  fur  1871,  being  the  5th  of  the  series.  In  the  following  ye.ir 
Hayden,  with  his  photograplier,  W.  H.  Jackson,  made  a  tour  through  ap.-ut 
of  Colorado,  and  in  his  report  for  1872  gave  a  brief  ceneral  sketch  nf  tlia 
scenery  an(i  the  geological  features,  with  analy.ses  of  the  mineral  spiings; 
but  his  explorations  were  conrined  principally  to  the  country  nortli  iif  the 
4l8t  parallel.  In  187.3  and  1874  the  survey  of  Colorado  was  proseciUtdMith 
zeal.  The  headquarters  of  tlio  company  was  at  Denver,  but  it  was  Kcjiar.ituil 
into  7  divisions  to  prosecute  s^wcitically  the  work  of  the  topograpiiical,  gcd- 
logical,  botanical,  zoological,  archicological,  paleontological,  and  ])h(itii. 
graphical  branches  of  the  service,  which  m  all  respects  was  of  great  valiiu  U 
tlie  country  and  to  science  at  large.  Hayden's  report  for  18/4  cuiuuins, 
l>esidcs  the  strictly  scientilic  history  of  the  state,  many  interesting  observ- 
ations on  the  conditions  of  the  country  and  its  development  at  this  date.  All 
of  liis  reports  are  written  in  a  popular  style,  which  enables  the  least  s'.adimii 
reader  to  find  some  clnrm  in  them.  Daly's  A</ilre.i8  Am.  Oeoij  Sm.,  JST.'i, 
9-12,  55-G.  In  1880  Hayden  published  a  volume  of  general  antl  scii'iitiiio 
information  concerning  the  intramontane  states  and  territories  wliifii  lio  lallol 
T/ie  Gri'it  W<vf.,  containing  over  500  pages,  and  made  up  of  selected  matter 
from  other  sources,  with  sonic  descriptive  matter  from  his  own,  in  wliidi  TJ 
pages  are  dovjtedto  Colorado.  In  1873  an  expedition  was  tlirown  into  the 
field  by  the  war  department,  under  the  general  charge  of  Lieut  George  M. 
Wheeler,  tlie  primary  object  being  to  discover  the  most  available  rmiU'sfur 
tlie  transport  of  troops  and  wagons  between  interior  posts,  and  incidentally  to 
conduct  researches  in  geology,  zoology,  botany,  arehieology,  and  otlnr 
special  branches  of  science.  The  expedition  was  in  the  field  three  years,  aiul 
a  part  of  it  in  Colorado  most  of  the  time.  Tlie  force  for  1875  was  diviilud 
into  two  sections,  one  under  the  immediate  direction  of  Wheeler,  to  start 
from  Los  Angeles  for  the  survey  of  soutiicrn  Cal.  and  Arizona,  and  another 
under  Lieut  William  L.  Marshall,  to  start  from  Pueblo  for  the  survey  of  tiio 
southern  part  of  Colo,  and  New  Mex.  I  have  referred  in  my  Ui<tnnjnf 
Nrvdila  to  Wheeler's  work  in  that  state.  Marshall's  route  froiu  I'mcMo 
meandered  the  sage  plains  east  of  the  mountains,  rounded  the  base  of  I'iki'  a 
peak,  through  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  pass  to  Conejos,  on  the  Conejas  liran.li 
of  thellio  Grande  del  Norte,  where  the  real  work  of  the  expedition  forl'olo. 
began.  The  topography  of  the  whole  country  west  of  the  100th  meridian 
and  between  the  parallels  was  secured  by  triangulation,  and  a  series  of  niapa 
made  which  omitted  no  faintest  trail  or  smallest  stream.  Wheeler's  jmlili- 
cations  consist  of  reports,  maps,  and  photographs,  and  are  of  great  giogra- 
phical  value.  In  18t)7  the  government  onlered  tlie  geological  survey  of  tiie 
40tli  parallel,  and  the  explorations  were  placed  in  charge  of  Clarence  King, 
a  man  of  many  attainments,  to  whose  work  and  that  of  his  party  I  havi^  re- 
ferred in  my  Huftonj  of  Xeryvla.  A  large  octavo  volume  published  iu  l'*>70 
at  Washington  on  mining  industry  contains  chapters  on  gold  and  silver  min- 
ing in  Colorado,  by  James  D.  Hague,  with  general  and  particular  histories 
of  the  most  noted  mines  and  mineral  districts,  with  illustrations,  the  whole 
being  of  much  interest  and  value. 


CHAPTER  III. 

GOLD  DI.SCOVEllIES, 

1853-1859. 

XhiiioLOfjicAL  Mixes— Men  from  Gkohhia — The  CiiEnoKEEs — HrcKs  and 
KcsHEi.L — The  Lawken(;e  Pakiy — Oi  iieii  L'omi'aniks— Aukakia  vkksus 
pF.NVEi! — The  Tows  Biildeks— Eaki.v  Merchants  and  Manufac- 
Ti  iiKiis — FmsT  Guide  Bdoks  and  Jouunals— Gold  Discovekies  on 
BoiLDER  Ckeek  and  C'lkak  Creek — Russell  and  Gkeuory — Central 
City  and  Fair  Play — Pioneer  Biourai-uy. 

Up  to  1853  Colorado's  scant  population  still  lived 
ill  or  near  some  defensive  establishment,  and  had  been 
(Increasing  rather  than  increasing  for  the  past  decade, 
owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Indians.'  The  great 
wave  of  population  which  rolled  westward  after  the 
gold  discoveries  in  California  had  its  effect  on  this 
iiiterniediatc  territory.  Traditions  of  gold  nuggets 
carried  in  shot-pouches  of  mountaineers  are  of  early 
(late,  a  Frenchman  named  Duchet  *  being  one  of  the 
careless  finders  of  the  royal  metal,  "  away  back  in 
tlu!  thirties."  These  stories  were  wafted  abroad,  and 
piijued  the  curiosity  of  the  California  bound  pilgrims, 
who  prospected,  as  opportunity  oftered;  anywhere 
along  the  branches  of  the  Platte  river/  A  party  of 
Clierokees  being  en  route  to  California,  looking  not 
only  for  gold,  but  for  a  new  country  in  which  to 
locate  their  people  who  had  been  invited  to  sell  their 

'Fri'mont,  in  his  E.rplnr,  Erpfil.,  1843-4,  mentions  the  taking  of  Ronbi- 
(Icau'.s  fort,  on  the  Uintah  branch  of  Green  river,  in  northwestern  Utah, 
liy  tliu  Utes,  soon  after  he  passed  it  in  1814.  Tlie  men  wore  all  killed  and 
tliL'  women  carried  into  captivity.  Bent's  fort  was  also  eaptnred  »ub.se- 
q'lpiitly,  and  the  inmates  slaiightered.  The  absence  of  the  owners  alone  pre- 
veiituil  their  sharing  the  fate  of  their  employes. 

■  lli)Uister\^  Minc'^  of  Colnnu/o,  (5;  SliKirt'a  Monhina,  68-9. 

'Colorado  Rait,  in  San  Juan,  MS.,  1, 

(363) 


'  '■     i'^i--al 


^?  il 


S64 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


ill 


lands  in  Georgia,  taking  the  Arkansas  valley  rnuto, 
and  tlie  trail  by  the  Sijuirrei  creek  divido  to  the  lu  ad 
of  Cherry  creek,  made  the  discovery  that  imM 
existed  in  the  streams  of  this  region.  The  party 
continued  on  to  California,  and  returned  in  ti;iie  to 
Cieorgia,  where  they  attempted  to  organize  an  exj)c. 
dition  for  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  news  came  to 
the  ears  of  W.  Green  Russell,  a  miner  of  Da]il(iii("j;a, 
Georgia,  who  also  projected  an  expedition  to  tliis 
region. 

In  the  meantime  a  Cherokee  cattle  trader  fr.iia 
Missouri,  named  Parks,  in  driving  his  herds  al^||^r 
the  trail,  and  having  had  his  eyes  sharpened  by  tlic 
report  of  the  previous  company  of  liis  pcoplr,  dis- 
covered gold  in  1852,  on  Ralston  creek,  a  small  ;ilHu- 
ent  of  Vasquez,  or  Clear  creek.*  A  column  of  tnupps 
marching  through  the  country  a  few  years  later  made 
a  similar  discovery,  on  Cherry  creek,  on  tlie  south- 
west corner  of  the  present  state  of  Colorado;  and  in 
1857  other  troops  made  tlie  same  report  concerniii;^' 
Cherry  creek  in  the  Platte  region.^  Still,  but  little 
gold  was  found,  and  no  excitement  followed  at  that 
time. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1858  the  Cherokees  oriifan- 
ized  for  a  prospecting  expedition  to  the  vicinity  df 
Pike's  peak.  W.  Green  Russell  joined  their  company 
with  a  party  of  white  men.  Some  difficulties  occur- 
ring in  passing  through  the  country  of  the  Osui^cs, 
part  of  the  Cherokees  turned  back.  The  expeditidn, 
as  filially  organized  for  the  plains,  consisted  of  twelve 
white  persons  and  thirty  Indians,  among  whom  were 
George  Hicks,  Sen.,*  leader  of  the  company,  Geort,'c 
Hicks,  Jr,  John  Beck,  who  had  organized  the  expi  di- 
tion, Ezekiel  Beck,  Pelican  Tigre,  and  others.     The 

^Pahar'a  Colo,  as  an  Agrinihiirnl  State,  21-22;  Kinifa  G<ol.  E.rplor.,  iii. 
487-92. 

^  Rirhrmlsotift  JIM.  Giiuiiiwii  Coiid/i/,  MS.,  4;  Oilpin^n  A  Pinifrr  of  iS'il, 
MS..  3;  Corl>ett\f  Li'i/ii.  Manwil,  'M;  Jhiyilvna  Orent  W<'.it,  Ity-ICK);  ll^n-yn's 
Mai,.,    xli.  373-4. 

^  Hicks  was  a  lawyer  l)y  i)rofe9sion,  had  servel  on  the  bench  as  jiulgi',  and 
was  a  uotable  man  auioug  the  Cherukeea. 


iii 


n< osvEci iX( ;  ex pei utioxs. 


303 


wlilto  porsons  were  George  MoDougal,  brotlier  of 
GDveruor  McDougal  of  California,  who  had  a  trading 
p()st  on  xVdobe  cieek,  a  Mr  Kirk,  wife  and  two  chil- 
(Ircn,  Levi  Braumbaugli,  Philander  Sinunons.  a  njoun- 
taineer  of  a  dozen  years'  experience,  and  ^[essrs 
j^rcwn,  Kelly,  Johns,  Taylor,  and  Tubbs.  Kelly  had 
a  Cherokee  wife,  who  with  her  sister  accompanied 
liiiii.  The  company  left  the  Missouri  frontier  May 
IJtIi,  and  arrived  at  Bent's  new  fort  in  good  seas<m; 
hut  the  winter  had  been  severe  and  the  spring  late,' 
which  made  travelling  difficult.  Nor  were  their 
labors  rewarded  that  season,  though  they  prospected 
from  the  liead  of  the  Arkansas  to  the  Platte,  and 
thiity  miles  to  the  north  ;  and  only  Kussell  remained, 
with  half  a  dozen  men,  who  ultimately  found  diggings 
where  they  took  out  fair  wages,  on  a  dry  creek  put- 
ting into  the  Platte  seven  miles  south  of  the  mouth 
of  Cherr}''  creek. 

The  fame  of  the  Cherokee  expedition  spread  through 
tlie  ^[issouri  river  towns,  and  soon  other  companies 
were  on  the  road  to  the  mountains,  without  waiting 
for  confirmation  of  the  rumored  discoveries.  A  com 
jKiiiy  left  Lawrence,  Kansas,  soon  after  the  passage  of 
the  1  licks  and  Russell  parties,  consisting  of  fifty  men, 
two  of  whom,  Holmes  and  Middleton,  had  families, 
and  went  by  the  Arkansas  valley  route  to  the  foot- 
hills t)f  the  Front  range.  At  Pueblo  they  found  a 
few  Mexicans,  and  at  Fountain  City  a  mixed  settle- 
niei)tof  Americans  and  Mexicans,  presided  over  by 
'^^•ovgo  McDougal.  The  company  prospected  south- 
ward as  far  as  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  pass,  some  cross- 
ing tlie  mountains  to  Fort  Massachusetts  for  supplies. 
Keturning  nortliward  along  the  base  of  the  mountains, 
tlioy  remained  two  or  three  months  in  the  Garden  of 
tlie  Gods  at  the  foot  of  Pike's  peak,  which  a  party, 
including  Mrs  Holmes,  ascended,  this  woman,  being 

'Simmons  relates  that  in  the  Squirrel  creek  pineries  they  found  the  de- 
8erti'<l  camp  of  C'apt.  Marcy,  who,  on  his  way  to  join  Jonnson's  army,  lost 
several  men  and  a  large  number  of  sheep  by  tlie  cold  and  suow  encountered 
here.  ArkaiistM  Vul.  Hid.,  548. 


I 
il 


77. 


m 


GOLD  DISCOVKRIES. 


h 


]  il 


:(':- 


the  pioneer  of  hor  sex  upon  tliis  lofty  summit.     Tlitir 
camp  at  this  placo  was  called  by  them  Keel  n»rks. 

While  in  this  vicinity,  the  Lawnnce  companv  laid 
out  a  town  at  the  site  of  Colorado  springs,  wiiirli  tii.  v 
called  El  Paso,  from  its  h»cation  at  the  mouth  <>f  tife 
Ute  pass  of  the  mountains  Some  of  the  coiiij»aiiv 
took  land  claims  along  the  Fontaini'-<jui-B<»uill«- river, 
above  El  Paso  town  site,  covering  ix)rti«»n.s  of  tl),. 
site  where  Colorado  City  now  stands.  But  as  no  om- 
came  to  purchase  lots,  and  as  no  gold  had  U  •■n  found 
in  the  vicinity.  El  l\a8o  town  company  bccam*-  rest- 
less, and  moved  northward  to  the  Platte,  a  numlKr 
of  them  encamping  five  miles  above  the  f>re?Kiit  citv 
of  Denver,  where  they  again  laid  out  a  town,  puttin*; 
up  eighteen  or  twenty  cabins,  and  calling  it  Montima. 
Here  the  company  finally  disbanded.  Part  of  tL*  iii 
again  engaged  in  a  real  estate  venture,  layinv  out  tl  e 
town  of  St  Charles,  the  site  of  which  end)raci.d  l.*J-0 
acres  of  the  ground  now  occupied  by  Dcnv*  r.  jos- 
session  of  which  was  subsequently  acquired  by  tie 
Denver  people.*  The  greater  portion  (»f  the  Lav- 
rence  company  returned  to  Kansas,  some  in  tie 
autumn  and  others  in  the  following  8i>ring.  A  f<  w 
wintered  at  Pueblo,'*  and  while  there  were  joiii«d  ly 
other  companies  "  from  the  Missouri  border. 

*There  was  also  a  place  called  The  Pjleven  Caliins,  14  miles  l(*I<.w  iHnv^r. 
on  the  I'latte,  but  of  its  history  I  learn  notliiiig,  except  the  name  of  the 
builder,  John  Rothrack,  of  Pa. 

•The  wouhl-have-l)een  founders  of  St  Charles  were  Frank  M.  C'<«M'.  AH- 
nah  French,  William  >Smith,  and  William  Hartley.  Cobb  rt-tame^l  Ia«i  m 
the  autumn  to  Kansas,  leaving  Charles  Nichols  in  charge  of  the  new  I'  wn. 
On  his  reapjMjarance  on  Cherry  creek  in  1859,  he  found  the  I)enver  c<'n:]iarij 
in  po.%session.  Cobb  mined  for  three  years,  and  was  sutler  from  ISfil  t"  ]'*'5 
to  the  army  in  the  south,  after  wliich  he  went  to  Worcester,  Mass.,  mbtrelii- 
was  engaged  in  business  until  1869,  when  he  embarked  in  cattle  raifiiij:  auti 
min   ig  in  tlie  (iuunison  country.     He  was  born  at  Minot,  Maine. 

Vmong  those  who  returneil  to  Pueblo  to  winter  were  Jieorge  Pet-k.  M)'l- 


wife  and  child,  and  one  McClellan.  They  returned  to  the  ttau?  :s 
■ing,  and  to  Colorado  in  the  autumn  of  1859.  Peck,  with  a  It'  :Ivt. 
I)  farming  on  the  Goodnight  rancho,  where  he  remainetl  till  l*^-,".  »i 
ime  he  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  the  ea.<(t.  In  1ST2  ).e  re- 
ince  more  to  Colorado,  settling  at  Las  Animas,  where  he  ai-aij  hi- 
1  farming  and  cattle  raising.  In  1880  he  was  elected  jirol^?'.-  "<ir«- 
t  county.     He  married  Mary  E.  Rice  in  1871.  Arknruas  V'tL  II vi. 


die 

the 

wen. 

whicl 

tume 

gaged 

forBt 

877-8 

"Few  of  the  names  of  the  Tiawrence  party  have  Iteen  preserved.     .I'}:ii 
T.  Younker  was  one  uf  those  who  remaiuud.     He  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  I'cni 


AURAKIA. 


W 


"Mnunvliilo  several  otlir-r  f»artioK  liad  set  out  from 
various  [x/mts  along  the  Mi-souri,  arrivin*^  at  Clitiry 
vrv.rk  ill  the  autumn,  l»y  tlie  route  ui»  the  J  Matte, 
Ftii'i'inost  among  thewe  was  a  little  company  from 
MllU  county,  Iowa,  consisting  of  L).  C.  Oakes,"  H. 
J.  (fialiam,  George  l*aneoast,  Abrani  AValrod,'*  and 
Char) t '3  Miles.  They  arrived  on  the  lOth  of  Oeto- 
l)tr  (111  the  site  of  l)env«r.  and  after  paying  a  visit  to 
W.  ( lieen  Russell  at  IMacer  cani[),  pitched  their  tents 
at  til  is  place. 

Two  weeks  later  a  crunpany  of  fifteen  men  arrived 
(in  (ylierry  creek,  encamping  on  the  wist  side  of  the 
sti'tiiin.  AmoUij  them  was  Henrv  Allen  from  (.\)un- 
cil  Hlutt's,  Iowa,  a  practical  ^^urvcyor,  whose  talent 
ai»d  instruments  were  soon  called  into  the  service  of 
town  companies.  Small  parties  c<»ntinued  to  arrive 
every  few  days,  encamping  for  the  m<»st  part  on  the 
west  side  of  Cherry  creek,  which  suggested,  of  course, 
a  town  ;  and  Auraria  wa.s  duly  organized  in  the  latter 
part  of  October,  with  Allen  as  president  of  the  com- 
pany. The  town  plat  wa.s  surveyed  by  him,  assisted 
bv  William  Foster.  The  first  building  erected  was 
by  AiKselm  H.  Barker."     To  a*Jd  to  tiie  population, 

Aug.  'JS,  183S,  and  lircil  a  farmer.  Frr>in  farm  life  lie  went  to  scliodl  teach- 
i:iL',  niiil  next  to  telegrapliy.  He  enjigrate.1  t'>  Kan.sa.i  just  in  time  to  l)u- 
ciiriii'  involved  in  the  troul'lus  there.  Joining  the  free  htii.te  men,  and  (ightini^ 
'liDi'.ler  rulKini.'  After  tlie  faihire  of  the  Lawreuce  c<jiii|»any  tn  tind  gold, 
ho  took  a  land  claim  on  the  Platte,  tive  mile-*  from  Ik-uvcr.  where  he  resided 
until  1S79,  whea  he  removed  to  the  city.  In  IHOl  he  married  Anuio  K. 
Tlidiiipsmi. 

'M».  ('.  Oakes  was  bom  at  Carthage,  Main«.  April  3,  1825.  At  the  age 
of  six  ycare  he  removed  with  hU  parent*  to^Mlli'.n,  Ohio,  four  years  later  to 
Iii'l.,  .iiid  tlie  following  year  to  Iowa.  Ir.  I>I9.  his  parents  having  died, 
Vciuiii;  Oikea  accompanied  Ahram  Walro<l  t/.  C'al.,  and  mined  on  American 
river  in  partnership  with  A.  R.  (\.lton.  R'^tnminir  home  after  a  few  year* 
of  life  in  the  mines,  he  married,  and  .oettlwl  at  <;!enwood,  Iowa,  as  a  oon- 
trsi'tor  and  builder,  remaining  there  nntil  WA,  whea  he  started  for  I'ike'H 
I'eik.     From  this  time  his  life  is  a  i>art  of  the  hutfjry  of  Colorado.  Denver 

ni4.,  5:i8. 

'^  Abraham  Walrod  was  born  in  X.  Y..  .Ian-  22.  I82.'>,  bred  a  firmer,  and 
ciluciited  at  the  common  schools.  In  I>v43  he  remove'!  to  Iowa,  and  in  1849 
aotoiapanied  D.  C.  Oakes  to  Cal.,  working  in  the  mines  for  two  years.  On 
returning  to  Iowa  he  settled  at  Clenwoo*^!,  whenc*  he  came  to  Colo  in  18,58, 
au'l  engaged  in  mining.  In  1852  he  marrie<l  Emily  A-  ("rainblet  of  III.  His 
iliuu'liter  Mary  was  the  first  white  girl  l>om  in  Denver    Dt-nrer  Hint.,  044  5. 

"  Ikrker  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  l>om  in  Oallia  <v»«intv.  Nov.  2.1,  1822,  and 
bred  a  farmer  aud  blacksmith.     lie  married  Aug.  7,  1M3,  and  removed  to 


% 


368 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


vtl 


the  settlers  nt  Montana  were  persuaded  to  move  tlieir 
cabins  to  Auraria  "  and  become  incorporated  with  the 
prospective  city,**  every  settler  being  allowed  as  many 
lots  as  he  would  build  upon. 

Iowa  soon  after.  Iii  lSr>7  he  again  removed  to  the  new  town  of  I'liittsiniiutii 
in  Neb.,  whoiico  he  came  to  Ctnoraih),  whore  he  reniaiiietl  ami  worked  at  liis 
trade.  Among  his  discovories  was  tiie  Total  Eclipse  mine  at  Leailvillf.  He 
was  ncrgcant-at-arms  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1870. 

'•'Auraria  wa.s  named  after  a  town  in  Lumpkin  county,  (ieorgia,  hy  some 
person.s  from  that  mining  region.  Some  autiiorities  state  tliat  it  was  naineil 
after  some  person,  for  which  jva.sertion  I  liml  no  ground.  There  were  many 
miners  from  <Jeorgia  who  would  wish  to  compliment  their  former  residenee 
or  preserve  their  home  memories  in  this  way.  I  quote  liijer/i'  Ilitt.  Culd..  MS., 
17;  Sojim  SiUti'iiii-iit  o/Dnnvr,  MS.,  1.  In  lloUUlfrx  Minia  nf  C'lonitl,, 
10,  it  is  said  that  J.  L.  Russell  of  Auraria,  Oeogia,  named  the  place. 

'"Ricliard  Sopris,  one  of  the  Auraria  town  company,  was  horn  in  liiuks 
CO.,  Pa.,  June  2(i,  1S13.  He  was  bred  a  farmer,  and  learned  the  trade  of  ,i 
carpenter.  On  the  5th  of  June,  1S;57  he  married  Eli/aheth  Allen,  of  Treiitcui, 
N.  J.,  and  removed  to  Ind.,  changing  his  residence  frequently,  as  lie  timk 
canal  and  railroad  c(mtracts  in  various  parts  of  the  .state.  He  arriveil  at 
Cherry  creek  Feb.  I,  1859,  in  company  with  I'arks.  He  took  an  active  i^art 
in  public  affairs  in  Colorado;  was  a  capt.  in  the  first  Colo  inf.;  first  i)resideiit 
^'  the  Colorado  Agricultural  society;  for  two  years  sheriff  of  Arap.iiicie 
v.  jnty,  I8U4-G;  assisted  in  building  tlie  railroads  of  the  state;  and  lias  Init'ii 
mayor  of  Denver,  and  president  of  the  Pioneer  association.  I  found  iiim  in- 
telligent and  reliable  authority  on  Colorado  affairs,  and  his  contributiixi  of 
T/ic  S'ttlciiieiit  of  />('H(V'r,MS.,  very  important.  His  family  consisted  in  bVi4 
of  five  .sons  and  tliree  daughters. 

Andrew  J.  Williams  was  a  native  of  N.  Y.,  bom  Nov.  22,  183n.  Wlien 
the  Pike's  peak  gold  fever  broke  out  ho  left  for  the  mountains  in  tiie  autuiim 
of  1858,  in  company  witli  Charles  H.  Blake — after  wiiom  IJlake  .-itieet, 
Denver,  was  named — having  four  wagons  drawn  by  four  yokes  of  o.\en  eacii, 
carrying  merchandise.  They  arrived  Nov.  1st  with  the  first  stock  of  gcn.ds, 
and  erected  tlie  first  store  in  Auraria,  or  West  Denver.  In  l>ec.  they  joiued 
the  Denver  town  company,  and  helped  to  survey  the  ground,  removing  to 
tlie  east  side  of  the  creek  in  the  spring  of  1859,  where  they  erected  the  first 
hotel,  a  log  house,  110  by  32  feet,  and  roofed  with  canvas,  situated  on  Blake 
street  near  15th  street.  It  was  burned  in  1863.  In  1859  Williams  engageil 
in  freighting  and  contracting  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  wliich  he  lol- 
lowed  until  18(i5.  He  also  bought  large  herds  of  cattle  which  he  drove  to 
C(dorado  from  Texas,  making  good  profits.  He  became  one  of  tiie  ineorpo- 
rators  and  directors  of  the  Exchange  bank  in  1870,  and  president  in  bSTS. 

Judson  H.  Dudley,  born  in  N.  Y.,  April  3.  1834,  in  1857  went  to  Neb., 
and  from  there  to  Pike's  peak,  where  he  arrived  October  20,  1858,  and  assi-ted 
in  organizing  tlie  town  company  of  Auraria,  of  which  he  was  vice-president. 
Subse(|uently  he  joined  the  Denver  company.  On  the  breaking  out  of  tlic 
war  he  was  apjiointed  quartermaster  with  the  rtink  of  major.  He  was  owner 
of  the  Moose  mine, and  manager  of  the  reduction  works  at  Dudley  for  five  years. 

William  Cole,  a  nf^tive  of  N.  Y.,  was  bom  Feb.  16,  1836,  and  jducati  d  "t 
a  common  school.  After  a  brief  experience  as  a  salesman  in  a  mercantile  es- 
tablishment, he  travelled  through  several  of  the  western  states,  and  beinj; 
cjiught  by  the  current  setting  toward  the  new  gold  region,  found  himself  on 
the  20th  of  October,  1858,  at  Cherry  creek,  and  when  Auraria  was  lieiiiu'  or- 

f;anized  joined  the  town  company.  Then  he  went  to  Missouri  to  purcli.ise 
»eef  and  stock  cattle,  and  soon  after  obtained  contracts  for  furnisliing  the 
government  posts.  In  1865  he  engaged  in  stock  raising  on  a  large  seule. 
With  W'lliams  &  Co.  he  built  40  miles  of  the  Kansas  Pacific  railroad. 


TlIK  AUIIARIA  COMPANY. 

S'lunc    time    duriixr    fiw.       •   . 
Aunuiaanartyfo    fr         "'"ter  there    arrived  at 

W-!.it.itt,"  Gocrge  WihJ,    t'"""'"''  i'''  ^*"'""-^'  K 
-■■•  Jr,  CI...ries"A.  I  a "  o,,o^    il'T'   ^^■''''""  I-- 

"l'l"-'tc'  or  cast  side  of  tl,c  or    ,1        ^l'"^''"  ""  "'o 

"L'lit  to  Kiiiono      (\,      !       ■  '■''^  <-<'lo  Cuv.ilrv    «..,.         f  ^"I'amt  ruountain 
a^'-,  as  s..',!;^,,;      •^^'-'"^  fro,n  ahroa'^.e"  S.^'"^— •  -',1  £" 

ii.«T.NBv.    24     '"""'^''«t"okm  Colorado.  A..,; //^.Jti') »''''''- 


«70 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


when  the  founder  of  St  Charles  returned  from  a  visit 
to  Kansas  in  the  spring  he  was  compelled  to  take 
shares  in  the  new  company  or  lose  all,  his  agent  hav- 
ing already  been  overpowered.  The  first  secrotarv  of 
the  company  was  P.  T.  Basset.  He  was  followed  hv 
Whitsitt,  who  was  secretary,  treasurer,  and  donatiii'' 
agent  until  a  grant  was  obtained  from  the  gtncrii- 
ment,  all  the  deeds  passing  through  Lis  hands.  The 
town  was  surveyed  by  E.  D.  Boyd,  Larimer  and  A. 
J.  Williams  carrying  the  chain.  It  was  this  survey- 
ing which  was  assumed  to  give  the  new  company  tlic 
superior  right.  Larimer  built  the  first  house  "  afti  r 
a  stockade  occupied  by  William  McGaa."  It  was 
a  log  cabin  16  by  20  feet,  with  a  ground  fldor/' 
and  probably  a  turf  roof  It  stood  near  the  corner 
of  Larimer  and  Fifteenth  streets.  The  seoond 
house  was  erected  by  Moin  and  Rice,  carpenters  and 
wagon-makers,  on  Fifteenth  street,  opposite  Larimer, 
which  goes  to  show  that  this  part  of  town  became 
the  business  centre. 

The  first  trader  in  Denver  was  John  Smitli,  who 
was  acting  as  agent  for  Elbridge  Gerry,  one  of  the 
brothers  before  mentioned  as  a  wealthy  fur-trader. 
When  Blake  and  Williams  opened  their  stock  of 
goods,  Gerry  hastened  from  Fort  Laramie  and  took 
charge  of  the  business."     A  tin-shop  was  the  third 

^*  ScyprW  SHtlement  of  Denver,  MS.,  3.  There  is  some  doubt  almut  the 
builder  of  the  tirat  house  in  Denver.  Like  so  many  first  tilings,  it  has  sev- 
eral claimants.  David  C.  Collier,  a  native  of  Mina,  N.  Y.,  born  Oct.  1,'), 
183'2,  a  descendant  of  puritan  ancestors,  a  student  of  Oherlin  culUgi',  iu 
Ohio,  is  one  of  those  who  built  the  first  house  on  tlio  east  side  of  Churry 
creek.'  Clear  Circk  ami  Boulder  Count})  Hist.,  444,  Collier  drove  an  ox-team 
from  Leavenworth,  and  was  the  first  lawyer  who  offered  his  professidiial  ser- 
vices in  Colorado.  He  erected  ser'iral  houses  in  Denver.  Hoexploreil  .udii- 
siderable  portion  of  (Jilpin  and  Cltar  Creek  counties,  White  and  Uiinmi- 
pahgre  rivers,  and  the  head  waters  of  the  Del  Norte  and  Arkansas  nver,-;, 
and  also  the  San  Juan  country.  In  18Gi?  he  removed  to  Central  eity,  ami 
besides  practising  law,  edited  the  Reijister.  He  was  connected  with  the 
educational  interests  of  Colorado  as  supt  of  the  public  schooLi  for  (lilpiu 
county. 

'*  Hollmter'8  Mine  of  Colorado,  16. 

'"  The  first  building  havinj^  a  wooden  floor  was  at  the  store  of  Wallingfupl 
and  Murphy,  at  the  corner  of  Larimer  and  17th  street.  Moore's  E<.irlij  Dayi 
in  Denver,  MS.,  3. 

^'  Denver  Rock-y  Mountain  Herald,  Jan.  8,  1876. 


DENVER  VEusrs  AURARIA. 


:i7l 


business  place  opened,  kept  by  Kinna  and  Nye,  wlio 
luul  brought  a  small  stock  of  tin  and  sheet-iron  to 
imiku  into  such  articles  as  were  required  by  miners. 
Tin  V  began  business  in  Auraria  in  November,  but 
were  soon  induced  to  remove  to  Denver.  Tiie  first 
stove  in  Colorado  was  made  by  them  out  of  sheet- 
iion  ft)r  Blake  and  Williams'  public  hall,  known  as 
Dciivt  r  liall,  for  which  they  were  paid  $150.  On 
Christmas  1858  a  train  of  six  large  wagons  belong- 
iu'jj  to  liicliard  Wooten  and  brother  arrived  from  New 
Mexico,  loaded  with  provisions,  and  these  goods  being 
])]a(ed  on  sale,  made  the  third  trading  establishment, 
ami  tiiG  last  before  immiirration  bcijan  in  1851).  The 
lU'Xt  huge  stock  of  goods  which  arrived  belonged  to 
J.  B.  Dovle  and  Fred  Z.  Salomon,  and  came  from 
'the  States.  It  consisted  of  twelve  large  wagon- 
loads  of  groceries,  provisions,  boots  and  shoes,  and 
minors'  tools.  A  wareliouse  was  erected  in  Auraria, 
ami  an  active  rivalry  in  tratle  was  carried  on  between 
the  two  towns,  Denver  soon  after  receiving  almost  as 
huvii  a  stock  from  New  Mexico,  beloncjinsj:  toSt  Vrain 
and  St  James,  whose  store  was  on  Blake  street,  and 
was  the  largest  in  Denver  at  the  time.  It  furnished 
women's  and  children's  shoes,  the  first  offered  in  Col- 
orado. 

Women  and  children  were  not  reckoned  among  the 
inliabitants  of  the  Pike's  peak  mining  ix'gion  in  1858, 
although  there  were  five  of  tlie  former  who  saw  the 
buginniiig  of  Denver.  They  were  Mrs  and  Miss 
Rooker  from  Salt  Lake ;  'Mrs  H.  Murat ;"  Mrs 
Smoke,  who  afterward  went  to  Montana;  and  ^Irs 
Wooten,  a  native  of  Mexico.  To  these  were  added 
ill  August  1859  Mrs  W.  N.  Byers,  Mrs  Henry  Allen, 
and  two  daughters.  Before  winter  of  that  year  there 
were  many  of  all  classes  in  Denver.     The  first  child 

••H.  Mur<at,  commonly  called  'the  count,'  was  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Marslial  Murat,  king  of  Naples.  Tlie  countess  washeil,  and  the  ccpunt 
shaved  men's  beards — occupations  more  useful  than  nolde  personages  iisually 
eiij,M(,'u  in.  Ho  later  became  aa  inmate  of  the  Arapahoe  county  hospital. 
%«'  Ilint.  Colo,  MS.,  82. 


% 


372 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


i  ! 


n 


!*■',! 


"      1 


born  in  the  town  was  a  half-caste  son  of  McGaa,"one 
of  the  original  town  company,  who  voted  to  name  it 
after  his  friend,  tiie  governor  of  Kansas,  and  to  give 
him  a  share  in  the  town  site." 

The  destiny  of  cast  Denver  as  against  Auraria 
was  settled  in  the  autunni  of  1851)  by  the  arrival  of 
two  trains  from  Leavenworth,  aggregatiiig  tliirtv 
wagons,  loaded  with  merchandise,  belonging  to  Jonos 
and  Cartwright,  who  opened  stores  on  Blake 
street.  "  Now,"  said  tiio  Denver  partisans,  "  no  more 
Mexican  trash  for  free  Americans.  No  more  one 
hundred  per  cent.  The  trade  is  ours,  and  Denver  is 
saved."  They  made  good  their  word,  as  it  afterward 
proved — all  but  the  one  hundred  per  cent."^ 

-^  Met  raa  went  l>y  tlio  name  of  Jack  Jones  among  riountaiii  men.  It  is 
sail]  l»y  Moore  in  his  Eu-bj  D^iy-^  in  Dciifir,  MS.,  9,  that  ho  \va«  tliu  son  <if 
an  Irish  haronrt,  hut  liycr.s,  in  J/i.4.  Colo,  MS.,  ';\,  says  ho  was  an  Aineriiiin. 
At  all  events  ho  was  an  eihicateil  man,  auil  a  good  writer,  lie  was  a  I'litinl 
and  guide  of  (Jen.  J.  W.  Denver,  and  a  shrewtl  hu.sines»  man.  But  he  fell 
into  dissipated  habits,  and  lost  his  standing.  The  town  conijmny  liasteneil 
his  linal  end  by  changing  the  name  of  Mcllaa  street  to  Ilolladay  stnei  in 
honor  of  IJeu  Ilolladay.  This  insult  broke  his  heart.  At  least,  so  tays 
Mcjore,  quoted  above.     Mc(iaa  died  about  18GC, 

-'  Denver  did  not  visit  the  place,  or  claim  his  lots  in  accordance  with  tlio 
terms  of  the  grant,  until  ISS'2,  when  his  share  had  been  taken  posses.^inii  if, 
ancl  divided  among  some  of  the  otlier  members  of  tlie  company.  He  wduM 
not  disturb  titles,  as  the  property  had  passeil  to  innocent  purchasers. 

-^1  find  mention  of  a  number  of  the  pioneers  of  1S5S  belonging  to  the  set- 
tlement of  Denver  who  have  not  been  here  recorded.  William  M.  Slaugliter 
from  riattsinouth.  Neb.,  later  maj-or  of  Central  City,  was  one  of  the  early 
arrivals.  John  J.  Keithmann,  born  in  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  in  IS.'ilS,  eame 
to  the  U.  S.  at  the  age  of  10  years,  and  was  educated  in  the  puldic  selumls  cf 
Indianapolis,  where  he  was  emjiloyed  in  the  bank  of  the  capital.  In  lf«,"^ 
the  family  removed  to  Council  Hluifs,  from  which  place  he  soon  after  emi- 
grated ivith  his  brother,  L.  D.  Reithmann,  to  Colorado.  They  did  nut  pn  tn 
Cherry  creek,  but  the  latter  wintered  at  a  place  known  as  Kough  and  l!e;iily, 
2\  miles  below  tlic  mouth  of  Cherry  creek,  on  the  Platte,  while  the  fi'iiiKi- 
returned  to  Council  Bluffs,  carrying  the  tirst  mail  between  Cnlorado  ami  lnwa. 
In  the  spring  of  1859  he  recrossed  the  plains  to  Denver,  where  he  engaged  iii 
manufacturing  crackers;  and  in  18G8  began  .selling  drugs.  He  made  a  for- 
tune, and  spent  it  freely  in  travel  and  the  education  of  his  children.  He  \\m 
president  of  the  (Jerman  bank — laterthe  Gennan  National  bank-  of  Denver, 
wliich  position  he  resigned  to  go  abroad.  Louis  D.  Keithmann  was  also  a 
iSwiss,  although  not  of  the  same  family.  Brought  up  in  Ohio,  he  lived  after- 
ward near  Indianap(dis,  ami  removed  to  Council  Blnfls  in  IS.'iCi,  whence  lie 
came  to  Colorailo  in  18,")8.  He  mined  until  18(!5,  went  to  Salt  Lake,  and 
thence  to  Montana,  where  he  openeil  a  bakery  in  company  with  Frank  llcgert, 
luit  three  years  afterward  returned  to  Colorado  and  engaged  in  dair,\'  faiiiiiiiL', 
and  later  in  tiie  grocery  trade  in  Denver.  Henry  Reitz,  a  Oernjan  li\  hirtli, 
learned  the  trr.dc  of  a  baker  in  London,  after  which  he  came  to  the  I'  S  , 
working  as  a  ])ainter  for  a  time.  On  arriving  in  Colorado,  he  sold  his  ox- 
toam,  and  with  the  money,  u^tcued  a  bakery,  making  $3,50U  iu  a  few  luonths, 


TiiE  riki.S  PEAK  COUNTRY. 


373 


But  I  will  not  further  anticipate.  D.  C.  Oakes 
havini^'  obtained  possession  of  a  journal  kept  by  W. 
(irccii  llussell,  who  returned  with  him  late  in  the 
autuinii  to  the  states,  published  the  same  with  a  way- 
bill, under  the  title  of  Pikes  Peak  Guide  and  Jonmal: 
and  altln)Ugh  it  was  printed  in  the  little  town  (tf 
Pacific  City  in  Mills  county,  Iowa,  it  was  widely  cir- 
(ulat.'d  with  similar  publications,  causing  a  large  cm i- 
((ration  to  set  out  for  the  mountains  as  soon  as  the 
i^rass  l>cgan  to  start  in  the  spring,  and  even  before. 
()ii  the  white  covers  of  thousands  of  wagons  was 
ii!S'"ril»od  "Pike's  Peak,"  often  with  the  addition  cf 
sou H"  jocose  legend;'*  this  conspicuous  landmark,  in 
the  absence  of  an  official  name  for  this  region,  stand- 
ing for  all  the  country  from  which  this  mountain  was 
visible. 

In  April  1859  there  were  ten  or  twelve  hundred 
poisons  encamped  at  Aurariaand  Denver,  the  advance 
(if  tliat  army  stretching  across  the  great  }>luins  from 
the  Missouri  river  in  different  lines,  but  principally 
up  the  Platte  valley.  Among  the  first  to  arrive  v.  an 
1).  C.  Oakes,  with  a  saw-n^ll,  which  he  placed  ou 


aftir  which  he  went  to  mining,  and  accumulated  a  comfortable  fortune  l.y 
lii;it  iiii'.uis.  and  by  painting.  Edmund  A.  Willoughhy,  son  of  <  ien.  Frunk- 
liii  Wilhiugliliy,  was  born  mdroton,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  G,  lS:{t»,  and  removid  :u 
l^.')7  t.i  Omaha.  Neb.  In  ISoS  he  joined  a  party  for  Pike's  peak,  viiich  nr- 
rivjil  Oct.  "iTth  at  Cherry  creek,  where  lie  asso<;iated  liini.«filf  witli  .M.  A. 
.\vury  ill  contracting  and  building,  erecting,  among  otl!<!r  .structures,  Uenvi  r 
liill,  laiiidus  in  early  times.  Ho  manufactured  the  Wdloughby  brick.  He 
was  >htTiif  of  Arapahoe  county  in  1871?,  and  two  year.j  alderman  of  the  4lh 
Manl  of  Denver.  Andrew  ISagendorf  was  born  in  N.  Y..  Aug.  2U,  18'JS,  anil 
liivil  a  farmer.  In  IS.MJ  he  removed  to  Nob.,  and  in  IS.IS  he  left  Omaha  f.T 
I'lki'ji  |it:ik,  and  arrived  at  Cherry  creek  November  5th,  remaining  tliero  over 
wiiitir.  In  the  spring  he  went  prospecting,  and  with  others  discoverrd 
S|i,uiisli  l)ar,  where  he  mined  until  July.  Returning  to  Auraria  he  was 
tliitcd  secretary  of  the  town  company,  which  ottice  he  held  for  two  years, 
lif  wai  also  weighing  clerk  in  the  mint  at  Denver  in  lS(i.'5.  In  bSlKJ  lie  was 
app.Miitcd  postmaster  for  Denver,  holding  the  oflice  tliree  j-ears.  He  sub-c- 
f|aiiitly  erected  tlie  government  buildings  at  the  White  Kiver  Ute  agiiicy, 
ami  afterward  engaged  in  stock  raising  in  l>ougla.-i  county.  In  1.S74  he  re- 
iiiiivcd  to  Colorado  .Spring.s,  and  for  two  years  ran  tlie  expresa  and  transfer 
liiie.  and  tinally  went  into  the  drug  business  in  this  place. 

-'Cue  wagon  bore  the  inscription,  'Pike's  Peak  or  liust!'  Tlie  di<ap- 
pnintrd  gold  seeker  returned  soon  after  with  his  addenda:  'Uusted,  by 
Tlnmdcr  ! '  emblazoned  on  his  wagon  cover.  EUiert'n  Plllilir  Mi'ii  (iw(  Mfiixnri.t, 
M>  .  'J;  Iii'jertioWs  Knockiny  around  the  liockics,  6;  Sopris'  SvUkment  oJ'Dtitnr, 
Mjj.,  1. 


374 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


•;!l 


Plum  creek,  twenty  miles  south  of  Denver,  and  which 
furnished  the  first  lumber  for  the  improvement  of  that 
town  on  the  21st  of  April."  On  that  same  day  tliore 
arrived  from  Omaha  a  newspaper  company  wltli  a 
printing  press,  ivhich  was  destined  to  do  as  much 
toward  building  up  the  town  of  ])envcr  as  the  saw- 
mill, though  in  a  different  way.  The  head  of  the 
company  was  William  N.  Byers,  who,  like  Oakcs,  liad 
published  a  Guide  to  Pikes  Peak,  which  had  Keen 
extensively  sold  to  the  immigrants."  It  liappened 
that  before  he  arrived  at  Cherry  creek  signs  of  a 
})anic  began  to  appear,  and  he  encountered  pirsons 
who  threatened  to  have  satisfaction  of  him  for  hsiviii;^ 
raised  expectation  by  his  Guide  which  had  not  boon 
fulfilled.  Oakes  was  regarded  with  still  greater  <hs- 
fiivor,  because  he  had  been  the  first  to  represent  I'ikt's 
peak  as  a  mining  region,  and  his  name  was  mentioned 
with  execrations."*     Henrv  Allen  and  William  Lari- 


!• 


^^!.i: 


"The  first  lumber  was  purchased  hy  Richard  Wooten,  wlio  cainn  tot'olo- 
rado  in  18;{8,  and  Thomas  PoUouk,  M'ho  erected  the  first  frame  house-;,  li'it- 
r<r  Hist.,  180.  ^Vooten  was  living  in  Trinidad  in  1882.  Ih-tiivr  Cntmulo 
Aitlriffx',  April,  1882.  The  2d  saw  mill  was  erected  by  Little,  and  the  M  liy 
^Vhittemore.  iSiiprM    Settlement  of  Dcnivr,  MS.,  12. 

"•".Mr  liyers  had  a  most  important  inrtuence  in  shaping  the  history  of  Col- 
orado. I  am  indebted  to  him  for  very  valuable  material,  collected  during  a 
tour  through  tlie  state  of  Colorado  in  1884,  in  four  different  manuscriiit  i.(mi. 
triliutions;  namely,  HUtory  of  Colorado,  The.  Newtqtii^ier  Press  o/ ('../. .?■.(. A i, 
'J'/ie  Sniiil  Creek  Affair,  and  The  Centeuninl  State,  each  filled  witii  tlio  very 
e-^ii-nce  of  liistory.  Byers  was  born  in  O'  lo,  Feb.  22,  18;$1.  At  the  ajo  if 
19  he  removed  to  Iowa,  and  joined  a  government  surveying  party  fur  C.il. 
anil  Or.  in  1851,  returning  to  Washington  in  ISt"),*?,  after  whicii  lie  settkil 
at  Oinalia,  tlieu  in  its  infancy.  He  continued  surveying  until  lie  eaiin'  to 
Ci'lo.  In  changing  his  occupation  he  followed  tlie  natural  bent  of  iii<  miiiil, 
aiMi  made  the  best  use  of  his  talents.  He  founded  the  lioeky  Mounta'ni  .V.  "■-■, 
the  first  newspaper  issued  in  Colorado.  Tlie  first  number  appeared  Apr;! 
22d,  the  day  after  his  arrival,  .and  proceeded  by  20  minutes  the  ChernjCn'h 
pi  tiiier,  owned  by  .Jack  Merrick  of  St  Joseph,  who,  being  beaten  in  the  race, 
Sold  to  Thomas  (Hbson,  also  of  the  News,  and  never  issued  a  second  nuriil'ir 
of  his  paper.  This  left  a  clear  field  for  Byers  and  (iibson,  which  tin  y  im- 
jiroved.  (JeorgeC.  Monellof  Omaha  liadan  interest  in  the  News,  but  tui'm;d 
back  mi  his  way  to  Denver,  and  sold  it.   Biiers'  Hist.  Colo,  MS. 

^Tlie  following  distich  was  made  familiar  to  tiiousands  on  the  plains: 
'  Here  lies  the  body  of  D.  C.  Oakes, 
Killed  for  aiding  the  Pike's  Peak  hoax.' 
IliU's  Talis  of  Colo  Pioneer.^,  27.     His  effigy  was  buried  by  the  wayside,  and 
on  a  buffalo  skull  planted  at  the  lieatl  was  written: 

'  Here  lies  the  bones  of  Major  Oakes, 
The  author  of  this  God  damued  hoax.' 


ANGRY  GOLD  SEEKERS. 


375 


mt  r  oarae  in  for  a  share  of  blame  also.  There  was 
as  little  reason  in  this  revengeful  feeling  as  there  had 
be<  II  in  the  unbounded  credulity  which  had  led  them 
on  the  first  unpn)ved  statement  of  a  bookmaker  to 
lia^it'ii  to  ])lace  themselves  in  the  front  rank  of  gold- 
seekers. 

]]ut  their  panic  was  not  groundless.  Gold  had  not 
vet  been  found  in  amount  to  justify  any  excitement, 
although  it  was  the  belief  of  old  miners  on  the  ground 
that  it  was  there.  Very  few  of  those  who  came  to 
mine  knew  anything  of  indications,  or  the  metliods  of 
mining.  They  needed  to  be  taught;  but  until  mining 
liail  been  begun  they  could  learn  nothing.  Other 
eiiij)loyments  there  were  none  at  that  early  date. 
Till'  last  argument  for  quitting  the  country  was  fur- 
nislmd  on  the  16th  of  April,  when  a  man  named  John 
Scuclder  killed  another  named  Bassett  in  a  quarrel. 
If  a  cour.se  of  outlawry  was  about  to  commence,  they 
Wduld  none  of  that  countr}' ;  so  away  they  went  like 
senseless  steers — senseless  in  coming  or  in  returning 
—  stampeding  down  the  Platte  sixty  or  seventy 
strong,  swearinof  thcv  would  kill  D.  C.  Oakes  and 
^V.  N.  Byers  if  perad venture  they  could  lay  liands 
on  them. 

On  foot,  unfurni.shed  with  transportation  or  pro- 
visicns  for  a  journey  of  such  length,  the  backward 
nioviiioj  men  kept  on.  The  stories  they  told  of  Pike's 
peak  affairs  were  at  least  as  exaggerated  as  the  rep- 
resentations of  the  guide-books  which  they  condenmed, 
hig  lies  in  their  minds  seemingly  being  neccessary  to 
counteract  the  effect  of  bi<jf  lies.  And  everv  man 
they  turned  back  added  to  the  apparent  weight  of 
evidence,  gaining  like  a  rolling  snow-ball.  If  sixty 
could  turn  back  sixtv,  twice  sixty  could  turn  back 
their  own  number  at  least,  and  240  might  l)e  able  to 
inriuence  not  only  480,  but,  by  that  power  which 
crowds  have  to  create  a  state  of  feeling,  a  much 
larLjer  imndDcr  could  be  made  to  share  in  the  alarm. 
Of  the  150,000  persons  on  the   plains  in  the  spring 


H 


376 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


and  summer  of  1850,  not  less  than  50,000  were  thus 
turned  back.  This  was  doubtless  the  greatest  suc- 
cess these  sixty  men  ever  achieved  ;  and  their  rcwiud 
was  free  transportation  for  tlieniselves,  and  iirovisious 
for  the  journey.  The  return  bei^an  far  up  the  IMiittc, 
and  many  who  had  loaded  their  wagons  with  uicr- 
chandiso  to  sell  in  the  mines,  or  pro[)erty  for  tluii' 
own  use,  throw  it  away  rather  than  tax  their  tiinl 
oxen  to  drag  it  back  five  or  six  hundred  miles  to  tlir 
Missouri  river.  The  route  was  strewn  with  goods  of 
every  description  for  hundreds  of  miles,  and  of  tin- 
100,000  that  pushed  on  to  the  mountains,  less  tliau 
40,000  remained  there.  Some  tarried  but  a  few 
weeks,  and  others  remained  all  summer,  going  homo 
when  cold  weather  approached. 


mi 


But  there  was  really  something  back  of  all  this 
runninij  to  and  fro,  this  seemingly  wasted  effort.  It 
was  slow  in  appearing,  revealing  itself  little  by  litth.' 
in  a  tantalizing  fashion  which  is  sufficient  apology  for 
the  discontent  of  those  who  imagined  gold  could  be 
picked  up  like  pebbles.  On  the  loth  of  Jaiiuiuv 
1850.  o[old  was  discovered  in  a  small  atttuent  of 
Boulder  creek,  to  which  the  name  of  Gold  run  was 
given ;  nnd  about  the  end  of  January  a  discovery  was 
made  in  a  irulch  filled  with  fallen  timber,  on  the  soutli 
Boulder,  and  called  Deadwood  diggings."  In  th<; 
spring  J.  D.  Scott  discovered  a  gold-bearing  quartz 
vein,  and  named  it  after  himself,  the  Scott,  and  the 
place  Gold  hill.  Out  of  these  discoveries  grew  the 
town  of  Boulder 

On  the  6th  of  May  a  party  of  Chicago  men,  lieadod 
by  George  Jackson,  a  California  miner,  made  a  rich 
discovery  on  a  branch  of  Clear  creek.  The  diggiiiu-^ 
took  the  name  of  Chicaiio  bar.  or  Jackson  diuginns. 
and  soon   overflowed  with  anxious  miners,  nianv  o\' 


** Compare  J/bnn''.y  Early  Dayn  in  Denver,  MS.;  Soprls'  Settlement  of  Dm- 
wr,  MS.;  Byerx'  Ilixt.  Colorado,  MS.;  BrailfonCa  Hht.  Coloraih,  .MS.;  una 
JMlister'a  Mines  o/Colomdo. 


MINING  CAMPS. 


37: 


wluMU  were  compelled  to  look  further  for  want  of 
1(1(1111.  A  8li(>rt  distance  above  tiie  mouth  of  Fall 
rivtr  and  Chicago  bar  was  Spanish  bar,  so  called 
because  there  were  evidences  of  former  minin*jf  at  that 
in  the  vicinitv  were  Fall  river  and  (irass  A  al- 


itlact' 

l(  \  iiiininiif  camps.  But  the  })rincij>al  camj)  on  this 
jiart  of  Clear  creek  was  opposite  Jackson  dii^jj^inos, 
and  became  the  foundation  of  the  town  of  Idaho 
Spiiiigs.  wliich  began  to  take  shai)e  the  following  year. 
On  the  10th  another  party,  led  by  John  H.  (Ireg- 
nrv,  a  Georgian,^'  made  a  discovery  just  over  the 

■'(irogory  W!i9  a  lazy  follow  from  Gordon  county,  (Jeorgia,  ami  drove  a 
^'ovcriiiiiciit  team  from  Loavuiiwortli  to  Fort  Laramie  in  KS.VS,  iiitt'iiilinu  to 
gii  til  Kiiscr  river,  bnt  lieiii;,'  detained  at  I>aramie  liy  want  of  means  liad 
(liifiril  oil' to  I'lear  ereek,  and  witli  some  others  had  encamped  at  a  point 
lictui  111  l)enver  and  Golden,  and  called  tlie  plaee  Arapahne.  it  is  said  !>y 
IJiilli-tcr,  in  his  Minrs  oj' ('dlorndo,  G.S,  lliat  he  jirosjiecti'd  in  .laiiiiarv,  and 
fouijil  tlic  eolor  in  the  north  fork  of  Clear  ereek;  and  that  hein^  out  of  [iro- 
viMiiiis  liu  WHS  forced  to  return  to  camp.  It  <loes  not  a[>iiear  that  he  made 
any  fui'thcr  effort  for  several  months.  He  was  tinally  ';,'riili  slakeil  '(fmiiislicd 
\Mtii  provisions  for  an  interest  in  his  success)  liy  i)avid  K.  Wall,  and  induced 
ti>  lead  a  party,  consisting  of  Wilkes  l>e  Frees,  his  hrotiier,  and  Kendall,  to 
tlu^  iiKiuiitains  and  tlie  stream  where  he  had  seen  the  color.  Tile  party  set 
out  in  -Vjiril,  proceeding  from  Arapahoe  np  tiie  north  forth  of  \'a^(H!ez  or 
(  Ir.ir  cicek,  dimliing  many  successive  ridges,  and  lloundering  through  snow 
li  inks,  until  they  came  to  the  month  of  a  gnldi  near  the  head  of  tlie  creek, 
■lUil  cniiscijuently  well  np  ill  the  mountains.  Here  <  iregory  suggested  that 
it  Wiiiild  he  well  to  dig  and  look  for  float  gold.  While  the  o'Jier  men  dug  he 
limkcil  on.  They  ohtained  a  fair  prospect,  and  went  on  excavating.  Then 
sail!  ( iregory  to  Wilkes  De  Frees,  who  had  grnli  staked  him,  '  Uring  your 
.sliiivcl,  and  come  with  me.'  They  went  ahout  ;U)i)  feet  I'nrther  \\\i  the  side  of 
tilt' giilcli,  when  Gregory  pointed  to  the  ground  and  said,  '  Here  is  a  good 
liMiking  spot;  stick  your  shovel  in  there,  Wilk.'  De  Frees  oheyed,  turning 
liver  a  few  shovelfuls  of  earth.  Miive  me  some  in  the  jian,' .s.-viil  Oregory 
nuain,  and  De  Frees  tilled  the  pan  half  full  of  dirt,  which  the  (Jeorgian  jiro- 
ci'cilcd  to  wash  at  the  little  stream  rnnning  through  a  gulch  close  at  ham!.  'i"l  e 
liroiluct  of  that  half  pan  of  dirt  was  half  an  ounce  of  gold  I  ( Iregory  went  hat  k 
li>r  another  panful,  with  the  same  result.  Claims  were  immediately  staked 
oil".     The  effect  of  his  extraordinary  fortune  crazed  the  weak  hrain  of  poor 

•  iregnry.  All  through  the  night  slee]i  deserted  him,  and  his  comiianions 
litaid  his  self-coiinniniings.  lie  sold  his  discovery  claim,  under  the  imprtis- 
siiiii  that  ho  could  easily  find  another  as  good.  The  price  he  ohtained.  .^'J'J, - 
(Hill.  WIS  a  fortune  to  him.  At  length,  in  ISfil-'J,  he  disappeareil  from  a 
li.iti'l  in  Illinois,  and  was  never  .seen  .again.  The  man  to  whom  Oregory  sold 
liis  mine  was  Edward  W.  Henderson.  He  was  horn  in  Austinluirg,  Ohio, 
Niiv.  '_".•,  1818,  and  hred  a  farmer,  receiving  a  common  school  education.  In 
I>>I4  ho  removed  to  Iowa,  and  from  there  he  went  to  Pike's  j)eak,  where  he 
arrived  in  April  ISilO.  After  prospecting  for  a  few  weeks,  he  Meiit  to  (ireg- 
ory gulch  on   the  16th  of  May,  and  on  the  'iflth,  in  company  w  ith    Amos 

•  Iriith'v,  he  purchased  the  (Jregory  claims,  paying  for  them  out  of  the  pro- 
cii'ils  of  the  mine.  It  was  a  fortunate  venture,  although  he  lost  some  of  the 
iiiiiney  he  made  in  other  ones.  He  erected  a  (jnartz  mill  in  18(51,  where  the 
Kureka  foundry  later  stood,  in  company  with  D.  A.  January,  Ely  H.  l.ack- 
lauil,  and  Judge  Lacklaud,  iu  which  was  a  loss.     He  afterward  purchased  a 


■^f 


h  ,.  y0 


JiU'll 

1   w 


378 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


u 


ti 


mountains  west  of  Jackson  bar,  on  the  north  fork  of 
Clear  creek,  the  richest  ever  found  in  Col(»ra(h),  and 
one  of  the  richest  in  the  world.  These  discoveries 
arrested  the  backward  flow  of  immigration  to  sdiiic 
extent.  Not  less  than  J{0,000  persons  haf^tencd  after 
Jackson  when  they  heard  of  Chicago  bar,  and  wlnu 
Gregory  point  was  made  known  they  threw  tlieiii- 
selves  in  there  pell  mell,  each  striving  to  be  first. 

But  the  (Gregory  party  had  taken  the  i»rt'caufi(in 
before  giving  their  discovery  publicity  to  admit  tin  ir 
friends  and  organize  a  district,  with  rules  and  regula- 
tions by  which  all  future  claimants  should  be  o"<>v- 
erncd."  Comparatively  few  of  those  who  came  fouiid 
ground  to  work;**  for  which  reason  much  discontent 
was  exhil)ited,  and  a  mass  meetinij  was  called  to  cliain'c 
the  laws  of  th«^  district."  The  new-comers  wiio 
unable  to  cope  with  the  mcu'c  experienced  miners,  and 
were  surprised  to  find  that  the  committee  appointed 
by  tli'^mselves  to  revise  the  laws  made  no  mateiial 
change  in  them.  They  had  failed  to  perceive  that 
the  pioneers  were  mingling  with  tlu;  assemblage  in 
every  part,  nominating  their  n>en  on  the  conuiiittee. 
Not  knowing  the  nominees,    the  malcontents  voted 

iiiill  at  (Jregory  point  in  company  with  flridlcy,  Imt  lost  in  this  transaitinn 
also.  Ho  finally  consolidated  his  claims  with  four  others,  and  sold  tuit  tn  a 
New  York  company,  his  .share  of  the  price  obtained  heing  .*100,0(H),  In  \s'',\ 
he  was  appointed  receiver  of  the  U.  8.  land  office  at  Central  City.  (.'Imr  Vri'k 
and  liimMcr  Val.  JIM.,  454-5. 

•^Tlie  mining  laws  adopted  were  nearly  identical  with  those  of  California, 
defining  the  boundaries  of  the  district;  forbidding  the  taking  of  more  tljaii 
one  claim  of  a  kind,  except  by  purchase  profjerly  attested;  fixing  the  extent 
of  a  mountain  claim  at  100  feet  on  the  loile  and  50  feet  in  widtli;  a!)d  nr  a 
culch  or  creek  claim  at  100  feet  along  the  creek  or  gulch,  an<l  extending  finin 
bank  to  bank;  limiting  the  time  of  holding  without  working  to  10  day>;  ^'iv- 
ing  the  discoverer  a  'discovery  claim,'  in  addition  to  his  working  claim,  whicli 
he  could  work  or  not  as  lie  chose;  dividing  the  water  of  a  stream  ecjually  Ic- 
tween  miners,  etc.  Disputes  were  to  be  settled  by  arbitration.  On  tlic  '.Hli 
of  July  another  meeting  was  held,  at  which  it  was  resolved  to  elect  by  b.illnt 
a  president  of  the  district,  a  recorder  of  claims,  and  a  sheriff'.  Iticlianl 
Sopris  was  chosen  president,  C.  A.  Rol>erts  recorder,  and  Charles  Ptik 
sheriflF.  A  committee  was  also  appointed  to  codify  the  laws  of  the  district. 
IloUUti'r's  Mmc'<  of  Coin,  77-9. 

'^  Bates  and  Taschuer  hired  Orcgory  at  a  high  price  to  prospect  for  tlioin, 
and  together  they  found  the  celebrated  Bates  lode.     Colo  Oazi'ttcrr,  174. 

^*Byers,  who  was  present  at  this  meeting,  describes  it  as  looking  like  :i 
•flock  of  blackbirds,'  .so  thickly  were  the  sides  of  the  gulch  covered  witli 
men,    Jlist.  Colo,  MS.  34. 


GOLD  FIELDS. 


879 


sarticn 

lilt    tn    ,1 

111  is;:? 

lifiirnia, 

ll'U    tllllll 
fXtlllt 

and  I  if  a 
ugfrniii 
ly.-:  !.'iv- 
1.  V'liiili 
illv  1.(- 
till"'  !itli 

iMllnt 

iiirlKinl 

•s  r.rk 

ili^trict. 


tlioni  into  office,  and  accepted  their  report  because 
til 'V  liad  done  so,  with  a  suspicion  that  they  had  been 
uiitwitted. 

I'rospcctinij  continued  in  the  mountains,  a  number 
of  discoveries  being  made  on  the  headwaters  of  nortli 
Clear  crock,  Boulder,  south  Clear  creek,  and  the 
Platte.  Early  in  June  W.  Green  Kussellconinieiiccd 
iniiiiiii^  on  a  tributary  of  north  Clear  creek,  a  little 
south  of,  but  parallel  with,  the  Grejrory  claims,  in  a 

II  viae  which  took  the  name  of  Russell   gulch.     Six 

III  11  in  one  week  took  out  seventy-six  ounces  of  gold, 
uoith  from  sixteen  to  ei<jhteen  dollars  to  the  ounce.^^ 
Siinothing  over  200  men  were  at  work  in  Nevada 
a  id  Illinoi.^  gulches  and  ^lissouri  flat,  tributaries  of 
Gregory  and  Russell  gulches,  who  were  producing  an 
average  of  $0,000  a  week.  In  the  latter  part  of  Scp- 
teinber  there  were  about  900  men  at  work  in  Russell 
;jjiil('h,  taking  out  an  average  of  ^35,000  a  week. 
Water  becoming  scarce,  ditches  were  constructed  to 
bring  it  from  Fall  river  to  Russell  and  Gregory 
<,nileiios,  which  cost  the  nihiers  $100,000.  The  dis- 
tricts discovered  in  1859  in  what  were  later  Clear 
creek  and  Gilpin  counties  were,  besides  Gregory, 
llussell,  Spanish  bar,  and  Jackson,  Nevada  district. 
Like  gulch,  Griffith,  Illinois  Central,  Enteqtrise, 
Central,  Eureka,  and  Virginia.  The  di.scoveries  in 
tlieso  districts  were  numerous  enough  to  em[)loy 
111  my, ^^  but  by  no  means  all  who  sought   for  claims. 

^'William  Green  Russell  remained  in  Coloriado  until  180*2,  and  made  eon- 
siil-ralili!  m  moy.  On  his  way  east  lie  was  arre.-stetl  for  aconledcrate  at  Santa 
bV',  Imt  lie  was  released  and  returned  to  Colnrado,  wliere  he  reiiiaineil  until 
IST."),  w  lieu  he  removed  to  tlie  (.'lierokce  eountry.  liis  wife  lieins^  a  wcuiian  of 
t!i;it  iiiti.ni,  ami  died  a  few  years  afterward.  Bi-'i'l/onl'n  Hisl.  (,' dn,  MS.,  4; 
S<]w<  S -I Up  III' lit.  of  Dnnri;  MS.,  2. 

"'1  f^ive  herewith  the  names  of  mines  and  their  di.scoverers  in  IS.'ii):  In 
<M])iii  county,  the  Alger,  by  William  Alger;  American  Flag;  Harrett,  hy 
Wesk-y  Barrett;  Burroughs,  Benjamin  Burroughs;  Briggs,  Briggs  Brcithors; 
Hiltler,  James  I).  Wood;  Connelly  and  Beverly.  < 'onnelly  ami  Beverly;  Dean- 
Castro,  Dean  and  Castro;  (Jaston,  .lames  (Jaston;  (Uinrell.  Harry  <  lunncll; 
Hill  House,  Payne  it  Co.;  Ingles,  Webster  &  Co.;  Indiana.  Thomas  Brotiiers; 
■''■linings  Thomas  .Fennings;  Kansas,  James  Madison;  Kentucky,  Jones  and 
Hn-L-:,ty;  Miller,  A.  Miller;  Maek,  W' .  Mack;  Missouri;  Uoderiek  l)liu, 
Sfi'vciis  and  Hall;  Smith,  A.  A.  Smith;  Snow,  .Tames  .Snow;  Tarrvall:  To- 
I'tka,  Joseph  Hurst;  Tucker,  John  Nichols;  Virginia,  J.  Oxiey;  Whiting, 


880 


(iULD  DISCOVIIUIRS. 


A  rumor  of  tliscovi  ry,  and  tlioy  swarm*  <]  at  tliat 
placo,  alij^htiiig  like  locusts  upon  a  fitUl  whir-li  foiiM 
nut  furnish  <> round  for  onu  in  athousiind  of  ili<»fi<'  wl.o 
canu'.  Findin<4  tliomsclvt'S  too  late,  tl.ry  swaniiid 
a-^ain  at  soine  other  spot,  which  they  aljuudoii«.-d  in  a 
similar  manner. 

Out  of  this  coascloss  activity  grew  worthy  results. 
From  Araj)hoe  "  at  tho  mouth  (d' Tahh;  mourn  liii 
canon,  where  they  had  leathered   durin;^  the  wnitt  r, 


^ 


Minks  hk  Oili-in  Chumy. 


Whiting  &  Co.;  Wood,  Robert  Wood;  T/Cavenworth,  Harsh  Brr»tliers:  <^"ali- 
fi>riii:i,  Hiitcliiiisiiii;  l'"reiK'li  V.  Teniilull;  St  Lmiis.  In  Clear  tT--«rk  c^'unty 
till' Oritiitli,  (lenrge  V.  (iriHitli,  ami  tin-  Virginia.  Tii(;se  were  •h-fCf<\  <-••■< 
wiiicli  \inivcMl  to  l>e  real  lodes,  called  at  lir.st  "mountain  di;,'giiMj-»' t«  <ii-t,'i- 
guisli  tlitMu  from  the  j^ulcli  and  bar  diggiug.s;  Imt  tliese  were  umI  alL  Hi'  'o 
KLcnis  to  have  been  a  go«id  uniform  yiolil,  but  never  an  extrj<>r»iiu»ar>' jt"- 
ductiiiii  as  ia  some  jmrts  of  Idaho  and  Montana.  Hnlli.-'ter,  in  Miu^Ji'iJ  *  I ; 
Gti -7,  gives  the  yieh'  (.''  the  decomposed  quartz  in  these  nionntaiiu  digjr^ujj 
as  follows:  tiie  hids'st  t'^.yV  income  from  the  (Irogory,  working  it  with  a 
sluice,  wa-s  S4'.>.;,  and  tl  ■  lowest  8'21.  Zoigler,  Sjiain.  &  C'.>.  cl«ant-"1  up  ii 
three  weeks  on  the  '  Jre-ory  .S"-',400.  Do  Freea  &  ( 'o.,  cleane»l  np  .*2.<»y  I'l  '- 
days  with  one  slurce.  Kehler,  Patton,  &  Fletelier  averacjeil  wish  5  hsn  n 
§100  a  day  on  the  Hates  lode.  P'ritm  .SI 25  toS4r>0  a  day  were  olntaineJ  ir.iu 
single  .sluices,  working  four  men;  and  so  ou, 

•'•Arapahoe  was  staked  off  by  George  B.  Allen.  It  contain**!  in  l*"^'!* 
nearly  100  houses,  but  was  soon  after  deserted  and  converte<I  into  fswin-. 
Clfir  Creek  ami  Boulder  Vt>L  Hist.,  '47.  Allen  became  a  nMident  t,i  a  3a;;n 
near  Golden.  He  was  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  17,  ISi"?  I:i  ^*^^*'^  ]■  ■ 
removed  to  Akron,  Ohio,  and  sub8e(iueutly  to  Deliance,  whe;-e  he  reuiiiH'- 1 


TOU"X-i}UiiJ»ix<;, 


Ml 


'.vi  lit  tiio  founders  of  (ioUleij."  Golden  Catc,  Mount 
Ariiion,  Central  City,  ah<l  Nevada/*  nil  on  the  alllu- 
oiitji  of  Clear  creek.  (joM«n  T«»wn  coinjiany  was 
finned  in  tliespriri'jf  of  lc51»,  an<l  was  anaftt;rt]iou^lit 
uf  its  or4anizer.s,  >vli«>  were  encaniju'd  at  tlio  Gate  of 
tlif  Mountnina,  or  tlie  mouth  «>r  the  canon  of  Clear 
cr.  ( k.  The  trail  to  the  iniu<s  crossed  the  creek 
lien?,"  and  the  water  U-iiij^  lii;jjh,  J.  "M.  Ferrell  con- 
structed first  a  foot-hrid;^e  and  then  a  toll-brid^-e  for 
tciiiiis,  and  improved  the  road,  niakinijf  his  bridge  a 
good  i>ii!eo  of  projierty,  a**  well  as  t'le  first  of  its  kind 
ill  Colorado.  Many  |»ersK»ii.s  {gathered  there,  attracted 
liy  the  natural  beauties  of  the  scenery,  f)r  encani[)cd 
])i(  paratory  to  enterinj^  the  mountains,  suj^j^esting 
tluri^bv  a  town,  when  acompanv  was  formeti,  consist- 
ing? of  D.  Wall,  J.  M  Fenvll.  J,  C.  Ki.bv,  J.  C. 
B.uhs,  :^[rs  Williams,  W.  A.  H.  Loveland.  H.  J. 
Carl(  r,  Ensii^n  Smith,  William  Davidson,  F.  W.  l^ee- 
i)ei\  E.  L.  Berthoud,  Stanton,  Clark,  and  (Jiarrison. 
Th('V  called  themselves  t::e  Boston  company  ;  and 
liaviii'^  Selected  two  s<ctions  of  land  laid  out  half  a 
section  in  lots  and  bh^rks,  the  remainder  not  beinjy 
surveyed  until  tlie  following  year.     A   saw-niill  and 

five  years.  Having  lo.<t  astock  of  acttfl*  I'V  fire  lie  engagcil  in  lirokerageand 
tlii'ii  in  l)uyiiig  anil  Nolling  strK:k.  In  I -vJT  he  rcniovid  to  Uoniplian,  Kansas, 
Imt  im  account  of  failing  health  <lett-rni:a<.-<l  t^)  cross  llio  jiliiins.  After  laying 
out  Auraria  ami  Arapalioc.  ho  l-^.-caiiie  isit'.-rei-ted  ia  quaitz  and  Iiinilier  mills. 
l\c  niovuil  his  .saw  mill  across  tliu  rri>'Unt.3iUii  into  Cilifoniia  (inlch  ni  1 8(1 1,  and 
'lilcw  the  first  whistle  acrosii  the  ranjic-.'  In  IS<i4  he  took  IGO  acres  of  land 
oil  I'lcar  creek  whore  he  made  ]iim.**li  a  L<ihk'. 

^"Tho  fir  it  settler.s  of  (loldcn  were  \V,  A.  If.  I^»velanil,  John  M.  Ferrell, 
Fnx  |)cifend<!rf,  P.  B.  Clien^v,  I>r  Hairdv,  <;c.T;re  Jackson,  I'hailcs  M.  Fer- 
r.  !1,  John  F.  Kirl.y,  T.  V.  ]\,\y.l,  Wdltttm  l'..ll.:d.  James  Mdlonald,  Oemgo 
\\'eit,  Mark  Blunt,  Cliarlos  lC<min^'"n,  K  B.  .^mith,  J.  C.  Bowle.s,  Daniel 
McCleary,  I.  B.  Fitzpatrick,  and  W.  J.  M<  Kay. 

""J.  M.  Beverly  built  the  tir^f  rat»ra  in  N'vada,  and  was  elected  recorder 
of  tlie  district  in  the  autumn,  }if^'ul(r*  being  i-herilf  ami  justice  of  the  peace. 
I)iiring  the  winter  he  located  r>»rv»-rly'«  di-cvery  on  the  Burroughs  lode.  In 
ISii-J  he  erected  a  quartz  mill  in  Xtva^la  gnhli.  JTe  returned  to  Chicago  in 
lS(i8aud  was  married  there;  I>nt  in  tii'?  ^rrtat  lire  i,'  1S71  he  lost  all  his  accu- 
mulations and  hegan  the  study  of  the  Uw.  Aft'-r  In-iug  admitted  to  the  har 
111'  rcvisiteil  Colorado,  where  he  lo'.-alKr'l  and  i>urcha.seil  a  nuinher  of  mines, 
\\  hicli  Were  ])rofitaldy  worked.  Beverlv  was  l>orn  in  Culpepper  county,  Vir- 
ginia, in  184:i. 

'"It  is  mentioned  hy  several  write-r*  that  Horace  Oreeley  visited  the  mines 
t'lis  y(!ar;  and  it  ia  related  that  he  ats^-mpt'i-d  to  swim  his  midi^  acros.s  Clear 
irLek,  and  wuuld  have  been  drowut^i  but  ivr  itssibtauue  luudored  him. 


If'': 


t    % 


.(* 


* 


i  !  , 


382 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


shingle-mill  in  the  pineries  furnished  material  for 
building,  which  went  on  rapidly,  the  town  luiviipr 
seven  or  eight  hundred  inhabitants  before  winter," 

Golden  Gate,  two  miles  north  of  Golden,  wluru  tlie 
Denver  and  Gregory  road  entered  the  mountains,  was 
a  flourishing  settlement.  At  the  mouth  of  Left  Hand 
creek  was  a  town,  later  abandoned,  called  DavcnjMut 
in  1851).  Mountain  City  at  Gregory  point  was  laid 
out  early  in  May,  the  first  house  being  started  on  tlio 
2 2d  by  Richard  Sopris,  who,  with  J.  H.  Gest,  was 
one  of  the  Mammoth  quartz  mining  company,  wliic  h 
owned  thirty  claims  on  that  lode.  A  near  neighb(jr 
to  Mountain  City  on  the  south  was  a  miner's  camp 
called  Black  Hawk,  and  adjoining  it  on  the  north,  in 
Kendall  gulch,*^  was  Central  City,  so  named  by  W. 
N.  Byers,  its  fii-st  inhabitant"  after  its  founders, 
Harrison  Gray  Otis,  Nathaniel  Albertson,  and  Jolm 
Armor.*'     Central  finally    absorbed   the    other    two 

"  IMiii'h  date,  of  the  Mountninn,  MS.,  1;  Enrbj  Rrmnh,  MS.,  4.  T/c  /.'nd-,/ 
Mimiilnin  Gobi  Itcvoi'ter  mid  MouDUtin  Cilij  llernlil,  of  Aug.  0,  ISiJO,  ."iays  tliiit 
luililuii  at  that  (late,  wlien  it  liad  been  .surveyed  but  one  month,  lia'i  ."n) 
liouses,  l.'.KW  men,  and  70  women.  Mo.st  of  these  must  have  been  trausicnt. 
if  indeeil  that  might  not  bu  said  of  all.  Helm  say.s  tlie  first  garden  hi'  kinu- 
of  in  Colorado  was  at  Golden.  This  of  course  applies  to  the  mining  popu- 
lation. 

*■'  Xamed  after  Kendall  in  Gregory  s  company.  In  seem.s  the  honors  wciu 
divided  l)y  naming  the  gulcli  after  Kendall  and  the  hill  or  point  afterOregnry. 

*\Sopri.i'  S'Uli'mrnt  of  Drnvn;  .MS.,  7:  Bnulfn-'Va  IfK  Colo,  M.S.,  4. 

** Thomas  Gibson  of  the  liorhii  Mouiifiiiii  yi'tm  had  a  newspaper  oUii'o  at 
Central  city  in  July  185'.),  and  pul)lished  tlie  fiork>i  Mnuutnin  Ould  l'iji,rt'r 
on  the  press  purchased  of  Jack  Nlerrick,  a  cap  size  lever  machine.  It  li.i'l  :i 
brief  existence  of  five  montlia,  wlien  it  was  discontinued,  and  the  press  suld 
to  tlic  Boston  company  of  (roMen,  whose  managers  established  tlie  ir<-7/)( 
Moitntniiii'i'r,  wliich  a  few  niontiis  later  was  enlarged  and  printetl  on  a  inw 
press.  Among  its  editors  in  the  winter  of  18.V.t-(50  where  A.  D.  Ki(.hariK"ii 
andTliomas  W.  Knox,  both  of  whom  afterward  .achieved  n^.tional  r<'putat:nin 
as  newsi)aper  correspondents.  While  the  press  was  in  Central  City  it  occu- 
pied part  of  a  ilouble  log  house  owned  by  George  Aux,  author  of  Miiiiirj  ht 
Colortulo  (irul  Mon/iiwt,  MS.,  in  my  collection.  Aux  was  l)orn  in  Marryit. 
Pa,  in  1837.  At  the  age  of  14  years  ho  removed  to  Cleveland,  Oliio.  Fivo 
years  afterward  he  went  to  Kansas,  and  May  1850  to  Pike's  peak.  He  went 
to  Gregory  point,  or  .Mountain  city,  wliere  he  remained  untd  he  enlisted  m 
Gilpin  s  reg.  of  volunteers  raised  to  keep  the  territory  in  the  union.  In  IM'4 
ho  Went  to  Montana,  with  his  wife  and  infant,  in  an  ox  wagon,  but  .so'ij 
returned  and  engaged  in  farming  and  stock  raising  in  r)ongl;is  county.  His 
manuscript  is  an  accourt  of  early  settlements  and  military  matters  chictly. 
Benjamin  P.  Haman  erected  and  kept  the  first  hotel  in  Central  City.  Hamm 
was  born  in  Vt  and  imn.igrated  from  Iowa.  He  married  Rachel  Berr\  in 
1847>     Hugh  A.  Campbell  opeued  the  lirat  stock  of  goods  in  Mouataiu  Ciiy 


TARRY  ALL  AND  FAIR  PLAY. 


383 


places.  On  tlie  headwaters  of  Clear  creek  George 
F.  Criffitli  laid  out  a  town  and  called  ;t  after  himself, 
(Jcoigetovvn.  It  did  not  grow  much  that  season,  nor 
for  several  seasons  thereafter,  but  its  importance  was 
(Iciiionstrated  after  the  discovery  of  silver  mines  a  few 
years  later. 

A  i)art  of  the  population  spread  across  tlie  range, 
and  located  Breckenridge  on  a  tributary  of  Blue 
river,  in  what  is  now  Summit  county,  where  several 
liiiii(h"ed  miners  were  soon  congregated.  Others  pene- 
tiated  the  South  park,  and  a  miner  named  W.  J. 
Hoi  man  discovered  on  a  branch  of  the  Platte  the 
Poimd  diggings,**  wliich  had  a  great  reputation,  the 
name  signifying,  as  some  thought,  that  a  pound  of 
gold  a  day  was  their  average-production — an  opulence 
wliich  nature  does  not  often  bestow  upon  diggings 
anywhere.  So  magnanimous  were  the  first  locators 
in  the  prospecu  of  sudden  riches  that  they  gave  the 
placo  and  the  creek  on  which  the  placers  were  situ- 
ated the  inviting  name  of  Tarryall.  So  many  tarried, 
and  such  was  the  squabbling  over  claims  that  a  por- 
tiiiii  of  the  population  determined  to  seek  for  mines 
elsewhere,  and  to  their  delight  soon  discovered  them. 
But  the  first  party  of  eight  men  which  left  Tarryall 
was  killed  by  the  Indians,  except  one,  while  passing 
tlirough  a  ravine,  which  took  from  this  circumstance 
the  name  of  Dead  Men's  gulch." 

It  was  decided  that  there  should  be  no  cause  for 
dissension  in  the  new  district,   but  that  even-handed 


ill 


'      '  <  f 


in  a  l)rush  tent,  and  was  the  firfit  to  placn  ;i  sign  above  liis  nlaca  of  business 
vitlithe  new  name  of  Ct'iitral  (_':  y  iipiiii  it,  aiul  to  have  liis  lettern  aiMrcsseil 
tnt'fiitral  City,  by  whicii  ireaija  tl:e  1*.  ().  ilej)artineiit  was  brou>.'lit  at  last 
til  ri'Cdgnize  the  change,  lie  liiiilt  the  Atchison  house  in  I)etiver  in  the 
V  inter  of  1859.  He  discoverej  the  Cincinnati  lode  onCasto  liill,  ami  l)i.oaiiie 
till' owner  of  40  acres  of  Placer  mines  on  Quartz  hill,  hesiiles  other  iniiiiiii^ 
|irn|ierty.  He  was  bom  in  Adams  county,  Pa,  and  married  Mattie  W. 
Wliitsitt,  of  Centreville,  Ohio. 

**  Named  after  Daniel  Pound.  The  amount  actually  taken  out  by  tlio 
Miiuatain  Union  company  in  one  week,  with  4  men,  was  .?-t'J().  Ilolmun, 
with  5  men,  took  out  .^(iSti  in  the  same  time.  Boweru  &  Co.  took  out  in  one 
Wit  k  *!•(■>>),  with  3  men — 57  ounces  worth  SI 7. 

"  N.  Byers,  in  Out  Weal,  Oct.  1873;  Dead  Men'a  Gukk  and  Other 
Skik/itid,  iia,,  1, 


VI 


W 


I 


I'  ' 


384 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


'■I 


justiro  .should  rule  the  camp,  and  to  emphasize  tliis 
determination  it  was  named  Fair  Play.*'  Eight  niiks 
north-west  of  Fair  Play  a  discovery  was  made  hv  a 
mountaineer,  whose  characteristic  dress  of  taiiiied 
skins  gave  him  the  descr' tive  ap))ellation  of  Buck- 
skin Joe,  ana  the  Buckskin  Joe  mines  next  attracted 
the  unsatisfied.  This  camp  became  the  town  of  Alma. 
Hamilton  and  Jefferson  followed  in  South  park  tli^ 
same  season,  the  latter  becoming  a  town  of  several 
thousand  inhabitants  in  the  first  few  years." 

*'  S'tpri-'  Sittli'mt'iit  ofDrnrrr,  MS.,  8.     There  arc  .several  storie.s  to  accouut 
for  tlii.s  uaiiic,  all  of  them  far  fetched  and  inaccurate. 

''Ik'fore  proceeding  furtlicr  with  tlie  history  of  settlement,  I  will  recdnl 
the  names  of  .some  of  tiie  pioneers  of  this  partof  Colorado  in  1859.     Jo>eiili 
M.  Urown,  horn  in  Maryland  in  1832,  M'as  witli  ( Jeneral  Walker  in  Xicamgiui 
ill  IS.")."),      lie  returned,  drifted  west,  and  hecaiue  a  farmer  and  stiii'k-raisi  i. 
Samuel   ^\'.  Brown,    horn  near  Baltimore  Dec.   23,    18'J'J.  removed  to  N\"i- 
York  in   1844,  hecame  a  cahinet-maker,  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  ^i  '.,i 
from  tiicse  hattle-liclds   to  ('al.,and   afterward   to  Ciiicago.      lie   ((■ll'Vi.l 
Walker  to  Nii-aragua,  and  furnished  supplies  to  the  army  for  one  year,     tu 
IS.")7  lit!  iiiarridl  a  daughter  of  John  Perry,  at  Olatlie,  Iowa.     On  eoniii.,;  'i.p 
Colorado  he  sicured  "idO  ai'res  and  went  to  fanning.     Thomas  l)oiiilsur.,  a 
native  of  Ohio,  was  horn  June  I'O,  18"_'4,  and  hred  a  farmer.     After  s(Vt>r;il 
removes  westward  lie  came  to  Colorado,  where,  after  one  season  of  miiiiii;.'. 
lie  hrought  out  his  family  ami  t,ettli'd  on  the  I'latte,  17  iiiilej  below  heiivcr. 
Henry  Crow,  horn  in  Wis.,  hred  a  merchant,  came  to  Colorado  in  I8,")!t.  au'l 
after  mining  for  a  .season  returned   to  Iowa  for  liis  family,  and  located  at 
Central  City.     He  served  in  the  Indian  war  of  1804,  after  wliicii  he  reiiiovcil 
to  Ueorgetown.     Selling  his  mines  at  that  place  he  settled  in  Denver  ainl 
organized  the  City  national  hank  in   1870;  hut  in  187(5  withdrew  from  tin- 
presiileiu'V  of  tiiat  institution  and  returned  to  (Jeorgetown  to  eiignge  in  mill- 
ing.    Charles  (J.  Cliever  was  horn  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Sept.  13,  18"J7,  went  to 
Cal.  in  I84*,(,  where  he  resided   10  years  in  tlie  mines,  and  then  reiiiovid  to 
Colorailo.      In  I>S01  he  was  elected  clerk  and  recorder  of  Arapahoe  cmiuty. 
He  has  ever  since  heeii  in  the  real  estate  husiness.     S.  B.  Morrison,  horn  iii 
Oneida  <'astle,  N.  V.,  May  2,  1831,  removed  to  Jetlerson,  Wis.,  at  the  age 
of  10  years,  and  in  I8.")'.(  came  to  Colorado,  where  he  turne<l  his  attention  to 
farming  and  stock-raising,  3  miles  north  of  Denver.      He  al-^o  erected  soiiir 
<|uart/ mills  iiiCilpin  and  Park  counties.     John  H.  Morrison  graduated  fr>'Mi 
Uusli  Medical  ciillcge,  ''hicago,  and  after eomiiig  to  Colorado  lie  nsiileil  tii'.-t 
on  a  farm  ami  then  in  Denver,  where  he  died  July  21,  187t).     Jasper  P.  Scars 
was  ixirn  in  Ohio,  in  183S,  ami  educate^',  at  Delaware,  after  which  he  riuiovnl 
to  St  Paul,  Minnesota,  wliere  he  trailed  with  the  Sioux.     In  Sept.  IS.'iN,  lie 
started  for  Pike's  peak  witii  a  stock  of  mercliandisc.  hut  did  not  arrive  for  a 
year  afterward,  owing  to  sickness  and  Indian  hostilities.     In  company  vith 
< '.  A.  Cook  he  opened  a  store  at  the  corner  of  ITitii  and  Larimer  streets,  Den- 
ver.    After  4  years  of  prosperous  trade  tlu^y  opened  a  banking-iiouse.     In 
I Sil!)  Sears  hecame  a  government  contractor,  and  dealer  in  real  estate,  aii'l 
made  a  fortune.     Thomas  Skerritt,  horn  in   Ireland,  in   IS28.  imniigrntcil  m 
184Stothe  U.  S.  and  Canada.      In  18,'),5  lie  married  Mary  K.  Skerritt.  wlm 
Mas  one  of  the  first  women  to  go  to  Central  (^ity,  and  accompanied  her  liui- 
hand  across  the  mountains  to  Breckeniidge.      In  the  autumn  of  IS.'iO  he  ti"'k 
a  lancl  claim  on  the  Plitto  river,  hut  all  his  imiirovcments  were  swejir  a^ay 
by  the  tluuU  of  1804.     What  remained  uf  thu  lai.U  itaclf  waa  purchaiied  i^y 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


385 


p,>ti'r  Mai;nus  for  the  site  of  tlie  Harvest  Queen  Mill,  and  Skerritfc  settled 
upnii  iiintlier  claim  (i  i...ies  from  Denver,  where  he  cultivated  1*00  acres. 

E'luiird  C.  Sumner,  a  native  of  La  Fayette,  Ind.,  joined  the  rush  to  I'ike'a 
peak,  and  found  permanent  employment  in  the  Denver  post-olilce.  Alfred 
H.  Milo-i,  horn  in  Clevelaml,  Ohio,  Sept.  4,  18'JO,  set  out  with  his  family  for 
I'al.  Ill  I8."i!),  hut  stopped  in  Colo  and  selected  a  faiiu  on  Clear  cn^ek,  1)  milea 
frmii  nenver.  Ho  remained  there  for  7  years,  wiien  he  moved  to  I'herry 
creek  and  liually  to  Denver.  He  haa  lieen  one  of  tlie  most  suecessfid  farm- 
ers of  Ccilnrailo.  Isaac  E.  McBroom  a  native  of  Ind.,  horn  April  'J'J,  ISiiO, 
romiivi'il  to  St  Joseph,  Mi.saonri,  at  an  early  age,  and'in  IS.'iO  to  Iowa.  Ho 
caiiii'  to  Cull)  with  the  first  mining  immii^ration,  and  settled  on  a  farm  near 
IJeuvi'r.  .loiin  Milheim,  haker  and  steel  polislier,  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
lioru  iu  |s;!.">,  c.anie  to  the  U.  S.  in  1S49,  to  Nel).  in  lS.">(i,  anil  from  there  to 
Piko  s  |pi;ak.  Just  heforo  leaving  Omaha,  he  was  luiirried  to  Miss  lleitiimann, 
wliiiso  brothers  also  hccame  citi/.ena  of  Denver,  and  with  whom  lie  opened 
tiie  lirst  hakery  there,  which  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fortune.  James  W. 
Kicliards,  a  native  of  Oliio,  worked  on  a  farm  in  111.,  and  thenco  vent  to  the 
Colli  mines.  In  IStJ.J  ho  estahlished  a  fast  freight  line  hetween  Denver  and 
Central  City,  remaining  in  the  husine.ss  7  years,  when  he  went  intoatlourand 
grain  trade  Mo  shipped  tlie  first  cardoad  of  grain  over  the  Kansas  raoilic 
railroad  to  Denver,  and  estahlished  the  tirst  line  of  transfer  wagons  in  the 
city,  upnn  wJiieh  he,  with  W.  J.  Km-ioy,  had  a  jiatent.  IVter  Magnus,  horn 
in  Swollen,  in  18"24,  bred  a  farmer,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1S,")2,  and  in  IJS.VJ  to 
Cull",  and  selecting  a  farming  claim  hrought  out  his  family.  The  tlond  of 
IMi  ti)i>k  his  improvements,  and  grasshii[>pers  in  ISV.'t— 4-o,  nearly  destroyed 
his  crops,  yet  ho  prospered.  He  received  all  the  medals  at  the  ogriotdtural 
exliiliitioii  of  Colorado  in  1870.  He  was  county  commissioner  for  Arapahoe 
ill  ISliT-'.t.  Mason  M.  Seavy,  horn  in  Maine  in  ISIIO,  removed  to  111.,  and 
tlienee  started  with  other  Kold-seekers  for  Pike's  peak  in  1S.")0,  hut  turned 
hack  at  Fort  K  >arny,  and  did  not  reach  the  moutitains  until  tlio  following 
year,  when  he  settled  indolden  and  went  into  the  grocery  traile,  doing  well 
niitil  he  lost  a  largo  and  valuahle  train  hy  tlie  Arapalioi's,  wliieh  compelled 
iiim  to  suspend  husincss.  He  hegan  a  second  time  in  Central  City,  hut  failed 
again,  owing  to  commercial  complications.  In  1872  he  settled  in  Denver, 
and  again  prosecuted  the  grocery  husiness.  this  time  with  hetter  success. 
I'aniel  J  Fulton,  a  native  of  Va,  removeil  to  Ohio  in  ISt'ti,  and  a  few  years 
later  to  [owa.  In  IS49cro8.seil  the  plains  to  Cal.  where  heniined  forlJ  years, 
returned  to  the  states,  and  in  18.">!)  came  to  Colo.  After  iniuing  for  a  year, 
ami  trying  his  '.'ortunes  in  Idaho,  he  settled  upon  a  farm  on  the  I'latte,  l(i 
miles  lielow  D.iiiver.  Cieorge  W.  Ha/zard  was  horn  at  Klk  drove,  Wis., 
'Nie.  7,  18H7,  came  to  Denver  in  1S."9,  ami  went  to  the  mines  of  (iregory 
point  ami  Missouri  flats,  where,  with  his  brother,  ho  tfiok  out  gold  enough 
to.'.':'rt  in  farming  1(5  miles  from  J)enver.  John  \V.  Hill',  a,  native  of  Oiiio, 
hni.i  w  IS.'il,  hreif  a  farmer,  and  educated  at  Delaware  college,  came  to  Col- 
•riili!  i!i  iS")'.)  with  a  snuill  train  of  provisions,  purchased  with  a  few  hun- 
iln.'.l  I'l  liars  which  his  father  gave  him,  and  selling  out  invested  in  a  small 
hen]  :>t  cattle.  Ho  followed  up  the  eattlo  husiness  for  18  years,  mastering 
i'i  lun  I'eUils,  anil  making  a  large  fortuni\  He  owned  2(M),(KX)  acres  of  pai- 
ti.ri!  l.iudi!,  t.'^ok  government  contra"ts,  and  shipped  eattlo  to  eastern  mar- 
ket. :t  tiie  .'-^toof  1  .OOOajear.  He  died  Fehrnary  9,  1878.  Lil.eus  Bar- 
h  y  n  .  •!  of  Vt,  crossed  the  ]>lainsin  the  lirst  coach  of  the  Denver  and 
Pike';;  [leuk  passcnger  line.  After  mining,  with  a  hrother,  he  tried  liouse- 
Imihhiig,  and  erected  the  hall  in  which  the  Hr.it  provisional  legislature  met. 
Farming  was  next  attempted,  hut  a  grocery  store  iu  Denver  was  the  final 
resort  after  these  ventures,  and  in  that  he  did  well. 

Caleh  S.  Ihirdsalj  from  Ohio,  mined  near  Colden  in  IS.'iO,  and  in  ISM 
Was  a|)]iointed  Rurgcon  of  tho  .Sd  Colo  reg.  Since  then  ho  has  practised 
nieilielno  in  Denver.  He  discovered  and  named  Soda  lakes,  near  Morri- 
Riiii.  .loseph  W.  Bowles,  bora  in  Itockford,  N.  (\,  came  to  Denver  in  1S."8. 
Hu  1  icated  a  mine  on  Quartz  hill,  ia  the  Nevada  district,  ou  Clear  creek, 
Hist.  Nbv   'ib 


wr    *, 


(."V- 


*.\ 


1  .-'I 


GOLD  DISCOVERIES. 


Hi 


I 


f 


tvhore  ho  worked  for  three  years  on  an  extension  of  the  Burroughs'  loile. 
He  was  twice  elected  sheritf  for  the  district  under  the  miners'  organization. 
In  1862  he  purchased  a  raucho  on  the  /'latte,  10  miles  above  Duiu  cr,  nuar 
tlie  present  village  of  Littleton.  ( Jeo'g  W.  Drake,  born  in  Oliio,  came  to 
Colo  in  1859,  and  opened  a  hotel  on  t':ie  old  Gregory  road  7  miles  fmin  lilack 
Hawk,  at  Cold  Spring  ranclio,  in  partnership  witli  Homer  Mt'dbury,  of 
Ohio.  In  1803,  he  became  agent  for  (Jibson's  pony  express  between  Den- 
ver and  the  mountain  towns.  In  1SG4  he  set  up  a  store  in  Black  Hawk,  and 
in  1870  joined  the  colony  at  Greeley,  which  he  helped  to  build  up.  Tlirce 
years  later  he  settled  in  Denver,  where  he  purchased  a  marblc-yanl  in 
1874.  Charles  Eyser,  a  native  of  Holstein,  Germany,  born  in  IS'J'J.  tame 
to  Colo  in  1859,  opened  a  provision  store  in  the  mines,  but  returned  td  l)en- 
vcr  in  18G3,  where  he  kept  a  boarding-house,  which  in  1809  was  washccl  away 
by  a  flood.  After  that  he  settled  at  farming.  E.  W.  Cobb,  born  in  JJu.sUin, 
was  sent  to  Cal.  as  the  first  agent  of  Adams'  Express  co.  After  two  yeuM 
he  went  to  Australia,  returning  to  Boston  in  1857,  then  to  Denver,  wlieie  lie 
sold  groceries  for  two  j'ears,  then  carried  on  the  Elepliant  corral  a  year  or  so, 
and  after  that  mined  for  a  few  years,  until  in  1S(>9  he  was  appointe.l  iliicf  of 
the  mineral  dept  of  the  sur.-gen.  othce.  Jolm  W.  Cline,  a  native  of  Cunaila, 
mined  during  the  summer  of  1859  in  Russell  gulch  and  at  Breckenriilge,  Imt 
in  tlie  aatumn  took  a  piece  of  land  7  miles  north  of  Denver,  where  !.i;  made 
hiiui-^lf  a  home.  Samuel  Brautner,  born  iaMd,  came  to  Cal.  ?u  Is.'i'J,  ainl 
fiB:.  ''■  t-i  ''"lo,  where  he  engaged  in  mining  and  farming.  His  oliKst  jiiild 
is  Si    1  he  first  white  girl  born  in  Colo,  but  I  have  shown  tlwit  white 

childrc  .  born  here  before  the  gold  discoveries.     George  L.  Hcudersim, 

born  in  .o,  in  1859  came  to  Central  City,  and  in  1800  to  California 
gulch.  He  was  the  first  postmaster  at  Leadville,  which  camp  was  thus 
named  at  his  suggestion. 


H  if' 


II  i 


CHAPTER  IV. 


PROGKESS  OF  SETTLEMENT. 

1859-1801). 

The  Aukassas  Valley — Road  into  South  Park — El  Paso  Claim  Cm-b 
— OiLoiiAiM)  t'lTY  Company — Ikuication — Tun  FiiiiiriNi)  Fakmeks  or 
Fi'NTAiNK  City — CaSos    City — Ci.kar   Cukek — ruKULo — Califoksia 

(It  LCII  — PlONKEItS  IHTIIE  SEVERAL  LoCALtTIKS— Ouo  ClTY— LkaUVILLK 

— Fkyim}     Pav     OrLOH — Road-makino — Mivivd       Dkvki.oi-ments — 
Fkeicutisg — Mail  Facilities — Ponv  Exi'kess — Stahe  Compames. 

Whii.k  the  vailoys  and  head  waters  of  tlie  Platte 
and  its  tributaries  were  bein-jf  actively  explored  by 
one  part  of  the  imniiijjratiou,  another  part  began  to 
txcupy  the  Arkansas  valley.  A  portion  of  the  Law- 
iriice  party  of  1858  had  wintered  five  miles  above 
D«  liver,  w^here  afterward  was  Younker's  raneho. 
They  contemplated  making  a  town  there,  and  erected 
a  f<w  houses;  but  before  spring  they  became  restless, 
and  some  returned  to  the  Arkansas  vallev,  with  the 
(Jisign  of  going  back  to  Kansas.  This  party  of  about 
a  dozen  persons,  among  whom  were  Charles  Gilmore, 
Julio n  Smith,  George  A.  Bute,  and  Anthony  13ott, 
triissed  the  ridge  between  the  Platte  and  Arkansas 
rlvt  IS  when  the  snow  on  the  summit  was  thne  ftct 
drt'p;  but  on  coming  to  the  spot  overlooking  the 
snutliern  slope,  and  seeing  a  sunny  valley  below,  they 
clianged  their  purpose,  and  selected  a  site  for  a  town 
in  the  delightful  region  of  the  Fontaine-<pii-Pouille, 
uhich  they  called  El  Dorado. 

On  hearing  what  had  been  done,  others  of  the 
original  company  who  had  locatt'd  land  claims  on  the 
Fontaine-qui-Bouille  the  previous  autumn,  some  of 
which  covered  the  new  town  site,  came  over  from  the 

1057) 


1 


m 


PROURESS  OF  SETTLEMENT 


?     I 


f.  M, 


Platte  to  dispute  for  possession  of  the  grouiicl.  The 
quarrel  ran  high,  but  a  conipruniise  was  effected  hv 
admitting  the  land  claimants  into  the  town  co!ii[ianv, 
all  johiuig  in  the  erection  of  a  large  log  house  as  tlie 
nucleus  of  their  future  city.' 

This  being  done,  Bute,  with  two  others  of  the  El 
Dorado  company,  and  Tucker,  a  squatter  oti  Fontaine- 
qui-Bouille,  with  two  associates,  making  a  party  ot'six, 
set  out  to  search  for  a  route  into  the  South  park, 
where  they  believed  gold  existed.  Following  the 
Indian  trail  westward  to  Soda  springs,  where  the 
Lawrence  company  had  located  the  town  of  El  Paso' 
the  [)revious  autumn,  the  explorers  encamped  for  two 
days  to  admire  and  enjoy  the  natural  charms  of  the 
place,  after  which  they  proceeded  as  far  on  their  way 
as  tlie  Petrified  stumps;  but  falling  short  of  pmvis- 
ions,  returned  and  loaded  a  wagon  with  sui)plifs. 
This  wagon  they  took  into  the  park,  its  wheels  hc'uvjf 
the  first  to  print  the  sod  in  this  beautiful  mouiitaui 
basin.  Gold,  as  I  have  shown,  was  discovered  in  tlie 
park  during  the  summer,'  the  mines  drawing  away 

^E[P<tsoCo.,etc.,MB.,6. 

'Tliere  was  at  this  time  a  log  cabin  at  tliese  springs,  which  hail  lieen 
ereeteil  Ity  Ricliard  VVooten,  as  evidence  tiiat  lie  claimed  the  site  l)cfore  the 
El  Fa<o  town  was  projected.  Sometime  in  KS.')'.>  Wooten  sold  his  duiin  to 
R.E.  Whitaittft  Co.,  for  $500.  A  year  or  two  later,  Whitsitt's  partner  -I'M  hk 
interest  to  the  Tappan  Brothers  from  Boston.  They  hought  almut  tlie  s^iiiie 
time  48,)  acres  on  tijo  west  side  of  Monument  creek,  which  was  known  a-;  tlie 
Bo-iton  tract,  and  was  onlyput  into  market  as  an  adilition  to  Colorado  siniiigj 
in  IS74.  V/hitsitt  and  Tappan  lost  their  right  to  the  springs  hy  al):iiiiliMi- 
niont,  and  they  were  jumpeil  hy  one  Slaughter,  son  of  a  methodist  iiiinistiT 
from  Illinois,  who  erected  a  frame  hou.se  on  the  claim.  He  in  turn  al)aii- 
doned  it,  and  it  was  again  taken  by  Thompson  (iirter,  who  secured  the  sul- 
phur springs  in  .South  park.  He  made  some  improvements  and  sold  to  CdI 
Chivini;ton  for  S1,,")(K),  and  he  to  hisscm-indaw,  Pollock,  who  made  a  trans- 
fer of  the  property  to  some  other  person  as  security  for  a  debt,  this  pirsnn 
selling  the  sprmgs  for  $1,500.  (Jeorge  Crater  of  Denver  subsciiuiiitly 
organi/xid  a  company  which  purchased  the  property,  paying  §10,000  fur  it. 
and  afterward  sohl  the  80  acres  on  which  are  the  soda  springs  for  i!'2t).0()<i  to 
the  company  which  finally  fonnded  the  present  town  of  Colorado  S])rin2-i.  nf 
whioii  further  mention  will  be  made  in  the  proper  place.  El Pttao  Cmntii.  il'-., 
MS.,  9-11.  It  hii.s  been  stated  that  H.  A.  >V.  T.'ibor  built  the  first  house  at 
Colorado  Springs  in  the  winter  of  185i(;  that  he  came  back  to  Denver  in  tlii; 
following  year,  and  endeavored  to  organize  a  company  to  go  down  and  lay  ott' 
a  town,  but  failed.  The  statement  is  erroneous,  but  that  Tabor  was  at  sotiu; 
tiiiie  about  this  <lato  interested  in  the  place  is  pcrhz^ps  true. 

^  A  writer  in  the  Cohnulo  Spriiiijn  (iiizft/e  of  May  2.1,  1874,  ascribes  fiio 
discovery  of  gold  at  Fair  Play  to  this  party.     Tlic  discovery  was  madu  m 


EL  PASO  CLAIM  CLUB. 


:i89 


all  tlie  settlers  at  El  Dorado  City,  which  was  aban- 
doned. The  richness  of  the  South  park  diggings, 
luiwc'ver,  caused  the  revival  of  the  town  in  tlie  autunni 
uinK  r  a  new  name.  It  had  been  observed  by  certain 
oiitt'iprising  persons  that  the  pass  of  the  Fontaine-qui- 
Buuillc  seemed  tootfer  the  most  practical  wagon  route 
tor  the  innnigration  to  these  mines,  thousands  of  per- 
sons travelling  through  it  during  the  sunnner,  asuccos- 
siiin  of  delightful  park-like  valleys  furnishing  a  natural 
ami  t-iisy  road  into  the  main  park.  A  company  was 
torn  ltd  at  Denver  and  Auraria  consisting  of  L.  J. 
W'incliester,  Lewis  N.  Tappan,  Anthony  Bott,  George 
A.  J]ute,  Melancthon  S.  Beech,  Julian  Smith,  H.  ^F. 
Fosdick,  D.  A.  Cheever,  R  E.  Whitsitt,  S.  W. 
Wagoner,  W.  P.  IMcClure,  P.  McCartv,  A.  D. 
llirliardson,  T.  H.  Warren,  C.  W.  Porsall,  A.  B. 
Wade,  George  W.  Putnam,  John  S.  Price,  John  T. 
Taikinson,  G.  X.  Woodward,  Charles  F.  Blake,  E. 
P.  Stout,  Clark  and  Willis,  Mr  Cable,  and  Higgins 
and  Cobb,  with  two  or  three  otliers,  with  the  object 
of  toundini;  a  citv  on  the  deserted  site  of  El  Dorado. 
The  president  of  the  company  was  Winchester,  and 
tlio  secretary  Tappan. 

( )ne  of  the  peculiar  phases  of  squatter  sovereignty 
in  Colorado  in  1851)  was  an  ortjanization  known  as 
El  l*aso  Claim  club,*  shadowing  forth  the  jirovisional 
iZdvernment.  A  meeting  having  been  called  in  the 
Arkansas  valley  to  deliberate  upon  the  best  method 
to  1)0  pursued  in  holding  land  in  the  absence  of  law 
and  land-offices.  El  Paso  Claim  club  was  the  result. 
The  limits  over  which  the  club  had  jurisdiction,  and 
the  powers  and  duties  of  its  officers,  were  defined ;  a 
j'ri'sident  and  secretar\'  were  chosen,  and  provision 
made  for  the  selection  of  jurors  to  decide  upon  cases 
under  arbitration.     A  book  of  records  was  kept,^  and 

Alii:,  liy  miners  from  Tarryall;  lint  there  were  nthor  jjartios  in  the  park  at 
till'  time,  who  joineil  in  working  the  ground  if  not  in  tlie  discovery. 

'  Kiiwler,  Arouml  Colonnlo,  MS.,  3,  G;  Helm,  (rulf  of  the  Mmtntnim, 
Ms  ,  4. 

The  names  nf  A.  D.  Kiehanlson.  V>.  A.  and  C.  B.  Chever,  Samuel  Ta 
pan,  William  Larimer,  .S.  W.  Wagoner,  and  other  prominent  men  may 


I 
■"  111' 


,  ( ' 


s  i 


lap- 

r'  be 


300 


PROGRE.S.S  OF  SETTLEMENT. 


I.  hi 


on  its  pages  was  recorded  the  declaration  of  tlie  Colo- 
rado  City  company's  claim  of  1,280  acres,  sigiud  l,v 
the  secretary  of  the  club,  H.  J.  Burghardt,  and  dated 
December  20,  1859.  Tlie  following  summer  tliire 
were  three  hundred  houses  in  the  town,  and  lots  wore 
S(  lling  at  four  hundred  dollars.*  It  was  a  short-lived 
pros})erity.  The  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  and 
other  causes,  forced  travel  away  from  the  Arkansas 
valley  to  the  Platte  route,  and  budt  up  Denver  at 
the  expense  of  Colorado  City,  which  lost  its  hold 
upon  the  car  of  progress,  and  was  left  behind  in  the 
race.' 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Robert  Middleton  and 
family,  and  a  few  others  of  the  Lawrence  com}»auy  of 
1858,  whitered  at  or  near  Pueblo,  where  thev  were 
joined  by  others  in  1859,  who  had  arrived  early  in 
that  year.  A  number  of  these  persons,  rightfully 
judging  that  when  corn  was  worth  from  five  to  fifteen 
cents  a  pound,  farming  was  as  profitable  as  miiiiiijj:. 
and  much  less  laborious,  determined  to  put  in  cmps 
in  the  rich  Arkansas  bottoms.  Accordingly  tliey 
constructed  a  ditch  which  conducted  the  water  of  the 
Fontainc-qui-Bouille  over  their  fields,  and  ]>laiit('d 
corn.**  When  the  corn  had  readied  a  ijood  hei'^ht, 
and  waved  temptingly  in  the  wind  and  sun,  a  roni- 
pany  of  disgusted  prospectors,  returning  to  Missouri, 
encamped  near  the  settlement,  which  was  called  Fon- 
taine Citv,  and  foraijjed  their  lean  and  hunyrv  cattle 
on  the  glistening  green  blades  and  juicy  stalks.     Tlie 


seen.  Houses  were  erected  on  tlie  Fontaine-(nii-Bouille  by  R.  B.  Willis,  H. 
S.  Clavk,  .lolin  Bley,  Hiildtanl  Talcott,  William  C'anii)l)ell,  the  last  tlirui'  'if 
whom  opened  farms  in  IS(iO.   Arhin-^a-t  Vol,  J/ist.,  4'JO. 

*  The  first  store  in  Colorado  City  was  owned  by  (ierrish  and  C(>lil>.  in 
charge  of  William  (iarvin,  the  original  claimant  of  the  (larden  of  the  (imU. 
John  (ieorge,  who  still  resides  in  the  old  town,  opened  the  first  saloon.  'I'aiJ- 
pan  &  Co.  put  up  the  first  frame  house  in  IStiO,  which  was  .still  standing  in 
1874.  It  was  occupii'il  as  the  county  court dumse  before  the  removal  of  tiic 
county  seat  to  Colorado  springs.   El  Pnun  Cmnih/,  I'f/:,  M.S.,  10. 

T  t<il>nr'.t  Vnlmi   Li/,' in  Coin,  M.S.,  12;  Ihwlx-rt's  Indinn  Trouhlf.9.  MS.,  2. 

''The  first  farmers  in  this  region,  other  than  the  fur-traders,  wore  Ruliort 
Middleton,  (ieorge  T'eck,  Charles  D.  Peek,  Josjah  F.  Smith.  Otto  Wiiinck.i. 
Frank  Doris.  (Jeorge  Lebaum,  William  H.  Greeu,  aud  William  Kruinig 
Arkansaa  Vol.  Hid,,  700. 


FIOHTINd   FARMERS. 


r>'J( 


ran(  iimcti  remonstrated,  but  the  Missourians  outnuni- 
Im  11(1  tliein.  Tlie  settlers  then  demanded  pay,  which 
was  ivfused,  and  whenever  opportunity  came  drove 
tlio  cattle  into  the  field,  where  they  were  kept  and 
♦nianled  as  indemnitv  tor  the  loss  of  their  corn.  Then 
followed  a  struggle  on  the  part  of  the  Missourians  to 
recover  their  teams  ;  but  the  settlers  had  entrenched 
tlniiiselves,  and  i)repared  t«)  fight.  In  the  battle 
which  ensued  some  of  the  Missourians  were  killed, 
ami  some  on  both  sides  were  wounded.  The  victory, 
however,  was  with  the  farmers,  who  received  at  last 
))ayuient  of  damages,  and  restored  the  cattle  to  their 
owners.  The  Missourians  were  ^lad  to  ujet  awav, 
having  apparently  no  further  use  for  the  fighting 
farmers  of  Fontahie  City.* 

In  October  a  town  was  laid  off  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas  river  pass  of  the  mountains,  called  Canon 
(jity.'*  Its  founders  were  Josiah  V.  Smith,  Ste[)hen 
S.  Smith,  ^Villiam  H.  Young,  Robert  Bearcaw, 
Charles  1).  Peck,  and  William  Kroeniof.  Thev  erected 
a  single  log  house  on  the  level  ground  above  the  hot 
springs,  which  were  found  here,  as  well  as  at  the  [)ass 
of  the  Foutainc-qui-Bouille  ;  and  Robert  ^[iddleton 
and  wife  went  to  reside  in  it,  this  being  the  actual 
first  family  of  Canon  City.  The  following  year  the 
house  was   taken  as  a  blacksmith  shop  by  A.  Rudd. 

In  the  spring  of  1860  the  t(.>wn  site  was  jumped  by  a 
company  from  Denver,  which  magnanimously  retained 
some  of  the  former  claimants.  They  relocated  the 
town,  making  it  embrace  1,"J80  acres,  and  in  April  it 
was  surveyed  hito  lots  and  blocks.  The  new  com- 
pany consisted  of  William  Kroenig,  E.  Williams,  W. 
11.  YounLr,  A.  Mavhood,  J.  R.  Dovle,  A.  Thomas, 
II.  Green,  J.  D.  Ranuige,  Harry  Yt>ungblood,  W.  W. 

"Tlio  first  store  in  Fontaine  City  was  ojH.'r.ecl  l)y  ('o(i|>er  ami  W'ing.  .Some 
nf  tlic  tirst  settlers  after  tlie  Lawrence  party  v.ere  S.  S.  Sinitli,  W.  H. 
V.iiiiig.  Matthew  Steel,  0.  H.  1'.  liaxtcr,  (/eorge  M.  L'liilcitt,  .John  W. 
Shaw,  Mark  (i.  Hradfonl,  (Jeorge  A.  Hivisdale,  Francisco,  anil  Howard. 

^'' Ihuhls  Rn-ly  Affairs,  MS.,  \-'A\  FowUr's  Arnuwl  i'olorwh,  MS,.  1-8; 
.1  Wniiian'-i  li.i-jtirit'tirv,  MS.,  S-S;  ll>iiii'.\  Hate  of  tlie  MouiUaim,  MS.,  12; 
I'rrMvtt'fi  Thivwjk  Cailon  de  Hkm,  MS.,  2-3. 


■Ul 


I 


392 


pro<;ress  of  settlement. 


m 


Ilainage,  J.  Graham,  M,  T.  Green,  Alvord  and  Com. 
paiiy,  St.  Vrain  and  Easterday,  and  Buel  and  l^oyd, 
surveyors.  Having  jumped  a  town  site  claim  thciu- 
selves,  they  organized  a  claim  club  for  t:  eir  prutfc- 
tion,  in  which  those  taking  up  agricultural  lands 
joined."     Coal  creek,  in  the  coal  region,  was,  in  JS«5, 

"  The  first  grist-mill  in  Fremont  county  was  erocteJ  by  Lewis  ("oiilcy  in 
18G0  on  Heaver  creek,  ami  was  wasiietl  away  in  IH&2.  No  other  was  Unit 
till  l>S(i(»  or  1807,  4  miles  east  of  Cafnin  (-'ity.  In  1872  a  f^rist-miil  was 
erectecl  in  the  town.  The  first  saw-mill  was  huilt  the  same  year  hy  J.  li. 
Cooper,  J.  V.  Moore,  Karkins,  anJ  A.  C'haniUer.  on  Sand  creek,  almve  tiie 
soda  springs.  As  a  premium  they  were  presenteil  witli  un  original  >liare  in 
the  town  of  Canon  City.  R.  U.  Kirkpatrick  ran  a  sliingle-maciiiiie  in  cun- 
nectiou  with  the  mill.  The  first  merchants  were  Dohl  &  Co.,  wIkkc;  .-tock 
was  presided  over  hy  Wolfe  Londoner;  l)oyle  it  Co..  represented  liy  Si.lc.indn 
brothers;  C.  W.  Ketehum  and  brotiier;  Stevens  &  Curtis;  Majors  it  ilii^sfll, 
who  Imilt  a  stone  store  10()  feet  in  lenijth;  R.  O.  Old.*,  J.  A.  hraiiir,  .laines 
Cormly,  .lames  Ketehum,  C.  D.  Jenks,  I'aul  brothers,  Harrisuu  it  Maion, 
ami  iK  V.  Wilson.  These  were  all  in  business  in  Canon  City  in  iMiO,  Infore 
the  decline  of  its  early  prospects,  i'r.  I).  Jenks  alt^o  opened  tlie  1iiv-t  lintol. 
Custer  and  Swisher  kept  the  first  meat-market,  anil  K.  B.  Sutht  rland  the 
first  bakery.  W.  C.  Catlin  established  the  first  brick-yard  abimt  1^7'J,  to 
employ  tiic  prisoners  in  the  penitentiary.  Tiie  first  newspaiier  was  tlie 
Viih>n  <'i/i/  Tinitu,  issued  in  Sept.  18(J0  by  Millett,  since  of  Kansas  City.  Tiie 
first  postmaster  was  >L  (J.  I'ratt.  In  1870  thi.-re  were  but  two  jxistnllices 
in  the  county.  Tiie  first  ilistrict  Court  was  held  at  Canon  City  in  tiie  spring 
of  ISfil}  by  B.  F.  Hall,  who  held  but  one  t»Tm  before  resigniiij,'.  lie  foimrl 
that  men  who  had  conducted  jieople's  lourts  were  hard  to  awe  into  rcsin'i't 
fur  imported  judges.  Tiie  discoverer  in  ISd'J  of  the  oil  springs  (i  inik-i  fpinii 
Canon  City  was  Cabriel  Howen.  He  sold  them  to  A.  M.  Cassidy,  who  inaii- 
ufactured  in  lS0"J-5,  and  shijiped  to  other  parts  of  tlie  country  IMH). (Mid  gal- 
lons of  superior  (juality  of  illuminating  and  lubricating  oil.  Since  iliat  tune 
])rospectiiig  lias  been  going  on  to  find  flowing  wells.  Some  of  the  llrst  set- 
tlers in  Fremont  county,  outside  of  Canon  City,  were  Ceorge  and  .M.  'I'lnif, 
John  Pierce,  Hiram  Morey.  John  ("alien,  Jolin  McClure,  and  Fustir,  on 
Beaver  creek;  .T.  Witcher,  T.  N'irden,  William  Irwin,  Ambrose  Flouriniy, 
and  Robert  Pope,  on  Ute  creek;  ]{.  M.  Adams,  M.  1).  Swislier,  Kliciie/er 
Johnson,  Sylvester  H.  Dairs.  James  Murphy,  Jesse  Hader,  and  .Mills  M. 
Craig,  in  Oil  Creek  valley;  Philip  A.  McCumber,  John  Smith,  Jaim  ■;  A. 
McCandles.s,  Ira  Cliattield,  Stephen  Frazier,  <lid.  B.  Frazier,  Jesse  Fra/iiT, 
B.  F.  Smitli,  Jiiiiii  Locke,  Jacob  U.  Reisser,  and  William  ll.  May,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Florence;  James  Smith,  Bruce,  and  Henry  Burnett,  on  ilanl- 
serabi)le  creek. 

I  have  said  that  the  town  site  of  Cafion  City  was  jumped  in  the  .s]iriiig 
of  I8(»0.  The  company  remained  in  possession  till  1804,  when  all  abainlciricd 
it,  and  sought  newer  fields  of  enterprise  in  tiie  mining  camps.  Three  l.iiu- 
ilies  finly  remained  in  the  town.  Not  long  afterward  the  governiiieiit  sur- 
veyed the  township  and  the  town  site,  wJiereupon  it  was  precnii>ted  by  lirn- 
jamin  (irilKn,  W.  C.  Catlin,  Jothan  A.  Draper,  Augustus  Macon,  and  A. 
Rudd,  who  deeded  to  the  owners  of  improvements  the  lots  on  wliicli  tliiy 
were  placed,  and  proceeded  to  setatfairs  again  in  motion.  These  men  lidoiiL'ed 
to  a  company  of  20  families,  which  migrated  from  Iowa  that  year,  and  who 
were  known  as  the  resurrectionists,  because  they  brought  back  life  to  Canon 
City.  They  were  Thomas  Macon,  who,  while  a  member  of  the  legisl.ituro  of 
1807-8.  secured  for  his  town  the  location  nf  the  jienitentiarv;  .Mrs  Ann  M:ir- 
riaou,  Mrs  George,  Johu  Wilson,  Joseph  Macon,  Fletcher,  Augu.stus  Sartor, 


BICKJIIAPHICAL. 


393 


next  to  Cafion  City  iu  size,  having  a  populati«)n  of 
fiv.  hundred. 

Tlio  first  farm  located  in  wliat  is  now  Fremont 
county  was  by  J.  N.  Haguis,  on  the  1st  of  January, 

Zaoli  Trwiti,  and  others  with  their  families.  Ansnn  liiidd  M'as  one  of  tlic 
thiri  ipri;j!iiial  settlers  who  would  not  forsake  the  iilace  of  his  choice.  He 
«:is  iiiii.  sheriff,  county  coinniis.sioner  two  terms,  i>rovost-iM:ii  .^lial,  oil  in- 
sin-M'tcir,  postmaster,  clerk  of  the  peojde's  court,  candidate  for  lieutgov.,  and 
hlacksiiiith  for  the  county.  He  was  one  of  tlie  locators  of  tlic  roads  to  Wet 
Mi.untiiin  valley,  to  which  he  guided  tlie  (iermaii  cfilonj-;  of  tlie  road  to  the 
ii|i|ifr  .\ikansas  rcjjion,  and  to  Currant  creek  and  Soutli  park;  was  for  sev- 
oril  M'ai-' president  of  the  Cafion  City  Ditch  company,  ancl  was  the  first 
Hii'icri  of  the  penitentiary  after  the  admission  of  the  state,  as  well  as  one 
of  ihi' i'onimi.ssinners  to  locate  it.  The  first  ciiihlhorti  was  a  son  of  M.  H. 
Suislnr,  wlio  dieil  in  infancy.  W.  C.  Catlin  was  also  of  tlie  ori;:innl  set- 
tlri-,  as  was  . I.  A.  Draper,  who  was  .second  jiostmasti-r.  and  county  treas- 
iiic  !■,  collecting  tlie  first  taxes  ever  gatlicrcd  in  the  county.  He  gave  the 
^'iiiuiid  i<n  whidi  tlie  })enitentiary  was  jdaced.  Wlitii  he  .-^ohl  a  tiact  to  the 
(intra]  Colorado  Im[)roveiiient  company  it  was  with  the  intention  of  rescrv- 
iii;,'  iiir  the  use  of  tiie  jmhlic  tlie  soda  springs;  hut  througii  some  iiiadvcrt- 
amc  in  the  deed  he  failed  to  do  so.  Other  early  Canonites  wci-t-  William  H. 
(ijciii.  captain  of  the  1st  Colorado  regiment;  Folsoin,  who  also  enlisted,  and 
\va>  riip|>led  for  life;  Piatt,  W.  R.  Fowler,  autiiorof  Arotni'l Culiiriii/n,  M.S.; 
,1.  Kiid,  IJeiijamin  F.  (Jritlin,  S.  I).  Welister,  county  surveyor,  jinlge,  and 
ijiiiiilpcr  of  the  legislature;  Frank  Hengley,  mIio,  although  a  Canadian,  en- 
listcl  ill  th(!  union  army;  Alhert  Wattliers,  tir.-t  keeper  of  tiie  ipcnitentiarj'; 
S.  II.  lioyil,  hotel-keeper;  H.  W.  Saunders,  W.  H.  .McClure.  who  limit  the 
MrCliiie  house  and  ruined  himself  hy  the  help  of  the  l>.  X  It.  <;.  railroad 
tiiinliaiiy;  U.  .Murray,  who  kept  the  house,  and  S.  W.  Huinphrpy.  The  first 
cliimli  organized  in  Canon  City  was  in  ISlJO-l,  hy  Johnson  of  Kansas,  a 
iiiitliiiilist,  witli  ahout  ten  niemhers.  None  of  tlie.se  were  h  ft  when  the 
loua  colony  arrived,  and  (Jeorge  .Murray  again  organized  a  church,  with  45 
imiiiiImts,  who  purchased  a  stone  huilding  and  litted  it  up  for  Morshiji.  Ju 
iMi.'i  the  missionary  haptists  formed  a  church,  with  H.  .M.  Adams  p.istor, 
and  IS  mcmhers,  who  in  liS(ii)  huilt  a  small  church  editice.  In  ISliT  the 
(iiiiilpcrland  preshyterians  organized  uinlcr  their  elders,  B.  F.  Moore, 
Striihcii  Frazier,  and  ,J.  lilauchanl.  In  hsT- the  jiresliyterians  were  organ - 
i/cil  hy  Shelden  Jackson,  J.  K.  Krewster  heiiig  ruling  elder,  and  soon  huilt 
a  siriall  hut  pleasant  church.  In  1S74  or  I.S7.">  the  renowned  episcopal 
liisliiip,  Itandall,  organized  that  church,  which  after  a  few  years  erected  a 
hrirk  editice. 

'I'lie  piihlio  schools  of  Caflnn  City  were  somewhat  late  in  securing  a 
li|i']icr  huilding,  which  was  not  erected  until  |SS().  It  was  of  stone,  line, 
aii'l  commodious.  The  hoard  that  secured  the  honds  for  its  erection  coii- 
siMiil  of  Charles  E.  Waldo  jiresident,  Mrs  M.  M.  .Sheet.s  secretary,  John 
\\  il<iin  treasurer.  The  tire  department  was  orgaiiizeil  in  Jan.  IST'.',  consist- 
ing' III'  the  Kdief  Hook  and  Ladder  company  No.  I,  of  'JO  niemhers.  The 
folliiwing  year  H.  A.  iieynolds  Hose  company  of  \'.i  niemhers  was  added  to 
the  department.  Mount  Moriah  lodge  No.  I.")  of  masons  was  instituted  in 
Niiv.  KS()7,  under  a  dispensation  of  lleiiry  .M.  Teller.  M.  W  '■.  Master  of 
Ciiliirado,  and  chartered  Oct.  7,  iNiiS.  In  |S.S|  there  wer  ',  '  memliers. 
('afiiiii  City  lodge  No.  7  of  odd  fellows  was  instituted  Nov.  10,  ISiis,  the  Hrst 
lii'liie  south  of  the  divide.  It  had  iu  INSl  4(5  niemhers.  (irand  Carton  Kn- 
caiiipment  No.  18,  July  '29,  1881.  The  united  workmen  organized  Iloyal 
•  icmgc  Lodge,  No.  7,  June  'i"),  1881,  with  'J4  niemhers. 

•  'anon  City  was  incorporated  April  1,  1872.  In  I87'.l  a  hoard  of  trade  was 
nruaiiized.  wliich  greatly  assisted  the  city  government  in  purifying  morals  hy 
forcing  out  of  towu  uertaiu  disreputahle  characters,  a  function  which,  if  un- 


3M 


ruo(;iiRss  of  .skttlkvkxt. 


18C0.  It  was  rccortU'd  by  B.  H.  ^-^i^tliii,  ami  was 
taken  previous  to  the  organizutiwn  c  le  claiin  i  lul, 
whoso  constitution  was  ^lattd  Mar<-li  ,3,  IbOO."  Tlir 
pretensions  of  Canon  City  to  UTonie  the  iiictrojKilis 
of  tlie  future  state  wore  founded  Huiilurly  to  ih'  .so  ot' 
Colorado  City,  and  were  rendered  nu^at<»ry  liv  tlio 
same  causes.  Tlie  first  company  suneyed  a  jm.kI  to 
the  Tarryall  mines,  setting  up  mile  |»«»sts  tlie  w  liolo 
distance  of  eighty  miles.  A  large  i»art  of  tlio  imini. 
gration  of  1860  took  this  route  to  the  mints,  and 
Cafion  City  enjoyed  for  a  year  or  two  a  }»i(is|Mr()Us 
growth;  and  there,  for  the  time,  it  ended.'" 

In  the  winter  of  18f)l)-00  the  American  town  of 
Puehlo  was  laid  off,  on  the  site  <^f  the  ahaiidoiud 
Pueblo  of  Mexican  times,  by  a  com|»aiiy  compo.sed  of 


\n 


fit 


Usual  for  such  a  lioanl,  proved  beneficial.  Fn  I»ec.  t.i  tLat  year  a  joint  stock 
cDiiijiany  va.-i  orijjani/.od,  witli  a  capital  of  .S")<'.i**>.  t"<-"ri*truct  watir  works, 
coiisistiiig  of  ■[allies  Clcllaiul,  .Fames  IF.  IVaUwiy.  <.«.-«<rge  i!.  Sliactlcr,  li:i 
Miilock,  August  Hccksclicr,  Willmr  K.  .Folmton.  I»jivi.i  <'ainl.  and  ().  (i. 
Stiiilcy.  Oil  .hily  !t,  1881,  was  laid  the  corTur  stone  «<  iJiecouit  lioiisc,  a 
liaiiil.sonie  eililicc,  the  county  coniiiii.^.sioritTS  manatr:nj{  tljc-  !iu-iiif^s  liciii^ 
Kilwin  Toliacii,  F^ouis  Muolilhach.  and  .[o-itj>h  .1.  I'li'-lio;  al-<>  nt  the  iiia-onic 
temple,  another  tine  structure — lif>tli  of  liriuk.  In  ^1  tlit-re  vii  n-  •_'•'>  stores 
iu  Cafioii  ("ity,  well  stocked,  some  carrying  a  t  -A  over  {?^{(X).000  au- 

uually.  Ix'side.s  shops  of  all  kindf 

'-This  claim  was  taken  on  the  north  side  o.  .  .trkaufeas  rivir.  on  a 
creek  whoso  name  is  not  given.  Two  hrotlitrs  namfl  <-V.!it<ijis  ti'ok  tlaiiiis 
on  tlie  south  side,  7  miles  htlow  Canon  City.  On  the  rt«.--<)rd  tiuy  witc  de- 
scrilted  as  'situated  in  Mexico.'  The  names  of  M,  V.  B.  Coiiin  ami  )!.  F. 
Allen  occur  among  the  iiiiiahitants  of  Caflon  City  prwrsnct  jn  Ks<k(. 

'•"T'owiia  and  settlemeiit.s  of  Fremont  county.  Eie>i<k-*  th<"se  nuntioned, 
are  IJadger,  liarnarcl  Creek,  Carlisle  Springs,  Clfllan»l,  C'««al.iuiii-tioii.  Coiijier 
(rulcli,  Cotopaxi,  Fairy,  Fiiller,  Florence,  (iak'na.  lialcua  Ba-iii,  '  "liinlale, 
<Jrapo  Creek  .lunction,  f!reenwtH>d,  Hayi' ^n,  Ha_v.[»;n  Creek.  Hayilciiviiic, 
Hillsdale,  Howards,  .Junij>er,  F.ial>ran,  Lake,  Mar^h.  Mtning  Ca,mj>.  NcwCiii- 
cago.  Oak  Creek,  Parkdalc,  I'ark  Station,  Ple.a.sant  Valley,  IJockvalc.  Siiii's- 
Iturgli.  Sjiike  Buck,  Texas,  Texas  Creek,  Titiuviil*-.  Tonuclii.  Twclvr  Mile 
Bridge,  Vallie,  Webster,  Williamsburgh,  and  YorfevjlJe.  Ainon>r  the  •■(■ii- 
tributors  to  this  ])art  of  my  work  are  F^ugene  Wcr+tii*i.  \\.  A.  Helm,  ami 
Anson  S.  lludiU  Weston  was  born  in  Maine  in  l!^)f»,  a^aJ  canie  to  Colorado 
in  I.S(M),  and  to  Canon  City  the  same  year,  where  I  i>.tiniil  Liin  in  J'^M.  He 
is  the  author  of  The  Colirii'/n  .U/hcv,  MS.,  treating  of  {iila>.ner«  and  early  tntiis- 
portation.  Helm  was  born  in  I'a  in  IS.'H.  After  mit^^sing  t<t  several  ot  the 
western  states,  became  to  Colorailo  in  l.srrf),  and  in  l>»»l  t*ttied  in  eafion 
City  witii  his  family.  On  the  'resurrection  '  ot  that  town  heo|K^n<'d  a  hotel. 
He  is  the  autlior  of  The  Oitteo/ the  Mnuntnin,  MS.,  fr*-1i  Jill«ii  with  rcimnis- 
cences.  Kudd,  wlio  furnished  £<fr/y  AJTnirn  in  f''tnf»»  ^'Uti.  MS.,  and  ^^llo«e 
account  forms  tlie  basis  of  early  history  here,  was  l«if>ni  lo  Erie  co.,  i'a.  in 
1819,  and  after  learning  the  jirinter's  trade  visited  Kan*a.«.  Mexico,  and  «  il- 
ifornia,  coming  to  Colorado  in  18G0,  and  settling  at  Canon  City.  Flow  lie 
acted  his  part  as  pioneer,  I  have  said. 


I'L'KMLO. 


SOB 


Bdt.  Cattorson,  Cyrus  Warren,  Ed.  Cozzens.  J. 
Wri'ilit."  AlUrt  H«ar«a\v,  W.  If.  (irt'cii.  and  others. 
It  was  surveveil  l»v  J3u<  11  and  Jiovd,  who  laid  it  out 
oil  i  iiroad  Si-ale.  and  the  f.^riner  iiaiiie  was  retained. 
It  dill  not  at  fir**t.  however,  exteiul  over  the  hottoni 
land  ill  tVont  of  th<f  town  suhse(|uent  additions  hav- 
iii.j  Ixtii  made  by  other  companies  and  railroad  cor- 
porations. ' 


^<S/",i/.^  Gin.  !'»>»/•,  M.*,.  19,  Wright  Imilt  the  first  house  in  Pueblo,  on 
till' idiiiir  of  Front  Mtrett  aii<l  >anta  F<'- avcmiu.  hr  <'ivttt'i'soirs  ciiliiii  wa« 
(111  Stnniiil  street,  near  the  »veuuv.  Tlii-  first  fiiiiiily  in  I'uciilo  was  ^l/it  of 
Aai'iii  Suns,  ami  the  sm;c»»imI  tliat  of  .Josiah  F.  Smith.  .lack  .MlfU  opened  a 
NiM.ill  fii'ocery  ami  «lririkiiig  iiJti<M>ii.  A  hliM-k  of  other  goods  was  o|)eneil  in  a 
ntdi'c  on  Santa  Fe  avenue,  <rt-er  wliieli  l»r  Catterson  iiresided,  ami  the  town 
was  laimelieil  ujoin  the  Mr*  ttf  c<iniinerct'.  Fniory  Voung,  Hon  of  W.  II. 
Ydiiii;.'.  w;m  the  tirst  male  cliiH  l"ini  in  Fuel. hi,  anil  Hattie  Sniitii  tlie  first 
Uill.  /.'»■'■,<  y-,/;//.-^  in  l'n>>Jf,,  MS,.  I;  /^/.A/'w  A'/c///  Affn'iM  hi  C'lrniii  (  itjl,  MS.; 
Wcit"!!-*  C'^ilornili)  Min"i,  MS.;   J/^l/n'i  >>'ifi-  "/l/if  Mniiiit'iln-i,   Ms. 

'■'Of  tlie  iiioncers  ''t'  .\rk.ui'»ajt  valh-y  tiie  follnwiiij/  nieiilion  may  he  made 
in  tili^  ]iiaee  ;  Harry  V<>atii:!.!.*i«i  caiiie  out  witii  Ivoliert  Miildh'toii,  and  went 
UM'irr  an  assumed  n;»rri»;  itfta  wuie  eonneetion  lie  was  allrj^ed  to  liavu  liad 
witli  tlie  (h'atli  of  .J»«».'|>h  Snaitit.  thi-  founder  of  .Mornionism.  (ieorj^e  \V. 
Ilc]ilmrn,  a  native  of  X.  Y.,  in  IV..'  \(ent  to  Omaha,  where  lie  owned  an  in- 
tiii  >t  lirst  in  the  AV/z/^mX-***,  ajjd  •ii<ii  in  tiie  Tin, is.  In  ISIJT  he  settled  in 
riielilii,  where  he  .ttart^jtl,  in  IMI,  a  news]>a|i<r  ealleil  T/ir  /'<ii}>li:  Charles 
Naelitrieli,  a  Oerriiiin,  hrrmirht  a  Muall  stork  of  jjoods  to  t'olorado  in  IS.")*). 
.Ic.-,se  Krazer,  from  Mo.,  MrfAr^i  ia  the  K]iriiig  of  1S(»0  on  tlie  .Arkansas,  8 
niili-ilnliiwl  anon  •  'ity,  an<l  »»» the^irsttoturn  a  furrow  in  that  re^^ion,  «  liicji 
lie  iliil  M  ith  a  forked  cf>tu>n»-<i«»l  liinh.  Keulien  .(.  Frazier,  a  native  of  Ind., 
stalled  a  farm  in  the  npjitr  .\rk<tii^a-i  valley  in  the  spring  of  lS(iO. 

There  are  many  more  irt'iijii.-t-ri',  known  and  tmknown,  of  I.S.'i!).  Of  those 
of  whom  .sometliing  m  r>n  rtx.-j-r-L  not  elsewhere  mentioned,  are  tlie  follow- 
ing: Lewis  W.  IJerry,  a  c:*!'!.  in  the-  Mexiean  war,  was  liorn  in  .\.  Y.,  mined 
at  Central  ( 'ity,  and  finAlIy  *«ttl<.-'l  at  Idaho  Springs.  Corhit  Kacon,  horn  in 
N.  '\'.,  ereeted  a  plank  hf'tUK-  with  a  shake  roof  in  Denver  in  the  winter  of 
lS."iS-!»,  and  went  to  Central l/ity  in  tlie  s]iring.  John  W.  Edwards,  a  ^^'elsh• 
man,  resided  at  Idaho  spriniif*.  'Dku  there  were 'I'liomas  Cooper,  an  Knglish- 
iiiaii,  miller;  David  V.  .'*lr«>*rk  '-i  Ohio,  miner.  Anthony  Tueker,  from  I'a, 
sit  up  a  saw  mill  enu'ine  <<it  Bentk-y  and  Bayard  of  Central  City— the  first 
steam  mill  in  < 'olorado;  .Anilrew  H.  .S]iiekerm.Mi,  from  N.  Y.,  stoek  raiser  on 
'rurkcy  creek.  D.  D.  .Minv..y.  fr<<iii  Ky.  farmer  and  miner;  Frank  .1.  Wood, 
from  Chieo,  opened  the  tirtt  ilni^  (store  in  (ieorgetown;  William  ,M.  Allen, 
of  New  Brunswick,  farmer;  .I<>««]>ii  S.  Ik'aman,  from  (Jennany,  hrewer. 
Central  City;  Keulien  C.  Wtll«,  from  111.,  juircliased  the  (iolden  I'aper  mill, 
the  lirst  estalili.shment  <>(  the  kin-l  in  tlie  state;  Jay  Sternlierg,  from  N.  Y., 
erected  the  Boulder  City  n<j«in«j;  nulls  in  IS7-;  lliram  Buck,  from  Ohio, 
farmer;  .August  Burk,  a  >»e«I<f.  ofieiied  a  liakery  in  Denver  in  IS,")*.);  Wil- 
liam .\rliuthnot  from  I'a.  i^rtu'^r:  Norman  K.  Howard,  frfun  111.,  farmer; 
Koliert  Xiver,  a  native  f>f  X.  V..  farmer;  Henry  B.  Ludlow,  from  Ohio, 
tanner;  Thomas  .T.  .Tones,  \0tra  in  111.,  merchant;  .lohn  Keese.  from  I'a,  far- 
mer: L.  A.  William.<(,  frr>m  Vi,  erwte'l  a  steam  saw  mill  at  Denver;  (ieorgc 
C.  <  ^rittin,  born  in  T't,  fanw-r.  Ki5*i-in  Loliaeh,  horn  in  I'a,  friMghter  and 
f.iiiiier;  Henry  Burnett.  fr*'iri  M<ii«ii<.  farmer;  Francis  R.  Ford,  from  Maine, 
uiiuer  ami  farmer;  B.  F,  .'^aiualitfr,  irum  i'a,  uar^teuter;  Hubert  L.  LaiuUirt, 


\0 

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806 


PROGRESS  OF  SETTLEMENT. 


Late  in  the  autumn  a  party  of  prospectors  ccdisist- 
ing  of  C.  F.  Wilf^on,  Ratferty,  Stevens,  Aljiaui  Lee 
Currier,  Slater,  and  two  others,  crossed  the  raniro  on 
the  west  of  South  park,  and  discovered  good  iliu. 
gings  in  a  gulch  on  the  headv/aters  of  the  Arkansas, 
river,  which  they  named  California,"  and  wliicli  at- 
tracted thousamls  to  that  locality  "  in  the  spring  fol- 
lowing. The  first  house  erected  in  the  new  mines 
was  on  the  present  site  of  Leadville,  and  the  place 
was  called  Oro  City.  The  post-office,  which  was  es- 
tablished at  this  place,  being  removed  m  1871  two 
and  a  half  miles  up  the  gulch,  the  name  followed  it, 
and  Oro  City  left  its  first  location  open  for  subs(  quont 
development  by  other  town  locators.  California  gulch 
was  thickly  populated  for  six  miles,"  and  had  two  un- 
important  towns  besides  ^Oro;    namely,    Malta  and 


freighter  anci  ^tage  owner;  Aaron  Ripley,  from  Ohio  farmer;  Emmctt  Nuckolls, 
a  native  of  V'a,  stock  dealer,  N.  (_'.  Hickman,  horn  in  Mo.,  miner;  l>;iviil  (  lark, 
born  in  111.,  stock  raiser;  Kufus  Shute,  a  native  of  N.  Y.,  cattle  niiscr;  ,1 
W.  Lester,  bora  in  Pa.  :i'iine;\  George  Rockafellow,  was  a  capt.  in  tlit- 
Gt!'  Mich,  cavalry  during  the  ■».^r,  anil  sei  vol  afterward  under  (icu.  C'luiiicr 
in  the  Powder  river  expedition  against  the  Indians. 

'"Three  men  in  three  months  took  out  1^,000.  Vestons  Colo  .I/okx, 
MS.,  2. 

"  Among  the  first  were  H.  A.  W.  Tabor  and  wife,  S.  P  Kellogg,  and  Na- 
thaniel Maxey.  They  came  up  the  Arkansas  from  Cafion  City  with  an  ox- 
team,  and  encamped  a  month  at  Cache  creek,  wiiuie  tJranito  city  now  is, 
finding  gold;  but  being  iniable  to  separate  it  from  the  ijhick  sand  without 
quicksilver,  of  which  they  had  none,  they  were  compelled  toaliamlon  the 
diggings.  Word  then  came  from  the  discoverers  of  Cal.  gulch  to  ino\e  up 
to  their  caiiip,  and  as  provisions  were  scarce,  the  oxen  had  t>)  be  killol.  'I'hc 
men  in  camp  soon  erect'"!  a  cabin  for  Mrs  Taljor;  and  by  nul  by  a  sclihuI 
■woman,  Mrs  C.  L.  Hall,  camt:,  wid  a  third,  Mrs  Bond,  wh  )se  husliand  after- 
ward became  blind.  Talmra  Cahin  LiJ'e  in  Colormh,  MS.,  114.  Tabor  was 
afterward  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  became  one  of  the  wealthii'st  ami 
most  prominent  citizens  of  Denver,  which  city  is  in  no  slight  mea.suru  in- 
debted to  him  for  its  prosperity. 

"Says  Wolfe  Londoner,  in  his  Colorado  Mininif  Camps,  MS.,  7.  'Cali- 
fornia gulch,  in  ]8()0  and  1861,  had  a  population  of  something  over  1().(HHI, 
and  was  thcgreatcamp  of  Colorado.  It  was  Ktrung  all  along  thegulcli,  winch 
was  something  over  f)  miles  long.  .  .  There  wore  a  great  many  tents  in  the 
road  and  on  the  side  of  the  ridge,  and  the  wagrHis  were  backed  up,  the  pfople 
living  in  them.  Some  were  used  a«  hotels.  Tliey  had  their  grub  under  the 
wagons,  piled  their  dishes  there,  and  the  man  of  the  house  and  his  wife 
wiuld  sleep  in  the  wagon.  Their  boarders  took  their  meals  off  tables  niadi'  of 
rough  boards.  .  .  .  Gamblers  had  tables  strung  along  the  wayside  to  take  m 
the  cheerful  but  unwary  miner.  The  game  that  took  the  most  was  thrie- 
card  monte. '  Indeed,  one  mining  camp  differed  little  from  another  in  tins 
respect.  See  also  Chi^dey*  Tnirim,  MS.,  '2;  Jiimd'a  duide  to  C'tlo,  .'•0. 
Bayk'i  PoUtica  aiui  Mmivj,  MS.,  3. 


ROADS  AND  DITCHES. 


in 


Slabtown.  Twenty  miles  below,  on  the  Arkansas 
rivtr.  the  town  of  Granite  was  started  not  long  after, 
rich  mines  being  at  this  place,  which  were  first  dis- 
covenxl  by  H.  A.  W.  Tabor,  hi  the  spring  of  I860. 
Tilt  y  required  quicksilver  in  separating  the  gold  from 
tlic  black  sand,  and  were  afterward  owned  by  Bailey 
and  (laff  of  Cincinnati." 

Duriiii;'  the  sunnner  of  1860  gold  was  discovered  in 
Frying  Pan  gulch,  at  the  base  of  Mou^^t  Massive, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  California  gulch,  by  C.  F. 
Wilson,  the  diggings  receiving  their  name  from  the 
oirninistance  of  a  frying  pan  being  used  to  pan  out 
the  first  metal.  These  mines  did  not  prove  of  much 
vahi(>  until  1863,  when  the  name  was  chan":ed  to  Col- 
orado  gulch.  Chalk  creek  mines  were  also  discov- 
ered this  season  by  Stephen  B.  Kellogg  and  others. 
A  pntiMided  discovery  was  made  in  1860  in  the  San 
Juan  country  by  one  Baker,  which  drew  1,000  per- 
sons to  that  region,  who  found  no  gold,  although  it 
was  tliere,  as  subsequent  exploration  and  development 
proved. 

Some  improvements  were  made  in  1859  in  the 
matter  of  roads  and  mining  ditches.  There  was  a 
road  from  Denver  into  the  mountains  via  Golden 
Oato,  and  another  via  Bradford  ;  also  one  into  South 
park,  via  Mount  Vernon  and  Bergen's  rancho,  under 
construction.  Three  others  were  surveyed,  the  St 
^'^rain,  (xolden,  and  Colorado  wagon  road,  and  the 
roads  into  South  park  via  Canon  and  Colorado  cities. 
A  mining  ditch  eleven  miles  long  was  constructed  at 
Missouri  flats  by  a  company  of  which  W.  Green  Rus- 
sell was  president.  Boulder,  South  Boulder,  and 
Four  Mile  creeks  were  diverted  from  their  channels 
for  some  distance. 

"Some  of  the  pioneers  on  the  hctd  waters  of  the  Arkansas  wore  tl>o  fol- 
lowing': SiiTinipl  Arhuthnot,  from  Pa;  David  C.  Dargin,  from  Me;  Kolwrt 
Kerry,  from  Oliio;  Charleit  F.  Wilson,  from  Xy,  Charles  1..  Hall,  from  N.  Y.; 
John  Hil'iig,  from  Ohio;  George  W,  Huston,  from  Pa;  and  Philo  N.  Wcstou, 
from  N.  Y. 


1 


aee 


PROGRESS  OF  SETTLEMENT. 


Those  who  returned  to  the  states  carried  reports 
sufficiently  confirmed  by  the  gold  they  exhibitrd  to 
re-aroase  the  gold  fever,  causing  an  immigration  the 
following  summer  equal  to,  if  not  exceeding,  tliat  dt' 
1859.'*  The  settlements  already  founded  were  greatlv 
enlarged,  and  new  ones  made,  both  in  the  niiniii<4;uJl 
agricultural  districts."  Over  tiie  600  miles  of  road 
from  the  Missouri  to  the  mountains,  a  stream  of  ma- 
terial wealth  rolled,  which  was  expected  to  flow  l»ark 
again  in  a  stream  of  gold  dust  a  few  months  later. 
Contrary  to  the  usual  practice  of  the  eastern  journals. 
the  New  York  Tribune  contributed  to  the  furore  fur 
emigration  to  the  mines  by  advertisijig  Colorado  di- 
mate  and  scenery  in  terms  of  lavish  praise,  its  editor- 
in-chief,  Horace  Greeley,  and  others  of  its  staff  liavinjr 
visited  the  mountains  in  1859,  at  which  time  Greeley 

^Sopris'  Settlement  of  Denver,  M.S.,  3.  By  the  niiddle  of  .Tuly  an  .irastrii 
was  running  at  the  mouth  of  (Iregory  gulch,  owned  hy  Lchnier,  Laii^'ljlin. 
and  Peck,  which  was  the  pioneer  <[uart/.  mill  in  Colorado.  In  .Scpiciii'  rr 
Fros.ser,  Conklin,  and  co.  hail  a  small  steam  stiimp  mill  in  operation.  'I'lio 
following  month  there  were  live  arastras  running  on  nortii  Clear  crcfk,  ainl 
two  small  wooden  stamp  mills,  all  operated  liy  water  power.  Anotlicr  sicaiii, 
mill,  belonging  to  Coleman,  Le  Fevre,  and  co.,  stari.jd  up  the  sanu;  iiiinitli- 
Imt  i>roke  down,  and  took  a  month  for  repairs.  Wiicn  it  sfcirtcd  ii).'iiiii.  Imw 
ever,  running  on  (Bunnell  ({uartz,  it  produced  1,44*2  jtennyweights  of  f,'iilil  in 
seven  <lays,  tlie  rock  being  tJiken  out  at  a  depth  of  lifty-six  fct^t.  At  tlic 
depth  of  .seventy-six  feet,  fifteen  tons  of  rock  yielded  §1,700.  A  rndc  tlinc- 
stamp  (piartz  mill,  ownoil  by  T.  J.  (iraham,  was  in  operation  at  (i<>lil  lull 
during  the  summer,  and  a  large  mill,  run  by  water,  M'as  erected  there  in  tin; 
autumn.  Where  no  mills  had  been  erected,  miners  M'ero  busy  get  tint.' 'iiit 
ore  for  those  tliat  were  expected  to  be  built  the  coming  spring.  As  wmtir 
approached,  many,  under  the  impression  that  mining  in  the  coldsea.son  w<>uM 
l>c  impracticable,  returned  to  their  former  homes  to  speml  the  interval  in 
more  comfortable  (luarters,  and  prepare  for  future  enterprises;  but  many 
there  were  who  stayed  by  their  claims  in  the  mountains,  fortilyinj;  thrm- 
fielves  against  the  ex]>ectcd  colil  by  lianking  up  the  earth  nr<i\inil  tlhir 
i;abin.i,  and  tilling  them  with  a  store  of  pi-ovisions  sufficient  to  outlast  tliu 
iinticipatcd  snow  l)lockade,  whicli  never  came.  Some  mining  was  earriiil  en 
throughimt  the  entire  season,  even  in  the  mountains  and  tlierc  was  alinest 
uninterruptetl  travel,  to  tlie  surprise  and  delight  of  the  imperfectly  shell,  red 
inhabitants  of  the  differe  it  towns. 

'■"At  the  close  of  18(!0  tlvere  were  71  steam  quartz  mills  in  the  Clear  creek 
region  running  (>00  stamp.^,  of  an  average  weight  of  4l(i  pounds;  and  "A 
water  mills,  with  iJTO  stamps,  weighing  .liVi  pounds,  besides  .'iO  arastras,  tlm 
tt)tal  power  enijiloyed  l>cing  equal  to  JHiO  horse  jjower.  In  the  Houlder  reji.  ii 
there  were  four  steam  mills,  five  water  mills,  and  'iU  arastra.s,  e(|uallinK  I  TO 
horse  power.  South  park  itnd  (California  gulch  had  also  ".  number  of  nulls 
and  arastras  in  18(50.  Cnllini'  Hiui-if  Mnunli'in  OnU  Re;;'  n,  "il-.'J.  This  ii  an 
emigrant's  guide,  containing  tablei  of  distances,  map«,  and  a  business  dircc* 
tory,  with  luformvtiou  ccuceruing  mining  and  a  miner's  outlit. 


OVERLAND  TRAFFIC. 


399 


extended  his  visit  to  Nevada  and  California,  Fortun- 
ately tor  tlie  prosperity  of  Colorado  at  this  period. 
there  was  nothing  to  interrupt  the  intlux  of  people  or 
property.  The  freight  trains  of  Kussell  and  Majors 
(lraL,'getl  their  winding  length  along  the  Arkansas  or 
Siii"ky  hill  route  day  after  day,  bringing  cargoes  of 
<f(M)ci.s,  which  were  stored  at  their  dej)  )ts  and  sold  to 
retiiil  merchants  on  their  own  account,'"  or  carrying 
the  goods  of  others.  Many  thousand  wagons  stretched 
in  a  continuous  line  along  the  Platte  also,  from  its 
mouth  to  its  source."  Prices  were  necessarily  high, 
ami  likewise  high  because  everybody  who  had  any- 
thing to  sell  desired  to  become  rich  out  of  it  without 
loss  of  time.  Mail  facilities  were  introduced,  and 
more  quickly  than  could  have  been  anticipated  corre- 
sjiondence  with  the  east  became  established."  On 
tlie  4tli  of  March,  1  s(10,  Kehler  and  Montgomery 
started  a  line  of  coaches  from  Denver  to  the  mining 


w  IMins  nntenfthf  Mnuntnim,  MS.,  2:  Aut'  Miniwj  in  Colo,  MS.,  6-7. 

■^' .Voi'iirdiiig  to  l>avis,  lli.il.  Coin,  MS.,  tliore  were  bt'tweeii  8,000  and 
lO.lHKt  men  of  the  freighting  cla.ts,  mostly  tlrivers,  in  Colorath),  wlioiii  he  du- 
scrilit's  ii.i  'turbulcitt  felluwa,  spciuling  most  of  tlicir  leisure  and  all  of  their 
iiuitii-y  in  saloons.'' 

-'lii'siiles  the  many  who  travclK'd  with  con'-eyances  of  their  own,  there 
wero  sonio  who  took  passage  with  tr;ins]((>rtation  eomiianios,  al  which  Kiis.sell 
mill  Majors,  of  St  Joseph,  were  the  tliief  tirm.  This  conipany  organized  a 
line  iif  stages  in  the  spring  of  |S,V.»,  the  lirst  coacli  for  |ten\iT  leaving  Leav- 
en Wurtli  .Mareli  0th,  carrying  the  mail.  They  eallid  Uienisehes  tlie  l.eaven- 
Wiirtli  anil  Pike's  I'eak  Kxpress  company,  and  ehatged  an  extra  ] postage  of 
IV)  cents  on  a  letter,  having  liost  othces  of  their  own  at  Aliraria  and  other 
towns.  The  iiostmastcr  at  Leavenworth  was  directed  to  dcli\ir  all  mail 
matter  for  Pike's  peak  to  the  express  company  so  long  as  they  would  carry 
it  without  exi>ensu  to  the  government.  Nelson  Sargent  w.is  superintendent 
of  this  company.  lie  resigned  in  the  autumn.  In  the  winter  of  18.V.)  UO  a 
charter  was  olitaiiied  from  the  Kansas  legislature  incor[iorating  the  Central 
Overland  California  and  Pike's  Peak  Kxpress  company,  which  was  a  reorgan- 
izatiic.  »,r  t''e  former  comjiany,  the  principal  men  in  it  heing  William  II. 
Kiis.cll,  .Fiihn  S.  .Tones,  William  15.  Waddell,  Luther  H.  S'lmot,  Alexander 
M.i|:irH,  and  J.  B.  Simpson.  Tin-  route  juirsued  hy  the  express  companies  in 
KS.'iK  was  via  the  Smoky  hill  fork  of  the  Kansas  river,  on  the  line  adopted 
hy  tlic  Kan.sas  Pacific  railroad.  1  have  already  given  the  history  of  the  Cal- 
ifornia and  Salt  Lake  mail  in  my  AV(vr<//(.  Chorpening  owned  the  line  in 
CHiijiinction  with  Holladav.  In  the  winter  of  I8.V.>  (U)  the  fertile  hrains  of 
\\'.  II  Kussell  and  B.  F.  Vicklcn,  president  and  superintemlent  of  the  C.  O. 
and  P.  P.  Kxpress  co.,  conceived  a  plan  of  rapid  communication  with  the 
I'aillic  coast  and  intermediate  points  hy  niean.sof  the  pony  express,  ami  hav- 
ing prepareil  the  stations,  started  out  their  first  pony,  April  3,  IWiO,  from  St 
.liiscph.  The  fiHite  connected  with  the  mail  near  Atchison,  jiassing  through 
Troy  aud  MarysvilU  to  Furt  Kuaruy,  kueX'iug  uu  the  Houth  siilo  of  ..he  Platte 


if 


400 


PROGllES.S  OF  SETTLEMENT. 


;i 


camps.  Ill  May,  Sowers  and  company  established  a 
line,  and  in  June  the  Western  Stage  company  anutlur, 
all  together  being  insufficient  to  carry  the  increasimr 
crowd  of  passengers.  To  this  point  of  progress  had 
the  Pike's  peak  region  arrived  in  its  second  year  of 
growth. 

to  .lulesliurg,  ■where  it  sent  a  branch  to  Denver,  crossing  to  the  north  side  of 
tluj  I'latte,  ami  continuing  to  Salt  Lake,  via  Scott  Klutf,  Fort  L<ir;iiiiii',  ami 
Fort  Bridger.  From  Salt  Lake  it  followed  the  route  l>y  Hul)y  vallty  hihI 
Carson  to  Sacramento,  California.  The  success  of  this  cnterjjri.so  causuil  tin; 
transfer  of  the  C.  O.  ami  P.  P's  stages  and  freight  wagons  to  this  route;  ami 
the  successful  oiieratious  of  this  company  on  the  central  ronte  is  said  liy  its 
friends  to  have  led  to  its  adoption  by  the  first  overland  railroad,  it  ilemon- 
strated  that  it  could  lie  travelled  in  winter,  which  had  hitherto  been  duulpkcl; 
but  it  was  the  attitude  of  the  southern  states,  more  tlian  anything;,  wliich 
caused  the  central  route  to  l>e  adopted.  These  causes  together,  in  tlie  sum- 
mer of  18C1,  caused  the  transfer  of  the  overland  mail  from  the  southern  or 
Uuttertield  route  to  the  Platte  route.  In  that  year,  also,  the  Overlaml  Mail 
CO.  purchased  the  interest  of  Chorpening  in  the  western  half  of  the  ovorliiinl 
route.  Later  in  the  year  the  C  O.  and  P.  P.  Express  company  and  pony 
express  were  sold  to  Ben  Holladay,  the  western  half  being  retained  liy  tlie 
Overland  Mail,  under  the  management  of  Fre<l  Cook,  Jacob  King,  II.  S. 
liumtield,  general  agent  and  superintendent.  UoUaday  afterward  seuurcJ 
ntail  contracts  tliroughthe  north-west. 


CHAPTER  V. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

1858-1861. 

Blef.i>in(i  Kas.ias— Reprksentativk    from  Arapahok  Cocstt — Provis- 
ional (loVEUNMEST — TeKIUTORY    OR  STATE  OK  JeFFER-SOX  — ElEITIONS 

ANU  Conventions — Ooveknor  Steele— 1)iver.s  Goversmests— Popu- 
lar Trihfnals — The  Turkey  War— SyuArrERs — The  Name  Colo- 
KAiH>  -Territorial  Oroanization — (»ilpin,  Governor — Bounkakies 
— Cdsoition  of  the  Country — Seal— .Mint — LEoisLATrvE  Proceed- 
i\(;s~Gilpin'8  Military  OrERATio.Ns— The  Colorado  Reoiments  ix 
TiiE  Civil  War. 


While  gold  was  the  spirit  of  the  mountain  miner's 
dreams,  there  was  a  desperate  political  struggle  going 
oil  in  Kansps  between  the  advocates  of  free  soil  and 
slave  soil.  There  were  alternating  territorial  legisla- 
tures and  state  legislatures,  and  it  was  a  question 
under  wliicli  form  of  government  the  people  were 
living.  If  Kansas  were  a  territory  it  extended  to  the 
suuiinit  of  the  Rocky  range,  and  embraced  the  Pike's 
ptak  countr\'.  If  it  were  a  state,  its  western  bound- 
ary (hd  not  reach  within  three  degrees  of  the  historic 
mountain. 

The  little  handful  of  Americans  gathered  at  Au- 
raria  in  the  autumn  of  1858,  with  that  facilitv  for 
P'tlities  which  distinguishes  our  people,  took  into  con- 
sidrration  these  questions  as  affecting  their  future,  and 
prneoeded  in  a  characteristic  manner  to  meet  the  diffi- 
culty. A  mass  meeting  was  held  to  organize  a  county, 
tn  1.0  named  Arapahoe,  after  one  of  the  plains  triV)es 
of  Indians,  with  the  county  seat  at  Auraria  ;  and  an 
informal  election  was  held  for  a  representative  from 
tlii.«<  c«»unty  to  proceed  to  the  capital  of  Kansas  and 


ife 


Hist.  Nkv.    26 


(Ml ) 


MB 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


procure  the  sanction  of  the  legislature  to  its  establish- 
ment, the  representative  chosen  being  A.  J.  Smith.  He 
was  not  admitted  to  the  Kansas  legislative  body,  but 
was  successful  in  his  mission,  Governor  Denver,  witli- 
out  waiting  for  the  action  of  the  legislature,  appoint- 
ing county  commissioners,  who  proceeded  at  once 
to  the  performance  of  their  duties. '  The  county  be- 
ing divided  into  twenty-three  precincts  or  districts, 

'  I  find  that  all  the  writers  who  mention  this  subject  speak  of  Arapiiliiie 
county  as  having  been  actually  established,  which  was  nut  tlie  case.     An- 
other error  is  apparent,  the  date  of  Smith's  election  being  given  as  Nov.  tith 
in  JfolUntfr's  Mines  qf  Colorado,  18;  Cohrmlo  Gazttteer,  1870,  24;  ami  CoiMt'n 
Directory  of  Mines,  38;  while  in  the  HiKtory  of  Denver,  631,  the  coniinissioners 
appointed   by  Gov.  Denver  are  represented  as  arriving  Nov.  12tii,  (J  days 
after  the  election.     Probably  Smith  was  sent  on  his  errand  some  time  in  ail- 
vanceof  Graham,  whose  mission  was  an  afterthought.     Denver,  coniprclii'iul- 
ing  the  situation  of  the  miners  600  miles  from  law,  with  no  chance  of  an 
organization  by  the  legislature  for  several  months,  simply  commis!<i(incil  H. 
P.  A.  Smith  probate  judge,  and  appointed  for  county  commissioners  K.  \V. 
Wynkoop,  Hickory  Rogers,  and  Joseph  L.  McCubbin — see  Clenr  Cnrk  nwt 
BouUler  Vtil.  Hint.  4G8 — persons  about  to  start  for  the  mines.     There  was 
no  other  organization  than  this  informal  one  of  Arapahoe  county,  Kai)sa.s. 
The  legislature  Feb.  7,    1859,  passed  an  act  creating  5  countic»;  namely, 
Montana,  in  which  Denver  was  situated,  El  Paso,  Oro,  Broderick,  and  Fre- 
mont out  of  the  mountain  resion  where  gold  misht  be  found.     Montana 
county  Ijegan  on  the  40th  parallel,  20  miles  cast  of  the  105th  meridian,  and 
embraced  the  territory  south  to  within  20  miles  of  the  39th  parallel,  and  west 
to  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains.     Oro  county  lay  in  an  oblong  shajic 
east'of  Montana,  and  also  El  Paso,  which  was  south  of  Montana.     Krodeiiek 
county  lay  south  of  Oro  and  El  Paso;  and  Fremont  took  in  the  South  i)ark 
and  all  the  territory  west  of  Brmlerick  and  El  Paso  to  the  summits  of  tlje 
Rocky  mountains.     The  commissioners  appointed  were  J.  H.  Tarney,  \\'il- 
liam  H.  Prentice,  and  A.  D.  Richardson  for  Montana  county;  D.  Newecmili, 
William  J.  King,  andlieorge  Mcliee  for  Oro  county;  Simon  C.  (Jephart,  W. 
Walters,  and  Charles  Nichols  for  Broderick ;  T.  C  IHxon,  A.  G.  Patriek,  and 
T.  L.  Whitney  for  Fremont;  and  William  H.  Green,  G.  W.   Allison,  and 
William  O.  Donnell  for  El  Paso.     The  commissioners  were  required  to  es- 
tablish the  county  seats,  and  to  offer  for  sale  by  public  notice  2U0  lots  in 
each  of  these  towns,  the  proceeds  of  which  should  be  applied  to  li(|uidating 
the  exiHjnses  of  location,  any  excess  over  expenses  to  be  paid  into  the  county 
treasury.     They  were  also  required  to  call  an  election  for  county  nlhi-ers  at 
as  early  a  day  as  practicable,  the  officers  elected,  in  view  of  the  distance 
from  the  capital,  being  authorized  to  qualify  and  proceed  to  the  diseliaijic  of 
their  duties  before  being  commissioned.     The  county  commissioners  \Ncre 
to  be  i)aid  $5  per  day  and  expenses  for  their  whole  t«nn  of  9  months,  but 
the  money  was  to  come  from  the  sale  of  the  lota  before  mentionod,  from 
which  arrangement  it  may  be  inferred  that  not  more  than  one,  if  any,  ( oidd 
have  received  full  payment.  Kansryt  Laws,    1859,  T-CO.     Whether  on  tliis 
account  or  some  other  it  does  not  appear  that  these  counties  were  organized; 
but  at  the  election  of  March  28,  1859,  the  following  officers  of  Araiiaiic>e 
county,   having  no  legal    existence,    were  chosen:   prol)ate  judge    S.    >>■ 
Wagouer,  sheriff  D.  T).  Cook,  treasurer  John  L.   Hiflmer,    register  of  det  lU 
J.  S.  Lowrie,  prosecuting  attorney  Marshall  Cook,  auditor  W.  W.  Ho.>iipr, 
assessor  Ross  Hutchins,  coroner  C.  M.  Steinlwrger,  supervisors  L.  •'.  Win- 
chester.   H.  Rogers,   R.  S.   Wooten,  clerk  of  supervisors  Levi  Ferguson. 
Byrs'  Ifut.  Cob,  MS.,  49. 


TERRITORY  OF  JEFFERSON. 


408 


sheriff  and  other  officers  were  chosen  for  the  time 
from  among  the  population  of  the  county. 

Oil  reflection,  and  in  view  of  the  peculiar  situation 
«)f  Kansas,  the  politicians  of  Auraria  conceived  the 
idea  of  a  separate  government  under  the  name  of  the 
Territory  of  Jefferson,  and  on  the  6th  of  November 
elected  Hiram  J.  Graham  and  Albert  Steinberger 
deleu^ates  to  proceed  to  Washington  with  a  petition 
to  etfect  this  object.  Graham  was  from  New  York, 
but  liad  lived  in  Illinois  and  was  one  of  the  pro- 
jectors of  Pacific  City,  Iowa,  from  which  place  he 
went  to  the  Pike's  peak  country.  He  was  a  man  of 
excellent  traits  and  fair  ability,  but  not  likely  to  carry 
out  so  extraordinary  a  scheme  as  that  on  which  he 
was  bent,  of  persuading  congress  to  erect  a  territory 
in  the  Rocky  mountains  to  oblige  a  few  hundred  per- 
sons who  did  not  yet  know  of  any  gold  diggmgs  of 
much  value,  whatever  their  faith  that  thev  should 
find  them.  Graham  gained  nothing  by  his  delegate- 
ship  but  an  enlarged  experience  of  the  ways  of  con- 
j^ressnien  and  the  machinery  of  government.  Stein- 
berger was  a  young  man,  and  dropped  out  of  the 
delegation  at  Omaha.  He  was  afterward  king  of  a 
<,'roui>  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  but  was  deposed  by  a 
British  man-of-war. 

During  the  winter  the  isolated  community  of  Ara- 
pahoe county  governed  itself  without  friction,  by  the 
observance  of  some  simple  regulations,  and  the  au- 
thority of  their  chosen  magistrates;  but  on  the  28th 
of  March,  1860,  an  election  was  held,  under  the  laws 
of  Kansas,  for  the  choosing  of  county  officers.  There 
were  774  votes  polled,  the  population  having  increased 
at  least  500  since  the  last  election.  Continuing  to 
increase  rapidly,  a  public  meeting  was  held  on  the 
nth  of  April  at  Auraria,  which  resolved  that  the 
different  precints  should  be  requested  to  appoint  del- 
egates to  meet  in  convention  on  the  15th,  to  take  into 
consideration  the  propriety  of  organizing  a  state  or 
territory  -,  aud  a  central  committee  was  appointed,  one 


49* 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


■ 


of  whose  duties  was  the  designation  of  as  many  new 
precincts  as  the  spreading  population  required. 

On  the  7th  of  May  an  address  was  issued  hy  the 
committee,  appointing  an  election  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  June,  to  choose  delegates  to  a  convention  to 
draft  a  constitution  for  the  state  of  Jefferson.  The 
election  was  held,  but  in  most  precincts  by  luclania- 
tion  only,  no  returns  ever  being  made,  ^'ifty  dele- 
gates met  in  June,  inWooten's  hall,  Denver,  repiosent- 
ing  thirteen  precincts.  W.  N.  Byers  was  chosen 
temporary  chairman  ;  but  on  the  permanent  or^ranjai- 
tion  of  the  convention,  S.  W.  Wagoner  was  made 
president,  Henry  Allen,  E.  P.  Stout,  R.  Sopris,  Levi 
Ferguson,  and  C.  B.  Patterson  vice-presidents, 
Thomas  Gibson  and  J.  J.  Shanley  clerks. 

After  a  two  davs'  session,  in  which  the  chief  Imsi- 
ness  transacted  was  the  appointment  of  committees 
to  draft  a  constitution,  it  adjourned  to  meet  again  on 
the  first  Monday  in  August,  the  long  interval  being 
taken  to  observe  the  course  of  events.  A.  F.  (jiarri- 
son  was  chosen  president.  A  committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  convention  to  form  new  precincts,  so 
that  when  that  body  reassembled  there  were  i)rcsent 
167  delegates,  representing  forty-six  precincts. 

The  convention  was  now  about  equally  divided  in 
favor  of  and  agahist  a  state  constitution,  and  discus- 
sion ran  high.  Three  sets  of  resolutions  were  ortired, 
one  by  H.  P.  A.  Smith,  providing  that  the  conven- 
tion should  dissolve,  and  memorialize  congress  for  a 
territorial  organization ;  another  by  Beverly  D.  Wil- 
liams, providing  for  a  conunittee  to  report  to  the  con 
vention  on  the  expediency  of  forming  a  constitution, 
or  n^emorializing  congress;  and  a  third  by  S.  W. 
Beall,  in  favor  of  forming  a  constitution.  The  resolu- 
tions of  Smith  and  Beall  were  finally  withdrawn,  and 
Williams'  resolution  adopted.  A  committee  was  ap- 
pointed, a  majority  of  whose  members  reported  in 
favor  of  a  constitution.' 

*  Extract /r<m  Early  Records,  MS.,  4-6.     Among  those  engaged  in  early 


COXSTITUTIOX AL  COX V EXTION. 


40S 


The  convention  reniainccl  in  session  one  week,  the 
constitution  of  the  state  of  Jefferson  bein*^  f<»rnu'd, 
with  limits  siniihir  to  the  present  state  of  Coh)r{uio, 
It  was  submitted  to  the  people  on  the  first  Monday 
in  September,  with  the  alternative,  in  case  of  its  le- 
itctinn,  that  an  election  should  be  held  in  October  to 
choose  a  delegate  to  congress,  who  should  endeavor  to 
have  the  gold  regions  set  off  in  a  territory  to  be  called 
Ji'rtt  rsoM.  The  constitution  was  rejected  by  a  vote  of 
L',0U7  to  04!),  demonstrating  by  the  lightness  of  the 
vote  tliat  gold,  and  not  politics,  absorbed  the  i»ublic 
mind. 

And  yet  there  was  a  party  which  found  time  to 
jiress  the  scheme  of  a  provisional  govennnent,  and 
which  called  a  mass  meeting  at  Auraria  on  the  24th 
of  September  to  consider  the  subject.  An  address  to 
tlio  j)eoi)le  was  prepared,  requesting  them  at  the  Oc- 
tolxr  election  to  vote  for  delegates  who  should  meet 
a  little  later  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  independ- 
ent government.' 

Tiie  election  took  place  on  the  5th  of  October,  when, 
owing  to  the  return  to  the  states  of  a  large  part  of  the 
population,  and  the  indifference  of  those  who  remained, 
only  about  8,000  votes  were  polled.  Beverly  D. 
Williams  was  chosen  delegate  to  congress,  and  Eiehard 
Sopiis  representative  from  Arapalu)e  county  to  the 
legislature  of  Kansas.  As  on  the  previous  attempt 
to  secure  a  hearing  in  congress,  Williams  accomplished 
nothing  more  than  to  impress  the  govornmcnt  with 
the  |>ertinacity  of  this  far  off  ond  auibitious  political 
bantling,  variously'  known  as  Pike's  peak,  Arapahoe, 
county,  and  Jefferson  territory.  Sopris  was  given  a 
seat  in  the  Kansas  Icijislature,  Governor  Denver  hav- 


giivcnimeiit  aiTairs  were:  E.  H.  \.  Patterson,  delegate  from  Left  Hand 
cri'ik.  liiirn  in  Va,  an«l  was  at  one  time  formerly  editor  of  the  I'litnr  TimiH, 
<if  Sacramento,  in  California  early  days,  and  a^ain  of  the  (ieotgetown  Mimr 
10  v(  ars  afterward;  Charlea  C.  Post,  miner  and  lawyer  from  Missouri  gulch; 
(Icoriic  M.  Chilcott,  and  I.  J.  Pollock. 

'Till-  leaders  in  this  movement  M'ere  Frank  De  La  Mar,  S.  W.  VVapoiiiT, 
B.  1)  Williams,  (}.  M.  Willing,  A.  Sag.Mnlorf,  H.  P.  A.  Smith,  Heury  Allen, 
6uh1  M.  C.  Fisher.  Byen'  Hut.  Coio,  MS.,  55. 


406 


OWJANIZATIOX  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


;;!■ 


SI 


ing  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  voters  of  Arapalioe 
county  to  elect  a  representative — although  no  sucli 
county  was  known  to  that  body.* 

According  to  the  plans  arranged  by  the  provisional 
government  or  territorial  party,  the  election  of  their 
delegates  took  place,  and  on  the  10th  of  October  the 
convention  met  at  Auraria,  when  eighty-six  wen* 
found  to  be  present.  They  adopted  a  constitution  and 
proceeded  to  district  the  mining  region,  providin;^'  for 
a  legislature  consisting  of  eight  counciluioii,  and 
twenty- one  representatives.  An  election  was  ordered 
for  the  24th, to  choose  a  governor,  secretary,  nioiuhcrs 
of  the  legislature,  and  other  territorial  officers,  which 
was  done  with  one  unimix)rtant  exception,  tlic  vote 
standing  about  1,800  to  300.  R.  W.  Stetlo  was 
elected  governor  of  the  territory  of  Jcft'crson,  and 
Lucian  W.  Bliss  secretary.  Steele's  message  was 
creditable,  and  so  was  the  action  of  the  legislature, 
which  jnet  on  the  7th  of  November  and  lasted  forty 
days,  during  which  many  general  and  special  laws 
were  passed.  Among  the  latter  was  a  charter  for  thi; 
city  of  Denver.  Nine  counties  were  organized,  for 
which  probate  judges  were  appointed  by  the  governor, 
to  hold  until  the  first  county  elections  in  January 
I860.*  A  tax  of  one  dollar  per  capita  was  levied  to 
defray  exix;nses ;  and  the  assembly  adjourned  to  the 
23d  of  January. 


*In  Sopris,  Si-ttkmmt  of  Demrr,  MS.,  13,  ho  8.iys  that  ho  oht.iineil  a 
charter  for  a  ditcli  to  bring  the  water  of  the  I'latto  into  Denver,  which  was 
))erpetual,  the  city  of  Denver  oM-niiig  it;  tlu't  he  also  obtained  oliartcrs  fur 
roads,  banking,  insurance,  and  telegraph  companies,  and  much  necessary 
ltigi><lation  of  like  character. 

*Tho  other  officers  of  the  provisional  government  were:  C.  R.  Bii*«fll, 
auditor;  11.  L.  Wooten,  treasurer;  .Samuel  McLean,  attorney-general;  ((scar 
B.  Totten,  clerk  of  sup.  court;  A.  J.  Allison,  chief  justice;  S.  J.  Jolinsdii  ainl 
\,.  W.  llorton,  associate  justices;  Hickory  Rogers,  marshal;  H.  H.  McAfee, 
Hupt  of  public  instruction.  The  meml>er8of  the  council  from  the  8  coiiinil 
districts  were  X.  (}.  Wyatt.  Henry  Allen,  Eli  Carter,  Mark  A.  Moore,  I  M. 
Wood,  Jamei  Emmerson,  W.  D.  Arnett,  D.  Shafer,  in  the  order  in  wliich 
they  are  nametl.  The  meml>er8  of  the  lower  house  were  .lohn  ('.  Moore.  \V. 
P.  McClure,  W.  M.  Slaughter,  M.  I».  Hickman,  I).  K.  Wall,  Miles  I'attoii. 
J.  S.  Stone,  J.  N.  Hallock,  .1.  .S.  Allen,  A.  J.  Edwards,  A.  McFa.li. n. 
Edwin  James,  T.  S.  Golden.  J.  K.  (iray,  Z.  Jackson,  S.  B.  Kellogg,  Wilham 
Davidson,  C.  C.  Pout,  Asa  Smith,  C.  P.  Hall. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JUSTICE, 


407 


The  supporters  of  the  Kansas  government  who  had 
Bcnt  their  representative  to  the  capital  of  that  terri- 
torv,  refused  to  pay  a  tax  to  support  the  provisional 
irovcrnnient,  in  a  remonstrance  signed  by  six  or  seven 
hundred  miners.  The  men  of  Gregory  district,  which 
the  new  government  had  erected  into  Mountain 
county,  held  an  election  on  the  3d  of  January  1860, 
and  rejected  the  county  organization  by  a  vote  of  395 
to  !);").  ( )n  the  other  hand,  Arapahoe  county,  as  cre- 
ated by  the  provisional  legislature,  acknowledged  the 
new  ijovernment,  and  held  its  election  accordinir  to 
tlio  law  by  which  it  was  established. 

On  the  2d  of  January,  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at 
Denver,  at  which  a  memorial  was  adopted,  addressed 
to  the  president,  asking  for  a  territorial  organization, 
and  S.  W.  Beall  was  delegated  to  carry  it  to  Wash- 
inirton  ,  but  no  notice  was  taken  of  the  petition.  The 
assembly  met  again  on  the  23d,  pursuant  to  adjourn- 
ment, and  completed  a  civil  and  criminal  code,  which 
was  observed  and  enforced  in  some  parts  of  the  "  Ter- 
ritory of  Jefferson,"  while  in  others  the  miners'  courts 
held  sway,  and  the  Kansas  government  was  least 
observed  of  any.* 

The  miners  had  invented  a  system  of  regulations, 
and  were  satisfied  with  them,  and  inclined  to  reject 
innovations.  Each  district  had  its  president  or  judge, 
recorder,  and  sheriff,  elected  by  ballot,'  the  rules  laid 
down  for  their  governance  being  simple  and  expedi- 
tious. Claim  clubs,  for  the  protection  of  agricultural 
or  town  site  claims,  with  similar  regulations,  served 
the  purpose  of  legal  statutes,  the  expounding  of  which 
was  tt)o  often  accompanied  by  aggravating  delays  and 
ruinous  costs.  There  was  little  anxiety  therefore  for 
change,  except  among  professional  politicians  and  their 
friends.     But  the  people  being  generally  order  loving 

"In  the  autumn  of  1860  Etiward  M.  McCnok  was  elected  to  the  Kansa!* 
legislature,  but  secured  no  benefits,  an<l  probably  no  pay.  Corlftf'H  Dir.  of 
MineM,  42. 

^Jack  Keeler  was  elected  sheriff  uf  Arapahoe  district  in  1860,  and  hin 
deputy  waa  William  Z.  Cozens. 


406 


ORGANIZATION  OF  COVKRXMKXT. 


and  law  abiding,  obeyed  without  question  fitiier  fwrm 
of  government,  whoso  oHicers  happened  to  be  ts(ab. 
lislied  in  their  midst,  which  obedience  averted  ariv 
injurious  collision  of  authorities.  OccaHionally  a 
change  of  venue  was  taken  from  one  governiiKrit  to 
the  other,  when  the  litigants  suttered  by  havinir  licavv 
costs  to  pay.  And  occasionally  crimes  were  coni- 
mitted,  which  demanded  a  strong  and  recognized  u«,v. 
eminent  for  their  punishment.  In  the  aljsenee  (tf  tliat, 
the  people  defended  themselves  as  those  of  ('alifniiiia 
and  each  of  the  new  mining  territories  had  dmu .  Ky 
committees  which  dispensed  a  rude  and  vi«i(»inu.s 
justice  without  appeal.  They  acted  K|x>ntaiie(tusly 
and  openly,  and  were  known  as  the  people's  ctmrts, 
electing  their  judges  and  marshal  as  ref^uwed.  and 
taking  no  notice  t)f  any  but  felonious  ottVnces.  In 
some  parts  of  the  countrv  they  Ix-came,  frtjni  tjje  iiects- 
sities  of  the  case,  vigilance  committees,  and  <l(alt, 
with  horse  and  cattle  thieves.  Tlie  iienaitics  infh(  tid 
were  in  accordance  witii  the  crime,  and  niiiilit  he 
either  hanging,  whipping,  or  banishment.  Of  tlie 
first  three  homicides,  one  esca|x.'d,  one  was  tried  li  tnje 
Judge  H.  P.  A.  k  >mith  and  hanged,  and  the  thii<l  was 
tried  before  Judge  Hyatt  and  acquitted. 

Denver  being  the  principal  town  Ijad  most  need  of 
the  people's  courts.  In  tlie  latt*.'r  |x»rt  of  Jaiiuniv 
the  unruly  clement  became  alannin^ly  conspi(  uoiis. 
Among  the  disturbances  occasi«»ned  by  this  portion 
of  the  i»<)i)ulation  was  what  was  known  an  th<*  Turkey 
war.  It  originated  in  the  plundering  by  them  of  a 
party  of  hunters  fro?*i  the  southern  jiart  of  the  terri- 
tory with  a  great  number  of  wild  turkeys  for  sali'. 
A  committee  was  organized  to  puni.'^h  the  thiev(  s ; 
but  it  was  found  that  they  had  many  defenders,  and  it 
was  with  difficulty  that  a  bloody  conflict  was  avoidc 


leu 


•  Previous  to  April  1860  there  were  two  duels  in  Denrer.  In  one  of  tlicm 
J.  S.  Stone,  a  nietnlier  of  the  provisional  legi.tlatnre,  w»m  kille<l  1>y  L.  W . 
Bliss,  secretary  ami  acting  governor  of  Jefferson  territoiry.  wlio  at  a  jiiililii: 
dinner  made  an  otfensive  remark  in  allusiun  to  Stone,  which  called  oui  the 
challenge. 


CLAIM  CLUB. 


409 


The  next  excitement  was  over  the  jumninj^  of  town 
lots  l>y  Hquattern  who  liad  Bettlcd  on  tliu  outskirts  of 
Denver,  and  clauiied  tlie  land  under  the  agricultural 
j»rteinption  hiw.  Several  times  duadly  weapons  were 
ilischarged  'u\  alten-ations  over  ttiwn  property,  though 
no  lives  were  sarrificcd.  This  led  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  rlaiiii  rluh  at  Denver,  the  members  being 
l)ound  to  defend  v,iC  town  company  against  squatters, 
hoveral  of  whom  were  banished.  In  July  a  still  more 
threatening  atTair  warned  tlie  people  to  be  on  their 


VttutuMto  IN  18G:{. 

;j;uar(l.  Tlie  office  of  the  UncJn/  Moinifahi  News  was 
attacked  by  a  d»?*|>*'rate  man  iiaiiietl  (\irl  Wood,  be- 
cause the  pafx^r  l»ail  condemned  the  killing  of  a  negro 
named  Starks  by  a  confi-dorate,  Charles  Harrison, 
and  layers  narrowly  <-**capcd  being  killed.  Wood  was 
taken,  tried,  and  l>ani«hed  by  the  decree  of  Judge 
H.  r.  Bennett. 

So  determint-d  were  the  people  that  justice  should 
lie  done  that  Slieriff  Middaugh  pursued  and  brought 


'% 


W1 


410 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


back  from  Leavenworth  for  trial  James  Gordon,  who 
had,  without  provocation,  killed  Jacob  Gantz  in  July. 
He  was  prosecuted  by  Bennett,  before  a  judjj^e  ajp- 
pointed  for  the  occasion,  defended  by  able  lawyers, 
pronounced  guilty  by  a  jury  of  twelve  responsible 
citizens,  and  hanged.  Four  other  homicides  wen' 
tried  and  acquitted,  and  three  tried  and  hanged  be- 
tween March  and  September.  Several  horse  thitvcs 
were  also  punished  and  banished.  It  could  not  l)o 
said  that  there  was  no  law  and  no  government,  but 
rather  that  government  was  triple-headed  in  tluse 


munng  regions. 


At  the  second  annual  election  of  the  provisional 
government,  October  22d,  its  officers  were  electt^d  l)y 
a  vote  so  insignificant  as  hardly  to  deserve  the  name 
of  an  election.  The  legislature,  however,  met  in  No- 
vember, and  held  its  second  session,  unnoticed  by  the 
people,  its  doings  never  being  published.  It  vrould 
hardly  have  survived  to  a  third  session  had  it  not  hwn 
supplanted  as  it  was  by  a  government  erected  by 
consjress.* 

That  the  effort  to  firmly  establish  a  provisional  gov- 
ernment was  well  meant  and  patriotic  I  do  notdouljt. 
Its  failure  depended  partly  upon  one  of  the  causes  of 
its  creation,  the  conflicting  claims  of  five  several  ter- 
ritories, whose  boundaries  were  included  in  the  J'ike's 
peak  region;  namly  the  eastern  part  of  Utah,  the 
northern  part  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  western  parts 

•  Uol>ert  W.  Steele,  governor  of  the  provisioual  territory  of  Jftferson, 
was  ail  energetic,  Hanguine  man,  tall,  angnlar,  rather  rough,  hut  ptH.^c^iii!^' 
good  common  nenao  and  honesty.  He  win  horn  in  Ohio  in  1820;  ii'iiiovimI  in 
1846  to  Iowa,  where  he  studied  law;  and  to  Omaha  in  1855,  where  he  \v,u  a 
niemlier  of  the  legislature  of  1858-0.  Then  he  went  to  iX-nver  ami  to  (  m 
tralCity,  where  he  was  president  of  tlie  Consolidated  Ditch  Co.  He  was 
governor  until  June  1801,  when  the  duly  aiiuointed  officers  of  Colorado  tc- 
ritory  arrived.  He  settled  his  family  at  Coldcn,  hut  removed  to  Kiiipirj  in 
180*2,  and  afterward  to  Georgetown.  In  !804  he  was  one  of  the  party  w  liii  li 
di.scovercd  the  Argentine  d-strict  and  IVlmont  lo<le — the  firsi  paying  .-ilwr 
deposit  in  Colorado.  This  mine  was  named  aftor  August  Belmont  of  .\i-w 
York,  and  hronght  8100,000.     It  was  Uter  called  the  Johnnon. 

'llieodoro  P.  Boyd,  justice  sup.  ct  pr  »v.  govt,  was  from  Pa;  in  1840  lanit' 
to  Cal.,  and  finally  to  Golden,  where  he  erected  the  third  house.  In  tlii- 
winter  of  18.MMJ0  he  located  farms  for  himself  and  scna  on  Clear  crcik,  7 
miles  east  of  Golden. 


.     i  ^^ 


JEFFERSON  AND  COLORADO. 


411 


of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Dakota.  '*  Had  every  man 
ill  tho  mines  been  willing  to  yield  allegiance  to  the 
independent  government,  these  other  governments 
were  likely  to  interfere,  and  probably  would  have 
(Idiio  so,  had  time  been  given  or  complaint  been  made. 
There  were  other  reasons,  in  the  instability  of  the 
population  and  the  avoidance  of  the  cost  of  a  govern- 
ment. There  was  nothing  in  the  public  acts  of  tho 
officers  or  legislators  of  "Jefferson  territory"  which 
was  not  intended  for  the  public  good.  They  were  a 
portion  of  the  same  people  who,  in  their  people's 
((;urt.s,  settled  all  matters  of  law  and  justice  as  effi- 
ciently as  it  could  have  been  lone  anywhere." 

'"That  psirt  of  Kansas  which  lay  west  o  the  east  houinlary  of  New  Mex- 
ico wai  coiiliiiuti  to  tlic  territory  between  the  Hfith  and  40th  parallels.  St 
Vniiri  anil  Boulder  creek  mines,  and  many  farms,  were  therefore  out  of  this 
jiirisdietion.  Brecktiuridgo  was  in  U<.th,  and  California  guluh  was  on 
lit'liatalilc  ground. 

"Tiie  hrst  people's  court  at  Cafio »  City  was  organized  liy  Wilhnr  F. 
Stoiio,  who  i!ratte(l  a  code  for  the  go/eminent  of  tliat  community.  Stone 
was  Ixirn  at  Litchtield,  Conn.,  in  '  X,,  but  removed  to  western  New  Yr)rk  at 
the  age  of  6  years,  and  later  to  M.ch.,  Ind.,  and  Iowa,  lie  MaM educated  at 
Aslmry  university,  and  the  stato  university  of  Indiana,  where  lie  graduated 
from  the  law  dej)artmeiit.  Settling  at  Kvansville,  he  practii^ed  his  professiiiu 
aiiil  edited  tlie  J)<iily  !n<iiiirer.  For  a  short  time  \\!i  resided  at  Onialia,  eiHt- 
\\\g  the  Xi'fmMkitn,  but  came  to  Colorado  in  the  spring  of  I8<i0.  He  was  a 
nii'iiiKer  of  the  Colorado  legislature  from  Park  county  in  I8(i'2,  and  again  in 
iMit  .'i.  In  1866  he  returned  to  Ind.,  and  married  Minnie  Sadler,  after 
whirh  ho  settled  at  Puelilo  until  1877,  wlien  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of 
the  supreme  Cfiurt.  From  18(>2  to  18<)0  he  was  assistant  U.  S.  atty  for  Col- 
orado. In  1808  he  was  apiiointed  by  the  gov.  1st  dist  atty  of  the  'M\  judicial 
lh^t  of  Colo.  Ill  1808  lit!  gave  a  portion  of  his  time  to  editing  tlie  Puihh 
r/z/V/^riH,  tlie  only  newsjtaper  soutli  of  the  divide  at  that  time;  and  after- 
ward wrote  for  the /V<)j)<(''»  .iV('»p/it>f;»'r,  and  otlier  journals  until  1874.  Ho 
iiiiU'il  largely  in  building  up  Pueftlo  during  a  12  years'  residence,  and  was 
olio  of  tiioso  v.'lio  secured  the  completion  of  tho  Atchison,  Topeka,  an<l  Santa 
Ft'  railroad  to  that  place.  He  was  a  meinlNM'  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vi'iitioii,  and  judge  of  tho  supreme  court.  Ho  had  ever  nt  comnmnd  a  vast 
fiiii'l  of  information,  which  tluring  my  reiearcbef  in  Colorado  in  \XM  were 
fjiinrously  placi-d  at  my  disposal,  and  which  kindness  resulted  in  valuable 
iii.'uiuscript  contributions  to  history,  entitleil  ('/■tuTal  Viiwof  {'(dnnuto  and 
l.iiuil  (Iriintn. 

.\aftlier  high  authority  on  early  government  matters  is  /fnllrtt's  Cmirt*, 
l.'iii'.  itiiii  LUi'jiiti'in,  MS,  Moses  Hallctt  was  born  in  haviess  county.  III.. 
in  IS,^4,  and  resided  there,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  years  spent  away 
from  homo  in  acipiiring  an  education,  ami  in  the  study  of  the  law  in  ( 'liicago, 
until  tlie  spring  c.f  18(i(),  when  he  came  to  Colorndo.  Ho  settled  at  Denver, 
and  after  a  trial  of  mining  entered  upon  the  prrictico  of  his  profession.  He 
HtTvi'il  two  terms  in  tho  territorial  oounfil.  In  18tMi  he  was  appointed  chief 
jiixtifo  of  the  territory,  which  position  ho  held  for  10  years,  after  which  ho 
V  IS  appointed  judge  for  tho  IT.  S.  dist.  of  Colora<lo.  Tall  and  dark  com- 
]>lt'xioned,    with  an  intellectual  face  and  affable  uiauuurs,  liu  enjoyed  the 


412 


ORHANIZATIOX  01'  iiOVKllNMENT. 


il 


^1 


So  many  potltioiia  had  gone  forth  for  a  tcrrit< uial 
orgauizatian  by  congress  that  a  bill  to  provide  fur  the 

friendship  and  atlmiration  of  tho  I>c.st  men.  Hallctt  explain!*  even  more  fuUv 
than  Miine  tlio  jiuculiariLit's,  laerit.s,  and  ecix-ntricitius  of  tl;e  ijooj.lo'  anil 
minor'ii  courts.  He  tells  ua  there  wuro  arbitrary  executions  every  year,  ihiwii 
to  1877.  In  tiiat  year  a  man  name  Musgrove,  tlio  leader  of  .;  j;,in)^  (,f 
horse  thieves,  Mas  hanged  oflf  tlie  end  of  Larimer  street  bridge,  in  f.iicii  il.iv, 
without  concealment  of  any  sort.  The  i>eoplo  seldom  interiVred  wiih  tl";9 
administration  of  the  laws.  One  inatanco  i  ■;  however,  given  of  a  territ  t  al 
judge,  who  waa  on  hia  way  to  ( !<ilden  to  make  Home  onlerallectiDg  arailrunl 
eompanv,  being  taken  from  a  train,  curried  off,  anil  kept  24  hour  i  in  durante 
to  prevent  the  order  l)eing  made,   t'•lll|■t■^,  Lmr,  tiiul  LitiftttUm,  M.S.,  (5-7. 

Wolfe  i^ondoner,  in  a  manuscript  on  Vi'jilitiice  VonnntUKS  in  C  '..r.v.'i, 
giving  an  account  of  'all  the  juilgmcut.s  of  capital  puni.ihment,  audallt'.o 
executions  of  tlio  people's  enurts  i:i  Ueuver,'  isa  valuable  authority.  II,;  c. 
plains  tliat;  there  vero  otlier  triah  by  tlie  Kamc  kind  of  court.*,  but  no  <,;'  t  r 
Konteucea  or  punislunonts.  Tho  tirst  murder  M'as  committed  by  Jn'.u  S',i;  1, 
Hoii-indaw  (.fa  (teriuan  named  lieincroff.  Stofel  killed  one  of  his  yoii:ig 
broiliers-indaw,  on  Vas(piez  fork  or  Clear  creek,  April  7,  IS.'O.  lie  wxs  tu  - 
IKJCted,  arrested,  e.xa.niined  before  II.  P.  A.  Smith,  admitted  his  g!i;lt,  ir.i], 
as  tliero  was  no  prison  in  the  country,  it  M'as  determinetl  to  hang  him.  '!'..j 
examination  was  held  in  tlie  Recouil  buildinc  below  what  ia  now*  Iloliai'..: ,' 
K^reet,  east  side  of  Ferry,  now  1  Ith  street,  liie  execution  took  pl.ve  at  t!  • 
corner  of  llollailay  and  lOih  streets,  where  Ntofel  was  han;;ed  on  a  trie:  I.,- 
Xoi^y  Tom,  executioner  for  the  occasion.  Oa  the  I'JLh  of  March,  IM'  ),  \\  li- 
liam  West  was  shot  by  Moses  Young,  on  thuAvcstsiilc  of  (.'lien  y  crei!'.  nt;ir 
Larimer  street  bridge.  Young  was  tried  nest  day,  found  guihy,  a  scaii  Id 
erected  on  the  spot  Avhere  the  murder  was  connnittcd,  and  liie  dav  afii  r  tlio 
trial  and  conviction  he  was  han;:od.  On  tho  r.Mi  of  June,  isik),  jaiob  K.e. 
der  and  family  passed  through  Henveren  route  for  South  park,  hi  eomiauy 
with  .Marcus (iredler  and  others.  llocdcrand(irecller<juarrclkd,  andK  ■.  .Iit 
was  killed  a'\d  buried  by  <iredler  in  revenge.  Tlie  mur'erer  was  aric^tdl, 
and  on  compuldon  showe>l  tiie  grave  of  liis  victim.  He  wa.s  tried,  seiniiucl, 
anil  hangi-d  the  next  ila^',  on  a  scaffold  at  the  foot  of  the  lilull' wlicie  CmiLS 
street  enters  Cherry  creek  bottom  on  tho  cast  sidij.  On  the  'J(Uii  of  iliiiic  two 
freighters  ijuarrclled,  and,  ou  tho  road  near  l>enver,  lladley  stabbed  C.iiil  mi 
that  he  died  Hadley  was  brouglit  back  on  tho  ITJil,  a  court  organized  iin.'n  r 
a  clump  of  eottonwood  trees  which  stood  (ui  10th  street,  oiiiiosite  the  ri.iiit- 
era  house,  this  being  tho  only  cnurl  held  ia  tho  oiien  air.  lie  was  seiUcnvid 
lo  be  hanged  on  tiie  2<'»tli,  biitescaiiecl  (roinliis  jailers.  On  the  'JOtIk  of  ,liily, 
186-'),  occu'-red  tlio  murder  of  .lai'ob  (ianta,  by  ,1.  A.  (Jonlon,  of  wiiicii  1  ha\o 
givei')  an  account,  (rordon  was  executed  at  tlie  same  place  nstJriMHcr.  thi 
tlie:Wth  of  Nov.,  1S(5(),  Ihomai  R.  Freeman  waa  killed  by  Patrick  Wat.rs. 
Freeman  liveil  alone,  "J  inllm  belo-v  Diiivcr,  and  was  one  of  tiie  few  wli.i  at- 
tempted f.irming  tliat  year,  raiding  vegetables  for  market.  Waters  w.n  a 
lianger-on  of  lietter  iiien,  aad  aci'ompanied  Freeman  iIowti  the  Platte  t.i  buy 
hay,  inunlcMng  him  for  his  nionev,  near  Fort  L'.pton.  Tho  body  being  dis- 
covered. Welters  was  arretted  in  Neb.,  tried  at  |)enver,  and  execute  I  mi  a 
gallr  .ra  at  tliO  farther  end  of  l.">th  street  bridge.  The  prosecution  in  tiiis 
oaso  made  the  tir-t  prpsenfment  in  writing,  as  follows:  'The  jM-ople  of  tlie 
Pike's  jieak  gnhl  rci;ion  ii'-hiia  I'ntrick  Waters.  The  people  of  tlie  Pike's 
jieak  gold  region.  asscinbhMl  at  the  city  of  Denver  the  10th  day  of  l>ec..  l>'i>0, 
do  lind  and  present  that  im  tlie  30th  of  Nov.,  a.  i>.  IKi'K),  at  the  said  I'lkc's 
peak  gold  reff>f»n,  one  Patrick  Waters  did  make  a  telonions  assault  on  ono 
Tlioiiias  H.  Freeman,  then  and  there  being,  and  him,  the  said  Thoni.is  U. 
Frt' "man.  with  pifineditated  malice,  ilid  murder  and  slay,  contrary  to  all  tiui 
Uwa  of  (iud  and  nuui. 


r.OUXD.\lUES. 


413 


en  rtlon  of  a  new  territory  was  at  Icnj^th  introduced," 
wliicli  passed  b«)th  houses  and  beeanu)  a  law  February 
29.,  iSfJl.  The  name  of  Colorado  was  given  to  it  at 
tlie  suu^gestion  of  the  man  s<'Kcted  for  its  first  gov- 
ernor.'' The  boundaries  of  Colortulo,  as  described  in 
the  organic  act,  ineluded  nil  tl)C  territory  between  the 
tliirty-st'venth  and  fort,  '  rst  parallels  of  north  lati- 
tude, and  the  twenty-fifih  and  thirty-second  meridians 
of  west  longitude,  forming  an  oblong  scjuare  eontain- 
iiii;  104,000  scjuare  miles,  or  (')(>, 880,000  acres  of  land, 
wkli  the  usual  proviso,  that  nothing  contained  in  the 
at't  should  be  c<»nstrucd  to  impair  the  rights  of  the 
Indians  while  they  remained  unextinguished  by  treaty, 
nr  pnvcnt  the  govirnment  from  again  dividing  the 
t  "iritory  at  })leasure,  the  act  in  all  respects  resembling 
otiicr  oriranic  acts  establishing  temnorarv  novern- 
intMits.  The  territorial  ofticers  commissioned  bv  the 
pn  sideiit  Were  William  Gilpin  governor,  Lewis  Led- 
])ard  Weld  secretary,  Benjamin  Y.  Hall  chief  justice, 
kS.  Newton  Pettis  and  Charles  Loe  Armor  ns-o(  iate 
justices,  CN»[)eland  T<»wnsend  marshal,  Janus  ]).  Diil- 
li I la  attorney-general,  and  F.  ^l.  Case  surv«  yor-gen- 
cral.  They  arrived  May  iIDth,  and  were  cordially 
Welcomed,  even  by  the  unpaid  oflicers  of  the  pro- 
visional government,  whose  functions  ceased  with  the 
ap|)earance  of  the  presidential  appointees. 

(Jovernor  Gilpin  was  a  man  capable  of  inspiring 
enthusiasm  upon  occasions.  He  visited  all  the  prin- 
cipal settlements '*  as  rapidly  as  possible,  making  liim- 

"/'..'?.  .?.<».  yw.,  1.-.,  fWth  ciiu'.  1  I  Msv  :/■.,>'.  ,s',,..  .A.«r.,  8.10, '2-il,  Wth 
coau.  l,tsos.s.;  Cmj.  (.1  J^f,  lS,'..t  (h*,  l.VCJ;  //.,  ISCiO  1,  «i:il»  4."),  T'iS  »,  7('>:»  J, 
IJ|.>  (1;  /./.,  v.:  /./.,  xvii.:  /./.,  \\\. 

^^Ui'}iiii'H  I'iiint'  r  <J' Is;.',  M  >.,  S,  'Sniiio,'  h,iy,<  tiiliiin,  '  want  'il  it  oallcil 
iK'tlVrtiiii,  Hiiniu  Arcailiit.  ...  I  ^.1l'l  the  ]m'ii|i1(!  li.ivu  to  ji  ^{rciit  «'xtriit  ikuiu'iI 
tlio  .sliiU'<  iifuT  till!  j.'riiit  riviTsol  ilio  fiuiii::  V  .  .  .  ami  tlu!  ^tcjU  fiMtiiri' "f 
that  11)1111  try  !■■  tin;  \ivva\,  <  'i.loiiiiloriviT.  .  .  "  Ali,"  Hiiiil  lie  ( WiNuiinf  Mass. ), 
"that  i-(  it;"  timl  lit;  liuiiii'ii  it  ('iilontiio. ' 

"I  li-a.ii  r,  -Ml  r.  .s'  //.  A'-,  ho-.,  v..  DO.  r>r.,  ICtli  imin.  ill  hcmx.,  anil  tlio 
If'.'/ttcjfiit' (t'tnii  i»>ti  C ■Hiitfi.  Ms.,  Iiy  Sylvester  Ua'liiiril->iiii,  that  <iilpiii,  with 
the  .'isHistaiiee  <if  iihl  iiiniint.'kintH'pt,  iriiih-  ,i  iiii|t  ef  tlie  territory  in  1M>I, 
vhii'li  was  fiMiml  to  I'ltrre'iiiinit  remark  i lily  with  the  Niiletetiiieiit  xiirvi  y^. 
l!i''li,iri|<on  w;i,H  a  native  of  t'attkill,  \.  V  .  aihl  a  man  of  ciilf  iva'eil  niiinl.  a-t 
Will  (u  »u  ttblo  luvchaitH;.    liu  caini.  to  e<ih>railo  iu  lti(k),  and  ru«iiloii  !•  yvttn 


1 


if  {,  il 


414 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


self  acquainted  with  the  condition  and  wants  of  the 
territory,  and  everywhere  was  received  with  festivltv 
and  favor."  On  the  8th  of  July  ho  took  the  oath  of 
office,  and,  the  census  behig  completed,'*  proceeded  on 
the  10th  to  assiijn  the  judges  to  their  districts,  that 
the  supreme  court  might  be  immediately  organi/xtl." 
On  the  11th  he  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  the 
territory  to  be  one  ctmgressional  district,  which  Avap 
divided  into  nine  council  and  thirteen  representative 
districts,  in  which  was  ordered  tlie  election  of  dilc- 
gate  to  congress  and  members  of  the  legislative  as- 
sembly to  take  place  on  the  19th  of  August. 

In  the  matter  of  dates  Colorado's  history  has  Ix 


Til 


in  Denver.  la  1873  he  helped  to  explore  the  Gunnison  country,  and  the  f.l- 
lowing  year  organizetl  a  colony  to  settle  it,  of  which  the  history  will  be  giv.ii 
hereafter. 

"William  GQpin  was  l>orn  Oct.  4,  1822,  <in  tlie  battlefield  of  Bramly- 
wine,  and  appointed  to  the  military  academy  of  West  Toiut  in  18;((>.  I  {» ii 
completing  his  studies  he  was  commissioned  lieut  in  the  2d  draeoous,  an<l 
fought  in  tlie  Seminole  war  under  Gen.  Jessup,  and  accompanied  rreiMoiit'x 
expedition  of  1843  to  Fort  Vancouver.  Gilpin  was  designed  by  his  iii.ikcr 
for  a  man  of  mark.  Full  six  feet  in  height,  of  a  slight  Irame  and  nervuim 
temperament,  with  a  Hue  head  and  expresnive  eyes,  rather  military  U-ariiig 
and  Freiivh  gestures,  he  was  enthusiastic,  while  his  shrewdness  ami  coai'tisy 
Were  sometimes  ovcrshadowol  by  his  generali/utions.  Said  one  of  liis  tnciiiln 
to  me,  '  There  never  was  a  man  like  him,  and  there  never  will  be  anotlicr;  t'nr 
20  minutes  or  so  he  can  talk  as  closely  to  tiie  point  as  any  man,  but  uftci'  tli.it 
he  I>egins  to  generalize.*  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war,  (iilpiii,  lie- 
ing  again  in  Mo.,  was  chosen  major  of  tlie  first  regiment  of  Missouri  oavalry, 
and  moved  south  along  the  great  central  plateau  with  his  force  until  hu  iiiiiiiu 
a  junction  with  the  main  army  in  Mexico.  In  1847,  the  Indians  of  tlic  plaiii-i 
having  confederate  I  to  cut  oil  immigration  westward  antl  to  make  war  on  tlic 
frontier  settlbinents,  Gilpin,  by  dii-ection  of  the  president,  led  a  force  of  l.'.ti. 
cavalry,  infantry,  and  artillery  against  them  to  open  up  conimiinication. 
Tliis  expedition  did  not  leave  Leavenworth  until  Oct.,  the  troops  wiiittriii); 
at  Pike  peak  and  fighting  the  Indians  the  foUoM-ing  Hummer.  Gi/pin'x  I'mtmr 
of  18.',.?,  MS.;  Pitliiis  P'tUtirnl  Virtfn,  MS.;  Bt-diifonVs  Hixt.  CoIotmIo,  M.S.; 
ISfM'it'n  Pul'lir  Men  ttwl  Meiuurrn,  MS. 

'*Tl»e  crnRUs  showed  a  population  of  25,.T29,  four-fifths  of  which  wcm 
men.  f^orliett'n  Lffji*.  Mittmnl,  5i.  Tlio  count  did  not  really  show  the  Mfmlo 
niimlicr  of  inhabitants,  nmny  being  prospecting  in  the  mountains.  Hcxiii 
Mounfnin  Xe>rs>,  July  17,  1861. 

"Byors  Kays  in  his  CfntmnM  Stiitr,  MS.,  10.  that  a  proclamation  wan 
issued  on  the  23d  of  July  appointing  a  t»<rin  of  <he  sup.  ot  on  the  first  Mem 
(lay  in  Sept.  following,  to  lie  held  at  I>enver.  Ho  also  says  that  the  t.rst 
grand  jury  imjtanelleil  in  Colo  was  upon  the  4th  of  Sept.,  1861,  at  Dcnvtr, 
and  consisted  of  Nelson  Sargent,  foreman,  Charles  A.  VV right,  Jolin  \N . 
Smith,  Alexander  M.  Smith,  John  L.  Bogg,  John  G.  Vauter.  William  !•• 
Davis,  John  B.  Ashlaod,  Jonatlian  U.  Price,  Milton  E.  Clark,  Warren  Hus- 
soy.  J.  F.  Gonline,  James  M.  Iddings,  Miltnn  M.  Delano,  Etiward  H.  Hart, 
V.  H.  Smith,  Andrew  Sarg#?ndorf,  and  John  M.  Clark.  See  also  Roiiyi 
Motmlair.  Nam,  SopC  4,  1861. 


OILPIN.  GOVERNOR. 


415 


«h' 


wan 

(III- 

t.rst 

vcr. 

W. 

I>. 

■Hus- 


iiiarkc'd  by  periods  of  national  importance.  It  was 
tlic  business  depression  of  1857-8  and  tlio  Kansas 
tidubli'S  which  inspired  so  many  with  a  willingnesa 
t.»  seek  new  homes  and  fortunes  farther  west.  The 
t.rritt»ry  was  organized  just  previous  to  and  while  the 
«i\  il  war  was  impending ;  and  lastly  the  state  was  ad- 
iiiittod  on  the  100th  anniversary  of  our  independence. 
It  is  with  the  coincidence  of  the  territorial  organiza- 
ti.diandthe  sudden  and  great  strain  put  u[Hm  the 
government  that  I  am  chiefly  impressed  ;  in  connec- 
tion with  which  must  be  considered  the  manner  in 
wliioli  the  affairs  of  the  new  commonwealth  were 
munaged.  Gilpin,  although  appointed  governor  by 
l*resident  Lincoln,  was  without  instructions  and  with- 
out money.  Washingttm  was  threatened;  there  wore 
a  dozen  cabinet  meetings  a  day  ;  and  when  the  ap- 
pointee begged  for  writtten  orders  he  was  told  there 
was  no  time  to  attend  to  such  matters,  but  to  go  and 
do  as  well  as  he  knew  how  and  the  bills  would  be 
piiJ.  His  verbal  instructions,  taken  in  the  vestibule 
of  the  wliite  house,  or  in  the  portico,  conferred  broad 
powers.  He  was  to  see  that  the  new  territory  was 
ki[it  in  the  union.  If  soldiers  were  needed,  he  was 
to  call  them  out  and  command  them."  He  was  loval, 
lit'  was  a  soldier,  he  would  be  quick  to  sec  the  need 
of  an  appeal  to  arms ;  but  was  he  a  statesman,  and 
miglit  he  not  be  too  quick  to  discern  a  danger? 
These  were  questions  the  cabinet  had  no  time  to  ask. 
The  period  elapsing  between  the  arrival  of  the  ex- 
ecutive and  the  August  electioti  was  maile  use  of  to 
ascertain  the  political  bias  of  the  majority,  the  pop- 
ulation being  almost  evenly  divided  between  those 
wJio  would  support  the  government  and  those  whose 
ts\  nipathies  were  on  the  side  of  the  confederates.  This 
equality  warned  the  republicans  to  make  haste  slowly, 
and  to  adopt  a  liberal  and  conservative  platform,  lest 
the  loyal  part  of  the  democracy  should  he  driven  to 
er)courage   disloyalty.     A   convention    was   held    at 

»•  OiltMn's  Piorvxr  of  18^,  MS.,  ^^ 


\m 


-•i 


m 


\  .a 


416 


ORGANIZATION  OF  OOVERNMENT. 


Golden  City  'm  the  1st  of  July  for  the  purpose  of 
nominating  a  delegate  to  congress,  Hiram  P.  Bennett 
being  clK»sen  from  among  eleven  candidates."  On  tlio 
24th  a  'union  convention'  was  held  by  the  demo- 
crats for  the  same  purpose,  which  nominated  h.  D. 
Williams.  The  newspaper  press  was  divided,  and 
issued  campaign  sheets,  as  might  be  expected,  but 
were  guarded  in  their  utterances."* 

WiUiams  was  beaten  by  the  republican  candidate, 
on  electi(m,  by  3,801  votes,  the  total  number  of  votes 
cast  being  9,597." 

The  legislature,  which  was  also  chiefly  republican, 
met  at  i)enver,  and  held  its  first  session  of  sixty 
days,  beginning  on  the  9th  of  September,  adopting 
and  enacting  a  full  code  of  laws,  civil  and  criminal. 
The  original  acts  of  the  leijrislature  recognized  the  Ic- 
gality  of  the  miners'  courts,  confirmed  their  decisions, 
and  provided  for  the  transfer  of  their  cases  to  tlio 
regular  courts,  thus  avoiding  all  conflict  over  previnus 
judgments."'     The  adoption  of  the  Illinois   practice 

'*  Aiiins  Stock  was  president  of  this  convention,  and  L.  N.  Tajniaii  si'ire- 
tary.    liifis' < 'intnininl  Stulr,  MS.,  8. 

^'iliu  /{orh/  Mninitiiin  Au«w,  though  loyal,  opposed  drawinjf  party  liues 
too  strictly.  Tlie  publishers  issued  a  second  journal,  tlie  AMini'r'n  RirnnI,  at 
Tarryall,  during  the  campaign,  which  did  gtuHl  work  in  preserving  tliu  Iiyalty 
of  t\u'  people  and  determining  the  result  of  tlie  eli-ctiou.  The  liim-tr 
JU'iuiifiiinirr,  owned  by  Moore  and  Coleman,  was  a  disuni<m  journal,  ainl  wa^ 
bought  liy  Ilyt'r.s  and  Daily,  and  silenced  in  the  spring  of  1801.  Byrrs'  y<  in- 
ftju-r  PriMS  of  Cnloriuli),  >iS.,  13. 

''Hiram  P.  liennett  wa-i  I)orn  in  Mo.  in  18'2(5,  and  removed  to  Nebraska, 
where  lie  was  elected  to  llio  Kr.st  territorial  legislature  in  IS54.  In  l'<.")ll  he 
removed  to  Oeiivcr,  where  he  practised  his  profession,  Iteing  associated  with 
Moses  Hallett,  and  distinguishing  himself  by  his  successful  prosei-uti>>ii  nf 
criminals.  Ho  served  two  terms  in  congress,  ol)taining  the  branch  iiinit  {»t 
Denver,  with  otlier  benefits  to  the  territory.  He  resumed  his  law  practice 
in  l>M>9,  but  was  appointed  postmaster  soon  after,  which  otlice  he  liclil  until 
1874.     He  was  a  member  of  the  first  state  legislature  from  ArapalxM)  en. 

'■^^Tlie  momlters  of  the  council  representing  their  districts  in  thefollowiiii; 
order  were  Hiram  J.  Oraham,  Amos  Steek,  C.  W.  Mather,  H.  F.  Parker.  .\. 
IT.  Colby,  Samuel  M.  Robbins,  E.  A.  Arnold,  R.  B.  Willis,  and  .I..I111  M 
Francisec^  Cnli.  Jmir.  Cnunril,  1801,  3.  Members  of  the  lower  house,  in  the 
order  of  their  districts,  were  Charles  F.  Hollv.  E.  S.  Wilhite.  Rlwiii  S.  ud- 
der, William  A.  Rankin.  T.  B.  Chaffee.  .T.  H.  Noteware,  Daniel  Witt(  r. 
Coorge  F.  Crocker,  Daniel  Steel,  Corydon  P.  Hall,  Victor  Oarcia,  'e'Ks 
Barela,  ami  (Joorge  M.  Chilcott.  Onto.  Jnur.  Hotuw,  1861,  .3,  l'.>.  K  A. 
Arnold  of  Lake  co.  was  chosen  presiilent  of  the  council,  S.  I..  Baker,  sec, 
David  A.  Choever  asst  sec,  E.  W.  Kingsbury  sergeant-at-arms.  Cliarles 
F.  Holly  of  Boulder  co.  was  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of  reps.F.  H.  Page 
chief  clerk,  £.  P.  Elmer   sergoant-at-arms.    CorbeU'a  Le<jia  Manml,  212, 


CREATION  OF  COUNTIES. 


4i: 


codv  was  another  wise  act,  giving  the  territorial  courts 
a  svstcin  of  practice  which  had  been  ably  expounded 
bv'tlic  supremo  court  of  that  state.  No  subsequent 
le.,risl;itioii  was  had  upon  this  subject  while  the  terri- 
torial torni  of  government  was  in  existence. 

TIh  territory  was  divided  into  counties  "  and  judi- 
cial districts,"  the  eluction  of  county  officers  provided 
for.  iiiid  a  complete  organization  effected.  The  capital 
of  tlio  territory  was  located  at  Colorado  City,  and 
roiniiiissioners  appointed  to  select  the  actual  site  within 
till'  surveyed  limits  of  that  town,  the  commission  to 
jxrt'onn  its  duty  within  a  month  after  the  adjourn- 
iin'iit  of  the  legislature."  The  location  was  chosen 
with  till'  view  of  making  the  capital  central  to  the 
futun^  state.  That  it  was  subsequently  abandoned 
was  hi'cause  it  was  found  to  be  inconvenient.  It  was 
fixed  Jit  Golden  City "  in   1862,  where  it  remained 

-'  Tlif  following  counties  were  organized,  with  County  seats  temporarily 
l>cat('il,  as  foliow.t:  Costilla,  county  Heat  at  San  .Miguel;  (iuadalum-,  county 
seat  at  tlu;  town  of  Ouailaluite  (the  name  of  this  county  wax  changed  to 
('iiiit'iiiM  thcHauicMesstioii);  Huerfano,  county  seat  at  Autuliee;  I'uehio,  county 
xeat  at  the  town  of  Puclilo;  Fremont,  county  seat  at  CaAon  City;  Kl  I'aHo, 
county  scat  at  Colora4lo  City;  Douglas  county  seat  at  Frankstown;  Arajutiioc, 
county  scat  at  Denver;  Weld,  named  after  the  secretary  of  territory,  county 
M'at  at  St  Vraiii,  Larimer,  named  after  George  William  I^rimer,  county  seat 
at  Li  I'l.rtc;  lloulder,  county  seat  at  the  town  of  Boulder;  JefTerson,  county 
scat  at  lioldcu  City;  Clear  Creek,  county  seat  at  Idaho;  <iil|iin,  named  after 
the  gnvcrnor,  county  seat  at  Central  City;  Park,  county  seat  at  'I'arryall; 
Like,  (iiiuity  seat  at  Oro  City;  Summit,  county  seat  at  rarkville.  Coio'den. 
Lair.<.  IStil,  .">•_»  7. 

" 'I'he  territory  was  dividefl  into  three  judicial  ilistricts,  the  counties  of 
Lirinicr.  Weld,  Arapahoe,  Btuilder,  Douglax,  and  Kl  Paxo  constituting  the 
1st,  to  which  Chief  .lustice  Hall  was  assigned;  .lefferson.  Clear  <'reek,  (iiljiin, 
I'ark,  and  Summit  the  '2il  district,  to  which  .ludge  Armor  was  a.Msigncd; 
bike.  Fremont,  Puelilo,  Huerfano,  Conejos,  and  Costilla,  the  'M  district,  to 
whidi  wait  assigned  Judge  Pettis.   Oni.  Ltfint  Colo,  IWJl,  3J»">  0. 

•''rhe  committee  consisted  of  .S.  L.  Haker,  E.  B.  Co//ens,  and  M.  Holt. 

•■'  There  were  certain  rivalries  to  lie  considered,  as  is  always  the  case;  hut 
the  chief  aim  seemeil  to  he  to  jireveiit  Denver  having  the  capital,  that  town 
lieinif  accused  of  a  desire  to  secure  evervthinjf;  therefore,  at  tlie  next  session, 
the  lej^islature,  lieing  dissatisfied  with  Colorado  Citv  as  a  place  of  meeting, 
havin;;  to  camp  out  and  ilo  their  own  cooking,  adi'inrned  to  Denver,  and 
reinovcd  the  capital  once  more,  this  time  to  Wolden  City.  Says  Stone,  'The 
wMithern  men  were  opjmsed  to  adjourning  to  Denver,  and  they  went  away 
anil  hid  in  the  woods,  and  the  sergeant -at-arms  coiildn't  find  them.  Finally 
we  sent  men  out  with  flags  of  truce  to  hring  them  in,  and  getting  them 
together  in  Mother  Maggart's  h«»tel,  under  pretense  of  compromising  the 
matter,  l(H*ked  the  doors  on  them,  finished  the  vote,  and  got  the  adjourn- 
ment to  Denver.'  hirui  Orants  in  Cob,  MS.,  11.  , 
HI.ST.  Nbv.    27                                                                                              ' 


11 


if 


m 


■Mi 


«1« 


OR(iANIZATIO\  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


until  1868,  when  it  was  taken  back  to  Denver;  hut 
the  feeling  in  the  southern  counties  bein<^  stromr 
against  this  point,  and  Pueblo  being  prevented  tVom 
getting  it  in  1872  only  by  bribery,  the  constitutional 
convention  provided  that  the  vote  of  the  whoU'  |)tu|»l(. 
should  be  taken  five  years  after  the  adoption  nf  tli(> 
c<nistitution,  the  place  receiving  the  greater  nuinhor 
of  votes  to  be  declared  the  permanent  capital.  The 
vote  was  taken  in  1881,  and  Denver,  which  had  heen 
growing  in  influence,  received  the  majority  of  votes, 


Skal. 


thus  ending,  to  the  chagrin  of  the  southern  counties, 
the  long  struggle  for  that  division  of  power  wiiich  will 
only  come  with  the  development  of  the  resourcis  of 
the  south. 

The  seal  adopted  for  the  territory  was  an  herahlic 
shield,  bearing  in  chief,  or  on  the  upper  portion  of  tlie 
same,  upon  a  red  ground,  three  snow  capped  moun- 
tains, above  surrounding  clouds  ;  upon  the  lower  part 
of  the  shield,  upon  a  golden  ground,  a  miner's  ba(l<];o, 
being  the  same  badge  prescribed  by  the  regular  liur- 


LEGISLATIVK  rUO('EEUIN*(JS. 


419 


nldlc  rulo8 ;  as  a  rrost  above  the  ^hiold  the  eye  of  (Jod, 
hc'm'j,  'j^oltlen  rays  proceed iiij^  from  the  Hues  «»f  a  tri- 
aiiijl'  ;  Ih'Iow  the  rrest,  and  above  the  sliield,  as  a 
scroll,  the  Koinan  fasces,  bearing  on  a  band  t)f  red, 
white,  and  blue,  the  words  Union  and  Constitution  ; 
IhIow  tlie  whok',  the  nu»tto  Nil  Sine  Nuniine;  the 
whole  to  be  surrounded  by  the  words  Sigilluin  Terri- 
toiii  ( 'oloradensis,  and  the  figures  18GI.  This  design 
was  a(lo[)ted  by  tlie  state  in  1876. 

Tlit^  message  of  Governor  Gilpin  to  the  legisla- 
ture contained  much  good  advice,  with  many  origin.-d 
itl(\is.  Ho  recommended  a  thorough  organization 
hv  ciumties,  townshijjs,  distri<*ts,  and  precincts,  and 
advised  a  system  of  "social  police"  laws  for  the 
piiiteetion  of  property,  enforcement  of  contract,  tax- 
ation, roads,  education,  and  charities;  but  particu- 
larly he  desired  them  to  recognize  the  importance  of 
the  Judiciary  an<l  military  departments  of  the  govern- 
ment, which  constituted  "the  bulwark  of  their  liber- 
tiis."  Acting  somewhat  upon  the  suggestions  made, 
ami  also  on  their  own  «j:oo<]  sense,  the  first  legislature 
of  (Colorado,  aa  I  have  said,  did  some  excellent  work 
in  establishing  ijood  jiovernment,  both  civil  and  mill- 
tary.  Among  their  acts  was  a  joint  resf)lution  ex- 
pressing sympathy  with  the  government,  and  pledging 
sn|»|»()rt.  Another  resolution  indorsetl  the  acts  «)f  the 
l^'i>\ernor  which  had  reference  to  preserving  the  loyal 
attitude  of  the  territory.  Joint  memorials  asked  for 
the  establishment  of  n  branch  mint  at  Denver,"  for  a 
mail  route  along  the  u|)per  portion  of  the  Platte 
riv(!r,  from  which  the  mail  had  been  withdrawn  bv 
the  opening  of  a  cut-<»ft'  for  a  dailv  mail  between 
DiMwerand  Mountain  City  (Central  City),  which,  it 
was  alleged,  distributed  more  mail  than  any  office  in 
the  territory.     An  act  was  passed  increasing  the  rep- 

"The  amount  of  goM  oninod  at  the  U.  S.  mint  from  (^olorailo  mines  in 
IH.")!)  wan  »5'2*2,O0O;  in  IS(K)  it  was  ft!.0!n.()0(>.  I^irge  amouuta  were  in  i-ir- 
ciilation  without  cninago,  and  a  certain  amount  was  umoiI  in  manufactures. 
Oil  tills  showing  the  Coiuradaua  thought  themselves  entitlcd  to  a  mint.  Colo 
Vni.  Laws,  1801,  513. 


■    V      -   , 

M 


;  em 


'■■■t§\ 


im 


420 


OIMJANIZATION  OF  (JOVEllXMEXT. 


I  ^i 


;    I 


■l> 


resentatioii  in  the  lf«(islative  body  t<»  tliirtoon  council. 
men  and  twonty-six  reprcsontativts,  tlit;  wliolc  nuiii. 
bor allowed  by  tho  organic  a«t,  and  conj^nss  was  anked 
to  increase  the  per  diem  from  time  to  six  dollars, 
which  it  did  not  do  until  18G7.  Hy  the  act  incnas. 
ing  the  membership,  it  was  provided  Miat  thesr  addi- 
tional legislators  shouhl  be  chosen  at  tiie  general  (K  ( . 
tion  in  December  1801,  and  another  session  of  the 
legislature  hehl,  connnencing  on  the  first  Monday  in 
June  1H(>*J,  but  that  thereafter  the  t(!rritorial  legisla- 
ture should  meet  on  the  first  Momlay  in  Febru.uv  <«f 
each  yejvr.  The  adjournment  took  place  on  the  8th 
of  November/" 

Meanwhile  Governor  Gilpin,  relying  upon  the  in- 
formal permission  given  him  to  do  whatever  Iw 
tlu)Ught  right  and  proper  for  the  good  of  Colorado 
and  the  preservation  of  the  government,  had  t  x- 
ceeded  the  pijwers  ordinarily  invested  in  a  territorial 
executive.  Believing  that  the  exigencies  of  tiiu 
times  re(|uired  the  raising  of  a  ngiment,  he  proceodtd 
to  raise  and  send  it  into  the  field.'* 

■■'*  Tlic  additional  counoilmfii  flectedfor  tlio  2il  KPssion  wore  11.  1\,  Hunt, 
William  A.  11.  liovclaiid,  N.  .J.  lloiul.  .).  H.  Wood^nii,  and  lleliry  .Mtinaii. 
Tile  additional  repn-si-ntiitives  were  .Itweith  Kunynu,  l».  ('.  OakoM,  ('.<;,  Iliiis- 
ooine,  William  M.  Slaughter.  H.  B.  Hayes,.!.  W.  Hamilton,  Wdlmrl'.  St. me, 
.loliii  Kosher,  M.  S.  Bi^aeh,  Jose  Ika|ihael  Martinc,  .Jose  Francisco  »;;ill(i(is, 
and  1).  Powell.  Of  the  council  K.  A.  Arnold  wa>!  iiresident.  S.  1,,  I'.akir 
cliief  clerk,  I).  A.  Clicevcr  asMt  clerk,  K.  W.  Kingslmry  «er>icantat-;iriiiM. 
Of  the  house,  Charles  F.  Holly  was  sintaker,  1*.  H.  I'ago  chief  clerk,  K.  !'. 
Klnier  Hergcant-at-arm.<t.   i'uHill,  Lfi/in.  Miunuil,  '2\'2  14. 

'■"Owing  to  tho  presence  in  the  territory  of  a  large  nnnilier  of  sontlicrii 
men,  ho  felt  tho  importance  of  avoiding  a  coiitlict,  ami  tiie  necessity  of  jirn- 
ceeding  secretly  to  th«*  acc<implishment  of  his  piirpo'c  in  order  not  t>>  |>n>- 
voke  op|Misition  from  those  who,  whde  not  openly  disloyal,  iiad  eoiifidi  ntte 
proclivities.  Two  infantry  companies  wen-  first riisi.-il,  of  |)icked  men,  iiiimil 
with  weapons  quietly  purchasetl  wherever  they  eoiilil  lio  found.  Le.id  was 
obtained  trom  a  Coloratlo  mine,  and  three  loiuls  of  gunpowder  from  'r>>|ii'k;i, 
through  tho  friendship  of  .lohn  Iturke.  Having  now  tlie  nucleus  of  a  rc^'i- 
nient,  a  call  was  ma<lc  for  eight  more  companies,  which  were  rapidly  forjiidl. 
and  promptly  furnished  by  tlr  -ijovornor,  who  j>aid  tho  I>onver  mercliint^ 
for  supplies  ny  drafts  on  the  tr^iisury,  which  he  had  authority  for  drawiiiL' 
in  the  fully  given  w<ird  of  the  president  and  secretary  uf  war.  Hue  tliat  it 
was  a  fortunate  fon-cast  in  X\w  executivi'  iN-canie  ap]>arent  wlu.-n  it  was  dis- 
covered, after  the  call  had  lieen  made,  that  the  disloyal  part  of  the  po|itil;i- 
tion  Wii*)  proceeding  with  equal  caution  to  gather  a  force  t<i  plunder  the  lianks 
and  business  houses  of  iKjnver  and  escajio  into  Texas,  there  to  join  tlic  ("H- 
federate  army.  At  the  head  of  this  conspiracy  was  McKee,  a  Texan  rans."  r. 
lie  was  arrested  with  about  forty  of  hut  followent,  oud  coutiuud  iu  jail.    Tlie 


CIVIL  WAR. 


4'.M 


smutlnTtitTit  liad  their  reixlezvous  alxutt  forty  inilen  from  Clicrry  crtM'k,  iirnr 
UiH..  lUillc,  wlirru  tlif  liritl  Culorado  infantry  wait  nrnt  to  citittiirc  tliu 
ri'iii  uikIi'I'.  Soniu  prinonvri  won;  tiikt'ii,  Imt  aluiut  one  liundruil  csi'iiiit'il  and 
well!  ml"  I'ainp  "ear  Fort  Wise,  on  tin-  ArkanHax  river,  where  thfy  ea|itured 
;i  j,iM  I'liiiient  train,  hut  were  overtaken  and  f<>rty-one  liroii^lit  lia<'k  to  iK-n- 
u  r.  vvliiTe  tiiey  Were  a  Hoiirce  of  intinitv  v<  xatiott,  nolnHly  knowing  >\liat 
t,i  ilii  vsitli   theui,  while   they   had   ti>  lie  guarded  and   fed  at    con.iideralilo 

Tlic  I xt  ('olora(h)  regiment  wax  cnni|io!u.><I  of  g<M>il  material  in  the  main. 
Till'  r<  _naeiit  wan  or){ani/ed   ax  followx:  ,1.  V.  .shuigh  cidouel,  S.  K.  Tappan 


liiiit  <.<l,  .1.  M.  f'hiviiiuton  ni.ijor;  eaptainx,  K.  W.  Wynkoop,  S.  M.  Lo^mm, 
liiiliird  Sdpris,  .laooli  l)owninj{,  S.  J.  Anthony,  S.  H.  t  ook,  .1.  W.  Ilaiiilili'- 
t.iii,  (leoino  L.  Sanitorn,  ('harh'.'i  Malie,  ('.  I'.  Marion.  It  wan  jireicnted 
w;th  I  liaiidsoiiieailk  Hag  l>y  the  woiiieii  of  lUfiivcr.  Ilifk;/  Mniinfiiiii  \i  /c.i,  .Aug. 
'Jl.  I'^iil.  Ihit  it  coiiUiined  a  eertiiiii  pro|iiirtion  of  undi.>oi|dined,  .itroiig,  and 
tt4tliH-i  men,  who  had  volunteered  in  the  ho|»  I  iH-iiig  ealled  ii|>on  to  go  to 
till'  ii'iiiit.  I'lieir  jireMeiiee  in  Colorado  at  tin-  me  was  a  Htan<ling  nu'iiace  to 
f.iiilV.lor:ite  .syinnatlii/er.-i;  hut  it  watt  not  tin-  k'lid  of  Mervii-e  wliieh  they 
ill  "irc'l:  I'liforced  idleiie.HM  .toon  hred  a  mutiliouit  xjiirit,  and  diHcipline  U'caiiie 
ililii'iiit;  to  iiiaiiitain,  the  pre.seiiee  of  the  regiment  in  I)enver  reipiiring  an 
t\tr.i  [iiiln'e  force  to  preserve  tile  i(ri'|H.-rty  of  citi/eiis  from  the  nightly  prowl- 
ing of  sipi.iil.s  of  miMchievoun  or  tlninkeii  Holdiers.  In  XoveiiilH-r  they  were 
niiinvicj  to  Camp  Weld,  two  miles  from  l)enver,  where  they  eontiliui!il  to  fret 
:it  tlnir  liiiiiiiage  and  threattsn  ilesortion.  Two  eonipanic.'t  were  sent  to  Fort 
U'l-r,  afterward  Fort  Lyon,  where  they  were  no  Inrtter  pleasi'il.  This  post, 
«li].li  was  ill  [lart  Meiit's  new  fort,  was  huilt  hy  Sedgwifk's  eommaiid  ot  XtO 
['.  S.  tro'.iii.s  in  the  winter  oi  I.S(i()  |,  alter  a  8ummer  eamiKiign  among  the 
lii'lhiiis.  riie  ipiartem  were  of  stone  laid  up  in  mud,  with  ilirt  roofs  and 
l|. Mil's,  lieiits  portion  was  used  aa  a  oommi.ssary.  The  imst  wa-seommanded 
!iy  l.ii'iit  Warner,  of  the  regular  army,  who  regarded  the  manners  of  tiie 
\.i|iiiiti'ir.s  with  great  disfavor,  a  view  whieh  was  entirely  reeiproeated. 

In  I'VI).  .Major-general  lliiiiter,  in  command  of  the  department  at  Fort 
i,.iviiiwortli,  yieliled  to  the  representations  of  the  tillicers  of  the  Colnrado 
l-t.  tli.it  unless  the  men  were  put  into  the  field  Oiey  would  desert  in  the 
>|iriiii;.  Cliivingtoii  says  that  it  wa.s  his  intliienee  ;  hat  procured  tiie  eliang<>. 
/■',/■</  ''../.(r'/'/o  llri/t incut.,  MS.,  .'1-4.  An  (M'casion  was  op|Mirtunely  furnished 
"I  linking  them  u.seful  hy  the  advance <in  New  Mexico  ol  4,<NN)Texaii  tronps, 
iiii'lii-iieii.  II.  II.  Sililey,  and  iM-'rinission  was  granteil  ."<liiiigli  to  U\V  his  reg- 
iiiii'iit  siiutii  to  the  relief  of  the  threatened  territory.  On  arm  iht;  at  Fort 
\Vi..e  iinlers  were  received  to  hasten  to  the  o-ssistance  of  <!en.  t'.miiy,  wliii 
«,i-  iii'iiig  overpowtTcd,  the  Texans  having  taken  forts  llliss  and  Fiilniore, 
fniiijlit  Ciiiliy  at  Viilverde,  ami  driven  him  hack  to  Fort  Craig.  They  were 
|iri'|i.iriii;;  to  march  on  Fort  Union,  the  principal  depot  of  supplies  in  Nov 
Mi'Mi'H.  Tile  Colo  troopM  hastened  forward  throngli  the  IlJtton  pass,  and 
itttri'  ;i  lirief  rest  motlu  a  forceil  march  of  l>4  miles  in  '1\  hours  the  liagu;ago 
lii'iii^  li'i't  at  Red  river,  and  the  wagons  ii.sed  to  relieve  tli<!  men  in  s<|iia<ls  to 
lu'cMiit  their  giving  out.  By  great  exi-rtioii  the  regiment  reached  Fort  I'nion 
III!  till'  I :Uh,  where  were  400  men,  under  Col  raid  of  New  Mexico.  Tiiero 
Urn:  at  tliis  time  two  inile|H'iideiit  Colorailo  companies  in  New  Mexico, 
wliicli  liad  lieeii  formed  hy  tiie  governor's  permi.ssioii  in  the  southern  cuiin- 
tics,  ami  .sent  to  Fort  Carlaiid.  Tiie  captains  were  James  If.  Ford  and  Tlieo- 
liiire  II.  l>odd,  a  liejihew  of  (iov.  Todd  of  Oiiiu.  These  two  cumpanieit 
liriiiin,-  the  nucleus  of^  the  "Jd  Colorado  regiment. 

Tile  day  following  the  arrival  of  Sloiigh  at  FortUniim  news  was  received 
friiiii  ('anliy  of  the  capture  of  a  large  train  of  supplies,  and  that  ."^ihley  was 
at  Sriiita  Fe  with  recruits  pouring  in.  U|>on  this  information  the  Coloradans 
il''ti'iiiiiiieil  to  march  on  Santa  Fe  On  the  'i'liX  the  army  set  out,  consi>tiiig 
iif  till'  1st  Colorado,  two  light  hatteries,  one  of  tiie  inile|K.'iideiit  companie'i 
iiiidi  r  ('apt.  Ford,  and  two  companies  of  tiie  ."»t!i  infantry,  in  all  ahout  l,."MIO 
uit-u,  ouminauded  by  Col  Slough.     One  oum(iany  wad  mounted  for  scouring 


11 


()IW;AXI/.ATIi)X  of  «a>Vtl:XMENT. 


piir|K>i«L'ii,  ami  tliviilnl  intu  ili-urhm^nu,  aiwler  <-a|itaiiii«  llnwlaiiil  nf  tlm 
ruKiiliir  army  mill  Kuril.  On  tlit;  niKlit  •><  iIm-  '.'4iii  tlu-  himuIi*  (M|itiiii',|  ^ 
|iii'k('t  uiiiinl,  ami  li'ariii'il  tli^tt  a  Iitii-  •»/  hUi  T«-xuii<  ut-rr  aiU.iiinn^  on 
fSaiila  Ft'-.  I'ri^utratiiiiiit  urru  at  •iiii't- nt»le  ti>  inU-nvpt  tlii'in.  M.tj.  tiijv- 
iii^tnii  waM  DriltTt'il  to  iiiaki'  a  iui^lit  niari-h  (r>*fn  Hrnial  K|)riii^i,  ti.  ■■iir.-iinii 
\>y  iluy,  ami  to  iiiarcli  a^.'iiii  l>y  iiif^ht  t»  .Safila  Ft-.  i>|>ikf  tlif  t'liftnv's  i:iiiia, 
atiij  ilii  at  iiim'li  UM  |HMMilil(t  t<>  rri|>|>l<-  him.  All  tlit*  iiioiiiitt'il  miii  m  tliu 
ciiiiimaml,  aiol  two  ciim|>aiiicit  of  liM>t  tniiiiaa.  ntn-  fiiLaili'il.  aiiioiiiitin^  to 
4(N)  iiicii.  Oil  tliti  lirHt  night  out.  at  tK'-  fet-^o  nv«-r,  Li<-ut-('i'l  r.'i|>|iiii  mf. 
]iri'«-il  uiiil  i-a|itur(!i|  a  party  of  i-onfir>l>-ratr  M-^mt*,  «lio  wt-rf  M'lit  to  SimigliK 
L'am|i.  Chivinijtoii  c'outinucil  luit  tii«ri.->i  l>y  iLtjiliKiit  itlu-n- miih  imt  .iiij.iii  ni 
tlic  I'l-giliD'lit,  from  tliv  i-ol  ilown,  who  ktu-m  b"*'  to  oln-y  imIit^O,  iiinl  nii't 
tlir  ailvam-i-il  ^iiaril  of  tlu-  I'tii-niy  a  littir  *itfr  u<«i(i.  «lii*-li  Hiirri'iuliriil. 

Ill'  was  now  ill  tlir  Apai'lit!  caAon,  a  'ia.«i*i>f  iIh'  uiouiitaiiiN  ti'ti  milrs  lun^, 
iM-twc-t^n  liilU  from  l,(NH)  to  >J,(MNt  i»rt  hiKh.  ami  |>nM-<'filiii^  at  a  li'i>iiri'ly 
|ia<'t',  wlit'ii  tlu!  |ii('k('t  caiiii'  running'  l><t<'k.  ini!»rtiiiiik' < 'liiMi.gtoii  that  lir  u,h 
coiifriititt'il  with  a  column  of  iloul>li'  hi.^ntrmicth  *u\  furiii.ilii'il  with  artillirv, 
wliilf  hill  hatti-rit-'M  wtTc  with  Slmigh  m  the  r«ar  * '4iiii<iiia<liii^  ^a-i  Ihx'u'ii, 
ami  Chiviiigtuii  dt'iiinyi'il  liis  fiMit  ai  .•liirTni«ft«-r*  oii  thi-  Miles  of  thr  iriiniii- 
taiiiM  out  of  ranui!  of  the  hattrry,  ami  IteM  the  h'<rm.-,  umlcr  <'a|it;iiii  lliiw- 
laml  of  till!  rogular  army,  an  a  n-icrve,  nn>i«-r  ««»«-r,  with  onlirs  to  i  hiirgi! 
wlun  thi'y  naw  thv  ini'tny  in  retn-at.  Kut  wIm-m  Im-  iIkI  ri'tn-at  lluulaiul 
failuil  to  I'harge.  Mis  trooiH  |»art<'il  i-ither  way  aM<l  til«il  to  tiiu  nnr  in  n>n- 
fusion.  Fortunately  for  tin-  fame  of  the  i»t  <"«Jor»ilo  Ik-  was  net,  cf  u. 
Another  troop  uuiIit  Cook  awaitnl  onl^r*  with  tli*-  nIic-IIm  whi.'-tliiii,'  v.u\ 
Hi'ri'ainin^j;  ovit  tlu-iii.  Tin- skirtiiish<'r*M»ii  ina>i<  tlt«  |MiKitii>n  of  tin' 'IVxaiiH 
in  till!  road  untcnalilf,  ami  tlury  n-tirt-ii  :•>  a  Ultet  out-  a  mili'  U'luw,  roiici'a!- 
in){  their  infantry  in  thu  rocks,  aiiil  ixintinK  i^wrir  howit/xrH  to  coiniiiaiiil  tliu 
roail.  Cliivinuton  followi'il  cautiou-iy  nntil  wiiiiin  an  eighth  of  ;i  mile  i>r  tliu 
batti-ry,  whuii  Iw  lialtcil  to  get  the  infantry  ainl  Ih^mt  tiVether,  except  (  oi.k  4, 
ili'pliiyiiig  tliein  right  ami  left  to  outriank  th<r  iww  ottiA^lcrate  pu.-itinii.  In 
thi-sc  movements  ('hivingtoii,  wli>i  had  hitlwrt'*  Ixrt'ii  a  man  <>I  piaic.  a 
nielliodist  preacher  in  fact,  liehaved  well.  He  wu  a  native  of  OIhm.  Luin  m 
IVJI,  migrated  to  III.  in  \H4S,  where  he  entemi  tite  coiifeieiice  nf  the  M.  K. 
I'hiirch,  lieing  transferred  i.^  the  Mo.  eonfereiK-ir.  anal  iii  |H.Vt  to  Omaha,  .-  Ii. 
\\'liile  in  Mo.  he  was  a  missionary  to  the  WyaixloitnL  In  ]H(!4l  he  came  to 
I>enver  as  presiding  eider  of  the  KiM'ky  mountain  district.  Of  a  com- 
iiiamli.'ig  presence,  and  in  full  regimerit.il  •irr«s  he  was  a  con>piriii>iiH  li;:iiro 
as  he  gai!o|M!d  through  the  rain  of  hutlet*.  Fnrtl»er  retreat  of  the  'I'exaiM 
was  the  signal  to  Cook,  who  came  forward  with  hto  1*1*  iiorsemeii.  The  loail 
was  unfavorahle  for  cavalry,  Imt  the  char(f«r  wa^  ^u^xessfiil.  resulting  111  a 
large  niimlier  of  killed,  woiindi^il,  and  i^niMifMrr*.  On  the  other  Ii.ukI.  tlio 
Texaiis  fought  bravely  and  inflicted  severe  iajar%~.  A  storm  of  lead  iMiiireil 
down  on  the  enemy  from  their  infantry,  Imt  the  C«4/«r*ilo  regiineiit  was  |ii.sti'tl 
aliove  them,  and  soon  drove  them  down  the  hill*Kle  iut'o  tlie  rmid  mil  to  lliglit. 
The  loss  in  the  )>attle  of  Apache  caAon  wa«  lite  killeal.  thirteen  wniiiiilcil, 
and  three  missing  on  the  union  side.  The  Texan*  luul  sixtieii  killed,  lurty 
Wounded,  and  seventy-live  taken  pri.<w>ner*.  .At  *un-*-t  Chivingtoii  fell  li.uk 
to  rigeon  ranclio  I'igeon  being  the  name  giTen  toa  FniK-hmaii  naiiieil  N'allii 
who  owned  it-  where  the  wounded  wert*  atie»ie>l  Ut  ami  the  dead  biini'd. 
The  ]irisonerM,  including  seven  coinmissiooenl  <itficers.  were  M-iit  to  Kurt 
Union  under  guard   of  tord's  coiiii>any  <ii  alragotftis  and  the  conimaiid  till 


back  to  a  former  camp  at  Coslasky  s  for  water. 

On  the  •JStli,  two  days  after  the  liAttle.  IVJ  Slr<ugh  oame  uii  with  tlio 
reserve  fr(iiiilk>iMialH|irings,andChivingti>n  wa.ta|raia  mrnt  forwanl  across  the 
mountain,  with  si.x  eonipanies  of  infantry,  t<»  lk*r*.«w  the  enemy's  rear,  ami  a 
eoiiipaiiy  of  dragoon:;  was  ordered  to  scMit  tnwani  fialisteo.  The  reiii.tiiiili'r 
of  the  1st  regiment,  two  batteries,  and  two  *nidill  oi«in|<aiiies  of  regul.ii'  cav- 
alry, numliering  altogether  (MN>,  also  move>l  forward  i«i  the  roa<l  to  Saiit.i  Vv, 
uut  duubtiug   that  their  ^^aaaage  wuuld  U:  «liaj«ut«xL       While   iialtiii^  at 


CIVIL  WAR. 


421 


Pi." 


u  4  r»ncbA  tht  |iirket«  came  in  witii  tlio  information  that  the  Tvxaiiii 
wen  v-itancinii  i»  lortv.  leu  than  .lalf  a  uiilo  away,  (^uiikly  the  huulttii 
i4)Uii'l'  'I.  t^'«  ""*  '*"  *"  '"'*^>  ^"^  '"^*'  tS<"*"  ^**^  "^  ^*'*'  huitclrt!)!  yards  wTivii 
thf  tiriiiK  l««[»«- 

||.i>l  the  Teaaa*  ><«*«  awan;  how  grvatly  they  outnatnl>c>r<!(i  tho  union 
tpMiif.  MMtea*!  "<  ikirat.  Ui4-y  uoiihl  havu  priivaiUMl.  Ah  it  waM,  aftvr  a 
day  ■•  ii»(htint(.  Utejr  naUol  for  time  to  liiiry  tlicir  ihuiil.  Thu  foUowiiig  day 
thi'V  iiokt-d  U>  hare  tk*-  aruiiotiii-  cxti-ndi'd  to  .'Ki  houFH.  At  thin  nionit.'nt  an 
i,T,l,T  .irrw  Minim  *'iii'y  tu  Ntop  lighting,  and  rvtiirn  to  Fort  Union.  'Ihe 
('iiliirad.tnii  wrrvr  a«t<«u(t>lt«L  Canity  hitd  ho  far  Utvn  driven  hy  the  enemy. 
Till  \<'**  on  the  T«taii  m'I*-.  in  tin-  two  lutttluM,  wan  *J8I  killed,  tMN)  wounded, 
ami  MKI  |iri«ioer«,  a  U<tal  of  .'>M.  <hi  the  union  mile  4U  were  killed,  04 
>,,iiii>ifil.  ami  21  ~i|>tare><L,  a  total  of  l.'(4.  Col  Slough,  on  returning  to  Port 
L'liiiiii.  tcndrntfi  hi*  rfti^uation.  In-iiig  otfemled,  it  wiiM  Huid,  liy  Canhy'i*  order. 
Till-  triHjH  wt-ns  4II<>«»<1  thn-e  day'H  of  rent,  when  inforniution  C'nie  that 
Ciiiliv  ha<l  left  F<>rt  <  rai^  «n  the  I  nt  of  April,  and  w an  liaving  a  running  fight 
(III  the  itio  (iraiwle  «iUi  .Siiley'M  army  in  retn^at  to  TexaH.  <)rder8  to  niari-h 
miiitii  to  divert  the  imtnuv'*  attention,  or  anHint  in  driving  him  out  of  the 
ctiiiiitry  were  re*»iTe«L  On  the  »itli,  the  regiment,  now  eomniaiuled  liv  Ta|»- 
piiii.  .I't  out  agaia  '«  lite  natne  road  it  hud  lately  marched  over.  Canity  and 
till  I'.tiil  were  i»m»tl  at  a  Miiall  village  at  the  head  of  Carnuel  {tans,  endeav- 
<iriiit(  ti>  make  a  JB*ct««ai  with  Slough,  while  tho  Texann  were  at  Allmqueri|ue, 
wliithiT  they  had  falka  iMnk  on  a  feint  from  Canity  looking  like  an  attaek. 
Slmigli'^  resignatfi*  Ijeiu^  ac-oepte<l.  Canity  (lioinoted  Chivington  to  the  eol- 
oiii'li  y  iiver  Ta|>|i«o.  vl«>  waived  hin  r^iiik  in  Chivington 'h  favor,  and  <iil|>in 
a|i|iriivi'd.  <>o  the  I4tii  of  April  tiie  united  commaiidH  nioved  down  the  paHH, 
aiiil  tilt-  Kio  (>raD<l«  rallt-y  to  a  ixunt  eighteen  mileN  Itelow  Alhuiiueri^ue,  and 
(.111-  mill-  from  IVralta,  wLere  Sild«^  wan  encamped,  the  Texan  army  in  igno- 
riiiri-  iif  th»r  a|>i>r>arl> «f  Canity.  Chivington  desired  the  ]trivilege  of  attaek- 
iiift  Hitli  the  Cttlfxraok/f  re^^intent  alone,  hut  was  restrained  liy  liis  HiiiKTior. 
Till' Cull irado  trrxiM  re|«<M^l  on  their  arniH,  in  the  hope  of  Iteing  called  to 
MirpriM-  the  enafe'Ltrat^w.  I'Ut  uo  hui-Ii  order  came.  The  ImglcH  Hounded  on 
till'  iiii>rniiig  «>f  tk«  I5tl(.  within  hearing  of  >Sihley'H  ItraHH  Itajil,  and  the  now 
iiii]n  rmr  union  Umx!*  |>r<M«e<ieiI  xpfiily  to  thu  eontlict.  The  Itattle  Itegan  in 
till'  iiiiirninij  hy  the  ca|<ture  of  a  train  c<tmiiig  from  All>ui,ucn|ue.  After 
liri'^tkt'ait  I'eralta  wau  attJU'ketl:  hut  Canity  having  to  tight  in  thu  ojtcn  field, 
wliilr  Sililt-y  wax  clieltiert^ii  hy  the  walU  of  the  town,  thu  fighting  wan  (tf  the 
iiiilih'.'tt  >'ver  ite»-n.  At  two  o'chn-k  a  high  wind  having  ari.Hcii,  and  tlie  air 
In-ill^  tilled  with  Aanni.  Cauhy  withdrew  ttt  camp.  That  afternoon  and  night 
iSililt-y  erii<4H<nI  thw  nver.  aii<l  iiroceeiled  down  on  the  went  siiif. 

MiU'h  iluMatL*fa>;1i«u  wais  kit  l«y  the  Colnradit  troiips  concerning  the  gen- 
en  I  i  failure  to  atta<-k  I'eralta.  On  the  Kith,  Canliy  entered  I'eralta,  and 
iiiirrht'd  leixorely  diowa  thm:  river  on  a  line  piirallel  with  Siltley,  hut  unaltle 
to  rriM.i  until  the  '3Hh.  at  limitar,  when  it  wan  learned  that  the  TexauH  liad 
liiirii'.l  their  artilier>- «soe|<t  Imo  pieces,  Iturned  their  wagoiiM,  .iiid  were  going 
tlirniigh  the  mfmnvum  Uy  i'lMik  springs  to  McMilla.  Caiiliv  then  iiniceeded 
to  Kurt  Craig.  i.lnrtu^tHt  g<iiug  into  caiiiji  at  Valvjjrde,  a  Itattle-field  where 
a  i'<'iii|>any  of  the  3>i  C«ylorailo,  iH-foru  mentioned  as  heing  in  New  Mexico 
Mitli  Cmliy,  harl  «ii»tiii^i4je<l  itself  f"r  liravt:ry,  losing  forty  per  cent  of  its 
iiuiiilM'r  in  a  vain  eflnutt  tj<  »iave  the  lost  Itattle  of  thu  Ulst  of  Fehruary. 
HiTr  the  1st  regiment  reiuaiued  inactive'  until  August,  waiting  for  urderx 
ami  pay.  after  whhcii  it  wan  nciit  to  Port  ITiiioii.  In  <luly  Chivington 
olit.iiiii'il  leave  to  yr'****l  t.<i  \Vahhiiigt<in,  to  endeavor  to  have  his  regiment 
tnin^terred  to  a  f*>:l«l  t4  a<ctive  service,  and  Col  Howe  of  the  'M  U.  S.  cavalry 
■mil  pl.-tcetl  tem|i»r«rily  in  command.  Ho  succeeded  in  securing  an  order 
ciiiiM-rting  the  refpmciit  into  tiie  1st  Colur.'ido  cavalry,  with  hea(h|uarter8  at 
l)eiiviT.  In  mwlwinter  it  wa*  conceiitratcd  at  Colorado  City,  mounted,  when 
it  pris'ee«lefl  tA  luenvtr.  aud  was  received  with  eiithusiaHm  by  the  oiti/ens. 

T)ie  histnry  of  the  iSii  Colorado  regiment  has  less  connection  with  the 
|tolitical  Uutof}-  U  tbt  iiUUi.    Tlu;  tint  two  ttuuipauiea  were  recruited  under 


424 


ORGANIZATION  OF  CJOVEKNMENT. 


the  order  of  Gilpin.  They  were  inarche<l  to  Fort  Garlanri,  and  inu-itpred 
into  the  service  or  the  U.  S.  inliee.  1862.  Tliey  experieneol  great  liariUliijn 
in  croHsing  inountaiiut  to  New  Mexico,  not  to  mention  the  hghtiii;^  at  the 
hittlo  of  Valvenle.  In  Fch.  1802  Col  .1.  H.  Leavenworth  was  aiitluin/cdliv 
tlto  secretary  of  war  to  raise  six  companies  of  volunteer  info.ntry  in  (  nlnniihi. 
which  with  these  two,  ami  two  others  of  a  later  organization,  M-ere  tiMimsii. 
tiitti  the  2(1  Colorado  regiment.  T.  Fl.  Diniil  was  appointed  lieut-c<il.  TIji' 
captain.*  of  the  new  uompanies  were  J.  Nelson  Smith,  L.  D.  Ut.well,  ll.uhtn 
Howard,  (Jeorge  West,  E.  D.  lioyd,  and  S.  W.  Wagoner.  In  Au^*.  tlir  ngi- 
ment  was  onlen-d  to  Fort  Lyon,  wlicrc  it  remained  until  April  I8«>.H,  when  six 
ciiinpanios  were  miirched  to  Fort  Leavenworth.  In  June  Lcavcnwurtli  w.ii 
plat.'ed  in  command  of  nil  the  trooi)s  on  the  Santa  Fe  road,  with  licail'in.irt- 
ers  at  Fort  Lamed.  The  Indian.^  and  the  ccmfedcrates  together  i;:ivi-  limi 
plenty  of  employment.  On  the  2d  of  July  occurre<l  the  luittio  of  (  itlijii 
creek,  with  a  loss  to  the  enemy  of  ahout  forty  killed  and  wounded.  On  tlio 
Kith  tliey  were  joined  at  FortGihson  liy  (ten.  Khintcommanding  the  liistrict 
of  Colorado  and  western  Kansas,  and  their  unite<l  force numlteriiig  l.4ihhiji't 
tlio  confederate  f(»ree  of  (),(KK),  under  <ien.  CcM^ter,  at  Honey  .s|iiiii;.'<, 
attiicked  it  am'  in  a  liattle  of  two  hours  routed  it,  with  a  loss  of  4(HI  killi'l] 
wounded,  and  missing.  To  prevent  his  stores  f.llinf^  into  Blunts  li.unU] 
Cooper  Inirned  them.  The  loss  cm  the  union  sitle  in  this  engageini'iit  w.ts  U 
kiUed  and  'Mi  wounded.  From  July  to  OctoU-r,  I.ieavenworth  was  in  eiiin- 
niaml  at  FortLarneil.  In  the  latter  month  he  was  dismissed  the  servicR 
on  account  of  having  enlisted  a  comi>any,  without  authority,  to  act  m  artil- 
lerymen, hut  tiie  ord»'r  wiis  sHl>se<|Uently  revoked  and  his  reconl  elc-ar.il 
Dotlil  succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  reg.  During  the  same  month  tli<  -.M 
and  3d  Colorado  inf.  reg.  were  consolidated  into  the  2d  Colorado  voliiiit-ir 
cav.  All  detai-hments  were  ordered  to  Missouri,  and  thence  stMiteast.  Kuni, 
who  liail  lieen  majnr  of  the  2tl  inf.  was  promoted  to  the  command  ef  the  '.'.l 
cav.,  l>odd  lieing  lieut-col.  Cr.rtis,  Smith,  and  I'ri'.chanl  were  niAr  miijurs 
of  tlirue  liattalio'is.  Ford  m'i.-i  apiH>inted  to  comnisnd  suhdistriet  N.i.  '4  ,,f 
central  Mo.,  with  tlio  Colorado  vol.  cav.,  the  Mo.  militia,  and  a  le^j;.  of  inf. 
Tlio  reg.  consisted  of  twelve  comoanies,  and  numliered  \.'2M)  men.  It 
remained  h.  seivico  until  IHCto,  fighiiinj  guerrilla,  ciiietly,  hut  tiikini,'  an 
eiiorgetio  part  in  the  (histruction  of  Price  s  army.  In  i>ec.  the  regiimiM  w.d 
concentrated  at  Fort  Uiley,  relitted,  and  put  on  a  footing  an  winter  >*<  eits  fo 
protect  the  road  as  tar  west  as  Fort  Lyon.  The  following  spring  Funl  w.n 
uroinoted  to  Ilea  hi'ig.  gen.  hy  hrevet,  and  t<M>k  command  of  tlic  disti'ct. 
In  April,  .May  and  June  iHlio,  a  force  nf  ,"i,iV)(»  men,  and  two  hattcries  wis 
(tistrihiitecl  ill  this  district,  prepared  for  a  summer  c.-uqiaign  a^'aiiist  the 
Intliaiis  south  of  the  Arkansas  river.  When  ev<  <ytliing  was  re.nly  tin; 
interior  department  interfered,  and  arrested  the  movcinent.  Irritated  at  tins 
pcdicy,  l''i>i-d  resigned,  amKieneral  Sauliorn  took  tho  command.  .Almiii,  as  !ii' 
niiith'  ready  to  eli'istiso  tho  hostile  Indians,  the  caia]Hiign  was  hrnkeii  n]>  hy 
the  same  interference.  In  .Sept.  th<'  reg.  wa.s  mus  ered  out  at  Furl  l,..iviii. 
worth.  It  ii.'id  done  faithful  He'',-ice,  and  lost  aUtui.  7U  men  killed  and  many 
more  wiiiiikIoI. 

The  ;M  C, dorado  volunt.eer  infantry  was  raised  in  I.S<52  hy  (iov.  F.vans. 
By  the  1st  lif  Fe!i.  IHlilt,  tho  first  hattalion  was  mustered  in.  Curtis  rnni- 
mandnig.  James  ii.  lord  was  iiiadi'  eolomd,  and  .lames  L.  I'ritehard  major. 
The  eaptaiiis  were  II.  U.  Uarliour,  V..  W.  Kingsliury,  K.  I'.  Klnier,  <i.  \V, 
Morton,  Thomas  Moses,  .Ir.  In  March  they  set  out  for  the  Suites  via  the 
I'l.itte  rout«',  reaehiiitf  Fort  LeavjTiworth  on  the  2:<<1  of  April.  They  shand 
tht  liaidNJiips  of  Ixiidur  warfare  with  tho  2d  regiment,  to  which  they  >v<  re 
tinally  joined. 

litssiiles  the  presence  o{  confediirato  symjMithiwr.s.  the  territory  wasvisitej 
in  the    siiinmer  of   IHI>;<  hy  a  small  hand  of  Mexican   giierrilas,  who  spi  'ad 
terror  through   tin-  Soiita  piirk  liy  emulating  '.he  Hiin){uiiiary  di-eds  of  ;lie 
traditional     Stexieaii    hanoitti.       The   hhwHly   F^jiinosas  they   were   callil 
Mueh  mystery  .■'U'Touiided  their. "ictioiM  ami  tiieir  motives,  since  it  was  not  for 


CIVIL   WAR. 


425 


rigi. 


III.     It 
111^  an 

I't    W.li 

Its  to 

I    W.H 

littt'ft. 

-t  till) 

-ly  the 

'It  tillK 

at  !ie 
ii|>  l.y 

IVl'Il. 

many 


«ain  lliat  they  committed  thoir  criinus.  Tliey  are  suppofiec)  to  have  lieen  out- 
law- ii'iii  Cliiliualiua,  aiicl  tluit  tln-y  were  lirotliei-H  or  cim^iiun.  One  was  a 
Ibtl'  .  ir.Mi-fraiiicil  mail,  with  n  villaiiiniH  ei.intfiiaiu'o,  the  ieenml  a  smaller 
iiiiiii,  "  ith  nothing  marked  in  lii.s  a|ii>earani'e.  'I'here  was  also  a  tliinl.  a  nii-rc 
1,()\  ()ii  their  journey  to  Colorado  they  killed  a  nieroiiant  of  Santa  Fe,  and 
a  HiiMiiT  at  Conejos.  iMiriiiti;  three  \Vi  x;\n  in  the  vieinity  of  <  'anon  ( 'ity  they 
killc.l  '.)  iiion,  William  Urueo  of  llanNeralilile  <reek  heiiig  the  lirst  vietini; 
till  II  II  irkiiis  on  Fontaine  ereek;  and  Alderman  at  lii'i  farm,  on  the  road  from 
Col,  I  I, 111  City  to  South  |iark.  Then  f(dl  Shoii|i,  a  lirother  of  <  reorjie  L.  S';ouii, 
IJiiirkl' y,  Carter,  Ijehiiian,  and  others.  A  eoin|)aiiy  was  rai-'ed  in  Califor- 
nia ^iili'ii,  hy  -lohn  MeCannon,  which  followed  and  traced  tliein  to  aeaiii|ioii 
the  licid  waters  of  Oil  ereek.. in  Kl  I'aso  eo.,  whi-re  the  laru'er  man  was  killed 
|,y  ,l.iM|)li  Lain!).  The  otiior  Kapiliosa  escaped  to  New  Mexico.  Me  wrote 
a  li'Mi  I'  III  Spanish  to  Cov.  K'.iii.-i,  stating  that  he  had  killed  '2'2  men,  ami  for 
tint  rca-iiiii  demanded  the  icMtitiition  of  his  property  captured  liy  the  voiuii- 
tt'i'is.  He  was  tinally  kilK^I,  together  with  a  nephew,  hy  Tom  Toliins  of 
( ,..t,lla  CO.  J/<IIU<t'i  M'liirM  of  ( 'ohnulo,  ;«)•.»  3;  /iri.-l.ii/  <ni'l  //nrfinlt  Sntitli- 
,,■11  t  tilii,    'it*  'M;    JJii--i'iiiM   Ark'niiMiiJi    l'i)l.    Hilt.,    ")•>  ti;    t'tirlifH    H'o/h'/m's 

;,',;../■('».■'■,     .MS.,     ]'2iJiiir.*    T'lli'X    of    IMni-iu!,)    J';.„"i:i,    'J'.K)  •_•;     Ur.  rhind 

M.iiili'il,  V.  .V.'ti;  FiiLtiiiii  T<l'';i>-'i)tli,  Oct.  '2S,  IS71;  Ki  /''111,  r,iiiifi/,'/i:,  MS.. 
:<il  to.  In  the  spring  of  IM>4  •lames  KeynoldM  a  pioiieir  of  I  olorado,  turned 
'la,  and  picking  up  a  uonipaiiy  of  'J'J  i  i.i  deratt;  de-tcrlirs  in  'I'exas 
■ii  Ci.l'.rado.  (Jii  the  way  they  capture! i  ;•  train,  which  fiiniisJM'd  them 
.»ul)t>isteiice,  arms,  and  uinmunitioii,  $t.'>,0(K)  in  driifts,  and  a  larger  sum 
III  iiiMMcy.  They  <piarreled  over  the  spoils,  and  sc|iaiati  d,  l.'l  turning  hack. 
I'll;  iitlnr  half  secreted  their  )illlllder,  and  proceeded  to  the  Suiilli  ]i:irk,  tlm 
'  ii'iiiir  lioiiK!  of  iveyiiolds,  ca|ituring  a  stage  coach  going  frmii  l(uik->kiii  .lnu 
II  iti'iivir,  and  roMiing  the  mail.  Tiiey  cuiitiinicd  to  infest  the  luad  for  a 
lays  h'liger,  seeming  'o  invito  oliscrvation,  as  if  they  gloried  in  their 


unci 
iin 
am 
in  III 


(c«-       ..... 

valiant  dr  ds  of  theft  and  uulrago.      Hut  tlicy  were  suon  piir-'iicd  hy  parties 
iif  citi/i'iis,  and  finally  nv  irlaken  hy  a  sipiad  of  vuliiiitecr-i  iiniii  the  iiiiin -i  in 
Siitiiiiiit  CO.,  under  .lack  Sparks  on  the  north  fork   of  the   I'lattc 
\\;is  wniinded  and  <aie  man  killed,  iiaiiicd  Siiiglcterry.      In    the  I 
iiie  llolliinaii  was  captnreil,  \\  ho  turned  state  s  cvideiiee. 


Inn , ., 

were  i:uight  liy  partil^^  lying  in  waiting  on  the  CailoiiCiiy  road 
lMMiii;lil    liclore    a   military    ciiiiiini-.Miiii,    :tiii|    urdcred    lo    Furt 
atiiMiiptiug  to  escape,  were  tired  on  and  all  killed. 


Ijeyilolds 
ll^ht  lit  the 
Fl\e  iilhelM 
They  Were 
I. yon,    hut 


':Ml 


liili 


I 


'.cans. 

Cillll. 

niajiir. 

W. 

>'ia  tliii 

sliarcd 

Were 


visited 

<pi  •;m1 

111    the 
I'alleil. 

it  for 


1 ,„..  „ 


hlL^: 


M 


I  f' 


CHAPTER   VI. 

POLITICAL   AKFAIUS. 

im\   I88U 

(iIli'in'h   Hkiumc  Sftx^fWrtiw— Sm-KiisKKKii  iiY  .John    Evans — VVki.i.   am, 
Ki.iiKUT     Lk«)1si,.\tivk  ArrioN- i'oiNAtJK-   HKNNirrr     K.\ii.riiK  m  y^. 

TAlll.lsil  SlATK  «1<I\  KHNMKSr  Fl'KTIIKK  KkKhHIS  AMI  KrSAl.  Si  i  il.ss 
—  ClIlKKNT  TKIIillloUIAI.  AtKAIRS-  OkuANK.'  LaW— •  JsiVKIlMH;  ('|  \|. 
MtMiS— BUAliKOKIi  ('llll-CiriT-  HCM,  MrCdiiK,  ASH  Kl.HKI;!  liny. 
KKNoU  Kdl-iT  <'(IAKKKK— I'tWTAI,  lloiTKS-  I'AriKHSdN,  Hu.iNK,  \M. 
MiCOMWKI.I.  TlIK  JrmriAKY—rdl. ITU'S  INDKR  StaTK  OlidAM/AlhiS 
— TKt.l.KI!       I'olTI.ATIiiN    AMI   LaN  l)S  -    ( ioVKKNOlW    I'lTKIN,  <ilHM,  AS|. 

Katun— Sknatoiw  ilii.L  am>  JJuwk.n. 

(jovkunoh  Gilpin's  confiilcnt  moasuros  for  tlir  jms- 
crviitioii  of  iH'jicc  uiul  loyultv  in  tlic  tciritorv .  with 
tlio  bohliHss  of  his  (IcMiiituls  on  the  treasury,  Idnii^lit 
Iiiiii  into  troul)K>.  An  amlacioiis  trinpcrainint  is  nt'tt  n 
tlio  l)ost  possession  of  a  man  in  onuTiiienoics.  H'  ativ 
one  rofusoti  to  a<'C'c|tt  liis  drafts'  tlu-y  were  told,  '•  It 
is  simply  a  question  of  wliether  you  will  tak«  tlii> 
evidence  of  indebtedness,  or^i\»'  up  your  j^oods  with- 
out any  such  evidence  ;  for  the  articles  we  need  \\i 
must  and  will  have."  Several  hundred  thousanil  dol- 
lars of  the  ijjovernor's  orders '  were  on  the  market,  iiiid. 
as  at  first  tliey  were  not  reco«^iiized  by  the  j^ovoi  iininit. 

'  .\  cuiiy  "I  "iiu  of  t!if<<!  (inlfi's  is  jircscrvnl  in  Kiirml*  Jroin  L'^ulp 
h'ri-Kn/",  MS.,  wliiili  is  f<i|iifil  from  the  iircliiv)-*  nf  tlio  llisturii'iil  Suciily  of 
(.'iiliiiMilo,  lunl  runs  tlills:  '  Kxi'i-iitivc  |)i'|i,'irtiiifnt,  ( 'oldr.iiln  'I'cri  iti>i\ .  I'lli- 
v«"r.  Sopt.  I>>,  iStil  At  Mi^Ut  jiiiy  t.>  (lie  onlir  <>f  Mrs  ,1  ili.i  A.  Kuril  thirtv 
ilnlliirs,  v.iliic  ri'iiMVfd,  iiinl  cluirui'  thr  s.ihk.  fo  tlir  accoimt  of  Willinin  <iii- 
iiiii,  Covi-riiorof  ('oliiriKlii'rirritiiry.  To  the  Scfrctiiry  of  tlif  riiitcd  Matiw 
Tri'iisiiry.  NVasliiii^toii,  l>.  (',.  .N'mnln'r '-'"JO. ' 

-Tlir  uliolf  ;i|i|)ro|iri<'itioii  for  tlio  <\))i'tisi'N  of  ( 'olnrado  for  ttio  Hsral  yiar 
ending!  . I  lino  :«»,  ISCi-J.  was  s;<'J.(KH)  /'.  \  //  A'/  /)..,•.  no.  i  44.  ."Ctii  .  r.h^•. 
*2il  soss, ;  r,,i„i.  i'lulu;  IHlia  I,  ;ij(.  WW.  Tlio  ilir'of  tJtr  iovir.l  on  tlic  ti  niiorv 
l>y  ronnrcss  for  tlio  «iiine  (ictiihI  wan  !fi.'*2,',K)5.  Lmrn  Hil.  IHrrft  Tiijr,  UTtli 
OUUg.    lat  ilUil  I'll  Hiiitli.,  6t 


GUBEKXATOUIAL  CHANGl-X 


4m 


finnii'  i.il  distress  followed  and  a  strong  faction  elain- 
(ii-iii  tor  (jiilpiii.s  reiiiovul.  Tlio  record  inadt;  l)y  tlie 
1st  ri'i^iineiit  JustiHed  his  acts  so  far  as  to  secure  the 
payiiunt  of  his  drafts,  hut  in  the  nu'untiine  rnucli  dis- 
satisfaction exisU'd.  Those  who  c(tuld  not  uii(»rd  to 
hnld,  sold  th)ni  at  a  loss  to  s|M!culaiors  ;  and,  tiioui^ii 
uliiiiiatt.'ly  redeemed,  tlu-  losers  wen;  naturally  disaf- 
fucLi'd,  and  lal)ore<l  for  the  removal  of  the  author  of 
their  mist'ortunes.'  He  was  succeeded  in  office  April 
111.  IHdJ,  hy  John  Kvans  of  Kvanston,  Illinois,  who 
served  the  people  acceptahly  for  more  than  three 
vi'iiis.*  S .cretary'  Weld,  an  ahle  youni;  man,  hut  of 
in- ..Milar  hal)its.  was  remov«<l  to  make  way  for 
Samuel  H.  Klhert,  son-indaw  of  Kvans.  Weld  died 
early;  hut  (Jilpin  lived  to  see  his  acts  justilied.'' 
lliiiteil  States  Marshal  Townseiid  was  leiiiovj-d  in 
.liiiie  istl'J,  and  A.  S.  Hunt  up[>(»inted  in  his  place. 

Ir  will  bo  r(Ma«'ml»ered  that  the  first  lei^islaturc!  ud- 
JDunied,  to  nuv't  a<.;ain  with  the  full  comphnit-nt  of 
c  Miiicilmen  and  ret)resL»ntativ"S  allowi'd  hy  tin,"  or<Jtani<' 
acf,  in  .)une.  Hut  it  was  disc«.vered  that  a  lilunder 
had  been  committed,  as  the  two  Hessi»»ns  would  fall 
within  the  same  fiscal  year,  while  two  ap|tropriations 
would  not;  and,  by  p-rmissioti  of  conj^iess,"  another 
adjournment  wjis  made  to  the  7th  of  duly,  when  the 
assemhly  met  at  Colorado  City,    where,   as  I   have 

'/?■/'/•-  /Am'.  ('■>h.  NH  .  IT.  •-•:«.  '2Ck  KVkH'h  fil'Mr  .\fr„  .,„■/  .][.„..„,:■-,  Ms., 
4-S;  liily'ni'*  I'i tiif'ii- <ij  /A';.',  MS. 

'.loliii  Kv.iiM  w.n  of  t^u  ikiT  j).i.-riiis.  Ii.irii  in  Oliin  in  |S|4.  Hi-  Htii<li('<l 
iiic<l.''iiio,  ami  |)i'i<'i('«-il  III  111.  niKJ  lii>l.  Ml-  win  clii'ti'il  to  tlii>  cliair  of  tliti 
Kii<li  mi'ilic.il  (mII '){''.  tliiMi  iir^aiii/iiik{  in  Cliii-atiu,  iiii<l  iu'i'iiuif  nut!  of  tliu 
cdilor-t  iif  I'm-  X  ift'nr  *>■  ,ii  .l/.7<'i/  iiii'l  Siir/ifit  Juiirn  fl,  liiwiiliM  liiiim 
cll'uniiaii  of  tlu!  iNi:ii  iiiltt-c  mi  |iiili|ii-  mcIihhIh  of  ('liifii^n.  Ili'  <l>iiiati'il  S'_>,*i.lHM) 
for  tlic  I'liilinviiii'iit  of  a  I'll. iir  of  iin'iii  il  ami  mor.il  |iliihMo|iliy  in  tin-  North- 
wiMti-rii  iiiiivi'r<ity,  tin-  tnuti-CH  iiaiiiiiig  tin-  !iiii\  i  r-itv  town  in  \\i^  Imiior. 
aii'l  oliH'tiiig  liiiii  itri'-iiilfiit  of  tin-  liojirl  A->  i  railroail  |>ri.jfi't-ir  aiul  ki-cu 
|io|iiu-iaii  III!  wa-i  loii^  (-oii<|iii'Uoiis.  Ilw  ilaui^litcr  •Fimi-|iIiiiii<  niarrii-il  liism-i'- 
r  :ar>.  S.  ||.  KHwrt,  in  |S«m.  hyiiiu;  looii  aftt-r,  lii-r  f  e'li-i-  n-crti-il  a  flm|M'l 
I'l  K^an-t"  Addition  to  l>iiiM-r  to  h.r  iiii-iiiorv.  /.'»/',  7' .c.  mi'lSiit'.  \\>., 
:>:  l\lkit,\  f.Mti-iil  I'i  ir.,  Ms,.  <»  III;  Kl'x'ii.  I'li'Mr  il  i,  ,<wl  .M,,i-ui>a, 
S\-<.  7 

'  Wi'ld  wai  a  (\>iiii(-ctii-iit  Mian.  Hi-  wiiit  cast,  and  w  «t  a|i|».iiit(-d  luut- 
I'll  III  I  I'olori'd  ri-t;ini<-iii.  and  <li<'d  of  fuvur  iii  Uta  kouUi  litiiiuij  tlio  war. 
AV/-/7,  /•„/,/;,•  Mr.,  .,,„(  M.,..,„t^,  .MS.,  1. 


it 


i. 


429 


POLITR'AI.  AFFAIRS. 


already  stated,  it  renmiiu'd  in  sossioii  Imt  f<  ur<lii\s  in.. 
fort'  rctuniiiii^  toiiioreromfortabkMjuartors  in  Di  nv,)'. 
Hiisidfs  rt'visin<4  and  jM'rfocting  tlie  work  tif  tlic  tiist 
si'ssion,  tlio  Ic'^iHlatun'  asked  oon<;reHs  to  increase  tin; 
jurisdiction  of  tlie  |>rol)at«!  (vmrts,  and  tliat  tlif  laws 
iw  |)rint(*d  in  S|»anisli.  f«>r  tht^  In  ncfit  of  iiic  M(  xk  an 
population.  'I'lic  postinastt'r-j..;(MKM'al  was  ri'(picst(  d  to 
provide  for  a  ttiweekly  niail  from  the  east,  uiid  tVi.iu 
Denver  to  lioulder  City  ;  the  Union  Paeitie  KailiMa.l 
and  Telej^raph  conipany  was  asked  to  locate  its  luad 
tlirou<4!i  Colorado,  an<l  to  select  one  of  its  Itnaitl  of 
directors  from  atnontr  its  citizens,  Evans  beiiiir  lecom- 
inende<l.  The  secretarv  of  tlio  ♦^reasury  was  ur«'((l  to 
put  a  United  States  mint  in  op«'ration  at  an  mrly 
day,  by  pur<'liasin.f  the  private  mmt  in  Deiiviiv 
which  prayer  was  '.jranted  ;  an<l  the  secrc^tary  of  tlic 
interior  was  solicited  to  treat  with  the  Jnilians  tur 
lanils,  chi«'Hy  mineral,  to  wiiicli  their  title  had  not 
lu'cn  extiniuuished.  A.  joint  resolution  was  passnl 
relatinijj  to  the  (^llnrado  volunt(>ers,  coinmeiidiii.; 
them  to  the  favorahh*  notice  of  the  president.  Tlir 
election  law  provide«l  that  the  j^eneral  el(!ctioii  \'<n- 
delej^ate  for  <'on;.^ress,  nu'inhers  of  the  council  and 
assembly,  and  county  ofti<'ers,  should  be  held  mi  tlic 
first  Tuesday  in  Sept<'mber;  but  as  the  appropiiathui 
for  IS«52  'A  would  be  exhausted  bv  the  Julv  session  of 
\H(\'2,  the  I'h'ction  of  a  lei;islatur«^  before  IH0;{  was  l»v 
joint  resolution  pt»stponed  to  that  year. 

^  Aoooriliii^  to  tilt)  iiu'iimrial,  a  private  mint  IiikI  Iioi'ii  in  miccosHfiil  i>|ii  r.k- 
tiim  fill' iiiiirc  tliaii  two  yi-ar*  when  tlit-  |wtitii'ii  wat  nimli'.  Uycrs  nliu-i 
tliat  till*  privato  Itaiikiu^liiiiiKe  of  ( 'lark,  <i  nil  ii'i',  aiul  Co.,  ItiMivcr,  Iklmu 
Coming  ■<>,  )«lo,  aii<l  •''•-1»  jjoM  iiii-rr'*  .Inly  "JO,  |S(»0;  ami  I'arsonx  aii<l  Co.  al  ■<> 
I'oiiii'il  Moiiu-  at  llaiinltoii  at  a  liirr  |N-rioi|.  'I'lif  .'^lO'x  coiiuMl  at  jlciivci'  l>y 
Clirk,  (irulKT,  nii'l  Co.  wcri'  17  uraiiis  lii-avicr  than  tlit;  coin  of  tin-  I'.  S, 
mint  t'liitiiiiiiiiSt'i/f.  MS.,  I.  'I'Ik' liill  t'stalilisliiii);  a  liraiirli  mint  in  h'ii- 
ViT  a|>pro|iri.'it(>il  .«<7ri,(liN»,  aii>l  \va^  apiirovcil  .April  'Jl,  iHtl'J.  ('..117.  ^7M'»•, 
ISi'il  'J,  ap.  :t|*,>.  In  Mari-ii  lMi3  a  rcxoliition  ^va^  paNsi-i]  to  piiri'lia'<i>  lli<'  lott 
aiiil  aiN.'tyiii);  Iioiimc  i.r  lioii'.fs  of  <  l.irk,  (muImt,  aiitl  Co,  I'lic  riiniii'x'r  <<i 
i'oiniiiiT«'t' of  l>ciivi'r,  on  May  S,  |S»;|,  ailopt<><l  tlir  following  rate,  for  yoU 
tliHt  ai  a  I'iri'iil  itiii^  iiii'<|iiiiii:  Itliu*  river  tfojil,  i<\H)  per  ounce;  Kretirli  ^iiii-li. 
liiiiiilin^  ((iili'li.  K.iiriilay  unleli,  Xi^xer  X'il>'li< '>■>■!  MeNully  j{iileli,  .♦'IT  i"r 
cmnee;  California  ^'iileli,  vlli  |H>r  oiim-e.  Central  City  ailopteil  the  ral  •  of 
SI"  |K!r  omiee  for  Cle.ir  ereek  ^oM  iliist,  anil  .'*l.'i  per  oiuu'e  for  UllHSell  milrh 

du»t.     Itc'.il  rutortuil  gtilil,  >'l.'t  |M'r  iiiinee;  coutinou  relortcil  aiitl  dirly  ^'' i'i, 


RE1»UE.SEMA11UN  AND  JUlilClAUY. 


429 


III  July  the  doiuocratic  party  attoinptcd  to  oi^^anize, 
hol'iiii-'  ii  conviMitioii  on  tlio  lOtli,  but  did  not  hecoine 
p,,>„^st'(l  of  any  power  or  ooliereni-y  unti!  after  the 
cl.i>.'  ottlie  civil  war.  At  tlie  Hi'pteniber  eleition  of 
1,^0 J.  lliniui  J*.  Bennett  was  a<j;ain  chosen  {leh'«jate 
t.i  t  nii'^nss,  the  Mni's  sunnninjL;  up  his  services  during 
(iiir  M  ssi.'U  as  follows:  A  mail  servict^  and  new  post 
fiiuti  s;  jiost-oftices  throu«j;hout  the  settled  pt>rtion  of 
til.  trrritory ;  a  land  district  and  removal  of  the  sur- 
vcv'r-«^«neral  from  Utah  ti>  Denver;*  appropriations 
fi.r  >inv(  ys;  military  posts;  a  l>ran<;h  mint  at  J>enver ; 
|ia\iiiriit  of  tiie  (iilpin  war  debts;*  licsidts  lai>orin^ 
tur  tin-  pass{i;j;(!  of  the  IJidon  l*acitic  railroad  hill,  and 
bills  for  various  wa;^oii-roads.  With  such  a  record 
his  n  election  was  assured,'*  and  ht;  resumed  his  stjat, 
to  r.  tain  it  hi  the  ihirty-eij^hth  -ontjri'Sh.  Tiie 
aim  iwlments  made  to  the  orjjjanic  act  h\  con«4ress  in 
ISC.;;,  reffrrini;  to  the  judiciary  system,  gav  the  jus- 
tires'  ct>urts  jurisdiction  in  matters  of  controversy  in- 
vol\  iii'4  not  more  than  thret;  liundred  dollars,  and  the 
p'-.ihatf  courts  juristhction  in  cases  where  the  s\im 
cl.iiiiK  (1  did  not  exceed  two  tliousand  doHars;  U^ides 
whith  tho  probate  courts  were  given  chaiiccry  as  well 
as  coimiion  law  jurisdicti()n,  with  authority  to  redress 
all  wroii'^s  ag'iiMst  the  laws  of  the  territory  nHi'cting 
p.r<.>ii.s  or  jiroperty.  The  same  act  nu'ijirnd  the 
|io\\(  r  of  the  govt;rnor,  ma<le  absolute  as  lo  tin-  ap- 
proval of  laws  by  the  organic   act,  the  amendment 


"|IITft. 

n  liti's 

',,.  ill  „, 

Ml'  liy 
V.ii. 

'iir  (if 

(llll'll, 
7  |"P 

ll    •    Ml' 
.'II  It'll 

K"M, 

?!•_'  |irr  ounce.  li<'foro  tlio  o><tAMitilin)m)t  ot'  tlioso  rate*  thr  price  of  all  ({nM 
ilu^i  ii;ii|  Ih'vii  luiifiiriii  at 'i'lS.  FrauiliiU'iit  ^<>|il  ilu«t  aii'l  jji-l-l  Itricks  witd 
iii.intiliK-tiiroil  liy  fiiiiiiti'i'ffitorH  in  IHtil.  'I  lii'  lirickj*  liail  >>Uf  r  «rnj'r  niail^tof 
p'liuiiif  iin't.il,  from  wliicti  tlio  hcIIit'^  cut  a  I'liip  wliuli  tlicj  i-tltTcil  forasiMy. 
Out-  'ankiT  I'uh^IiI  .*'.*0,(K,0  wcirtli  nf  tlirsc  cnuiitrrfrit  lirit-ki. 

'''•»;/.  Cl'Jx,  IN4>I  'J,  lip.  :<-(r>.  ('iili>r.-iilii  wan  i')>niti>lulat<-<l  with  Iilahoand 
Niva.la  in  Isd.l  4. 

•rill' act ii.il  amount  of  the  Oil|»i!i  ilraft^*  wa«  ^Tmi.OIW),  a<M<'<l  to  which 
was  aliout  ylOK.lMM)  cif  (IrlitH  wluTt!  tln'  draflM  liail  Imtii  rcfiurtl.  Cnn^ri'tx 
a'-oiimcil  till-  tvliiilf  amount  early  in  18(1'.'.  A'ock*^  MouHUiin  A''n«,  March  'JO, 
I  »<■.•-• 

'  'riuTi-  were  throe  candiilatPK  in  th»'  HcM:  llonnrtt  reprimfnting  tho 
|)i>iiula-i  i|*-ni<H'raoy,   iii<litr<'rciit   to   tlio   fate   of  the  nri;r".  Init  true  to  tho 

III! Oilpiti,  suiiportotl  liy  tho  Abvlitiuuinta,  MiU  J.  M.  Fritucuco,  Urvckeu* 

riJgc  (leniucmt. 


430 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


pt;rmitting  the  legislature  to  piiHs  an  act  by  a  two 
thirds  vote  over  the  j^ovcrnor's  veto." 

(In  the  2tl  of  November,  1861,  a  convention  was 
held  in  Denver  to  memorialize  congress  for  a  liome- 
stead  law  for  the  protecti<ni  of  8«juatterH  on  tiic  \m\i\\r 
domniti,  and  the  same  rights  allowed  to  tlic  Htttl.  iv  ,,f 
Oregon,  including  holding  their  claims  as  boundul  l>v 
lines  drawn  by  themselves  instead  (»f  the  govnniiit  lit 
survey.  To  this  proposition  no  answer  was  rtturiifd. 
But  in  June  1862  the  right  of  preemption  was  ex- 
tended to  tile  territory,  with  the  appointnuncof  a  r.  .jis. 
ter  and  receiver,  and  the  repeal  of  the  graduation  act." 

There  had  been  from  the  first  a  party  in  Colorado, 
though  not  constituting  a  majority,  which  dcsin d  a 
state  government.  Tiie  promoters  of  state  organi/a- 
ti<m  in  early  t«'rritorial  times  are  usually  anibitiiMH 
men,  desirous  of  place  and  power,  and  C^dorado  olln.s 
no  exception  to  tl»e  rub*.  In  compliance  with  ilic  df. 
niands  of  this  portioti  of  the  electors  of  the  tiTiitoiy, 
an  effort  was  made  at  the  third  session  of  the  thirty- 
seventh  congress,  IR62-.*J,  to  havi^  an  enabling  act 
pas.sed  allowing  ( 'olorado  to  fonn  a  constitution,  wlii'li 
was  defeated,  liut  in  March  1864.  bv  represent irp' 
the  population  to  be  between  fifty  and  sixty  thou.suid, 

**Cn)i'i.  nUw,  mVl-\  ap.  2(M);  (Wlfll'n  h'/U.  MnuH'il,  .'il  4;  vt./.i  ,i)-l 
RtA.,  SS,':J7.  ;{;  .V.  Jmr.,  471,  4H7,  .S7,  X 

'^ 'An  <i.i't  to  )(r<iiliiiito  ami  ri'ilii.-i!  tin-  pripi!  of  the  )iul>lic  UihIh  to  .ictnril 
Hi'ttiiTH  .iml  culliv.iturM. '  All  act  aji|iroviMl  in  May  coiHtitiitfil  Colorado  iii<l 
Utah  Olio  mirvi'viiiu  ilistri't,  with  tlir  otiicc  of  tin'  Murj{cii.  at  iUiiiVfi'.  TIil- 
aii|>ro|iriatioiis  for  Mirvt'ys  was  ."ifUl.CdKI.  No  -iiici'iai  I  iml  lawn  wt-rc  ciiartfil 
ill  favor  of  Colorailii.  Tlic  Htatim  of  lain)  titles  w  is  nxi'icilinuiy  Hiiniili',  aU>r 
the  fXtiii^iliHliiiKiiit  of  liiiliaii  ri^lit'..  >  \c<-|it  in  a  !•  w  cascM  of^li-xu'aii  ^'r.tiit^; 
a  Mexican  grant,  I'kc  liuliaii  tcrritorx.  Iiciiitt  of  xucii  inclctinitr  iIiiih  ii^<i<'us 
as  to  iiiMto  a  coiitcHt  i>t  wits,  if  not  ••!  vi'a|>ons,  in  tlic  si-ttlciiii'iit.  /lnW/i 
CimrU,  fy~ui<M,  iiti-l  l.ihiiiliiiii,  Ms  ,  "  S.  In  In7;1  4  i  (li^tiirlwiiu'c  arose  in 
Lake  CI),  over  tin*  poHHUMHioii  of  ~onit-  ijro«  •TnaM-iit  laii<l  near  tlu'  prcNt'iil  Mtc 
of  Itiicna  N'lHta.  F.iijali  <iiliim  was  .tttacki-<l  liy  a  iiioli  calling  tliciiiMlviM 
vigilant^,  and  killcij  in  wif-dcfcncc  oiir  of  thuir  iiuinl'»^  «!corgc  narriiini"ii. 
At  aiiotln  '  time  lie  killcl  a  man  iiaiiHM  < 'oon  who  lieion^fii  to  an  attacLiii); 
party  and  had  to  escape,  tiic  frieiidH  <•  tlu  men  wlio  were  killeil  tiiking  ii|i 
the  quarrel,  whicli  wan  carrieil  on  tor  »everal  years,  anil  m  which  7  or  S  |h  r- 
HoDH  were  killeil,  including  dlidge  l>yer  of  Oranitu  City,  who  wivh  assa^-<i- 
nat<-<l  «!-i|e  trying  onu  of  thu  caaeM  which  grw  «i(it  of  it.  Jiycm'  ('eHt<iimii( 
SuUf,  MS.,  3'-'--3. 


IX)OKIN«  TOWAliU  STATKIIOOD. 


481 


Art.l   it,, I 

tci  actiiril 
>r;ii|c>  III, I 
vir.  'Illi; 
'(•  iiiaili'il 
ipli',  alttr 
III  );r;«iil>; 

"  IIUIlMplK 
ai'iisr    III 

JNciit  site 
|rliisrlv(M 

•riii>.'iMii. 

Ittai'Liiig 

jlvlllff    U|l 

ir  S  |irr- 
ii-oa*-!- 
lit'  It  (III  it 


or 'I'uMo  what  it  really  was,  and  by  otlur  dcviros, 
i<»ii^ri  ss  was  iiiclueed  to  pass  an  enuMint;  act,  iwrmit- 
tiii.:  tin'  dclei^ates  oloctod  hy  tho  pcoplo  to  nu-ot  on 
til.  lirst  Monday  in  July  to  form  a  ccjnstitution,  to  be 
suliiiiittod  to  tlu!  people  at  an  election  to  be  held  on 
til.  M'cond  Tuesday  in  October.  The  campaign  wasa 
stiiriiii,'  one,  several  ne\vspa[)er.s  beinjiij  devoted  to  nian- 
ufat  tinini;  a  favoralile  public  opinion;  but  the  people, 
kiKtwinj^  there  was  an  empty  treasury,  and  not  beinj^ 
(loirous  of  replenishing  it  to  the  requirements  of  a 
sUite  <jfovernmcnt,  decided  that  it  was  inexi»edient,  and 
vot.  <1  a*;jainst  it." 

There  was  yet  anf>thcr  reason  why  many  rejected 
till'  cniistitution.  The  organic  act  of  the  territory, 
funned  ere  vet  the  civil  war  hud  burned  its  bill  of 
rii^lits  so  terribly  into  the  conscience  of  the  nation, 
provided  that  the  right  to  vote  at  the  first  election 
slinuld  be  extended  t«»  "every  free  white  male  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  including  those  recognized  as 
citi/.eii.'i  by  tin*  treaties  of  I H4H  and  1  So.M  with  Mexico.'' 
The  tir.st  legislature,  in  an  act  regulating  elections, 
«|rrrei!(l  that  only  citizens  of  the  Unitiul  States,  per- 
sons of  foreign  biith  who  had  declare<l  their  intention 
to  l)«'come  Citizens,  and  persons  of  Indian  blo<Kl  who 
had  l>een  declared  by  treaty  to  be  citizens,  should  be 
(hemed  <jualifie«l  voters.  On  the  llthof  March,  l^KU, 
this  act  was  amende«l  so  as  more  plainly  to  exclude  "a 
IK  '410  <»r  nmlatto,"  and  the  constitution  perpetuated 
all  the  territorial  laws. 

"  riic  frainern  of  tliiari-ji'i'ti'il  (■"iiHtitution  \v»to  W.  A.  H.  Iiovplaml,  jiren* 
i-lfiitiil  tli«' oKiumticii,  Siiiiiui'l  K  [triiuiic,  .liiliiil,*.  t 'liarlfs,  .1.  Itri^lit  Siiiilli, 
.laiiii'H  M.  i 'nvaiiaii^li,  Riiliai'M  >ii|iris,  ,Iiim!JiIi  M.  Mrnwii,  (ii-orjif  'l".  Clark, 
.loliu  A.  Kooiit/.,  I).  H  «!<i.iilwm,  A.  ('.  Hunt,  ( "liarlc-s  A.  t'ook,  < t.  W.  Milltr, 
l»a>i«l  n.  \kIio1s.  r  M.  Miiiinaii,  I>  I'ouinl.  .\.  Liiiiiry,  W.  K  Sistv,  .1.  T. 
H.Tn.-k,  lt..l-.rt  W'Uav,  T.  H.  I'ait.  r^..ii,  .l'>liii  l.tukc, 'D.  I'.  WiN.m",  K.l  S. 
rrrrin,  Wia  K.  l>arl>\,  M.  ('.  W.iiciinan,  Umliicy  Krcncli,  A.  .'  N'aii  liiTfii, 
H.  K.  I'.'w.ll,  F    H    .Iii.l.l,  ('.  VV.   Mather,  H.  K  l«ikr.  » i.M.rnf  K.  i:aiicl,.l|.h, 

W   >    ll...kw.ll.  O.  .1.  M..lli-<t.T    U     U.  (iorsliiu,  T.  Whit iil..  (I.  IV  liarkus 

T  ('  IWrcfii.  T.  I*.  Hoy'l  H.  M  l>.Mnv,  N.  K  < 'hecscmaii,  ('.  Naclitruli, 
II.  Amirr-oii,  .liiliii  Mc<"aiiin>ii.  'I'liiin  Kcv«.  W.  .1.  «"urlii'«'.  Alt-x.  Hatch,  A. 
ihiK.is.  H  UoiiHim.  .1.  1>.  I'aiin.lcc,  c'  \\  .  I,,,  Im.  r.  M.  H.  Mask.]!,  .I..hii 
T.  I.Mi.li,  <-.  W.  t'ortin,  .1.  !•:  Waslilinrn,  F.  M-rnil,  I  I,.  I'l-t.  har.i,  i  J.  W. 
Ilnwkiius  C.  C.   Uawloy,    U.    t.  I'liie,  W.  Ci.  Kcul.  CoHjtU,  Liyis.  Muuiuii, 


I 


!    ft! 


lOLl  riCAL  AFi'AliiS. 


Tli<>u<j;li   beaten,   the  ntate  government  partv  wan 
not  lli^slleurtened.     A  convention  was  culled  in  I  Mij. 
in  which  eleven  counties  were  reju'eHented  out  of  sev- 
enteen ;  a  eouHtitution  was  submitted  to  the  |>e(i)i|t, 
whicli,  without  any  law  to  sanction  it,  was  adoptnl— 
another  illustruti<»n   »tf  tin;  vox   populi  vox   dei  f-.iw 
(iilpin  was  t^lected  governor.     The  legiHlatur   us^c m. 
bled  and   made  choice  of  two  Henators,  John  Kvans 
and  J(!rome  1^.  Chatteo,  who  ])roceeded  to  Wasliin-j- 
ton  to  urge  the  admisHion  of  Colorado  under  tin  ( un. 
Htitutiini  to  which  a  majority  t»f  those  wlio  \oUii  (ui 
the  (juestion  had  assented,  if  not  a  majtirity  of  all  the 
voters   in   the  territory.     Nor  did   they   urg«'    tin  ir 
wishes  ill  vain.     Congress  again  consented   to  admit 
the  state  of  Colorado  to  the  uiii<»ii,  as  (Governor  Ciiin- 
miiigs  aftirmed,  in  the  face  of  the  principleB  for  wliidi 
the  nation  had  been  contending  during  four  yiars  uf 
war,  and  in  tlit;  face  of  their  own   legislation  at  the 
same  session  ; "  for  the  constitution  still  exclude«l  ]>er- 
stms  of  iiigro  bl(H)d  from  participating  in  the  elections, 
an  exaniple  of  the  power  which  Haunts  itself  in  tie 
h»bby  <tf  the  national  ca]>ital,  though  acting  in  tliis 
instance   in   ilu'  right  direction  as  against  that  most 
monstrous  of  American  absunlities,  African  votintr. 
But  Pnsidt'iit  Johnson  veto.d   the   bill.''     A  siinil.-ir 
bill  was  vettxtl  again  in  18(>7-H,  which  failed  by  niily 
one  vote   in   tin    senate   from  being   passed  over  his 
head.     Till!  matter  was  revived  periodically  for  ten 
years.     On  the  .'kl  of  March,  1875,  an  enabling  a«t 
was  jiassed,  authorizing  the  electors  to  vote,  hi  July 
187(»,  npoii  a  constitution,  to  be  formeil  in  c»>nveiiti<iii 
to  be  held  at  Denver  before  that  time      The  period 

"  //.  Jniii:,  ISCrM!,  «•_'*.',  (m7,  r><iS,  07'.».  On  the  1st  of  Fc1>.  IW.'t,  li.l.^'at. 
Itoiiiiett  liad  lifdiltil  a  writti'ii  nmnlution  of  the  tL'rritorial  ih'h-gali's,  ainiii'^ 
ihg  thu  |ini|Hisiti(iii  ti>  aiiifiiil  tliu  fi'ilural  coiitititiuiou  forever  prohihitiiig 

'■'  lii/irn'  t'liitiiiiiidl  Stnti;  MS.,  ;U.  KlliiTt  Hays  that  the  OHtflnaihle  reasiii 
for  vt'tdiii^  tlio  liill  was  tliat  tin;  i>i>|iiilatii>ii  was  iii»ulhfieiit,  hnt  the  real  reason 
vast  that  tlic  t»i>  hi'iiatnrM,  Kvaiin  ami  ('haHVi-,  wimhl  not  iili'ilgo  tlieiiisilvi  s 
to  vntengainHt  .lolmsoii'H  ini|M'a('hni<'nt.  /'«'>.  Mrn  niiil  M'iixiiri:i,  MS.,  10  II 
Tlu!  rf.'isnn  wliicli  .lolinsou  gavu  was  that  thu  iirucuuilings  wuru  irre^^ulur. 
Vo„j.  aM>e,  18G.J-(},  -J  10. 


C0X(;UESSI0XAL  MEASURES. 


433 


wfis  I  ipo  for  its  acceptance ;  the  political  sra  was  calm ; 
t'lt  !-•'  was  nothing  in  the  new  instrument  at  variance 
witii  tlio  amendments  to  the  federal  constitution,  and 
luttli  conj^ress  and  the  jH'ople  of  t\w  commonw«>alth 
wi'vr  satisfied  that  Colorado  was  entitled  t«»  lu'come  a 
s(iv<  nii^n  state,'"  with  boundaries  as  ample  as  in  its 
tiiiitnrial  days." 

Tlie  constitution-makers  of  Coloratlo  were,  hy  this 
time,  skillctl  artificers.'"  It  was  a  nohle  document, 
with  those  errors  only  which  the  course  of  events 
ili'Vi  lops.'*  An  attempt  was  nuuh'  f»»r  universal suttVaujij 
hv  iiitroducini;  a  clause  ntakin«;  it  «)l)Iijijatorv  upon  the 
first  Ici^isiature  to  pa.ss  a  law  confi'rring  the  elective 
franchise  upon  women,  which  wa.s,  however,  to  he 
suhinitted  to  a  vote  of  the  male  citizens  at  the  first 
election  thereafter. 


h'litiMii 
|peri()(i 

|l>«lcf.'an- 

lllllliltlU^ 


To  riiturn  to  the  reorular  marcli  of  events  under  the 
territorial  rt3}^ime.  Bennett's  di'U!jj;ateship  terminated 
with  the  thirty-ei«;hth  session  of  con«:;rcss.  With  the 
exception  of  havinj;  secunnl  the  payment  of  the  ( filpin 
(h-.'it'ts,  and  an  appropriation  for  a  l>ran<*h  mint,  which 
was  Hijilly  no  more  than  a  United  States  assay-ofiicc, 

"Tlin  vnto  sttxKl  1. "5, 443  for,  to  4,0.'t9  against  accci>tancc.  (WIhK,  /.f/iv. 

M.UIIKll,    111). 

'■  A  joint  resolution  of  the  IcfjiNlaturo  of  18<»4  prottmtH  againxt  the  rt'iluc- 
tioii  of  territorial  limits  in  acconlanou  witii  tlio  cniliNtvor'*  of  the  delc^iitt) 
fro'ii  New  Mexico  in  congroiK,  and  inHtnicta  this  Colorailo  duK-gatu  to  liu 
C4J lally  watoliful  and  opposo  all  miu-Ii  atti-niptH.   (Ini.  Anttw  r'o/n,  iMVt,  '2'A). 

"Tlu'ir  names  were  .1.  <'.  \Vil.<on  jirnsiilcnt,  li.  1*.  H.  Broniwfll,  Casainiio 
lUirli,  (icornu  Hoylui,  \V.  K.  Bui-k.  liyron  I,.  Carr,  William  M.  <'ti.sliman, 
W  M  Cl.irk,  A.  I).  ('oo|H'r.  M.  K.  Cnwl.v,  RolK-rt  lioughii.  L.  f,  Kll^*wortli, 
L'  IV  KKlfr,  P.  .1.  Klliert,  NV.  H.  K.dton.  .1.  M.  (iarcia.  Daiii.l  Hurd,  John  S. 
HhiiuIi,  Lafayette  Head,  William  H  .lames,  William  U.  Kennedy,  William 
I.  Lee,  Alvin  MarMli,  William  H.  Meyer,  .S.  ,T.  I'lumli,  (iuorne  K.  I'ease, 
Kol„rt.\.  (^lillan.  A.  K.  Vomit.  Will.nr  F.  Stone.  \V.<'.  Stover,  H.  ('. 
Tliit.lier,  Agajteta  Vigil.  W.  W.  We).-<ier.  <i.  «i.  White,  K  T.  Wellt,  1*.  1'. 
Wil.c.x,  .1.  S.  Wiieeler.  .1.  W,  Widilerliid.l  l.ew  in  ( ".  Uoikwell.  Secretaries, 
W  \\.  t'oulsoii,  lleriiert  Stanley,  and  H.  A.  Teriieiininjt.  l'»i-litt,  l.niit. 
Mu,<u,l,  ll.i  17.  «  » 

'■'See  Pitkin,  in  /'olitii-nl  ]'i^lr^.  MS.,  \X  Only  one  article  of  the  com- 
ulitiitiiiii  eonld  l>e  amended  at  any  one  session,  the  si-ssions  lieing  Itienn'al. 
One  ln,,lnh  iirovifion  in  tlie  eonstitiition  was  the  pulilieation  of  the  l.i\»sin 
S|iiiii>li  aii<I  liermail.  It  wouM  seem  that  the  fon-igners  we  import  to  gov- 
oni  IIS  iiiiiiht  at  least  learn  our  langnatfe.  .Sfsnioiis  were  limited  to  forty 
liiy-,  ,11.. 1  every  lull  was  to  Iw  rea«l  three  tiuieai  before  cacli  house  for  the 
beiaiit  of  slniiid  memlKTs. 
llisT.  Nev.    'JH 


434 


rOLITHAL  AFFAIRS. 


■|^ 


S  i 


1  ' 


nothing  had  Ijocn  (1«hio  for  Colorado  beyond  wliiit  tlio 
actual  wants  of  the  |H;oplo  donianded."  Beniirtt  was 
surccodcd  hy  Alien  A.  Jiradf«)rd,  who  in  IHflj  was 
appointtul  assoriato  juHtirn  in  placo  (»f  J*ottirj.  si  rvinir 
in  the  wrond  judicial  district  until  tflcctod  to  n'|in  srnt 
tho  territory  in  the  thirtv-ninth  con<rnss."  lie  l.il.ntvd 
for  tho  ])assage  <)f  a  honiestoad  law,  for  a  niiiunil  Lmd 
law,  for  incrcaseil  pay  for  the  supreme  judges,  aihl 
njend)ers  of  the  le«;islature,  and  for  payment  of  tin; 
mounted  militia  employed  in  opening  comnnitiicatinn 
through  tho  Indian  country  in  18(54,  of  which  1  sliall 
ppiNik  hereafter.  At  tho  close  of  this  congress  tlu; 
salaries  of  tho  judgi^s  were  raised  to  $2,500."  Vrr\\. 
ously,  and  hy  the  eflorts  of  the  Afontana  ddi  ^ato 
chieHy,  an  act  was  passed  appropriating  the  not  prn- 
ct'cds  of  tho  internal  revenue  of  18(50-8  to  tho  cnction 
of  penitentiaries  in  seven  several  territories,  includiii:^ 
(\)lorado.  At  the  heginning  of  the  fortieth  coin^n  ss 
an  act  amending  tho  organic  law  <»f  Colorad<»  iiiad*^ 
tiio  sessions  of  tho  legislative  a.ssembly  hieniiial.  the 
election  for  four  years  for  council  men,  and  two  \  .ars 
for  as.semhlymen.  and  tho  pay  six  mstead  of  tliiLi; 
dollars  per  diom." 

"•Tiio  n]>|>roiiriati(iii  for  ISfi^,  itirluilins  J.I.OOO  for  a  territorial  iirisoii.  ami 
W.-'MH)  for  a  territorial  lil>rary,  a^^rt'Katc'il  ?»>1>,'.M)0.  Tiie  apiiropri itimis  for 
|S('»4  .')  aiiioiintuti  to  ^'vl.TflO.  Thin  was  cxcliiHive  of  iioHt-mutcM,  wlmli  uiru 
of  p-iKTal  UHO.  Tlie  roiiti-M  c.«ta)ili^lif<l  in  iNti.H  -I  wero  from  ht-iivcr  t.i  Kin 
Uaniiack,  in  Idaho;  from  i><>nvi'r  via  I'onclia  paMM  ami  Coiiojoh  to  S.inta  l''i'; 
from  lK>nv(!rto  Hijoti  liaMin:  ami  from  Onlilcn  City  via  UaUton  cr.rk.  ami 
lJo\ililtT  fity  to  lliirlinxton.  A  \v;ini.ii  rnail  wax  in  proorMs  of  (•(instriiiti.in 
ill  IS(S:t  4  from  tliu  lii-ailwatt;r'4  of  Clear  creek,  through  Middle  park,  and  tlio 
valley*  of  lt<'iir,  Uintah,  ami  'rimpaiin^aH  river  to  I'rovo  in  I'tali. 

•'  A.  A.  Itradlord  was  Ihini  in  Maine  in  ISi,'),  went  to  .Mo.  in  IS4I,  «tii.lii'il 
law  ami  wad  made  jiid^c.  In  I H.'i,'i  )iu  removed  to  NthraHka,  where  he  wis 
a  mi-mlH>r  of  tliu  letjinlativu  eimiied  in  |.s.'i<i  S,  and  camu  in  IH.'tii  to  Cnitral, 
Mettliiiu  liiially  at  I'uolihi.  He  was  a  man  of  many  cxjierienceH,  soinr  nf 
wliieli  1  was  forciinato  enmiKh  to  Mceiire  in  a  inaiiUMcript. 

•'^''rho  organic  art  j{ave  the  ^;overnor  1*1, 'MM)  with  ^1,000  nioro  an  Htipt  c.f 
Ind.  all'.,  and  Rave  tlio  jiidgcH  ^l,SOO. 

••"The  appropriation  for  IWS<J«fiM  ?4.1.0(H»  inoludinK  ll.'S.OOO  for  Hurvcy- 
in^.  The  podt-ronten  iioeiirecl  were  frmii  Oeor^otown  to  Arjjentine;  fiiMii 
Oold  I>irt  to  South  lioulder;  ami  from  Oeiiver  via  Mt  Vernon  and  Idah.i  to 
Kinpire  City.  Tlie  appropriation  for  |H(»7  was  W7,01K).  The  jmit  rout** 
opened  were  from  lladifo  to  Spanish  inmUm;  I'livhio  to  HcnnoMillo;  I'lU'lil.!  to 
Carsiiii  Citv.  via  Hock  « 'afton  Kid^'e  an<1  Fra/ier  Hettletnciit  to  rlumcit'vvnj 
Aitd  from  l^urvka  to  Brcckuuridgu  via  Arguutuiu  ttud  l'«ra. 


ELKtTIDXS  AND   ArrOlXTMKXTS. 


I  what  tlio 
iin.tt  was 
l^*"»-  was 

ir«,  StTvilijr 
I  r('|trrsrlit 
If  l;illn|T(| 

luTiil-Liii,! 
ulj^fs.  aiitl 
'lit  (^^  the 
uiiiicaiicit) 
ell  I  sliall 
i^n-ss  till! 

0  not  |)rn. 
lo  onction 

iliclutlili;^' 

1  <'(Hi!4rfS9 
l<|()  iii.'kIo 
iitiial.  tlie 

Wo  years 
of  tljroe 


111  jirismi.  and 
|)n.'iti(>iis  fur 
whirli  wiTf 
livur  til  Ki^t 
|<i  Sdiitll  h'l'; 
crci  k.  and 

iillslllhtliiu 

lirk,  aini  till! 
k»l,  studied 

llTf    til'    W  IH 

Itii  ('iiitral, 

p.>(,  »i)|in;   iif 

laa  Niipt  of 

lor  Hiirvcy- 

Itinc;  froin 

Idaho  to 

Iwwt  rMiit4>u 

,1'llrM..  to 

Illicit,  wii; 


In  ()ctol>er  IRfia  Prositlent  JoluiHon  appointed 
Al"  xandor  Cuiiiinin<:^M  «;ovornor  of  Colorado  in  pljiro 
of  KvatiM.  Cuinniin«;s  was  famous  about  IHCri  ns 
fiiuinlcr  of  tlu'  iV.  )'.  />f///»/  Worhl,  and  notorious 
at'ti  rwanl  for  his  |H^rulations  in  a  rontrart  with  tlio 
w.ii  <l<  piirtinont.  Tlu;  Coloradans  diHiikcd  liini,  and 
mad)'  lii»  adminiHtration  un|topular  l>y  all  the  ways 
known  to  journali.sts  and  politicians^,  rvcn  to  rctjUrst- 
iii,,'  till'  prcsidc'iit  to  rumove  him.  It  was  not  shrewd 
II.  >s  or  intellii^ence  tlnit  lie  laeki-d,  hut  the  knowled)^»? 
ot  li 'W  to  inspire  ronfitlenee  hy  j^uttinj.;  them  to  a 
I).  (11  licent  use.  lie  remaiiiod  in  otfiee  alH>ut  a  year  an<l 
a  li'ilf  111  Novomher,  (ieor|L?«*  M.  Chih'ott"  was 
elfcltd  njtrosentative  to  conj^ress  under  the  state 
(uiistitution,  whieh,  as  I  have  already  stated,  the 
jMoitli'iit  refuse<l  to  rero»j;nize,  lest  eonjrress  should 
use  tlie  two  senatorial  and  one  repn-seiitative  vote  of 
tile  (lew  st'ite  against  him  in  his  im|Haehment  trial. 
Ill  tilt'  ftdlowin*;  Au^u.st  (Miilrott  was  reele»'te<l,  and 
tiK.k  his  seat  as  delej^ate,  after  some  loss  of  tiiiu; 
tIirou.jh  havinj;  his  election  contested  hy  A.  C.Hunt, 
Ih  secured  the  pas.sa<^o  of  a  hill  repealinj^  the  act 
wliif'li  discriminated  a«'ninst  the  wlxde  re«;ion  west  <d' 
Kansas  and  east  of  California  hy  (har^^int;  letter  po.st. 
a.j(' on  printed  matter  within  those  houixlaries.  lie 
was  also  fortunate  in  securinj^  important  oction  con- 
ocrninLj  certain  land-i^rants,  and  appropriations  for  the 
public  surveys."     He  was  succei'ded  ih  1808  hy  A.  A. 

"('liilc<itt  was  lioni  in  Pa,  in  IS'JH.  niovnl  in  IM4  to  Iowa,  and  wamdictoil 
uliirill  III  |S.">:{.  itiid  ill  IS."i«Jto  N<d>.  w  liiii  ho  Mnswiit  to  tin-  li-niclntiirc,  TIio 
^^  iM' "f  ini^'riktiiiii  ritii^ht  liiiii  in  IH.V.t,  and  f.-irricd  liiiii  to  ('idonidn,  wlicro 
111'  arnvi'd  in  May.  Il<-  wax  a  nuMiilN'r  of  tlif  c-nnNtittitioiial  ci'iivi'iitioii  i>f 
that  yrar  at  l>i>nvt'r,  rcttirninv;  tottinalia  to4|M'iid  th<>  winter.  In  tlnMiiitiiniii 
of  iM'td  lie  Mi'ttlcd  ill  wlint  i*<  now  I'luddo  <•"  ,  <iii{aj:'ni{  in  farm  Miik  lor  a 
livildiH.id  fcir  two  yonrw,  aftor  wliicli  lie  took  a  ijaiiii  for  liiiiixtdf  I'-'  iiidi'>  «'a».t 
iif  I'lii'lilo  and  liroiiglit  ont  liii  family.  He  wat  elrctt-d  to  rt'iirfsriit  ttii.t 
ri'ifi.iii.at  till'  tirxt  twoMCHttioiiMiif  tlir  ti-rritorial  I.'KiMlafiin'.  and  waM  a|i|ioint<-i| 
liy  I'i'ft.  Lincoln  roniwtor  of  tin-  l'.  ■*<  land  ofliri-  for  the  di'-triot  of  Cid^'railo 
ill  Isii.'l,  wliii'li  |)0!«itioii  lu'  liidil  until  In-  was  <  liTtcil  to  foimri''<'«.  Hijnildi- 
can  111  jxilitioK,  rhiloott  wa-  an  «'n«TKftii',  clu-crfiil  worker,  with  a  lini'  \<\>y- 
liijiii'.  and  iinivorxally  NiirocHHfiil  in  ]m  iiniii>rtakiii){<*. 

•■'rill'  a|ti)ro|iriationH  for  1S(1()  wcri-  greatly  in  pxce^s  of  any  In-foro  made, 
iiiiniintiii','  inr  i<vcrv  ]mr]iiint>.  i>xce|itin){  m.liU  and  Indian  dopartniunt,  to 
|li>;i,44G,01,  Hudy  JlouiUain  Scwt,  Aug.  i,  IWitt, 


n 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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A 


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^ 


1.0 

144  121     III  2.5 
1^     111^ 

5if  IM     III  2.2 

:?  "^  |||M 

I.I 

Nil  1  fl 

1.25 

1 

1.4    1 

1.6 

Hiotographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


r^  WEST  MAIN  SKEET 

WEBSf£R,N    '.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


t 


436 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Bradford,  elected  a  second  time,  who  introduced  biHg 
for  grants  of  land  to  two  railroad  companies,  for  ap- 
propriations for  public  buildings  in  Colorado,  fur  the 
settlement  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Colorado,  and 
for  increasing  the  pay  of  officers  of  the  supreme  courts 
of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Meantime,  the  territory  had  twice  received  a  new 
executive,  A.  C.  Hunt  being  appointed  by  President 
Johnson  in  May  1867,  and  Edward  M.  McCook  W 
President  Grant  in  June  1869.  Hunt  had  beoii 
United  States  marshal,  was  familiar  with  the  i)liysioal 
and  social  aspect  of  the  territory,  and  gave  an  adininis- 
tration  satisfactory  to  the  people ;  but  he  was  removed 
to  make  place  for  a  protege  of  another  president,  accord- 
ing to  usage."  His  successor,  McCook,  lacked  noth- 
ing in  ability.  He  was  charged  with  peculation  in 
office  as  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  and  the 
charges  were  investigated,  leaving  the  impression  on 
the  public  mind  that  a  powerful  interest  had  screened 
him  from  just  punishment."  He  held  the  office  from 
June  1869  to  March  1873,  when  Samuel  H.  Elbert 
was  appointed."  A  scheme  of  this  governor's  was 
the  reclamation  of  all  the  lands  west  of  the  Missouri 
river  by  irrigation.  He  called  a  meeting  of  delegates 
from  the  western  states  territories,  and  had  fairly 

set  the  matter  in  motii..  looking  to  secure  congres- 
sional legislation,  when  he  was  removed  and  McCook 
reappointed.  For  several  months  the  senate  refused 
to  confirm  this  action,  and  Elbert  continued  to  admin- 
ister the  government."     On  the  final  issue  between 


^  Hunt  became  interested  in  railroads,  was  one  of  the  projectors  ami  con- 
structors of  the  Denver  anil  New  Orleans  road.  He  would  ride  100  iiiilus  a 
day  on  horseback,  superintending  railroad  work.  He  became  largely  inter- 
ested in  mines  in  Texas,  and  railroads  in  Mexico,  but  continued  his  rcifiilcnee 
in  Denver.  EU>ert,  Puhlic  Men  and  Measures,  MS.,  12;  Pitkin s  Polit.  Vitwi, 
MS.,  II;  Bnulford,  Hist.  Coh,  MS.,  5. 

'"  See  Salt  Lake  Herald,  Aug.  24,  1874;  and  in  Deer  Lodge  Xew  A^ortlnnst, 
Sept.  5,  1874. 

^Elbert,  a  native  of  Ohio,  came  to  Colorado  in  1862  as  ter.  sec.  under 
Evans,  after  practising  law  and  politics  in  Iowa  and  Neb.  After  his  4  years 
of  secretaryship  had  expired,  he  entered  into  a  law  partnership  with  J.  Q. 
Charles,  and  was  elected  to  the  territorial  ii^gislature  in  1869. 

^Elbert  weat  east,  and  John  W.  Jeukina,  territoiial  secretary,  became 


PARTY  ISSUES. 


437 


federal  republicans  and  territorial  republicans  the 
part\'  was  divided  into  factions,  and  lost  the  election 
to  tlie  democrats  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of 
the  territory.  During  the  excitement  of  these  polit- 
ical squabbles  the  plans  for  public  improvements  on  a 
lar*i^o  scale  were  abandoned. 

McCook's  second  term  extended  over  little  more 
than  one  year,  the  administration  deciding  that  it 
could  not  bear  a  rebuke  which  came  in  the  form  of  a 
doiiiocratic  majority,  even  in  a  territory,  and  in  March 
1875  appointed  John  L.  Routt  governor  of  Colorado. 
Although  a  stranger  in  the  territory,  he  soon  became 
known  as  its  friend,  and  received  the  highest  indorse- 
ment his  official  conduct  could  have  when  he  went 
out  of  office  with  the  territory,  to  resume  it  under 
the  state  organization  in  1876."  While  these  events 
were  in  progress  the  office  of  delegate  had  been  filled 
by  Jerome  B.  Chaffee,  after  Bradford's  second  term, 
until  the  election  of  a  democrat,  Thomas  M.  Patter- 
son, in  1874.  Chaffee  had  been  a  delegate  in  everv 
presidential  nominating  convention  since  that  of  the 
free  soil  party  in  1856,  and  was  the  leader  of  the 

acting-governor  in  his  absence.  On  the  return  of  Elbert,  after  the  confirma- 
tioii  I  if  McCook,  Jenkins  addressed  a  letter  to  him  which  he  signed  as  'act- 
ing-governor.' Elbert  resented  this  and  returned  the  document  indorsed 
'nut.  recognized,'  signing  himself  'governor  of  Colorado.'  A  spicy  corre- 
spondeTice  followed,  Jenkins  asserting  that  he  had  been  notified  of  Elbert's 
removal,  and  Ell)ert  that  he  had  never  been  officially  notified,  and  that  he  was 
governor  until  the  arrival  of  his  successor  with  a  commission.  Elbert  kept 
his  otiioe  at  his  block  ou  Larimer  street,  and  Jenkins  his  in  McCook's  block 
on  Blake  street.  In  the  same  building  was  tlie  national  bank,  delegate 
Ctiatfee  president,  who  opposed  McCook's  comfirmation.  D.  H.  MoflFat,  Jr, 
cashier  and  territorial  treasurer,  was  accused  of  fraud  in  connection  with  his 
office.     Such  is  politics.  N.  ¥.  TimM,  July  28,  1874. 

*"  Jolin  Long  Routt  was  born  in  Ky  in  1826,  but  removed  to  111.,  where  in 
due  time  he  was  elected  sheriff  of  McLean  co.  In  1862  he  was  captain  of 
Company  E  of  the  94th  HI.  volunteers,  and  remained  in  the  service  until  the 
autumn  of  1865.  Being  offered  the  position  of  chief  clerk  of  the  bureau  of 
the  2(1  asst  postmasttr-general,  he  accepted  the  office  in  1869.  The  following 
year  President  Grant  appointed  him  U.  S.  marshal  for  the  southern  district 
of  111 .  and  in  1871  to  the  post  of  2d  asst  postmaster-general,  which  position 
he  tilled  until  appointed  governor  of  Colorado.  A  thorough  business  man, 
his  own  and  the  public  affairs  intrusted  to  him  have  always  prospered.  In 
mining  operations  he  acquired  a  fortune,  becoming  largely  the  owner  of  the 
Morning  Star  and  Waterloo  mines  in  Leadville.  He  was  short  and  strongljr 
liuilt,  witli  great  power  of  endurance.  Bratlford,  Hist,  Colo,  MS.,  5;  Routt  a 
TerrUory  and  State,  MS..  1-9. 


H 


n& 


11, 
"if 


^j* 


l! 


438 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


republican  party  in  Colorado,  a  capitalist,  and  liberal 
in  dispensing  money  for  the  uses  of  his  party.  Only 
the  split  that  occurred  through  the  McCook-Elbert 
imbroglio  could  have  unseated  him."  On  taking  liis 
place  in  congress  he  began  the  demand  for  the  admis- 
sion of  Colorado  as  a  state,  and  persisted  in  it  through 
both  terms.  He  secured  the  authorization  of  a  treaty 
with  the  Utes  for  the  cession  of  that  portion  of 
their  lands  in  the  San  Juan  country  whose  mineral 
wealth  had  made  it  coveted  by  miners.  One  of  his 
most  important  measures  was  advocating  a  change  in 
the  rules  of  the  house  of  representatives  so  as  to 
give  the  territories  a  representation  in  the  committee 
on  territories,  establishing  a  precedent  which  greatly 
increased  the  influence  of  delegates.  Under  tliis  rule 
he  was  the  first  delegate  to  report  a  bill  directly  from 
a  committe  to  the  house.  He  was  the  author,  and 
secured  the  passage,  of  a  bill  enlarging  the  power  of 
territorial  legislatures  ;  and  was  instrumental  in  estab- 
lishing a  mining  code,  besides  greatly  extending  the 
mail  service,"  and  laboring  for  the  interest  of  pro- 

"  Jerome  B.  ChaflTee  was  bom  in  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y..  in  182.'),  removing 
while  young  to  Michigan,  and  later  to  Mo.,  where  he  engaged  in  banking. 
In  1860  he  came  to  Colorado,  and  in  company  with  Eben  Sniitli  ertetLil  f  lie 
Smith  and  Chaffee  stamp-mill,  to  develope  gold  lodes  near  Central  ( ity,  iiis 
success  encouraging  other  miners  in  that  district.  He  subsequently  lieiaiiie 
principal  owner  in  the  Bob-tail  Lode  and  Tunnel  company,  from  which  tiieru 
was  from  $.300,000  to  $500,000  annual  income.  The  name  is  said  to  liavu  bti'ii 
derived  from  a  bob-tailed  ox  being  used  to  haul  a  drag  made  by  stretching  a 
rawhide  across  a  forked  stick,  for  conveying  pay-dirt  to  the  gulch  for  sluic- 
ing. Besides  this  property,  Chaffee  became  mtereated  in  nearly  a  Ininilred 
gold  and  silver  lodes  in  different  stages  of  development.  In  1865  he  pur- 
chased the  banking  business  of  Clark  &  Co.,  Denver,  and  established  the 
First  National  bank,  of  which  he  was  president  until  1880.  His  political 
career  began  with  his  election  to  the  territorial  legislature  in  18()1,  and  again 
in  1863,  when  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives.  His 
election  as  senator  under  the  constitution  of  1866,  which  ■was  vetoed  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  and  the  long  controversy  over  it,  brought  him  conspicuously 
before  the  people  as  a  man  fit  to  be  a  leader,  and  caused  his  election  in  1870 
and  1872.  Bifera'  Hut.  Colo,  MS  ,  21.  A  daughter  of  Senator  Chaffee  mar- 
ried a  son  of  President  Grant. 

*'  I  will  make  one  more  mention  of  the  post-routes,  to  show  the  gradual 
extension  southward  of  settlement.  Routes  were  opened  from  Badito,  via 
Crestone,  San  Isabel,  and  Bismarck,  to  Villa  Grove;  from  Caflon  City,  via 
Greenwood,  Mace's  Hole,  and  Dotson's  to  Greenhorn;  from  (irreenwooil  to 
Colfax;  from  Badito,  via  Gardner,  to  Colfax;  from  Trinidad,  via  San  I'raii- 
cisco,  to  La  Trinchera;  from  Fort  Garland  to  Zapato;  from  La  Loui.i  to 
Capote;  from  Colorado  Springs  to  Fairplay;  from  Colorado  Springs  viaEustou, 


THE  JUDICIABY. 


4» 


jected  railroads.  Finally,  in  the  last  weeks  of  his 
term,  he  effected  the  pas8an;e  of  an  enabling  act  for 
Colorado — March  3,  1875 — which  was  amended,  how- 
ever, so  as  to  postpone  the  date  of  admission  to  July 
1870."  The  career  of  Patterson,  begun  under  the 
embarrassment  of  being  in  a  certain  sense  an  acci- 
dental rather  than  a  legitimate  and  voluntary  choice 
of  the  people,  was  creditable.  The  republican  party 
was  divided  into  two  factions,  one  designing  to  rebuke 
aiul  the  other  to  sustain  the  administration.  Nor 
were  the  democrats  altogether  harmonious,  many 
being  dissatisfied  with  the  nomination  of  a  late-comer 
in  their  midst ;"  to  show  their  displeasure  they  induced 
a  pioneer  of  note,  A.  G.  Boone,  to  announce  himself 
an  independent  candidate,"  but  he  withdrew  before 
the  election,  leaving  the  field  to  H.  P.  H.  Bromwell," 
the  administration  republican  candidate,  and  Patter- 
son, on  whom  the  anti-administrationists  united  with 
the  democrats,  v/ith  the  result  already  indicated. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  history  of  the  state  organ- 
ization it  is  due  to  the  territorial  judges  and  other 
otficers  to  make  mention  of  them  individually  as  far 
as  space  will  permit.  Chief  Justice  Hall  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1863  by  Stephen  S.  Harding.  In  1866 
President  Johnson  appointed  in  his  place  Moses  Hal- 
lett,  who  was  twice  reappointed  to  the  same  position, 

toGomer'a  Mill;  from  Pueblo  via  Huerfano  junctions,  Baggaville,  and  Lag 
Animas,  to  Fort  Lyon;  from  Creswell,  via  Bergen  park,  to  Junction;  from 
Fort  Collins  to  Livermore. 

yr.  Jour.,  43  cong.  2d  sesa.,  577,  6.32,  644,  679,  43,  2;  Cob  Gen.  Laws, 
23-7;  litdtuk's  U.  S.,  44  cong.  Ist  sess.,  pp.  vii.-viii. 

"  Patterson  was  an  arrival  of  1872,  a  native  of  Ireland,  born  in  1840.  He 
was  elected  city  attorney  by  the  common  council  of  Denver  in  the  spring,  1 874. 

•■''Boone  was  the  eldest  son  of  Jesse  Boone  of  Ky,  who  was  the  eldest  son 
nf  the  renowned  Daniel.  While  he  possessed  those  half  military  and  wholly 
bravo  and  generous  traits  which  distmguish  the  clas-i  to  which  he  belonged, 
iiu  »'as  not  trained  to  the  sinuous  ways  of  legislation,  and  was  moreover 
abdiit  70  years  of  age. 

""Bromwell  wasuorn  in  Md,  moved  early  to  Ohio,  and  then  to  111.,  where 
he  Ix^gan  the  practice  of  the  law  in  1833,  at  the  same  time  publishing  a  news- 
I'.iper,  the  Aqeo/Steani  ami  Fire.  After  a  political  career  m  111.  he  came  to 
Ciilorado  in  1870,  was  a  member  of  tlie  territorial  council  in  1874,  of  the 
constitutional  convention  of  1875,  and  of  the  state  legislature  in  1S79.  Ho 
was  a  Hue  scholar  aad  fond  of  literary  pursuits. 


h 

■ii'rt 
I 


f 
S  I,!  f 
3   ;! 

ij    i 

I 

il 


MO 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


and  after  the  admission  of  the  state  again  appointed 
by  President  Grant  to  the  higher  post  of  United 
States  district  judge,  being  commended  generally  bv 
his  fellow-citizens  for  honor,  ability,  and  personal 
qualifications." 

The  associate  justices  appointed  in  territorial  times 
were,  after  Bradford,  Charles  F.  Holly  and  William 
H.  Gale  m  1865;  William  R.  Gorsline  and  Christian 
S.  Eyster  in  1866;  James  B.  Belford  in  1870,  reap- 
pointed  in  1874;  Ebenezer  T.  Wells  in  1871;  Amherst 
W.  Stone  and  Andrew  W.  Brazee  in  1885."  The 
United  States  district  attorneys  appointed  after  Dal- 
liba  were  Samuel  E.  Brown,  1862;  George  W.  Cham- 
berlain, 1865;  Henry  C.  Thatcher,  1868;  Lev/is  C. 
Rockwell,  1869;  H.  C.  Alleman,  1873,  and  C.  U 
Bradley,  1875.  The  territorial  secretaries  after 
Elbert  were  Frank  Hall,  appointed  in  1866,  and  reap- 
pointed in  1869  and  1873,"  who  was  often  virtually 
governor,  and  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  executive 
office  in  a  worthy  manner,  presiding  over  the  legisla- 
ture and  defending  the  territory  from  Indian  hostili- 
ties; John  W.  Jenkins,  appointed  in  1874 ;  and  John 
TafTe,  appointed  in  1875."     The  history  of  Colorado 

'"  Says  Pitkin:  '  His  record  is  the  most  remarkable  of  any  judge  in  the 
state.  As  a  lawyer  his  character  is  irreproachable:  he  is  an  honest,  upright 
judge,  a  man  of  great  learning,  and  has  shaped  tlie  law  of  Colorado. '  Pu/i'^Vai 
Viewg,  MS.,  8;  Colo  Pub.  Doc,  Set  E. 

'*  Brazee  was  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1826.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  in  the 
army,  holding  successively  commissions  aslieut,  capt.,  and  maj.  of  the  49th 
N.  Y.  regt.  Ho  also  tilled  the  office  of  judge  advocate  of  the  '2d  division  of 
the  6th  army  corps.  In  1867  ho  was  appointed  brig. -gen.  of  the  N.  Y.  Nat. 
Guards,  32d  brigade.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  asst  U.  S.  atty  for  the 
northern  district  of  N.  Y.,  which  office  he  resigned  to  accept  the  appoint' 
ment  to  Colorado. 

»»  Frank  Hall  was  born  in  N.  Y.,  in  18.36.  In  1860  he  came  to  Colorado, 
mining  for  2  or  3  years  at  Spanish  bar  and  Central  City.  In  1863  he  was 
associated  with  O.  J.  HoUistcr  in  the  Black  Hawk  Miniinj  Journal.  He  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  in  1864.  In  1865  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the 
Miners  Rejjister,  at  Central  City,  of  which  he  was  editor  for  ten  years,  when 
he  removed  to  Denver  and  entered  the  office  of  the  U.  S.  marshal  as  cliief 
deputy.  In  1878  he  became  managing  editor  of  the  Daily  Times,  from  wliich 
position  he  retired  to  open  the  Great  Western  Mining  Agency  with  Prof.  J. 
Alden  Smith,  state  geologist.  During  his  editorial  and  official  career  he  has 
done  mucVi  to  advance  the  material  interests  of  Colorado. 

'•  The  territorial  treasurers  appointed  by  the  executive  were  George  T. 
Clark,  1861;  Alexander  W.  Atkins,  1864;  A.  C.  Hunt,  1866;  John  Wanleas, 
1866;  Columbus  Nuckolls,  1867,  reappointed  1868;  George  T.  Clark,  1870, 


LEGISLATIVE. 


441 


vtLs  in  tho 

the  4<)tli 
vision  of 

Y.  Nat. 

for  the 
appoiut- 


TS,  wlien 
as  chief 

)m  wliich 
Prof.  J. 
r  he  has 


does  not  afford  those  scenes  of  discord  among  legisia- 
tors  and  disrespect  of  officials  which  darken  the  record 
of  some   of  the  cotemporary   territories."     Neither 

reappointed  1872;  David  H.  Moffat,  1874;  and  Frederick  Z.  Salomon,  1876. 
AiKlitors,  Milton  M.  Delano,  18U1;  Richard  E.  Whitsitt,  18(34,  reappointed 
in  ISliG;  Hiram  J.  Graham,  186(3;  Nathaniel  F.  Cheeseman,  1868;  James  B. 
Thompson,  1870,  reappointed  1874;  and  Levin  C.Charles,  1874,  reappointed 
1876.  Supt8  public  instruction,  William  ,1.  Curtice,  1861;  William  S. 
Walicer,  1863;  A.  W.  Atkins,  1865;  John  Wanlesa,  1866;  Columbus  Nuckolls, 
1S()7  (tiie  last  three  ex-offieio  us  ter.  treasurers);  Wilbur  C.  Lathrop,  1870; 
and  Horace  M.  Hale,  1872,  reappointed  in  1874  and  187''. 

*'  Tiie  members  of  the  Ist  and  2d  legislatures  have  been  named  heretofore. 
The  M  legislature,  which  met  at  Golden,  Feb.  1,  1864,  and  adjourned  to 
Denver  on  the  4th,  consisted  of  councilmen  Charles  W.  Mather,  president; 
Aino.s  Widuer,  Moses  Hallett,  Richard  E.  Whitsitt,  Robert  Berry,  A.  J.  Van 
Direu,  K.  A.  Johnson,  William  A.  H.  Loveland,  Lewis  Jones,  R.  O.  Bailey, 
J.  H.  I)('yle,  C.  Dominguez,  and  H.  E.  Esterday;  representatives  Jerome  B. 
Clialfio,  Rjjoaker;  A.  O.  Patterson,  David  A.  Chever,  J.  A.  Koontz,  John  A 
Nye,  John  H.  Eames,  David  Ripley,  James  Kelley,  Leon  D.  Judd,  John  Kipp, 
Alvin  Marsh,  Samuel  Mallory,  E.  F.  Holland,  J.  E.  Leeper,  M.  C.  Whit«, 
John  T.  Lynch,  Henry  Henson,  J.  B.  Stansell,  Joel  Wooil,  J.  McCannon, 
Pahlo  Ortega,  Jose  Victor  Garcia,  N.  W.  Welton,  B.  J.  McComas,  L.  D. 
Webster,  and  A.  Z.  Sheldon.  Sec.  of  council,  C.  B.  Haynea;  asst  sec.  W. 
T.  Reynolds;  eng.  clerk,  E.  C.  Parmelee;  enr.  clerk,  O.  B.  Brown;  Bergt- 
at-arnis,'C.  A.  Bartholomew. 

The  4th  legislature,  which  held  its  session  at  Golden,  Jan.  2,  1865,  was: 
cnunc'il,  J.  W'entz  Wilson,  president;  Amos  Widner,  Moses  Hallett,  Richard 
E.  Whitsiit,  George  R.  Mitchell,  E.  K.  Baxter,  Lewis  Jones,  William  A.  H. 
Loveland,  H.  L.  Pearson,  Robert  Berry,  Robert  B.  Willis,  C.  Dominguez,  H. 
K.  Ksterday;  representatives,  L.  H.  Hash,  speaker;  Hiram  J.  Bredlinger, 
Kufus  Clark,  Baxter  B.  Stiles,  F.  M.  Case,  D.  H.  Nichols,  A.  O.  Patterson, 
Thomas  D.  Worrall,  Benjamin  Lake,  A.  Mansur,  C.  M.  Tyler,  E.  F.  Holland, 

B.  F.  Pine,  John  T.  Lynch,  A.  Hopkins,  Wilbur  F.  Stone,  James  Ttiompson, 
C  Nortli,  J.  G.  Ehrhart,  Miles  ^L  Craig,  0.  H.  P.  Baxter.  Sec.  of  council, 
Ozias  Millett;  asstsec,  James  O.  Alien;  enr.  clerk,  W.  B.  Felton;  eng.  clerk, 
\V.  Adams;  sergt-at-arms,  Marshall  Silverthorne.     Chief  clerk  of  the  house, 

C.  H.  (irover;  eng.  clerk,  N.  S.  Hurd;  enr.  clerk,  A.  D.  Cooper;  sergt-at- 
arms,  Henry  Gibson. 

The  5th  legislature,  convening  at  Golden,  Jan.  1,  1866,  and  adjou.*ningto 
Denver  on  the  4th,  was  composed  as  follows;  council,  Henry  C.  Leach,  presi- 
dent. .Joseph  M.  Marshall,  Jolin  Q.  Charles,  George  R.  Mitchell,  Ebenezer 
•Smith,  Beujamin  Woodbury,  William  A.  H.  Loveland,  Robert  Douglas,  George 
W.  Mann,  H.  H.  DeMary,  O.  H.  P.  Baxter,  Jesus  Marfa  \'alasquez,  (Jeorge 
A.  Hinsdale;  house  of  representatives,  E.  Norris  Stearns,  speaker;  B.  F. 
Johnson,  David  Gregory,  Louis  F.  Bartels,  James.  F.  Gardner,  Ji.  J.  <>raham, 
S.  M.  Breath,  T.  C.  Bergen,  Perley  Dodge,  Frank  Hall,  Columbus  Nuckolls, 
V.  M.  (irimes,  J.  W.  Watson,  David  J.  Ball,  B.  R.  Colvin,  John  Fosher,  A. 
I).  Bevan,  George  W.  Norris,  Thomas  Keys,  J.  G.  Ehrhart,  Jose  (ial)riel  Mar- 
tine,  M.  Mandrigan,  Jesus  Marfa  Barela,  Matt.  Riddlebarger,  William  Lock, 
John  W.  Henry.  Sec.  of  council,  Charles G.  Cox;  asst  sec,  George  H.  Still- 
well;  eng.  clerk,  Benjamin  P.  Thompson;  enr.  clerk,  N.  F.  Cheeseman; 
sergt-at-arms,  Marshall  Silverthorne.  Cliief  clerk  of  house,  C.  J.  McDivitt; 
enr.  clerk,  A.  D.  Cooper;  eng.  clerk,  A.  Hopkins;  sergt-at-arms,  Charles 
Bartholomew. 

Tlie  6th  legislature,  which  convened  at  Golden  Dec.  3,  18(36,  adjourned  to 
Jan.  11,  1867.  The  council  was  the  same  as  at  the  previous  session,  Rol>ert 
Douglas  president.  The  house  consisted  of  E.  L.  Berthoud,  speaker;  Peter 
Wimie,  C.  U.  McLaughlin,  Edwin  Scudder   J.  E.  Force,  C.  J.  Gobs,  Jamea 


m 


4  M 


1^1 


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f    ft 


biii 


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442 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


did  it  become  notorious  by  defalcations  in  office  in  the 
formative  period  of  its  territorial  existence,  a  charac- 
ter which  the  state  has  sustained. 

The  admission  of  Colorado  as  a  state  was  the  signal 
for  a  struggle  for  political  control.  Both  purtius 
organized,  the  republicans  at  Pueblo   on  the  23d  of 

S  Doggett,  J.  E.  Parkman,  Columbus  Nuckolls,  E.  T,  Wells,  J.  Y.  Glemlintn, 
C.  M.  Grimes,  Charles  B.  Patterson,  R.  W.  Davis,  Ziba Surles,  W.  W.  Well'- 
ster,  Charles  L.  Hall,  F.  C.  Morse,  Julius  C.  Hughes,  Jacob  E.  Ehrhart,  Juau 
B.  Lobato,  8.  Valdez,  JuauMiguel  Vijil,  Matt.  Rid(Uel)urger,  M.  Milla  Craig, 
W  H.  Young.  Sec.  of  council,  Robert  Berry;  asst  sec.  J.  A.  Miller:  eiir. 
clerk,  N.  F  Cheeseman;  eng.  clerk,  William  B.  Rines;  sergt-at-arms,  ii.  1{, 
Wall.  Chief  clerk  of  house,  C.  J.  McDivitt;  asst  clerk,  W.  J.  Krani;  eng. 
clerk.  Root;  enr.  clerk.  Grey;  sergt-at-arms,  E.  H.  Brown. 

The  7th  legislature  convened  at  Golden  Dec.  2,  18G7,  and  adjourned  to 
Denver  on  the  9th.  The  council  consisted  of  William  W.  VVebster  presiilunt. 
James  H  Pinkerton,  Amos  Steck,  Charles  A.  Cook,  Hugh  Butler,  David  I). 
Bfdden,  J.  Wellington  Neamith,  William  A.  H.  Lovelan<l,  E.  Norris  Stearns, 
Wi  liam  W.  Webster,  Julius  C.  Huglies,  B.  B.  Field,  Jesus  Maria  Vulas- 
qujz,  Francisco  Sanchez;  the  house,  of  C.  H.  McLaughlin,  speaker,  H.  Strat- 
ton,  Baxter  B.  Stiles,  J.  E.  Wurtzebach.  G.  W.  Miller,  H.  L.  Pearson,  V.  0. 
Sawin,  T  Haswell,  D.  M.  Richards,  S.  F.  Huddlestou,  C.  R.  Bissell,  W.  M. 
Slaughter,  J.  C.  McCoy.  J.  E.  VMiarton,  Stephen  Decatur,  J.  A.  Pierce, 
Ansel  Bates,  W.  J.  McDougal,  J.  Gillilaud,  B.  Fowler,  J.  Lawrence,  i'ablo 
Ortega,  Silverio  Suaso,  Thomas  Suaso,  Thomas  Macon,  E.  T.  Stone.  Sec.  of 
council,  Ed  C.  Parmelee;  asst  sec. ,  W.  J.  Kram;  eng.  clerk,  E.  It.  Harris; 
enr.  clerk,  A.  Hopkins;  sergt-at-arms,  Ziba  Surles.  Chief  clerk  of  hou.se,  (.', 
J.  McDivitt;  asst  clerk,  M.  L.  Horr;  eng  clerk,  Joseph  Sharratt;  eur.  clerk, 
A.  Cree;  asst  enr.  clerk,  Charles  F  Leimcr;  sergt-at-arms.  Wells. 

The  8th  legislature  held  its  entire  session  at  Denver,  from  Jan.  -3,  to  Feb. 
li,  1870.  Tiie  council  waa  the  same  as  at  the  previous  session,  with  tlie 
exception  that  George  A.  Hinsdale  was  president,  and  that  Pinkerton  s  ]il.'t<'i.' 
waa  tilled  by  Jesse  M.  Sherwootl,  and  Beldeu's  by  Silas  B.  Halm.  The  hi  mm; 
consisted  of  George  W.  Miller  speaker,  Matthew  S.  Taylor,  Samuel  H.  Klliert, 
H.  B.  Bearce,  C  C.  Gird,  John  H.  Wells,  Allison  H  De  France,  Thomas  J. 
Graham,  Thomas  J.  Campbell,  H.  E.  Lyon,  A.  E.  Lea,  John  F.  Topping, 
John  T.  Lynch,  D.  B  Myers,  George  W.  Mann,  A.  D  Bevan,  C.  M  Mullen, 
J.  G.  Randall,  D.  L.  Vandiver,  J.  C.  Hall,  Manuel  Lucero,  Clement  Trujillo, 
William  H.  Meyer,  Felipe  Baca,  William  Sheppard,  J.  B.  Rice  Sec.  council, 
A.  O.  Patterson;  asst  sec,  George  T.  Clark;  eng.  clerk,  J.  E.  Cobb;  enr. 
olerk,  Henry  Bell;  sergt-at-arms,  E.  T.  Stone.  Chief  clerk  of  house,  W.  M. 
Slaughter;  asst  clerk,  A.  M.  Barnard;  eng  clerk,  A.  M.  McCrystal;  ear. 
clerk,  John  D.  Mclntyre;  sergt-at-arms,  W.  W.  Riemine 

The  9th  legislature  held  its  session  at  Denver  from  Jan.  1  to  Feb  9, 1872. 
The  councilmen  were  George  M.  Chilcott  president,  Joseph  E.  Bates,  Frantis 
Gallup,  William  C  Stover,  Allison  H  De  France,  Nathaniel  P  Hill,  Benja- 
min W.  Wisebart,  Edward  C.  Parmelee,  Madison  W.  Stewart,  J.  Marsliall 
Paul,  Jesus  Mar(a  Garcia,  Silverio  Suaso,  Jose  Victor  Garcia.  The  repre- 
sentatives were  Alvin  Marsh  speaker,  Frederick  Steinhauer,  Isaac  Bachellor, 
Clarence  P.  Elder,  John  G.  Tilley,  J.  W.  Bacon,  B.  H.  Eaton,  John  D.  Tat- 
rick,  James  P.  Maxwell,  Charles  C.  Welch,  George  E.  Randolph,  John  F. 
Topping,  VV.  W.  Webster,  James  F.  Gardner,  Thomas  O  Boggs,  J  M. 
Givens,  B.  P.  Crowell,  A.  D.  Cooper,  John  G.  Randall,  Caaimiro  Ba  yu, 
Lorenzo  A.  Abeyta,  Mariano  Larrog|oite,  John  A.  Mauzanares,  Pedro  Raji'  ael 
Trujillo,  Jose  A.  Valasquez,  Francisco  Sanchez.  Sec.  of  council,  Edwaru  L. 
Saliabury;  asst  sec,  Chase  Withrow;  eag  clerk,  £.  U.  Starrette;  eur.  clei  k, 


STATEHOOD  AND  PARTY  SPIUIT. 


443 


August,  and  the  democrats  at  Manitou  on  the  29th, 
with  full  tickets  for  state  officers.  The  election  was 
held  on  the  3d  of  October,  30,000  votes  being  polled, 
the  entire  republican  ticket  for  the  executive  and 
judicial  departments  being  elected,  with  a  republican 
majority  in  both  houses  of  the  legislature,  and  a  rcp- 

S.  N.  Sanders;  sergt-at-arms,  Robert  N.  Daniels.  Chief  clerk  of  house,  Jamca 
G.  ('()(>i>er;  asst  clerk,  Joseph  L.  Boyd;  eng  clerk,  BoUin  Morrow;  enr.  clerk, 
<.'.  W.  Baldwin;  sergt-at-arms,  Uriah  M.  Curtid.  A.  W.  Archibald  suocesa- 
fully  contested  the  seat  of  Abeyta. 

The  10th  legislature  met  at  Denver  Jan.  5,  1874.  lu  the  council  were 
Madison  \V.  Stewart  president,  H.  P.  H.  Bromwell,  R.  G.  Buckingham, 
Thomas  Sprague,  John  B.  Fitzpatrick,  Hugh  Butter,  H.  C.  McCainmon, 
William  M.  Clark,  George  M.  Chilcott,  Janus  W.  Hall,  Daniel  L.  Taylor, 
Juan  B.  Jaquez,  Lafayette  Head.  In  the  house,  David  H.  Nichols  speaker, 
Frederick  Hteinhauer,  Alfred  Butters,  R.  S.  Little,  J.  H.  K.  Uhlhorn,  Joseph 
C.  Sliattuck,  John  McCutcheon,  Levi  Harsh,  James  P.  Maxwell,  David  H. 
Nichols,  Henry  Paul,  Bela  S.  Buell,  William  J.  Buffington,  Benjamin  F. 
Naplieys,  Charles  W.  Perry,  John  W.  Prowers,  Joseph  C.  Wilson,  William 
JliMire,  Joseph  Hutchinson,  William  A.  Amsbury,  Mariano  Larragoite,  Casi- 
miro  Barela,  Alexander  H.  Taylor,  J.  A.  J.  Valdez,  William  H.  Meyer, 
Manuel  S.  Salazar,  Juan  Esquibel.  Sec.  of  council,  Foster  Nichols;  asst  sec., 
1).  (_'.  Limljerger;  enr.  clerk,  George  H.  F.  Work;  sergt-at-arms,  (ieorge  R. 
Ward.  Chief  clerk  of  house,  Joseph  T.  Boyd;  asst  clerk,  E.  P.  Drake;  eng 
clerk,  J.  A.  Koontz;  sergt-at-arms,  0.  H.  Henry. 

The  11th  legislature  convened  Jan.  3,  1876,  at  Denver.  The  council  con- 
sisted of  Adair  Wilson  president,  Bela  M.  Hughes,  Baxter  B.  Stiles,  B.  H. 
Platon,  John  C.  Humniel,  Silas  B.  Hahn,  E.  L.  Salisbury,  Robert  S.  Mor- 
rison, Andrew  D.  Wilson,  James  Rice,  James  Clelland,  P.  A.  McBride, 
Silverio  Snaso;  the  house,  of  Alfred  Butters  speaker,  Edmund  L.  Smith, 
Edward  Pisko,  W.  B.  Mills,  Norman  H.  Meldrum,  J.  C.  McCowan,  M.  N. 
Everett,  David  C.  Patterson,  George  Rand,  John  C.  McShane,  Frederick 
Kruse,  William  Lamed,  John  H.  Yonley,  J.  M.  Nimerick,  Frank  Binghai.;, 
Albinus  J.  Sheldon;  H.  O.  Rettberg,  James  Y.  Marshall,  I.  N.  I'eytou, 
Dduaoiano  Gurule,  Nicauora  D.  Jarramilla,  Mauricio  Apadaca,  Herman 
Duhnie,  Jr,  Francisco  Sanchez,  T.  M.  Trippe,  Reul)en  J.  McNutt.  Sec.  of 
coiuieil  James  T.  Smith;  asst  sec,  Frank  Fassett;  ene  clerk,  James  D.  Henry; 
enr.  clerk,  William  Barchert;  sergt-at-arm.s,  J.  A.  J.  Bigler.  Chief  clerk  of 
the  house,  Joseph  T.  Boyd;  asst  clerk,  C.  L.  Peyton;  eng  clerk,  James  W. 
Galloway;  enr.  clerk,  W .  B.  Dickinson;  sergt-at-arms,  James  D.  Wood. 

The  legislature  of  18G5,  which  convened  at  Golden  Dec.  12th,  under  the 
state  constitution  framed  that  year,  but  vetoeil  by  the  president,  adjourned 
to  Denver  on  the  IGth,  and  sine  die  on  the  19th.  The  senate  was  composed 
of  (ieorge  A.  Hinsdale  president,  Leander  M.  Black,  Charles  A.  Cook,  L.  B. 
McLain,  Truman  Whitcomb,  L.  L.  Bedell.  A.  G.  Laugford,  W.  A.  H.  Love- 
lanil,  James  Castello,  Adam  B.  Cooper,  H.  H.  De  Mary,  John  W.  Henry, 
Je<us  M.  Velazquez,  J.  L.  Casper.  The  house  of  representatives  was  com- 
posed of  D.  P.  Wilson  speaker,  A.  Lumry,  Rol>ertL  Hatten,  G.  H.  Greenslit, 
\yilliam  Garrison,  D.  G.  Peabody,  A.  Wright,  T  C.  Bergen,  David  H 
Nichols,  Isaac  Whicker,  Jason  E.  Scobey,  StepnenGoodall,  Lyman  W  Chase, 
Charles  B.  Patterson,  B.  R.  Colvin.  James  A.  Pierce,  Aaron  Hopkins,  George 
W.  Lechmer,  Charles  L.  Hall,  Thomas  Keys,  F.  C.  Hughes,  Pedro  Arragon, 
Jose  Gabriel  Martine,  Pedro  Lobato,  Matt.  Riddlebarger,  George  A.  Bates. 
Sec.  of  the  senate,  Joha  Walker;  asst  sec,  Edwin  H.  Brown,  sergt-atarms, 
H.  B.  Haskell.  Chief  clerk  of  the  house,  L.  H.  Shepherd;  asst  clerk,  C.  J. 
McDivitt;  sergt-at-arma,  Charles  Bartholomew,  Corbttt,  Leju,  Manual,  226-7. 


':  I"; 


Mi. 


'r 


444 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


resentative  to  the  forty-fourth  congress,  while  the 
democrats  elected  a  representative  to  the  forty-Hfth 
congress."  John  L.  Koutt  was  chc^sen  governor, 
Lafayette  Head"  lieutenant-governor.  William  (J, 
Clark  "  secretary  of  state,  D.  C.  Crawford  "  auditor, 
George   C.    Corning"   treasurer,    A.   J.    Sanij)soii" 


"  It  is  not  a  little  singular  that,  for  the  second  time,  Patterson  was  elected 
to  represent  Colorado  ni  congress  through  a  blunder  of  the  dominant  i)arty. 
The  territorial  secretary  had  ordered  an  election  for  representatives  for  the 
44th  congres.4,  to  be  held  on  the  3d  of  Oct.,  and  another  election  for  the  4oth 
congress  on  the  7th  ot  Nov.  But  the  pe<ii)le  voted  tor  James  B  Belford  fur 
l>oth  congresses  on  the  3d  of  Oct  thinking  to  save  themselves  trouble.  On 
the  7th  of  Nov.,  however,  the  democrats  voted,  and  elected  Patterson  by 
almost  the  entire  vote  The  canvassnig  board  refused  to  count  it,  but  after  a 
long  contest  in  congress,  Patterson  gained  his  seat,  and  was,  as  he  had  been 
l)efore,  a  useful  representative 

"Lafayette  Head  was  l)orn  in  Mo.  in  1825,  enlisted  in  the  2d  rcct,  ^In. 
vol.,  and  fought  in  the  battles  of  La  Canado,  P^inbudo,  Taos,  ancf  Santa 
Clara  springs.  After  the  peace  he  settled  in  New  Mexico  as  a  merchant  at 
Abiquiii,  and  was  appointed  U  S.  marshal  of  tbo  northern  district  «t  tl.at 
territory  for  three  years.  In  1801  lie  was  sheriff  of  Rio  Arriba  co.  for  two 
years,  and  was  elected  to  the  legi.slatnre  from  that  co.  in  1803.  In  IHm  lie 
was  commissioned  a  lieut  in  Col  ISt  Vrain's  regt  of  volunteers,  whicii  nerved 
6  months  against  the  Utes  and  Apaches.  The  following  year  he  was  elected 
from  Taos  to  the  legislature,  and  was  subsequently  chosen  to  fill  a  vacancy 
in  the  council,  of  which  he  was  president  in  1857.  He  received  the  apjtoint- 
ment  of  special  agent  for  the  Utes  and  Apaches  in  1859,  holding  the  dilice  9 
years.  He  was  elected  councilman  in  the  Colorado  legislature  from  Conejos 
CO.  in  1874,  and  delegate  to  tlie  constitutional  convention  in  1875.  He  re- 
ceived 14,191  votes,  against  13,093  given  to  the  opposing  candidate,  Michael 
Beshoar,  for  lieut-gov. 

"William  (1.  Clark  was  born  in  Pa,  enlisted  in  1801  as  a  private  in  com- 
pany F,  28th  regt,  afterward  E  of  tlie  47tii  regt.  Pa  volunteers.  He  was  eaji- 
tain  of  his  company  when  he  was  mustered  out  in  1805.  He  came  to  Colo- 
rado in  1800,  settling  in  Clear  Creek  co.,  and  engaging  in  mining,  soon 
becoming  known,  and  being  elected  to  besupt  of  schools,  appointed  clerk  cf 
the  district  court,  elected  member  of  the  legislature,  appointed  brig. -gen.  of 
militia,  and  elected  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention.  He  received 
at  the  first  state  election  14,582  votes,  against  12,843  for  James  T.  8mitli, 
democrat. 

^•^  David  C.  Crawford  was  a  native  of  Canada,  removed  to  Mich,  and  Wis., 
and  in  1800  came  to  Colorado.  He  first  engaged  in  mining  in  Gilpin  and 
Boulder  counties,  in  1802  in  merchandising  in  Park  co.,  and  in  1805  in  farm- 
ing in  Jefferson  co.  He  was  elected  clerk  and  recorder  for  the  latter  county 
in  1807,  and  afterward  opened  a  real  estate  and  insurance  office,  becoming  in 
1875  proprietor  of  the  Crawford  house  at  Colorado  Springs.  He  married 
Amanda  J  Thornton  of  Golden.  His  opponent  for  the  office  of  auditor  was 
J.  F   Benedict,  whom  he  Imat  by  922  votes. 

<" George  C.  Corning  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1837,  organized  the  V)ank  of  To- 
peka,  Kansas,  in  1808,  and  in  1870  settled  at  Boulder  in  Colorado,  where  lie 
opened  a  bank.  The  repuldican  vote  for  treasurer  stood  14,038  against 
13,310  for  Thomas  M.  Field,  democrat 

*'  Archibald  J  Sampson  was  born  in  Ohio,  and  entered  the  union  army  in 
1801.  He  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy,  but  at  Hatcher  s  Run,  Va,  was  dis- 
abled for  life  and  discharged.  He  then  studied  law  in  the  Cleveland  law 
fiohool,  begiuuiug  to  practise  ia  ISfHi  at  Sedalia,  Mo.,  and  married  the 


STATE  OFFICERS. 


m  coni- 


ng, soon 
clerk  of 
■gun.  of 

rci'civpil 
Smith, 


of  To- 
here  lie 
againiit 

irniy  in 
■as  (lis- 

11(1    IflW 

-eil  the 


attorney -general,  Joseph  C.  Shattuck  "  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction.  James  B.  Belt'ord  **  was 
elected  representative  in  the  forty-fourth  and  forty- 
fifth  congresses,  although  his  seat  in  the  latter  was 
successfully  contested  by  Thomas  M.  Patterson,  owing 
to  a  misapprehension  concerning  the  day  of  election. 

On  the  1st  of  November  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  state  of  Colorado  convened  at  noon.  On  the  3d, 
Judjyo  Brazee  administered  the  oath  of  office  to  the 
executive  officers.  Early  in  the  session  two  United 
Stites  senators  were  chosen — Jerome  B.  ChafFee  and 
Henry  M.  Teller** — and  three  presidential  electors, 
Herman  Beckurts,  W.  L.  Hadley,  and  Otto  Mears. 
The  assembly  did  not  adjourn  until  March  20,  1877. 

Three  judges  of  the  supreme  court  were  elected  by 
the  people  ;  namely,  Henry  C.  Thatcher,  Samuel  H. 
Elbert,  and  Ebenezer  T.  Wells,  Thatcher  drawing  the 
short  term  of  three  years,  which  made  him  the  first 
chief  justice,"    Elbert   the   six  years'  term  and  the 

(hui;hter  of  Judge  Allen  C.  Turner  of  his  native  town  the  same  year.  Ho 
(looliued  otBce  in  Mo.,  and  the  consulate  of  Palestine,  Imt  was  presidential 
elector  in  1872.  He  came  to  Colorado  in  1874,  settling  at  Cafion  V'ifcy  in  the 
practice  of  hii  profession,  until  elected  attorney-general  of  the  new  .state, 
a^iiiMt  a.  Q.  Richmond,  by  963  votes. 

'%r(Heph  C.  Shittuck  was  born  in  N.  H.  in  1835,  and  educated  at  the 
WeUminiter  seminary,  Vt,  and  Wesleyan  ^university.  Conn.,  but  without 
completing  the  course.  He  married  Hattie  M.  Knight  of  Marlborough  iu 
1S.)S,  and  migrated  to  Mo.,  where  he  was  a  teacher.  In  1870  he  eaine  to 
Colorailo  with  the  Greeley  colony,  of  which  he  was  vice-president  and  mana- 
gL'r.  Ha  was  electeil  to  the  legislature  from  Weld  co.  in  1874.  His  majority 
over  (r.  B.  (jrroeil)eck,  democrat,  in  1876,  was  1,831. 

".Jamei  B.  Bolford  was  born  in  Pa,  and  came  to  Colorado  in  1870,  havinu 
lK;en  appoiated  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  which  position  he  held 
until  the  admission  of  the  state. 

^>  U.  S.  Ofi-i'il  Rfi/Utcr,  1877,  2.  Teller  drew  the  long  term  ending  1883. 
Ht!  was  boru  in  N.  Y.  in  1830,  and  practised  law  in  111.  He  had  been  a  re- 
piihlicaii  since  the  organization  of  the  party,  and  taken  part  in  the  campaign 
of  1860  for  Lincoln.  la  1861  he  came  to  Colorado,  settling  at  Central  City 
in  tlie  practice  of  his  profes.sion,  in  partnership  with  H.  A.  Johnson,  and  sub- 
ser|uontly  with  his  brother,  NVillard  Teller.  He  was  appointed  by  (lov. 
Kvaus  inaj.-gen.  of  the  territorial  militia  in  1863.  He  organized  in  ISlio  th8 
Colorado  Central  railroad  company,  of  which  he  was  for  five  years  presiilent, 
auil  has  promoted  many  business  enterprises.  In  theU.  S.  senate  he  distin- 
guished himself,  while  lal^orinff  for  Colorado,  by  his  report  on  the  election 
frauch  in  southern  states,  which  he,  as  chairman  of  a  committee,  was  forced 
t<)  investigate.  He  was  also  chairman  of  the  senate  committee  on  civil  ser- 
vice reform. 

'*  Henry  0.  Tlia+^her  was  bom  in  Pa  in  1842,  completed  his  law  studies 
in  the  Albany  university,  from  which  ha  graduated  in  IStiii,  coining  direcUy 


446 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


chief  justiceship  for  three  years,  and  Wells  the  term 
for  nine  years.  Wells  was  a  man  of  fine  character 
and  ability,  but  resigned  soon  after  election.  The  bar 
of  Colorado,  in  convention,  nominated  Wilbur  ¥. 
Stone  to  fill  the  vacancy,  a  nomination  which  mot  the 
hearty  approval  of  the  public,  and  which  was  con- 
firmed at  the  next  general  election.  Four  district 
judges  were  elected  for  six  years  ;  namely,  William  E. 
Beck,  Victor  A.  Elliott,  John  W.  Henry,  and  Thomas 
M.  Bowen,  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  here  given. 
The  attorneys  for  the  four  districts  were  Edward  0. 
Wolcott,  David  B.  Graham,  James  M.  Waldron,  and 
Columbus  W.  Burris.  A  full  set  of  regents  for  the 
university,  trustees  of  the  school  of  mines,  managers 
of  the  penitentiary,  trustees  of  the  deaf  and  mute 
institute,  and  members  of  the  state  board  of  agricul- 
ture, were  also  elected,  such  was  the  care  of  those 
having  affairs  in  charge  that  the  state  should  com- 
mence its  career  in  the  possession  of  all  its  dignities. 

The  population  of  Colorado,  when  admitted,  was 
135,000,  the  disproportion  of  the  sexes  remarked 
upon  a  decade  earlier  having  in  a  great  degree  be- 
come adjusted.  Its  boundaries  remained  the  same. 
Its  assessed  valuation,  exclusive  of  untaxable  mining 
property,  amounted,  in  ret  and  personal  property,  tn 
$44,130,205.  Upon  this  the  legislature  fixed  the 
limit  of  taxation,  for  all  purposes,  at  twenty -three 
mills.  In  1879  the  state  tax  had  been  reduced  to  one 
and  a  half  mills  on  the  dollar,  while  the  local  taxes 
were  correspondingly  reduced.  There  was  no  funded 
debt,  and  the  floating  indebtedness  was  small,  owing 
to  a  clause  in  the  constitution  prohibiting  the  state, 

to  Colorado,  and  settling  at  Pueblo.  He  was  appointed,  in  1868,  U.  S.  atty 
for  the  district  of  Colorado,  holding  the  office  but  little  more  than  a  year, 
when  he  resigned.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the  constitutional  convcn' 
tion  in  1875.  oeing  chairman  of  several  of  the  most  important  committeen. 
In  person  he  was  six  feet  in  height,  with  bright  blue  eyes,  and  possessed  I'f 
genial  manners.  'Thatcher,'  says  Pitkin,  'made  one  of  the  ablest  judges 
ever  on  the  bench.  He  declined  reflection.  He  died  at  San  Francisco,  while 
on  a  visit  there,  at  the  ase  of  41,  of  Brighii*8  disease.'  Political  Views.  MS.,  8; 
HaUett't  Courts,  Law,  ana  Litigation,  MS. 


PUBLIC  LANDS. 


4«7 


counties,  or  cities  from  foaninjr  their  credit.  These 
wore  magnificent  measures  ft)r  a  young  commonwealth 
to  adopt. 

The  pubhc  lands  received  through  the  enablinnf  act 
were  the  500,000  acres  granted  to  all  the  new  states 
by  the  law  of  1841  ;  50  sections  for  the  erection  of 
j)ul)lic  buildings ;  50  sections  for  a  penitentiary  ;  72 
sections  for  a  state  university ;  six  sections  adjacent 
to  twelve  salt  springs;  the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth 
sections  for  common  school  purposes,  besides  the 
usual  five  per  centum  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
ai;ricultural  public  lands  to  be  applied  to  inti  t  lal  im- 
provements. I  have  shown  how  this  dower  of  some 
of  the  north-western  states  was  wasted.  Governor 
Routt  had  witnessed  the  same  fraudulent  isc  o'i'  the 
school  and  other  lands  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska, 
Tlio  CO'  ;' ii  ution  of  Colorado  made  the  governor  and 
secretary  a  board  to  select  the  state  lands.  T*  >  their 
everlasting  honor,  instead  of  squandering  these  lands 
upon  party  favorites,  they  labored  to  make  them  pro- 
duce the  highest  amount  for  the  purposes  for  which 
they  were  intended.  The  plan  adopted  was  not  to 
oftcr  the  school  lands  for  sale,  the  chief  part  being  so 
situated  as  not  to  be  irrigable,  and  therefore  not 
worth  more  than  the  minimum  price  of  $2.50  an  acre, 
but  to  lease  them  for  an  amount  equal  to  the  interest 
on  their  present  value,  and  hold  them  for  pasturage, 
or  for  any  purposes.  It  was  found  they  brought 
between  $40,000  and  $50,000  annual  rental.  Seventy- 
eii^ht  miles  of  land  along  the  Republican  river  was 
also  entered  for  the  state.  The  lejjislature  then 
passed  a  bill  authorizing  the  sale  of  alternate  sections 
of  state  land,  the  purchasers  contracting  to  construct 
ditches  of  sufficient  capacity  to  water  their  land  and 
tlie  state  land  through  which  the  ditch  was  carried. 
By  this  means  also  the  value  of  the  unsold  land  was 
raised  in  some  situations  to  $30  per  acre,  and  the 
school  lands  of  Colorado  acquired  a  value  of  many 
millions  more  than  they  were  worth  when  the  state 


;!■; 


i 


448 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


received  them.  Wisely  the  public  institutions  of  the 
state,  ins'.aad  of  being  supported  by  legislative  appro- 
priations offering  temptations  tto  jobbing  members, 
are  sustained  by  a  direct  tax  for  the  purpose  desiirned. 
The  result  of  this  care  for  the  public  funds  is  the  rapid 
accomplishment  of  those  beneficent  objects  for  whioli 
tlie  gifts  of  the  general  government  were  intended  or 
for  which  the  state  is  taxed. 

The  successor  of  Routt  in  the  executive  office  was 
Frederick  W.  Pitkin,  during  whose  administration  the 
Ute  war  took  place,  of  which  I  shall  speak  in 
another  place.  A  serious  riot  in  Leadville  and  an- 
other in  Denver  were  the  chief  events  in  1879-80. 
In  the  former  instance  martial  law  was  proclaimed 
in  Leadville  to  bring  to  reason  the  miners  who  liad 
organized  a  strike,  and  suspended  every  branch  of 
business.  It  was  expected  that  the  governor's  action 
would  destroy  all  chance  of  his  reelection ;  but  such 
proved  not  to  be  the  case.  During  his  first  term  he 
had  beconle  a  sort  of  Admirable  Crichton  to  the  people, 
and  if  he  lost  any  of  his  former  influence  in  his  secoiul 
term,  it  was  through  being  a  candidate  for  the  United 
States  senatorship  and  having  active  rivals  in  the 
race.  The  lieutenant-governor  during  his  adminis- 
tration was  Horace  A.  W.  Tabor,"  and  the  secretary 
of  state  N.  H.  Meldrum."     Belford  was  elected  rep- 

'■■'Tabor  was  elected  licut-gov.  in  1878,  ami  became  such  for  Pitkin's  scodiiil 
term  by  succession,  the  vice-governor  elect,  George  B.  llohinson,  having  liwn 
aisassinatcil,  and  the  president  of  the  senate  by  law  succeeding  him. 

**  Frederick  W.  Pitkin  was  born  in  Manchester,  Cimn.,  in  1837  of  an  Imii- 
orable  line  of  ancestry,  the  Pitkins  andOriswolds  of  Conn.,  and  educated  at 
the  Wesleyan  university  of  Middleton,  from  which  he  grjvduated  in  18.">8.  lie 
rtudied  law  at  the  Albany  law  school,  and  after  graduating  removed  ti>  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  in  1860,  where  he  enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice  until  failinj; 
healtli  compelled  him  to  seek  a  change  of  climate,  lie  visited  Europe  in  1 87'!, 
and  subae(iucntly  Florido  without  nenefit,  and  in  1874  came  to  Color.ulo, 
M'here  he  has  obtained  a  degree  of  health  which  has  enabled  him  torei'nu'ag« 
in  business  pursuits.  George  B.  Robinson  was  assassinated  Nov.  '27,  18S(),  a 
few  week  <  after  his  election,  under  the  following  circumstances:  Some  mint  m 
had  taken  offence  at  certain  tyrannies  practised  by  the  manager  of  the  iuili- 
inson  consolidated  mine  in  Summit  co.,  aud  Robinson  had  been  appcalcil  tn 
for  the  removal  of  the  obnoxious  manager  without  eifeet,  he  having  no  powr 
to  remove  without  the  consent  of  the  other  trustees.  On  the  evening  of  thu 
27th  Robinson,  witli  two  other  men,  visited  the  mine,  and  was  challenged  liy 
the  guard,  who  hearing  uo  answer,  discharged  his  guu.     An  autopsy,  ii«v.-- 


REPRESENTATION  AND  APPROPRIATION. 


449 


rosontative  to  congress  in  1878,  by  a  majority  of  more 
than  2,000  over  the  democratic  candidate,  Patterson, 
ami  twice  reelected,  his  majority  at  his  last  election 
being  2,737  over  the  democratic  candidate,  Wallace. 
Ill  1884  George  G.  Symes  was  elected  representa- 
tive in  congress. 

The  governor  who  succeeded  Pitkin  was  James  B. 
Grant,  a  man  of  large  means,  fine  ability,"  educated, 
methodical,  even-tempered,  and  strong  enough  to  act 
upon  his  own  convictions.  He  was  the  first  demo- 
crat honored  with  an  election  to  the  executive  office." 
The  Heutenant-governor  elected  with  him  was  Wil- 
Hain  H.  Meyers.  Grant  was  succeeded  by  Benjamin 
H.  Eaton,  elected  in  1884,"*  a  man  of  strong  and  quiet 
character,  and  acquainted  with  the  history  and  the 
rcquirments  of  the  country.  The  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor elected  with  Eaton  was  P.  W.  Breene.     Na- 


I's  secoml 

I'iiig  lii'ca 

I. 

f  ail  lii'ii- 
catoil  at 
85S.  II.' 
ItoMil- 
I  failing 
liii  KS7;i, 
'oloriiilo, 
■et'iiLrage 
,  18S(),  a 
e  millers 
;lie  Kol>- 
L'al.'.l  t(. 
opiiwr 
g  (if  tlio 

|ngoil  liy 
y,  IKHV- 


cver,  revealed  a  numl)er  of  wounds  from  bullets  and  shots  fired  from  a  posi- 
tiiiii  ill  the  rear,  while  the  guard  swore  that  ho  tired  upward  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  not  to  have  hit  the  murdered  man.  Other  testimony  confirmed  the 
suspicion  of  foul  play.  He  came  to  Colorailo  in  1877  from  Mich.,  and 
engaged  in  wholesale  and  retail  grocery  business.  He  was  a  man  of  educa- 
tion anil  culture,  and  was  worth  ^2,000,000.  Deimr  Trihiine,  Nov.  28,  1880. 

-*', lames  B.  Grant  was  born  in  Ala,  in  1848.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war,  although  but  1.3  years  of  age,  he  joined  the  confederate  army, 
.ipemliiig  several  months  in  the  field,  after  which  he  went  to  reside  witli  his 
uncle,  .ludge  Orant,  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  who  sent  him  to  the  agricultural 
colKgu  of  tliat  state,  where  he  spent  6  years,  subseipiently  taking  a  course 
at  the  university  of  Cornell,  anct  finishing  his  education  by  travel  and  study 
in  a  ( iernian  university. 

■"  l,',»itl's  Tcrntori/ ami  State,  MS.,  6.  Grant's  opponent,  E.  L.  Campbell, 
was  defeated  bv  political  legerdemain,  though  it  was  said  it  was  on  account 
of  unlitness.  He  was  fairly  nominated  in  >he  republican  convention.  Among 
tlie  oanilidatcs  for  nomination  was  H.  R.  Wolcott.  asst  manager  of  the  Argo 
Siiielting  works,  of  which  N.  P.  Hill  was  manager.  Chaffee  was  cliairniau 
of  the  republican  state  committee,  and  Hill,  who  was  in  the  U.  S.  senate, 
and  wiio  had  been  opposed  by  Chatfce,  wished  to  defeat  his  measures  and 
lessen  liis  power,  in  order  to  get  an  enemy  out  of  the  way  before  the  next 
senatorial  contest.  Hill  and  Wolcott,  with  their  friends,  bolted  from  the 
reimlilioan  jiarty  with  the  object  of  weakening  Cliatfeo,  rather  than  with 
regard  to  tlie  fitness  of  the  candidate  for  governor.  It  was  fortunate  tiiat 
tiiuir  antagonism  elected  so  good  a  man,  and  unfortunate  that  the  reason  they 
gave  fur  it  was  prejutliciul  to  the  defeated  candidate. 

^''  licnjamin  Harrison  liiaton  was  born  in  Ohio  in  18.14,  and  brought  upon 
a  farm.  Being  ambitious  he  studied  and  taught  school  until  the  Pike's  peak 
fever  carried  him  to  Colorado.  He  began  mining  in  California  guleh,  but 
eolin  turned  his  attention  to  farming,  being  the  first  settler  near  tlie  town  of 
(ireeley.  He  later  owned  and  cultivatecl  7.000  acres  of  land,  all  of  which  ho 
irrigated.  Irrigation  in  Colora«.lo  owes  much  to  him.  He  was  also  interested 
in  cattle  raising  and  mining. 
Hist.  Nbv.    '.•» 


maiM 


490 


POUTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


s. 1 


thaniel  P.  Hill  was  chosen  in  1879  to  succeed  Chaffee 
in  the  United  States  senate."     His  services  to  the 
state  during  six  years  in  the  senate  were  not  uii im- 
portant.    He  secured  the  removal  of  the  White  river 
and  Uncompahgre  Utes  to  Utah,  and  the  opening  of 
the  reservation  to  settlement,  which  added  12,000,000 
acres  of  land  to  the  wealth  of  the  state.    He  obtained 
a  land  office  at  Gunnison  for  the  convenience  of  set- 
tlers on  these  lands ;  an  appropriation  of  $20,000  to 
bore  artesian  wells  in  the  arid  regions  of  the  state ; 
the  exchange  of  such  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sec- 
tions of  school  land  as  fell  in  the  mineral  regions  for 
agricultural  land ;  $300,000  to  erect  a  United  States 
court-house  in  Denver ;  improvements  in  the  mining 
law,  enabling  miners  to  make  adverse  claims  before 
the  clerk  of  the  district  where  they  happened  to  be, 
instead  of  in  the  district  where  the  claim  was  located, 
as  before,  and  also  enabling  them  to  take  the  oath  of 
citizenship  without  the  trouble  and  expense  of  a  jour- 
ney to  some  distant  point ;  made  Denver  a  port  of 
delivery,  enabling  merchants  to  import  direct  from 
foreign  countries  through  the  seaports ;  secured  the 
Hot  Spring  reservation  to  settlers ;  procured  authority 
for  the  postmaster-general  to  extend  mail  facilities  in 
rapidly  increasing    settlements   without   waiting  for 
congressional  action ;  and  secured  on  increased  rate  of 
fees  in  certain  cases  where  the  old  law  worked  a  hard- 
ship to  witnesses  in  the  United  States  courts.     Nor 
was  his  labor  given  altogether  to  local  affairs,  but  he 
combatted  the  great  land  stealing  corporations,  which 
upon  one  pretense  and  another  were  wheedling  con- 
gress out  of  the  public  domain ;  he  labored  for  the 

^'Colo  Jour.  Hotuf,  1879,  111-12.  Hill  was  born  in  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  in 
1832,  and  brought  up  on  a  farm,  of  which  he  was  left  in  charge  at  the  age  of 
16  years.  He  was  the  son  of  an  old-time  democrat,  who  had  represented  liis 
county  in  the  general  aasembly,  and  held  the  oflSon  of  county  judge,  and  not- 
withstanding unusual  responsibilities  for  his  years,  found  time  to  fit  himself 
for  college  which  he  entered  at  the  age  of  21,  at  Brown  university,  I'rovi- 
deuoe,  R.  I.  In  1856  he  was  made  tutor  in  the  chemical  department,  and  in 
1860  professor  of  chemistry,  a  calling  which  led  directly  to  his  usefulness  in 
and  his  connection  with  Colorado,  as  Im  p'.ready  been  indicated  in  the 
history  of  mining. 


EXECUTIVE  AND  JUDICIARY. 


451 


Chaffee 
to  the 
't  uiiim- 
te  river 
3ning  of 
000,000 
(btained 
(  of  set- 
3,000  to 
3  state; 
xth  sec- 
ions  for 
1  States 
'•  milling 
J  before 
d  to  be, 
located, 
oath  of 
f  a  jour- 
port  of 
ct  from 
red  the 
ithoritv 
lities  in 
ing  for 
rate  of 
a  hard- 
Nor 
but  he 
which 
Ing  con- 
Ifor  the 

N.  Y..  in 
the  age  of 
^sentctl  his 
B,  and  not- 
It  hiiTiwlf 
ity,  I'rovi- 
fnt,  ami  in 
^fulness  in 
ed   in  the 


postal  telegraph  bill,  for  a  tariff  on  wool,  and  for  a 
hotter  national  financial  policy.  But  nothing  more 
com  mended  him  to  the  people  of  Colorado  than  his 
attitude  on  the  silver  question,  as  the  advocate  of  a 
bi-mctallic  currency.  Upon  this  subject  he  became 
the  peer  of  senators  Stewart  and  Jones  of  Nevada, 
and  many  republicans  desired  his  reelection  in  1884** 
on  this  ground.  But  having  in  1882  used  some  polit- 
ical weapons  against  a  rival,  these  were  turned  upon 
liimsolf  at  last,  cutting  him  off  from  a  career  for  which 
lie  was  well  qualified.  Henry  M.  Teller,  senator  from 
1877  to  1883,  was  appointed  to  the  cabinet  when 
Arthur  came  to  the  presidency.  To  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  Teller,  Governor  Pitkin 
a])[)()inted  George  M.  Chilcott,  who  had  been  prom- 
inently before  the  legislature  in  1879  as  candidate 
with  Hill  for  the  senatorsliip.  In  the  contest  for  the 
appointment  in  1883  the  principal  candidates  were 
lioutt,  Tabor,  and  Bowen,  three  millionaires,  and  each 
fougiit  hard  for  the  position,  but  Pitkin  chose  Chil- 
cott. Pitkin  himself  was  an  aspirant,  and  the  politi- 
ical  gossips  said  that  a  strong  pressure  was  brought  to 
bear  upon  the  governor  by  the  others,  they  promising 
that  if  his  choice  should  fall  upon  one  of  them  for  the 
appointment  they  would  use  their  influence  with  the 
legislature  when  it  met  to  have  hitn  elected  to  tlie 
senate.  Pitkin,  however,  resisted  the  combination, 
which  punished  him  by  defeating  him  when  he  became 
openlv  a  candidate.  Tabor  was  elected  for  the  thirtv 
davs    remaining    of   the   Teller-Chilcott    term,    and 


remaining 


'^  Dfinvr  Trihunf,  Oct  26,  1884;  SenaU  Misrel.,  47th  cong.  2d  seas.,  i.  no. 
S.  p  10.  A  silver  congress  was  held  at  Denver  m  January  1885,  to  which 
Holford  and  Symes  were  delegates  from  Colorado.  The  points  laid  down  in 
till'  resolutions  were  1st  the  doctrine  of  I>i-metalism,  as  einl)o<lied  in  the  U.  S. 
hiws  previous  to  187.3;  2d  that  the  interests  of  traile  demanded  free  coinage 
at  tliu  existing  standard;  3<l  a  demand  that  congress  should  withdraw  from 
circulation  $1  and  $2  bills;  4th  censure  of  the  secretaries  of  the  treasury  for 
tiMlawful  evasions  of  the  provisions  of  the  Bland  bill;  5th  a  demand  for 
amendments  to  the  National  bank  act,  compelling  them  to  keep  l.'i  per  cent 
i>f  tlieir  legal  reserve  in  silver;  6th  that  congress  shouhl  restore  silver  to  its 
ancient  and  rightful  equality  with  gold  iu  respect  to  coinage,  and  asking 
priiteotiou  for  the  silver  industry. 


■JM 


'<'. 


:■->•'. 


452 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


i-i\ 


Thomas  M.  Bowen  of  Del  Norte  for  the  term  from 
1883  to  1889."  The  legislature  m  1885  elected  Teller 
to  succeed  Hill,  who  had  now  a  strong  combination 
against  him.  A  large  amount  of  money  was  used  in 
the  struggle  for  place,  and  the  people  of  Coloradd 
begun  to  question  whether  it  was  well  that  the  capi- 
talists of  the  state  should  decide  political  prefornieiit. 
The  election  of  1884,  which  gave  the  first  democratic 
president  in  twenty-four  years  was  strongly  republi- 
can, the  plurality  for  Blaine  being  nearly  9,000. 
The  presidential  electors  chosen  were  F.  C.  Goudy  (»f 
Gunnison,  F.  F.  Obiston  of  Idaho  Springs,  and  B.  F. 
Crowell  of  Colorado  Springs.  Goudy  was  chosen  as 
the  messenger  to  carry  the  certificate  to  Washington. 
Some  amendments  were  made  to  the  constitution  of 
the  state  at  this  election  by  a  majority  of  nearly 
11,000. 

Of  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court  elected  in 
1876,  only  Elbert  in  1886  was  on  the  bench.  Wells, 
who  drew  the  nine  years'  term,  resigned  after  serving 
one  year,  and  Wilbur  F.  Stone  was  elected  to  fill  the 
vacancy.  Elbert,  whose  term  expired  in  1882,  was 
elected  in  1885  to  succeed  Stone.  He  will  go  out  of 
office  in  1897.  Thatcher,  whose  term  expired  in 
1879,  was  succeeded  by  William  E.  Beck.  Tlie  ju(l;j;e 
who  took  the  bench  at  the  expiration  of  Elbert's  first 
term  was  Joseph  C.  Helm,  who  will  go  out  of  office 
in  1891.  The  supreme  judges  are  not  nominated  by 
political  parties,  but  by  the  bar  association,  and  the 
character  of  the  Colorado  courts  has  seldom  been  as- 

'•Thomas  M.  Bowen,  born  in  Iowa  in  1835,  elected  to  the  lower  hou^o  nf 
the  legislature  at  the  age  of  '21  years.  He  served  in  the  union  army  irom 
1801  to  18(55,  first  as  captain  of  Neb.  volunteers,  Ist  regiment,  aftcrwanl  a* 
colonel  of  the  13th  Kansas  infantry,  and  lastly  as  brevet  brigadier-general  in 
tiie  army  of  the  frontier,  and  later  in  tlie  7th  army  corps.  After  the  war  lie 
was  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Arkansas  for  four  years,  and  accepted 
the  executive  appointment  for  Idaho  in  1871,  but  resigned  and  returned  tn 
Arkaniias,  where  he  was  defeated  for  the  U.  S.  senate  by  S.  W.  Dorscy. 
He  came  to  Colorado  in  1875,  resumed  the  practise  of  law,  and  was 
elected  jw'lge  of  the  4th  judicial  district  on  the  admission  of  the  state,  and 
held  the  office  for  4  years.  He  engaged  in  large  mining  enterprises  and 
became  wealthy.  In  188*2  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  wiiicli 
utade  him  senator. 


MISUSE  OF  WEALTH. 


483 


111  from 
1  Teller 
)inatiou 
used  ill 
oloradit 
lie  capi- 
briiieiit. 
iiooratic 
republi- 
•),000. 
oudv  of 
d  B.  F. 
loscii  as 
lington. 
iitioii  of 
f  nearly 

3cted  in 

Wells, 

serving 

.  fill  the 

82,  was 

lo  out  of 

bired  in 

e  judo;e 

t's  first 

f  office 

ted  by 

nd  the 

icen  as- 

[irmy  from 
Drwanl  ai 

Igeiu'ral  in 

Ihe  war  lie 
ac<"t'i>ti'il 

Ituriifil  ti) 
Doi-sey. 
I  and  was 
Uate.  anil 
prises  aiiil 
are  wliieli 


sailed.  The  most  serious  accusation  ever  made  was 
a.aiust  the  United  States  judges  in  the  ca^e  of  a 
strike  among  the  employes  of  the  Denver  and  Rio 
(irande  railroad,  in  May  1885,  under  the  direction  of 
the  knights  of  labor,  some  members  of  which  order 
had  hcen  dismissed  from  the  company's  service. 
Arms  were  carried  by  a  part  of  the  strikers,  when 
persuading  their  associates  to  desist  from  labor,  and 
although  no  violence  was  oflTered,  the  fact  of  arms 
having  been  shown  was  considered  as  sufficient  evi- 
dence of  the  intent.  The  men  were  arrested,  tried 
for  contempt,  and  imprisoned  from  three  to  six 
inontiis.  The  charges  brought  by  the  knights  of 
labor  against  the  judges  were  that  the  receiver  of 
the  road  was  appointed  by  one  of  them ;  that  the  men 
arrested  were  not  allowed  to  call  witnesses,  unless 
they  paid  the  expenses,  which  would  be  over  $160 
each,  or  swore  that  they  were  paupers,  neither  of 
which  could  they  do.  That  they  had  not  been  tried 
by  a  jury  ;  but  that  in  fact  the  judge  had  made  the 
complaint,  tried,  and  sentenced  them  without  a  hear- 
ing, being  at  the  same  time  concerned  in  the  road, 
thereby  construing  the  law  in  the  interest  of  a  rich 
cor[)(>ration  against  the  constitutional  rights  of  other 
men.  The  order  made  threats  of  impeachment  when 
con!j;ress  should  meet. 

Whether  or  not  there  was  found  sufficient  proof 
to  sustain  the  complaint  of  the  knights  of  labor  in 
this  case,  it  is  evident  that  the  danger  which  threatens 
Society  is  the  overweeninof  influence  of  wealth.  The 
temptation  to  men  who  have  acquired  millions,  right- 
fullv  rir  w^ronorfully,  in  a  few  years  is  to  consider 
them  fives  better  than  their  neighbors,  and  less  re- 
trardful  of  the  rights  of  men.  At  bribe ly  or  any 
moral  or  political  corruption  they  do  not  hesitate. 
They  would  constitute  themselves  a  privileged  class, 
and  return  toward  feudalism  by  surrounding  them- 
selves with  the  largest  number  of  dependents  in  the 
form  of  ill-paid  laborers,  that  being  the  only  form  of 


HI 


464 


POUTIC.VL  AFFAIRS. 


serfdom  at  present  known  under  our  government. 
How  long  they  can  maintain  that  position  in  political 
economy  and  ethics  will  depend  upon  the  nerve  of  the 
working  classes  to  resist  the  tendency ;  and  nowhere 
is  the  struggle  more  apparent  than  in  mining  states. 
not  even  in  manufacturing  states,  where  tender  child- 
hood is  pressed  into  the  service  of  the  capitalist,  and 
made  to  earn  its  daily  bread  at  the  sacrifice  of  its 
future  manhood  and  womanhood. 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  which  class  exercises  the 
more  baneful  influence  upon  public  morals,  the  low- 
ignorant  foreigner,  orthe  unprincipled  monied  monopo- 
list.  But  aside  from  these,  Colorado  has  a  larger 
proportion  of  men  of  culture  among  its  men  of  business 
and  affairs  than  any  of  the  intra-montane  conmion- 
wealths ;  and,  in  proportion  to  its  population,  more 
college  bred  men  than  most  of  the  older  states.  In 
its  people,  its  climate,  its  impressive  scenery,  natural 
wealth,  and  liberal  institutions  it  is  altogether  a  noble 
state,  needing  no  encomiums  from  its  historian  other 
than  the  simple  narrative  of  the  achievements  of  its 
founders. 


[  I! 


CHAPTER  VII. 


INDIAN  WARS. 

1860-1880. 

TRinKs  AND  Treaties — Aborioinal  Brigandage — Unrecorded  Optrages 
III.'  THE  White  Men — Appropriations — White  Force  in  the  Field — 
The  Colorado  Heuiments — Depredations  on  the  Overland  Mail 
("oMi-ANY— Communication  Cut  Off — The  Sand  Creek  Massacre — 
CiiiviNOTON  Censured  by  Congress,  but  Thanked  by  the  People 
OF  Colorado— Forts  and  Reservations — West  of  the  Mountains 
Wide-spread  Hostilities  and  Battles. 

When  the  territory  of  Colorado  was  organized,  its 
governor  and  Indian  superintendent  found  there  sev- 
eral powerful  tribes,  with  which  the  government  had 
already  had  dealings.  As  early  as  September  17, 
1851,  a  treaty  was  made  at  Fort  Laramie  with  the 
Ogalalah  and  Bruld  Sioux,  and  the  Arapahoes  and 
Cheyennes,  by  which  the  country  claimed  by  them 
should  be  included  within  the  following  limits  ;  com- 
iiieiicing  at  Red  Buttes,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
north  fork  of  the  Platte  river,  at  the  crossing  of  the 
iiimiigrant  road,  following  this  stream  to  its  source  in 
the  Rocky  mountains,  thence  along  their  summits  to 
the  head  waters  of  the  Arkansas  river,  down  the 
Arkansas  to  the  crossing  of  tiie  Santa  Fe  trail,  thence 
iiortli westerly  to  the  forks  of  the  Platte,  and  up  the 
north  branch  to  the  place  of  beginning.  It  was  esti- 
mated that  the  area  contained  in  the  Upper  Platte 
ai^feiic}',  as  it  was  called,  was  122,500  square  miles, 
while  the  population  did  not  exceed  5,500,  not  more 
than  2,000  of  these  being  warriors.  The  treaty  re- 
quired them  to  keep  in  their  own  country,  to  avoid 

(455) 


iir      I 


456 


INDIAN  WARS. 


wars  with  the  neighboring  tribes,  to  refrain  from  rob- 
bing travellers,  and  for  this  righteousness  they  wore 
to  receive  annuities,  to  be  distributed  at  Fort  Laramie. 
Of  the  region  here  designated,  the  Sioux  and  ono 
band  of  Clieyennes  ranged  the  portion  lying  nortji  of 
the  present  state  of  Colorado,  while  the  Chcycnnes 
and  Arapahoes  occupied  the  country  next  the 
Arkansas. 

That  part  of  the  country  south  of  the  Arkansas  was 
traversed  by  the  Kiowas,  Apaches,  and  Couiancjirs, 
with  whom  a  treaty,  similar  to  the  Laramie  tii aty, 
had  been  made  in  1853,  but  with  whom  the  govern- 
ment had  now  and  then  occasion  to  display  arnitd 
force,  in  order  to  punish  or  prevent  depredations  uji()ii 
persons  and  property  upon  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  wliich 
was  traversed  by  the  caravans  of  the  Santa  Fo 
traders,  the  supply  trains  en  route  to  the  nnlitary 
posts  in  New  Mexico,  the  United  States  nmil  for 
California,  and  frequent  companies  of  immigrants  and 
travellers.  These  Indians  also  were  looked  after  by 
the  incumbent  of  the  Platte  agency. 

That  portion  of  Colorado  lying  west  of  the  Eoeky 
mountains  was  inhabited  by  the  Utes,  branrhrs  of 
which  great  nation  extended  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  as 
I  have  shown.  In  Colorado  there  were  three  divis- 
ions ;  two  in  the  southern  portion  yearly  presented 
with  goods  at  the  New  Mexico  agencies,  but  the  more 
northern  tribes  were  still  wild  and  shy,  although 
numerous  and  warlike.  The  whole  number  was  esti- 
mated at  10,000. 

It  would  have  required  greater  diplomacy  than  the 
average  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  can  command 
to  adjust  the  yoke  of  civilization  to  the  necks  of 
15,000  free-born  American  savages  without  galliuLi; 
The  task  was  made  more  difficult  by  the  animosity 
between  the  Utes  of  the  mountains  and  the  Arapahoes 
and  Cheyennes  of  the  plains ;  but  in  a  double  degree 
by  the  feeling  already  engendered  by  the  action  of 
the  military  in  punishing  the  plains  people  for  attacks 


TREATIES. 


457 


on  travellers.'  And,  while  the  retaliations  of  the  sava- 
trcs  iU'o  written  in  letters  of  blood,  the  outrages  of  the 
wliitt'  men  upon  the  Indians  niustgo  forever  unrecorded. 
Ill  June  18G0  conj^ress  appropriated  $35,000  for  the 
piirposo  of  making  a  new  treaty  with  the  Cheyennes 
ami  Arapahoes,  and  also  with  the  Kiowas  and  Co- 
inaiicl.'os,  who  for  three  years  previous  had  occupied 
tlic  country  on  the  south  side  of  the  Arkansas,  which 
was  crossed  by  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  to  the  })eril  of 
travellers.     Commissioner  A.  B.  Greenwood  arrived 

'The  history  of  aboriginal  brigandaj^c  on  the  plains  has  never  Iwen  writ- 
t<Mi.  ami  iiiily  now  and  then  related,  in  part  as  a  fi-ontior  experience,  to  enliven 
SI  line  tr.ivullttr's  tale.  From  tlie  authorities  in  my  possession  1  learn  tiiat 
fiiliiiwiiii;  tlie  Mexican  war  certain  tril>e3  made  an  alliance  to  war  on  the 
triiliofthe  Santa  Fe  trail.  Tliey  succeeded  in  cutting  oflf  the  connec- 
tiiiiH  hetwoun  the  troops  in  New  Mexico  and  their  base  of  supplies  in  the 
Uiiituil  Stitci.  In  1847  the  southern  Utcs  were  pursued  into  Fremont 
ciiiiiity  l>y  Mexican  troops,  and,  making  a  stand  in  tlie  detilo  of  the  Arkansas 
a')i)Vo  C:i.i\on  City,  sustained  a  heavy  loss;  hence  tiio  name  of  the  gorge, 
Ute  carton.  I^ondoner  relates  that  8  out  of  a  party  of  9  trai)pers  were 
iimrilered  by  the  Utes  in  California  gulch  in  1854.  C»lorailo  Miiiimj  Cuiiijm, 
.MS.,  8.  On  Cliristmas  day  of  that  year  all  the  inhabitants  at  the  iViehlo, 
OH  the  Arkansas  river,  were  massacred  in  a  drvmken  revel  by  a  wandering 
Iriiiil  of  Utcs,  who  had  been  invited  to  partake  of  the  hospitalities  of  the 
s('M<i)u.  T/ioiiih'a  Mcx.  0>l%  MS.,  1-3.  The  authorities  differ  as  to  whether 
thuro  were  17  or  29  of  the  victims,  all  of  whom  were  Mexicans.  In  ISSo  I 
till  I  tiic  troops  from  Fort  Massachusetts,  now  Fort  Garland,  pursuing  and 
imiiishiiig  the  Utoi  of  southern  Colorado,  for  their  raiils  into  Now  Mexico. 
Wiieu  un  route  to  the  Platte  agency  point  of  distribution,  with  annuity 
^'oiih  ill  lSr>4,  the  agent  met  at  the  crossmg  of  the  Arkansas  from  1,1^U0  to 
I, .'»»:)  lodges  of  Kiowas,  Comanches,  Osages,  Arapahoes,  and  Clieyennca, 
liMiiii  a  war  party  en  route  to  wipe  out,  as  they  expressed  it,  all  frontier 
liiiliaiis  on  the  plains.  When  near  the  Kansas  River  they  were  defeated  by 
10')  Saci  and  Foxes,  in  a  three  hours'  battle.  The  Mexicans  of  New  Mexico 
We're  their  chief  source  of  supply,  and  as  long  as  these  could  be  made  to 
iiiriiisli  liorses,  mules,  and  captives  to  the  United  States  Indians,  with  which 
thoy  carried  on  a  profitable  tra<lo  among  themselves,  they  were  comparatively 
wt^li-lu'haved  towards  travellers  on  the  great  western  highways;  but  when 
Ni'W  Mexico  became  a  part  of  tlie  United  States,  and  they  were  forl)idden 
ti>  ml)  and  kill  its  people,  they  ((uarrclled  with  those  tribes  who  made 
ami  ohserved  treaties,  and  began  roi>l>ing  and  killing  anywliero  to  make  up 
tllc  loss. 

In  IH.V)  Agent  Tliomas  S.  Twiss,  on  arriving  on  the  ground,  found  that 
tlic  .\nipalioes  hiid  l>een  charged  with  killing  cattle  and  sneep  to  the  amount 
(if  j<b"),()l)l),  which  would  stop  their  annuity  for  some  years.  They  admitted 
the  tliefts,  but  excused  them  on  the  plea  of  sickness  in  their  band,  and  fam- 
iiu'  eoiise(iuent  on  not  being  able  to  go  after  buffalo,  and  submitted  cheerfully 
tothe  loss  of  their  annuities.  A  war  was  going  (m  between  the  United  States 
troops,  under  Harney,  and  the  Sioux,  which  had  put  an  end  to  Indian  trade 
ill  hiiffalo  skins,  etc,,  so  that  the  prospect  looked  dark  for  the  coming  winter. 
Ill  March  185(5,  Harney  entered  into  a  peace  treaty  with  all  the  Sioux  of  the 
|)laiiis,  which  was  intended  to  restore  tiie  former  eipiilibrium  in  affairs;  or, 
rather,  he  proposed  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  Sioux  and  other  tribes 
hy  teaching  them  agriculture.     But  before  tlie  plan  could  be  carried  out  a 


458 


INDIAN  WARS. 


, 


at  Fort  Wise — formerlv  Bent's  fort — about  the  mid- 
dle of  September,  but  finding  only  the  Arapahoos  on 
the  ground,  appointed  A.  G.  Boone  special  agent  to 
carry  out  the  intentions  of  the  government,  ami  re- 
turned to  Washington.  In  February  1861  Boone 
concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Cheyennes  and  Arapa- 
hoes,  by  which  one  third  of  the  area  claimed  by  them 
between  the  South  fork  of  the  Platte  and  Arkansas 
rivers  was  ceded  to  the  United  States.     Their  rcstr- 

collision  occurrod  at  Platte  bridge,  beyond  Laramie,  where  a  company  of 
troops  were  stationed  to  protect  innnigrants  to  California  and  Ort-gon.  Tip; 
commandant  accused  the  Cheyennes  of  having  stolen  some  horses  whivh  tluy 
had  in  their  possession,  an<l  imprisoned  them.  The  savages  atteiiiiitin'^ 
escape  were  tired  at  and  one  killed.  I^ter  the  Clieyennes  were  attacked  liy 
a  body  of  United  States  troops,  and  six  killed.  They  then  sued  for  jn'iict', 
which  M'as  granted.  Nevertheless,  some  of  them  continuing  hostile,  ('nlont'l 
E.  V.  Sumner,  with  United  States  trotips,  in  July  1857,  destroyed  their  prin- 
cipal village.  Meanwhile  the  agent  coming  to  Rent's  fort  with  annuity 
goods,  and  desiring  to  leave  them  there.  Bent  refused,  but  finally  rentuil  the 
place  to  the  government,  fearing  to  remain. 

On  the  ]8th  of  August  Sumner  arrived  at  the  fort,  when  he  ordered  tlic 
goods  distributed  to  the  Arapahoes.  In  1859  VV.  W.  Bent  was  appciintcd 
agent  for  the  upper  Arkansas.  His  extensive  acquaintance  with  the  Imllnii 
tribes  gave  him  an  influence  over  them  which  a  stranger  could  not  havu  liail. 
In  Bent's  report  for  this  year  he  remarks  that  the  Kiowas  and  Coniauciu'.s, 
being  driven  out  of  Texas,  had  for  2  years  appeared  in  full  num1>erM  and  fur 
long  periods  upon  the  Arkansas,  and  were  then  permanently  occupying  the 
country  between  the  Canadian  and  Arkansas  rivers,  with  2,500  warriors;  iiml 
that  so  so<m  as  the  troops  were  withdrawn  from  Fort  Riley,  a  jMist  erectfd  in 
the  region  of  the  Arkansas  river  in  1852,  they  had  assumed  a  threateuiiig 
attitude,  for  which  reason  he  considered  it  essential  to  have  two  permanent 

Eosts  for  troops,  one  at  the  mouth  of  Pawnee  fork,  and  one  at  Big  Tiniliors, 
oth  on  the  Arkansas,  for  the  protection  of  travellers  upon  that  route,  that 
since  the  gold  discovery  had  become  numerous.  And  this  he  urged  for  the 
sake  of  the  Indians  themselves,  who  were  being  gradually  advanceJuponfinni 
all  sides,  and  who  should  be  brought  into  subjection  and  treated  with.  t<>  the 
end  that  tliey  might  be  assigned  reservations  and  assisted  in  learning  to  sup- 
port themselves  by  agriculture  and  stock-raising.  Fort  Lamed  was  tliero- 
upon  established  at  the  mouth  of  Pawneo  fork,  and  Bent's  fort  purcluiseil 
and  converted  into  an  army  post,  under  the  name  of  YoH  Wise,  litis  year 
the  Utes  killed  J.  L.  Shank  and  J.  L.  Kennedy  in  the  South  park,  ami  a 
party  of  7  unknv.wn  men,  with  12  horses,  in  a  gulch,  to  which  from  this  cir- 
cumstance was  given  the  name  of  Dead  Men's  gulch.  Byers,  in  Detul  Mint 
Oulch,  MS.,  1. 

In  June  18G0a  large  number  of  Arapahoes  and  Apaches,  with  a  fewSinux, 
met  at  Denver,  and  organized  an  expedition  against  the  Utes.  They  entered 
the  Ute  country  midway  lietween  Platte  caflon  and  the  present  town  of 
Morrison,  the  Ute  village  being  near  where  the  Platte  leaves  the  South  park. 
The  Arapahoes  were  repulsed,  and  returned  to  Denver  with  5  dead  and  32 
wounded.  Another  expedition,  organized  soon  after,  tied  back  in  confusinn, 
alarming  the  white  population  by  representing  that  the  Utes  were  asaenilileil 
in  great  numbers,  prepared  to  attack  them,  which,  as  they  were  encamped 
in  the  heart  of  Denver,  was  certainly  not  to  be  desired,  but  the  alarm  pr<i\'ed 
groundless.  Such  was  the  attitude  of  Indian  affairs  iu  Colorado  at  the  puriud 
of  its  settlement. 


iw.Siiiiu, 
■  eiitiMvil 
town  of 
til  jiiirk. 
I  and  ;« 
nfiisiiiii, 
»eMil>lt'<l 
icain|iL'il 
1  jinivi'il 
e  period 


MILITARY  MOVEMENTS. 


vatiou  was  bounded  westward  by  a  line  drawn  north 
mill  south  from  the  mouth  of  the  Huerfano,  in  what 
is  now  Pueblo  county ;  but  they  did  nt)t  keep  upon  it. 
MuJinwhile  some  of  the  Arapahocs  and  Cheyennes 
will)  liad  not  been  present  at  the  treaty  of  February, 
inailo  tiiat  an  excuse  for  nullifying  it;  and  the  Kiowas 
ami  Comanches,  who  had  accepted  annuities,  had 
coinrnitted  depredations  in  1862  which  called  for  the 
interference  of  troops.  Further  than  this,  civil  war 
now  came  on,  and  the  savaj/es  were  not  willing  that 
the  civilized  men  should  have  all  the  battliny:  and 
butfliorini;  to  themselves.' 

The  only  force  in  the  territory  during  the  summer 
of  this  year  was  the  2d  Colorado  regiment,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  J.  H.  Leavenworth.  The  Indians 
kept  the  recruits  in  practice.  In  August  the  head- 
quarttjrs  of  the  regiment  was  removed  from  Denver 
to  Fort  Lyon,  as  Fort  Wise  was  now  called,  where 
in  January  1863  they  were  joined  by  the  1st  Colorado 
cavalry,  under  Chivington.  In  April  the  2d  rogi- 
nient  was  ordered  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  in  Juno 
to  Fort  Larned,  to  protect  the  Santa  Fe  road  and 
watch  the  Texans,  w*';h  whom  they  fought  the  battle 
of  Cabin  creek  on  the  2d  of  July,  inflicting  a  loss  of 
forty  killed  and  wounded,  with  but  one  man  killed  and 
twouty  wounded  on  the  side  of  the  Coloradans.  These 
tr()oi)8,  with  a  few  hundred  others,  on  the  16th  fought 
another  battle  in  Kansas,  in  which  the  confederates 
lost  400  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  the  loss  on  their 
side  being  14  killed  and  30  wounded.  Soon  after  the 
2tl  regiment  was  ordered  away  from  Colorado,  Gov- 
ernor Evans  was  directed  to  raise  a  third,  which  was 
marched  to  the  States  as  soon  as  organized.  The  2d 
and  3d  regiments  were  consolidated  in  October  1863, 
and  formed  the  2d  Colorado  cavalry,  which  was  kept 
continually  moving  until  the  spring  of  1865.* 

'^  See  Fowler's  Wonian'ii  Eqperknce  in  Colonulo,  MS. ;  Gilpin  s  Pinnecrs  of 
184^',  MS. ;  Uowbert'a  Itidian  Troubles,  MS. ;  Jioeky  Mountain  Neioa,  passim. 

^Cltinnijtnn'a  Fimt  Coloniifo  HcijinwHt,  MS.,  13;  PrencotCs  TTtromjh  Cnflon 
Be  Sheit,  MS.,  4;  Byers'  HisL  Colo,  MS.,  85;  Eouna,  Interview,  MS.,  passim. 


460 


INDIAN  WARS. 


Hi  J.  ■ 


II 


fli 


Tho  first  regiment  remaining  in  Coloratlo  wns  the 
only  arujud  force  in  the  country  north  of  Fort  (iar- 
land;  and,  notwithstanding  treaties  and  negotiatimis 
conducted  with  great  care  and  at  a  great  exjn  iiso, 
there  was  a  general  insolence  among  the  treaty  Ind- 
ians which  boded  no  gO(Kl.  In  18^4  attairs  culmiiiati d. 
A  cond)ination  was  effected  between  the  several  hands 
of  Sioux  and  all  tiie  plains  Indians  of  Colorado  and 
south  of  the  Arkansas  in  Kansas,  to  attempt  the 
expulsion  or  extermination  of  the  white  population. 
Their  first  overt  act  in  Colorado  was  to  repknisli 
their  connnissarv  department  by  taking  175  cattle 
frm  the  herd  of  Irwin  and  Jackman,  government  con- 
tractors, who  were  encamped  with  their  stock  in  Bijou 
basin,  forty  miles  south-east  of  Denver,  in  April.  A 
detachment  of  the  1st  cavalrv,  under  Lieut  Avrc, 
was  sent  after  them,  which  recovered  only  twtnty 
head,  having  come  up  with  them  when  night  was 
closing  in  and  snow  falling,  the  Indians  running  off 
the  stock  while  the  officer  in  command  parleyed  w  itii 
the  chiefs.  A  soldier  who  became  separated  from 
the  command  was  wounded,  but  no  fighting  occurnd. 
Being  without  subsistence,  the  detachment  returned 
to  Denver.  Soon  afterward  a  second  expedition  of 
100  cavalrymen  and  two  howitzers,  under  Ayre,  was 
ordered  to  go  as  far  as  Fort  Larned,  by  the  head  of 
the  Republican  and  Smoky  Hill  forks.  When  luar 
the  fort  they  encountered  the  Cheyennes,  who 
charged  the  troops  400  strong.  So  desperate  was 
the  onslaught  that  they  rushed  up  to  the  mouth  of 
the  cannon,  falling  within  reach  of  the  gunners. 
Twenty -five  or  thirty  were  killed,  among  them  a  chief 
who  had  signed  the  treaty. 

In  the  same  aonth  another  party  of  Cheyennes 
drove  off  a  hei  of  horses  from  Kiowa  creek,  and 
Lieut  Clark  Di.  n  fron)  camp  Sanborn,  near  Fre- 
mont orchard,  pu  ued  them  with  twenty  men.  He 
found  the  Indian^  about  fifty  strong,  who  attacked 
when  the  demand  for  the  return  of  the  horses  was 


III 


ON'  TIIK  PIAINS. 


461 


niatlo.  and  killed  and  wounded  four  of  the  soldiers. 
Till'  troops  returned  the  fire,  but  bein^  armed  only 
with  revolvers  and  sabres,  inflicted  but  little  loss,  and 
afttr  a  chase  of  several  miles  returned  for  fresh  h<  rses 
and  'jjuns,  the  Indians  in  the  meantime  escaping;.  A 
tliini  tiepredation  similar  to  the  others  bein<(  coni- 
initttd  near  the  junction  of  South  Platte,  a  detach- 
iiitiit  under  Major  ])owning,  j^uided  by  an  Indian 
tradtT  named  Ashcraft,  surprised  the  Indian  camp  at 
("((liir  canon,  where  they  had  fortified,  and  killed 
twtiity-five,  destroying  their  village  and  capturing  one 
hundred  horses,  one  soldier  being  killed  hi  the  fight. 
In  June  all  the  troops  wer*'  ordered  to  the  Arkan- 
sas, oastof  Fort  Lyon,  except  one  squadron,  and  (rov- 
rriior  lOvans  anplied  for  permission  to  call  the  militia 
of  Colorado  into  the  service  of  the  United  States,  as 
the  territorial  law  was  defective,  and  the  means  of 
arming  and  equipping  t'lem  was  wanting,  at  the  same 
tinio  askiug  leave  to  raise  a  rei;i«nent  of  United  States 
vnluntoors  for  one  hundred  days.  This  last  request 
was  finally  granted,  but  not  before  the  occasion  for 
th  ir  services  had  been  greatly  augmented  by  repeated 
and  horrible  outrages.  About  the  middle  of  June, 
when  the  last  company  of  the  Ist  cavalry  was 
encamped  on  Cherry  creek,  fifteen  miles  from  Denver, 
undiT  orders  to  join  the  regiment  on  the  Arkansas, 
messengers  arrived  in  Denver  from  the  settlements  on 
Box  Elder  creek,  from  two  to  twenty  miles  distant, 
with  information  of  a  general  stampede  of  the  stock 
in  that  region,  and  the  murder  of  the  Hungate  family, 
consisting  of  the  husband,  wife,  and  two  children. 
This  event,  which  brought  the  war  to  the  doors  of 
Denver,  caused  great  excitement.  The  remains  of 
the  murdered  settlers  were  brought  into  town,  and 
exhibited  to  the  angry  population.  Governor  Evans 
applied  to  the  adjutant  of  the  district  to  have  the 
troops  on  Cherry  creek  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  savages; 
orders  were  despatched  to  camp  Sanborn,  eighty 
miles  below,  to  send  after  them  a  detachment,  and 


462 


INDIAN  WARS, 


General  Curtis,  commanding  the  department,  was 
telegraphed  to  allow  the  cavalry  then  en  route  for 
Fort  Lyon  to  return,  which  request  was  granted,  but 
in  the  interval  of  delay  the  Indians  made  good  tlieir 
escape.  The  militia  were  ordered  to  organize  as  lionie 
guards.  The  friendly  Indians  were  placed  at  camp 
Collins  and  Fort  Lyon. 

In  July  the  agent  for  the  upper  Arkansas  made  a 
visit  to  Pawnee  fork  to  meet  a  large  concourse  of 
Cheycnnes,  Arapahoes,  Comanches,  Apaches,  and 
Kiowas,  with  whom  he  held  a  council.  They  all 
expressed  the  greatest  regard  for  the  white  people, 
and  disavowed  all  knowledge  of  hostile  acts.  A  short 
time  after  this  friendly  council,  according  to  the  assur- 
tion  of  the  agent,  the  Kiowas  visited  Fort  Lariied, 
and,  while  the  war-chief  was  engaged  in  conversation 
with  the  officer  in  command,  his  braves  stampeded  all 
the  '.orses,  mules,  and  cattle  belonging  to  the  post. 
A  few  days  afterward  the  Arapahoes  made  a  raid  on 
the  settlers  along  the  river,  caused,  as  the  agent 
asserted,  by  the  commanding  officer  at  Larned  firiii*,' 
upon  them  as  they  were  coming,  under  a  flag  of  truce, 
to  offer  their  services  to  recover  the  stolen  stock. 
The  situation  was  becoming  critical.  It  was  esti- 
mated that  there  was  not  more  than  six  weeks'  sup- 
ply of  food  in  the  territory.  Mail  communication 
with  the  east  was  cut  off;  mail-bags  containing  let- 
ters, money  drafts,  land  patents,  newspapers,  and 
other  miscellaneous  matter  were  cut  open  and  their 
contents  scattered  over  the  prairie.  But  one  statiuu 
was  left  standinsr  on  the  overland  mail-route  for  a  (lis- 
tance  of  120  miles.  The  farms  were  all  deserted 
between  Fort  Kearny  and  Julesburg,  and  for  400 
miles  the  movable  property  of  the  company  was  with- 
drawn as  much  as  possible,  leaving  a  large  amount  <>f 
grain  and  provisions,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  tlie 
Indians.  Trains  of  merchandise,  all  that  were  ujton 
the  way  for  hundreds  of  miles,  were  seized,  their  con- 
ductors killed,  and  the  property  appropriated. 


THREATENED  DEVASTATION. 


463 


There  was  this  year  a  large  immigration  to  the 
Pacifit'  states,  numbering,  according  to  a  memorandum 
kept  at  Fort  Laramie,  19,000  persons  who  passed 
thiit  post.  From  this  account  it  would  make  proba- 
bly a  total  of  double  that  number.  Among  these, 
]i()W  many  fell  by  the  hands  of  savages  will  never  be 
known.  The  Coloradans  thought  they  could  cc^unt 
200  victims  for  the  season,  over  fifty  of  whom  were 
tlieir  own  people.  On  the  19th  of  August  two  Chey- 
onnes  gave  notice  to  Elbridge  Gerry,  Indian  trader, 
jiviiii^  at  his  station,  67  mile  below  Denver,  in  the 
Platte  valley,  to  remove  his  stock,  as  on  the  2 1st 
tht'V  would  make  a  raid  along  the  river,  and  take 
whatever  property  came  in  their  way.  They  would 
divide  into  parties  of  twenty  or  more,  and  strike  sim- 
ultaneously at  Fort  Lupton,  Latham,  Junction,  and 
the  head  of  Cherry  creek,  and  also  at  Pueblo.  Their 
rendezvous  was  appointed  for  Point  of  Rocks,  on 
Boaver  creek,  125  miles  from  Denver.  Gerry  has- 
tened to  Denver,  arriving  at  midnight  on  the  20th, 
when  orders  were  immediately  issued,  placing  all  the 
militia  and  recruits  of  the  one-hundred-davs'  men, 
under  the  control  of  the  district  commander.  Colonel 
Chivington,  Messages  were  despatched  to  the  threat- 
ened localities,  and  the  force  at  command  divided 
among  them.  At  the  appointed  time  the  Indians 
stealthily  approached  the  points  indicated,  but  finding 
tht'in  guarded,  retired. 

For  thirty  days  there  had  been  no  mails  from  the 
east,  letters  having  to  be  sent  round  by  sea  to  San 
Francisco,  and  being  from  four  to  pix  weeks  on  the 
way.  No  stages  or  trains  moved  in  Colorado  except 
under  escort.  Early  in  September,  the  hundred-days' 
regiment  was  completed,  and  dispatched  by  Colonel 
Chivington  to  points  on  the  overland  route  to  open 
ronnnunication ;  while  a  portion  of  the  home- guards 
under  H.  M.  Teller,  major-general  of  the  militia,  pa- 
troled  the  road  between  Denver  and  Julesburg,  the 
1st  cavalry  being  employed  as  heretofore,  chiefly  on 


' '  'I 


4&1 


INDIAN  WARS 


I!'  I- 


the  Arkansas.  These  movements  produced  two  re- 
sults, the  opening  of  communication  with  the  Mis- 
souri, late  in  October,  and  the  surrender  of  a  small 
portion  of  the  Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes,  who  had 
hitherto  refused  to  make  a  permanent  treaty  with  the 
su[)erintendent  of  Indian  affairs.  When  the  outbreak 
first  occurred,  the  governor  issued  a  proclamation  to 
the  friendly  Indians  to  repair  to  poldts  which  he 
named,  to  be  taken  care  of  by  the  agents ;  the  Arapa- 
hoes and  Cheyennes  of  the  Arkansas  to  Fort  Lyon ; 
the  Kiowas  and  Comanches  to  Fort  Laratnic ;  the 
Sioux  to  Fort  Laramie ;  and  the  Cheyennes  and 
Arapahoes  of  the  upper  Platte  to  Camp  Collins.  In 
response  to  this  invitation  175  Arapahoos,  under  a 
chief  called  Friday,  took  up  their  residence  at  Fort 
Collins,  and  another  band  of  the  same  tribe,  under 
chief  Left  Hand,  repaired  to  Fort  Lyons  but  did  not 
lonar  remain.  The  agent  distrusted  them,  and  thev 
distrusted  the  agent.  It  has  been  asserted,  and  as 
strenuously  denied,  that  although  apparently  friendly, 
some  of  them  acting  as  spies  to  give  information  of 
the  movements  of  the  hostile  Indians,  that  they  were 
go-betweens  for  their  own  people  as  well. 

About  the  time  the  hundred  days'  men  took  the 
field,  the  Cheyennes,  who  had  their  principal  villai2;e 
on  the  head  waters  of  Smoky  Hill  fork,  140  niiles 
north-east  from  Fort  Lyon,  sent  three  messengers  to 
that  i)ost  to  inform  Major  E.  W.  Wynkoop  of  tlie  1st 
cavalry  tliat  Bent,  their  former  agent,  desired  them 
to  make  peace,  and  that  they  were  prepared  to  do  so, 
provided  peace  should  also  be  concluded  with  the  other 
plains  tribes.  They  also  informed  him  that  they  had 
a  number  of  white  captives.  Wynkoop,  who  had  just 
been  reenforced  by  a  detachment  of  infantry  from  the 
department  of  New  Mexico,  sent  by  General  Carlcton 
in  command,  deemed  it  his  duty  to  attempt  the  release 
of  the  prisoners,  who  were  women  and  children.  He 
left  Fort  Lyon  in  charge  of  the  infantry,  and  marched 
to  the  Cheyenne  village  with  130  mounted  men  and 


WIDE-SPREAD  HOSTILITIES. 


465 


one  battery,  finding  himself  confronted  there  by  from 
600  to  800  warriors  drawn  up  in  battle  array.  Mak- 
iiiir  the  best  display  possible  of  his  resources  for 
tic  fence  in  csise  of  an  attack,  and  putting  on  a  bold 
front,  he  obtained  a  council,  at  which  he  urged  the 
ClKVonnes  to  prove  their  desire  for  peace  by  relin- 
quishing the  captive  women  and  children.  Much  hes- 
itation being  shown,  he  left  the  village  and  retired 
one  tiay's  march  to  a  strong  position,  taking  with  him 
the  three  messengers  whom  he  held  as  hostages,  giv- 
ing the  Cheyennes  three  days  in  which  to  determine 
upon  a  course  of  action.  At  the  end  of  that  time 
the  prisoners  were  delivered  up,  and  several  of  the 
chiefs  consented  to  accompany  the  major  to  Denver 
to  It  arn  upon  what  terms  peace  could  be  concluded 
with  tlie  Indian  department. 

Here,  however,  they  met  with  an  unexpected  rebuff. 
It  appeared  from  their  own  report  that  the  majority 
of  tlioir  people  were  still  at  war,  as  well  as  the 
Kiowas,  Comanches,  Apaches,  and  fourteen  different 
hands  of  the  powerful  Sioux  nation,  including  those 
from  j\Iinnesota.  A  peace  made  with  them  would 
not  l)e  binding  on  the  others,  as  the  governor  explained 
to  tliein.  He  reminded  them  also  of  their  refusal  to 
meet  him  in  council  in  the  previous  autumn,  and  of 
their  neglect  to  avail  themselves  of  the  protection 
oti'ered  in  his  proclamation,  since  which  time  they  had 
heeii  concerned  in  the  most  atrocions  crimes,  besides 
destroying  a  large  amount  of  property.  The  war  was 
still  ijfoing  on  ;  and  while  thev  might  surrender  to  the 
military  authorities,  which  he  advised  them  to  do,  he 
could  not  make  a  treaty  with  them  until  peace  was 
restored,  they  being  for  the  present  accountable  to  the 
war  department. 

This  opinion  was  not  indorsed  by  the  commissioner 
of  Indian  affairs,  who  could  not  help  believing  that 
very  nmch  of  the  difficulty  on  the  plains  might  have 
been  avoided  if  a  spirit  of  conciliation  had  been  cxer 
cised  by  the  military  and  others.     What 


the  feeling 


Hl8T.  Nbv.     80 


466 


INDIAN  WARS. 


!;  i^'i 


of  the  military  was  at  this  time  appears  in  a  despatch 
of  Major-general  S.  R.  Curtis,  commanding  the 
department,  to  Colonel  Chivington,  in  which  he  says; 
"  I  want  no  peace  until  the  Indians  have  suffered 
more.  ...  I  fear  the  agent  of  the  interior  depart- 
ment will  be  ready  to  make  presents  too  soon.  It  is 
better  to  chastise  before  giving  anything  but  a  little 
tobacco  to  talk  over.  No  peace  must  be  made  with- 
out my  directions. "  Following  the  advice  of  Governor 
Evans,  about  400  of  the  Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes 
from  the  Cheyenne  valley  surrendered  at  Fort  Lyon 
to  Major  Wynkoop,  and  were  rationed  at  that  post. 
Not  long  after  Major  Scott  J.  Anthony  succeeded  to 
the  command,  and  after  feeding  the  Indians  for  a 
short  time,  restored  to  thera  a  portion  of  their  arms, 
and  ordered  them  to  remove  to  the  region  of  Sand 
creek,  forty  miles  distant,  where  they  could  hunt, 
removed  from  any  contact  with  white  people  passing 
along  tlie  road. 

On  the  27th  of  November  Colonel  Chivinsftoii, 
with  a  force  of  900  men,  attacked  this  camp,  treatiu'jf 
it  as  hostile,  and  killing  131  persons,  men,  women,  and 
children,  with  a  loss  on  his  part  of  50  killed  and 
wounded.  That  the  attack  was  premeditated,  and 
intended  as  a  part  of  the  further  suffering  which  Gen- 
eral Curtis  had  said  must  be  inflicted  before  peace 
could  be  made  with  the  hostile  Indians,  those  con- 
cerned in  it  have  never  denied.  But  about  its  moral 
and  political  aspect  there  has  been  much  controversy. 
A  commission  was  appointed  in  Washington  to  inves- 
tigate the  conduct  of  Chivington,  and  testimony  was 
taken  on  both  sides.  It  was  called  a  massacre  by  the 
Indian  department,  and  is  so  called  by  a  large  portion 
of  the  people  of  Colorado  to  this  day.  Another  class 
would  justify  Chivington  to  the  fullest  extent,  a  reso- 
lution of  thanks  being  passed  in  his  favor  by  the  Col- 
orado legislature.* 

*The  facta  Beem  to  be  that  Curtis  was  urging  Chivington  to  punisli  the 
Indians.     Winter  was  coming  on,  before  which  it  was  desirable  to  strike  a 


!     .1 


THE  SAND  CREEK  AFFAIR. 


467 


In  the  spring  of  1865  the  plains  Indians  renewed 
hostilities  with  all  the  more  fervor  that  now  they  had 
a  rtal  grievance,  and  many  persons  were  killed  upon 
the  roads  leading  from  the  Missouri  westward,  and 
on  tlie  Platte;  in  consequence  of  which  the  head  of 
the  military  department  instructed  General  James  H. 
Ford,  commanding  the  district  of  the  upper  Arkansas, 
to  proceed  with  all  his  forces  against  them,  and  to 
pay  no  attention  to  any  peace  propositions.     But  in 

liliiw.  It  was  sufficient  excuse,  whether  tnie  or  false,  the  report  that  some 
of  tlie  hostile  Indians  visited  the  camp  of  the  uou-couihatant^,  and  shared  witli 
tlani  tiic  spoils  taken  from  the  wliite  jjeople.  It  made  no  difference  tliat  thi'se 
Iiidi.ins  were  professedly  peaceable,  and  under  the  protection  of  the  U.  S.  Hag. 
Cliivington  organized  an  expedition  of  (ioO  of  Col  81ioup's  'id  Colorado,  or 
10()-ilays'  men,  175  of  the  1st  Colorado,  and  a  detachment  of  New  Mexico 
infantry  then  at  Fort  Lyon.  He  moved  secretly  and  rapidly  to  the  fort, 
taking  lare  that  word  should  not  be  carried  to  the  Indian  camp.  He  siir- 
pri-ioil  il.e  camp  at  sunrise.  The  Indians,  not  knowing  who  they  were  or 
wiiat  the  purpose  of  an  armed  force  at  this  hour,  sprang  to  arms,  and  tired 
tite  first  shot.  The  butcliery  then  l>egan,  and  lasted  until  '2  o  clock,  the  Ind- 
ians being  driven  up  the  creek  several  miles.  Tliey  fought  valiantly,  and 
coiLsidering  the  odds  in  numbers,  killed  and  wounded  about  as  many  as  the 
troops — all  of  their  killing  l>eing  of  fighting  men,  while  the  greater  part  uf 
those  killed  by  the  troops  were  old  men,  women,  ami  children. 

(ieorgeL.  Hhoupwas  colonel  of  the  3tl  cav.  William  L.  Allen,  farmer 
anil  stock-raiser,  who  came  to  Colorado  in  1S,">9,  was  one  of  the  lOO-days' 
nun.  David  H.  Nichols  was  captain  of  a  comj  -ny.  He  was  a  niember  of 
the  legislature  of  18G4-5,  and  sheriff  of  B«mldcr  co.  previous  to  his  election 
to  till'  legislature.  He  wjis  again  sent  to  the  legislature  in  1873,  and  in  1878 
wa<  one  of  the  penitentiary  commissioners.  O.  H.  P.  Baxter  of  Pueblo  was 
at  Sand  creek  as  captain  of  a  company.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  legis- 
latnrc  the  following  winter,  and  a  meml)er  of  the  council  at  the  2  following 
si-sions.  He  came  to  Colorado  in  \S't8.  and  was  one  of  the  first  locators  of 
tlif  town  of  Pueblo.  Martin  Brumbly  of  Cafion  City,  who  came  to  Colorado 
in  IS.")!),  was  a  private  at  Sand  creek.  Azor  A.  Smith,  a  graduate  of  Rush 
nioilifal  college,  removed  to  Colorado  in  18o0,  antl  was  iippointed  surgeon  of 
the  1  at  Colorado.  He  has  since  occupied  various  public  positions,  and  was 
fcli'oted  to  the  legislature  in  1876.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Loadville.  Irving  Howbert,  liorn  in  Ind.  in  1846,  and  son  of  William  How- 
ln'i't,  the  pioneer  preacher  in  southern  Coloratlo,  who  died  in  1871,  was  in  the 
Saml  creek  affair.  He  has  furnished  me  a  manuscript  on  Ind'uin  Trnuhles  in 
(' ihniiln.  I  have  drawn  from  his  notes  some  valuable  hints  of  the  early  set- 
tlinn'iit  f)f  El  Paso  and  Park  counties.  -4  Woiiiitn'ii  Ej-pfrienre.  in  Colorado, 
Ms.,  liyMrs  W.  R.  Fowler,  abso  contains  incidents  of  the  Indian  war,  of  alarms 
that  were  well-founded,  and  others  that  were  exaggeratcil  by  fear.  Further 
antliorities  are  The.  Sand  Cirrk  Affair,  MS.,  by  Byers;  correspondence  be- 
tween Mr  Byers  and  Mrs  Jackson  in  N.  Y.  Trihine  of  Feb.  5  and  '22,  and 
Mar.  3,  1880;  Ind.  Aff.  Rfjtt,  186."),  app.,  515,  527;  Id.,  1807,  app.;  Speech 
if  Chivington,  in  ffett's  Talrs  of  Colnrado  Pinnrer*.  88-02;  MrClunx  Three 
Til  mmnd  Milen,  358-95;  Elliert'ii  Pithlie  Mm  and  Measures,  MS.,  G-7;  lloto- 
krt's  Indian  Trouldes,  MS.,  8;  Gilpiii'i  Pioneer  of  IS4J,  MS.,  8;  Dij-oii'n  Nno 
America,  49-51;  ToimwhemVa  Ten  Thonmnd  MUen,  142;  Becbrifh'g  Rept,  44; 
Cdw/.  Glolie,  I8G4~5,  250-6;  Newlins  Prnpwt/  Indian  PoUnj;  Couneil  jour. 
Coin,  1805,  2;  Oen,  Zmws  Colo,  1864,  259;  and  many  brief  allusions  by  various 
writers. 


I  ■■ 


li 


I  '4'i 


If 


408 


INDIAN  WARS. 


May  a  committee  consisting  of  United  States  Senator 
J.  R  Doolittle,  L.  F.  Sl  Foster,  and  L.  W.  K,.ss 
were,  at  their  own  solicitation,  appointed  to  negotiate 
v.'itli  tlie  hostile  tribes,  and  an  order  was  issued  to 
suspend  the  campaign  against  them.  The  Indians, 
however,  could  not  so  suddenly  be  brought  to  enter- 
tain the  idea  of  peace.  In  the  mean  time  the  com- 
mand of  the  district  of  the  upper  Arkansas  was  given 
to  General  Sanborn,  who,  with  Leavenworth,  agent 
for  the  lower  Arkansas,  in  the  course  of  the  sunnuer, 
obtained  the  consent  of  the  Kiowas,  Conianolics, 
Arapahoes,  and  Cheyennes  to  meet  in  council  (arlv 
in  October  at  Bluff  creek,  forty  miles  south  of  tliC 
Little  Arkansas,  any  commissioners  the  presidint 
might  appoint.  At  this  council  treaties  were  entered 
into  between  these  tribes  and  tlie  United  States. 
The  proposition  of  Sanborn,  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mission— Harney,  Murphy,  Carson,^  Bent,  Leaven- 
worth, and  Steele  being  the  other  members—was  to 
make  reparation  for  the  injury  done  the  Indians  at 
Sand  creek,  by  repudiating  the  action  of  the  ColoracU) 
cavalry,  and  restoring  the  property  captured  or  its 
equivalent,  and  giving  to  each  of  the  chiefs  to  hold  in 
his  own  right  320  acres  of  land,  and  to  each  of  the 
widows  and  orphans,  made  such  by  that  affair,  1  f!0 
acres,  besides  allowing  them  all  the  money  and 
annuities  forfeited  by  going  to  war.  The  amount 
appropriated  as  indemnity  for  the  Indian  losses  at 
Sand  creek  was  $39,050.  A  treaty  was  affectid 
with  the  southern  bands  of  Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes, 
and  with  the  Kiowas  and  Comanches,  by  which  tliey 
consented  to  allow  the  president  to  select  a  resersa- 
tion  away  from  contact  with  white  people,  a  conces- 
sion which  led  to  their  removal  to  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, where  they  have  since  remained,  the  goverii- 

' Carson,  who  figured  prominently  on  the  Indian  side  in  the  investigation, 
died  at  Boggsville,  Colorado,  in  August  1868.  In  Nov.  his  remains,  with 
those  of  his  wife,  were  removed  to  Taoa.  N.  M.,  where  they  were  hoimreil 
with  a  masonic  funeral.  Bozenian  Amnt  Courier,  March  24,  1876.  He  w:n  a 
colonel  in  the  volunteer  U.  S.  service  in  New  Mexico  during  the  civil  war, 
and  was  Indian  agent  before  that  in  N.  M. 


THE  CHEYENNES  AND  ARAPAHOES. 


4G9 


moiit  paying  them  afc  the  rate  of  $40  per  capita,  or 
$11:1, 000  annually,  for  forty  years.  A  treaty  was 
also  otibcte*]  with  the  Apaches  who  were  confederated 
with    the   Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes  on    the    same 

tiTlllrf. 

With  the  close  of  the  civil  war  the  volunteer  recfi- 
iiKiits  were  disbanded  and  the  regular  army  sent  to 
take  tJieir  place.  Notwithstanding  the  treaties,  four 
iiifantr}'^  and  two  cavalry  com[)anies  were  stationed  at 
Fi)it  Lyon  ;  two  infantry  and  two  cavalry  companies 
at  Fort  Garland;  one  cavalry  and  two  infantry  com- 
panies at  Fort  Morgan,  in  Weld  county  ;  at  other 
posts  in  the  district  of  the  upi»cr  Arkansas  twentv- 
oiu;  companies  of  mixed  infantry  and  cavalry ;  ami  in 
the  district  of  New  Mexico  thirty-three  companies; 
all  tliese  being  in  the  territory  formerly  rt)amed  over 
by  the  treaty  Indians.  Nor  were  they  suffered  to 
rust  in  garrison  ;  for  between  the  Sioux  and  the  other 
])lains  tribes  they  were  pretty  constantly  employed. 
Hostilities  were  renewed  in  186G,  and  in  the  whiter 
of  that  year,  as  related  in  my  histories  of  Montana  and 
Wyoming,  occurred  the  defeat  of  Fettermann's  com- 
mand at  Fort  Pliilip  Kearny,  by  the  Sioux.  In  the 
spring  of  18G7  a  systematic  war  was  begun  along  the 
Platte,  in  which  the  Cheyennes  and  Arppahoes  were 
iin])licated  with  the  Sioux.  About  the  first  of  Septcm- 
bt^r,  18()8,  Colorado  was  visited  by  a  party  of  seventy- 
five  Clieyennes  and  Arapahoes  with  passes  from  forts 
Larned  and  Wallace.  They  went  through  Colorado 
City  and  the  Ute  Pass,  killing  a  party  of  Utes,  and 
returning  by  an  unfreijuented  trail,  stampeded  and 
(•aj»tured  a  herd  of  120  horses.  This  act  being  re- 
garded as  a  declaration  of  war,  the  stockade  erected 
ill  18G4  was  hastily  repaired,  and  arms  collected  for 
defence.  Meanwhile  a  company  of  scouts  pursued  to 
recover,  if  possible,  the  property  taken,  but  were  sur- 
rounded by  the  Indians,  and  onlj'^  escaped  by  the 
arrival  of  a  party  from  Denver,  at  whose  appearance 
the  Indians  tied,  their  swift  horses  distancing  those  of 


470 


INDIAN  WARS. 


•i:  III 


the  volunteers.  A  few  days  afterwards  a  war  party 
appeared  in  the  valley  of  Monument  creek,  killiiir 
three  persons,  wounding  two  others,  and  driving  oH' 
all  the  stock  they  could  gather  up.  North  of  lnro 
they  killed  four  other  persons,  and  burned  one  nsi- 
dence.  This  was  the  last  foray  of  the  plains  Indians 
in  the  Colorado  territory.  Two  years  longer  war 
raged  upon  the  plains.  Every  mile  of  the  Union  l*a- 
cific  and  Kansas  Pacific  railroads  was  disputed,  liut 
with  their  completion  came  peace ;  for  against  tlie 
despotism  of  steam  and  electricity  there  is  no  power 
in  the  Indian  to  defend  himself 


I  -1 


'I 


The  Utes,  occupying  the  country  west  of  tlic 
Rocky  mountains,  had  taken  no  part  h\  the  hostilities 
thus  far  recorded,  but  rejoiced  in  whatever  punisli- 
ment  was  inflicted  on  their  hereditary  enemies,  the 
Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes.  Of  this  people  there 
were  seven  bands  loosely  confederated,  but  having 
each  a  chief  and  council.  The  most  powerful  of  these 
occupied  the  north-west  portion  of  Colorado,  and 
have  been  most  commonly  known  as  the  White  River 
Utes.  Their  chief  was  Nevava.  Their  territory 
bordered  on  that  of  the  Arapahoes  and  Cheyennes, 
with  whom,  whenever  they  met,  courtesies  were  ex- 
changed in  the  form  of  scalps  and  horses  to  the  vic- 
tors. South  of  the  White  River  Utes  were  the 
Uncompahgre  Utes,  whose  chief  was  Ouray ;  and 
south  of  these  were  the  southern  Utes,  whose  chief 
was  lijnacio.  These  three  bands  belonjjed  in  Colo- 
rado.  In  New  Mexico  were  three  bands,  known  as 
the  Mowaches,  Tabaquaches,  and  Wemiquaches.  In 
Utah,  west  of  the  White  River  Utes,  dwelt  the 
Uintah  Utes. 

In  18G1  the  Colorado  superintendent  of  Indian  af- 
fairs sent  Lafayette  Head,  an  experienced  agent,  to 
reside  at  Conejos  in  charge  of  the  Tabaquache  Utes, 
and  to  distribute  presents  to  other  bands,  in  order  to 
gain  their  confidence.     Xu  1862  several  chiefs,  includ- 


THE  UTES. 


471 


in;4  Ouray  of  the  Uncompahgres,  were  induced  to 
visit  Washington  'vith  A^ent  Head,  where  they  wit- 
nessed the  movements  of  troops,  the  action  of  artil- 
lerv,  and  other  impressive  demonstrations.     But  in 
18()3  the  Utes  were  somewhat  troublesome,  having 
been  engaged  in  several  raids,  which  they  said  were 
a»minst  the  Sioux,  but  in  which  they  carried  off  con- 
sklerable  property  of  the  white  people.     To  counter- 
act the  hostile  tendency,  agents  were  appointed  to  the 
other  bands  of  Utes,  Simeon  Whitely  being  appointed 
to  the  northern  agency  established  in  Middle  park. 
A  council  was  held  with  the  Tabaquaches,  who  relin- 
quished their  claim  to  the  lands  the  government  de- 
sired to  purchase ;  naniel}',  the  San  Luis  valley  and 
mountains,  and  that  portion  of  the  country  west  of 
the  Rocky  mountains  in  which  settlements  had  already 
l)een  made.     From  this  time  there  were  no  serious 
troubles  between  the  Colorado  Utes  and  the  white 
population,  although  depredations  were  occasionally 
coniniitted  by  the  New  Mexico  bands  in  the  southern 
counties.' 

A  council  was  held  with  the  Utes  in  Middle  park 
in  1806.  There  was  the  usual  dissatisfaction  because 
a  treaty  had  been  concluded  with  one  band  and  not 
witli  the  others.     There  was  also  a  very  just  dissatis- 

^  1  n  1865  a  council  was  held  at  Fort  Garland  to  settle  the  troubles  between 
tlio  Utes  and  the  Mexican  population,  and  a  peace  concluded  by  a  mutual 
iiiilcniiiity.  In  1867  a  chief  of  one  of  the  New  Mexico  bands,  Kaneache,  had 
a  (luanc'l  with  a  United  States  officer,  in  which  threatening  language  was 
u-i'l  on  both  sides.  A  collision  was  averted  by  the  sagacity  of  L.  B.  Max- 
Vfll.  liut  Kaneache 's  heart  became  bad  toward  the  white  race,  and  he 
iiiaile  a  raid  upon  the  corntields  of  the  Purgatoire  valley,  claiming  the  soil 
mill  the  crops,  which  so  exasperated  the  Mexican  planters  that  retaliatory 
iiK-:isurcs  were  resorted  to.  The  troops  from  Fort  Stephens,  a  camp  at  the 
fiMit  of  the  Spanish  peaks,  interfered,  and  met  with  a  slight  loss.  Kaneache 
nrnv  took  the  war-path  in  earnest,  raiding  up  the  I'urgatfiire,  around  the 
Spanish  peaks,  over  the  Cucharas,  and  up  the  Huerfano.  Couriers  were  sent 
ti)  invite  tlie  Tabaquaches  and  Ouray  to  join  him.  Instead  of  joining  him, 
liiiwfvcr,  Ouray  placed  all  his  people  under  the  surveillance  of  Fort  Garland, 
iMiiiinanded  by  Col  Carson,  and  repaired  to  the  Purgatoire  to  warn  the  set- 
tlers. Tlie  enemy  was  met  by  a  small  force  of  Tabaquaches,  under  Shawno, 
om:  of  their  chiefs,  whom  Carson  sent  to  bring  in  Kaneache,  dead  or  alive. 
The  order  was  obeyed,  Kaneache  and  another  hostile  leader  being  captureil 
ami  taken  to  Fort  Union.  Five  white  men  were  killed  during  the  raid,  and 
inucli  property  taken  or  destroyed.  But  for  the  exertions  of  Ouray,  many 
muru  Uvea  would  Uave  bcea  lost, 


rap* 


472 


INDIAN  WARS. 


faction  on  the  part  of  the  Tabaquaches  on  account  of 
the  character  of  the  annuity  goods  furnished  thoni, 
which  were  disgracefully  worthless,  rotten,  and  iHh- 
gusting,  and  might  reasonably  have  been  made  the 
ground  of  revocation  of  the  treaty.  In  1868  anotlur 
treaty  was  made  with  all  the  Colorado  Utea,  in  \vlii(  h 
some  of  the  provisions  of  the  former  were  confirmed, 
but  important  modifications  made.  The  bounds  of 
the  reserved  lands  were  the  southern  limit  of  (yolo. 
rado  on  the  south,  the  107th  meridian  on  the  east,  the 
40th  parallel  on  the  north,  and  the  territory  of  Utah 
on  the  west.  The  government  was  pledged  to  expend 
annually  for  the  Utes  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $30,000  in 
clothing,  blankets,  and  other  articles  of  utility ;  and 
$30,000  in  provisions  until  such  time  as  these  Indians 
should  be  found  capable  of  self-support.  Anionsj; 
themselves  there  were  certain  causes  of  differonct'. 
The  United  States  had  insisted  that  there  should  bo 
a  head  chief  over  all  the  confederate  tribes,  throui^^li 
wh(jm  business  could  be  transacted  without  the 
tedious  council  in  which  they  delighted  to  exhibit 
their  eloquence  and  their  obstinacy.  Nevava  had 
passed  away,  and  his  sons,  of  whom  he  had  several, 
each  claimed  the  inheritance  of  the  chieftain8hi[)  of 
the  White  River  Utes.  There  were  many  in  tliis 
tribe  who  would  gladly  have  accepted  this  distinction 
— Antelope,  Douglas,  Johnson,  Colorow,  Jack, 
Schwitz,  and  Bennett.  But  in  their  stead  was 
appoined  Ouray,  of  the  Uncompahgre  band  chief  over 
all,  with  a  salary  of  |1,000  a  year ;  and  the  lesser 
chiefs  were  forced  to  content  themselves  with  suoli  a 
following  as  their  individual  qualities  could  command. 
There  was  much  jealousy.  The  White  River  Utes 
who  thought  the  head  chief  should  have  been  chosen 
from  among  themselves,  began  conspiring  against 
Ouray  as  early  as  1875,  and  talked  openly  of  killing 
him.  The  neglect  of  the  government  in  sometimes 
failing  to  deliver  the  annuities  was  charged  against 
the  head  chief,  who  was  said  to  be  in  collusion  with 


U 


OURAY. 


473 


certain  white  men  in  depriving  them  of  their  goods,  a 
suspu'lon  to  which  the  greater  wealtli,  dignity,  and 
iiosperity  of  Ouray  gave  some  coloring,  for  ()urt»y, 
iko  Lawyer  of  the  Nez  Perces,  was  far  above  his 
contemporaries  in  slirewdness  and  intelHgence.  J^ut 
the  attempts  to  unseat  Ouray  amounted  to  nothing.' 
The  effect  of  tliis  dissatisfaction  was  to  cuhninate  in 
disasters  more  serious  and  important  than  the  over- 
throw of  the  head  chief  In  1876  tlie  White  Kiver 
Utcs  began  burning  over  the  country  north  and  oast 
i)f  their  reservation,  claimed  by  them,  although  i)r<)p- 
erly  l)clonging  to  the  Arapahoe  lands,  which  had  been 
purchased.  The  following  year  a  chief  known  as  Jack 
made  overtures  to  their  traditional  foes,  the  Chey- 
ciines  and  Arapahoes,  with  whom  he  a[)pointed  a  ren- 
dezvous in  western  Wyoming.  Here  he  fountl  con- 
genial sympathizers,  who  filled  hirf  ears  with  stories 
of  the  excitement  and  glory  of  war.  The  southern 
Uto  agency  was  at  Los  Phios  on  the  Uncom[)ahgro 
river,  a  few  miles  from  the  present  town  of  Ouray, 
where  the  head  chief  had  his  residence.  The  agency 
of  the  White  River  Utes  had  been  removed  to  the 
southern  bank  of  that  stream.  Early  in  1879  the 
venerable  N.  C.  Meeker,  first  president  of  the  union 
colony,  was  appointed  to  the  charge  of  the  White 
Kiver  Utes.  He  undertook  to  carry  out  the  designs 
of  the  department,  by  selecting  agricultural  lands  and 
opening  a  farm  at  the  new  agency,  by  encouraging 
the  Indians  to  build  log  houses,  and  by  opening  a 
school  which  was  taught  by  his  daughter.  He  found 
himself  opposed  from  the  outset  by  the  Indians,  some 

'  Ouray  was  brought  up  in  part  under  the  influences  of  the  McxieuuM,  ami 
Mas  iiuiilc  much  of  afterward  by  Aj;ent  Head.  Evans  .appointed  liini  inter- 
pri'tiT  at  the  Conejos  agency,  paying  him  ?.")()0  a  year.  He  assisted  in  dis- 
tiiliiitiiig  the  sheep  and  cattle  presented  to  the  Uies after  the  treaty  of  1S('>,'{. 
Kfi'|iiiijf  his  own,  he  bought  others  witli  his  money,  and  in  the  course  of  time 
Mils  alile  to  employ  Mexican  herders.  He  erected  a  good  dwelling,  well  fur- 
nished, near  wiiere  the  tow;  of  Ouray  is  located,  where  ho  lived  in  comfort 
until  his  death  in  1880.  Emm'  Iiitm'inr,  MS.,  13-15;  Deiul  Mens  Oitlr/i, 
Ms.,  1-11;  fn'/crmlCa  KnocL-iri'i  Aroiiml  the  Rttckies,  9(>-10G;  Denver  Trilmne, 
All;,'.  -JS,  ISSd;  Colomih  Miiiinj  Cuiiq>s,  MS.,  12-15;  Stunjia'  Utc  Wm;  7-8; 
'fmitio  mth  Iiuliam,  MS.,  11. 


474 


INDIAN  WARS. 


«i  •  ir 


f  I 


i| 


II 


M 

Hi 


I  I 


ir 


of  wliom  pretended  that  when  the  sod  was  once 
broken,  it  was  no  more  Ute  soil,  the  real  difficulkv 
beini^that  Jolinson,  a  l>rother-in-law  of  Ouray,  wanted 
tho  land  selected  by  Meeker  for  pasturing  his  numer- 
ous ponies.  Several  councils  were  held,  and  when  the 
excitement  was  abated,  Meeker  resumed  farminjij  op. 
erations,  when  Johnson  assaulted  him,  forcing  tlio 
agent  out  of  his  own  house,  and  beating  him. 

Meeker  then  wrote  to  the  department  that  if  lie 
was  to  carr}'  out  his  instructions,  he  must  have  tr()()))s. 
Assistance  was  proni'sed.  Orders  were  issued  by  the 
commander  of  the  department,  that  a  troop  of  colon  d 
cavalry  from  Fort  Garland,  under  Captain  Payne, 
should  scout  through  the  parks  on  the  border  of  tlie 
reservation  to  protect  the  settlers  and  prevent  arson, 
and  join  a  command  of  160  cavalry  and  infantr}'  from 
Fort  Fred  Steele,  under  Captain  Thomburg,  ordered 
to  repair  to  the  reservation.  When  he  was  at  Bear 
river,  Indian  runners  brought  the  news  to  the  agency, 
and  in  much  excitement  required  the  agent  to  write 
to  Thomburg  not  to  advance,  but  to  send  five  officers 
to  compromise  the  difficulties.  Meeker  wrote  as  re- 
quested, sending  a  courier  with  the  letter,  which  left 
the  matter  to  Thornburg's  judgment.  The  decision 
of  that  officer  waste  advance,  and  to  reach  the  agency 
September  30th,  but  to  quiet  the  Indians  by  promis- 
ing to  meet  five  of  the  Utes  at  Milk  creek  on  the 
evening  of  the  29th. 

On  the  morning  of  the  29th,  a  large  number  set  off 
with  the  alleged  object  of  having  a  hunt,  taking  their 
rifles  and  amnmnition.  The  ordinary  affiairs  were  lift- 
ing transacted  with  lesri  than  customary  friction,  ow- 
ing to  the  absence  of  so  miiny  turbulent  spirits,  when 
at  about  one  o'clock  the  lightening  fell  out  of  a  clear 
sky.  A  runner  from  Milk  creek  brought  the  news 
that  a  battle  was  going  on  between  the  troops  and 
Indians  at  that  place.  This  information  was  not  im- 
parted to  Meeker,  but  half  an  hour  after  it  was  re- 
ceived twenty  armed  Utes  of  Douglas'  band  attacked 


SANflUINARY  CONFLICT. 


475 


the  agency.  Twelve  men  and  boys  were  quickly 
slaui^litered.  The  agency  buildings  were  robbud  and 
l)uriioil.  The  gray  headed  philanthropist  was  dragged 
about  the  agency  grounds  by  a  log  chain  about  his 
iKck,  and  with  a  barrel  stave  driven  down  his  throat. 
Tlio  women  were  seized  and  carried  to  the  tepeos  of 
])(»iiL(las,  Johnson,  and  Persune,  to  be  subjected  to 
tlu'ir  lusts. 


';",""i/..y    ( 


I 

m 


'■-.'■li 


Thorxbi;u(!  Battle  Gropnd. 


At  ^lilk  creek  were  other  de])lorai)le  scenes.  The 
protended  hunting  party  had  ambushed  Thornburg  at 
tell  o'clock  that  morning,  in  a  narrow  pass  at  tliis 
place,  and  separated  the  troops  from  the  supply  train 
in  tlic  roar.  Major  Thornburg,  in  attempting  to  fall 
back,  made  a  charge  on  the  cordon  of  Indians,  and 
was  killed,  with  thirteen  of  his  men.     The  command 


476 


INDIAN  WARS. 


! 


then  devolved  on  Captain  Payne  of  the  5th  cavalry, 
who  reached  the  train  with  forty -two  wounded,  in- 
eluding  every  officer  but  one. 

Trenches  were  dug,  and  breastworks  erected  out  of 
the  wagons  and  their  contents,  to  which  were  added 
the  carcasses  of  horses  and  mules,  and  even  the 
bodies  of  dead  soldiers,  piled  up  and  covered  with 
earth.  In  the  centre  of  the  entrenchments  a  pit  was 
dug,  to  be  used  as  a  hospital,  where  the  wounded  wure 
placed,  the  surgeon  himself  being  one  of  them.  The 
Indians  attempted  to  force  the  troops  out  of  their  iii- 
trenclmients  by  setting  fire  to  the  tall  dry  grass  and 
brush  in  the  defile,  and  nearly  suffocating  them  ;  but, 
although  they  had  no  water,  they  put  out  the  fire 
with  blankets  as  it  came  near,  and  so  conquered  that 
peril.  At  sundown  the  Utes  came  up  and  were  re- 
pulsed. That  night  a  scout,  named  Rankin,  stole  ont 
of  camp,  and,  finding  a  horse,  mounted  and  rode  to 
Rawlins,  160  miles,  arriving  on  the  morning  of  the 
1st  of  October.  It  was  not  until  the  9th  of  October 
that  information  was  received,  via  the  Uncompahgre 
agency,  at  Los  Pinos,  that  the  women  and  chikheii 
were  alive,  in  captivity.  Troops  were  rapidly  concen- 
trated for  the  relief  of  Payne.  Meanwhile,  on  the 
third  night  after  the  attack,  Captain  Dodge,  witli  the 
colored  troop  before  mentioned,  succeeded  in  eluding 
the  Utes,  and  joined  Payne  in  the  entrenchment;  l»ut 
to  very  little  use,  as  all  the  horses  had  been  killed  hut 
two,  and  as  this  troop  only  added  forty  more  to  the 
loss  sustained  by  the  government,  their  dead  bodies 
being  soon  added  to  the  fleshy  and  rotting  rampart  by 
which  they  were  surrounded.  As  the  Indians  gen- 
erally withdrew  at  night,  some  relief  was  obtained  hy 
dragging  away  and  burying  the  decayhig  animals,  and 
carrying  water  from  a  spring  near  at  hand.  In  this 
maimer  were  passed  six  days. 

Relief  came  on  the  5th  of  October,  when  Colonel 
Merritt  arrived,  after  a  forced  march  of  72  hours, 
with  a  force  of  550  men.     For  the  appearance  of  this 


THORNBURO. 


477 


particular  officer  the  besieged  had  waited  with  a  con- 
iidciice  which  sustained  tliem  through  one  of  the 
iUDst  trying  ordeals  ever  experienced  by  troops. 
Tlitre  was  a  skirmish  next  day,  but  the  Indians  soon 
retiree],  and  the  dead  were  buried  as  decently  as  tlie 
circumstances  allowed.  In  the  affair  of  the  29th,  35 
Iiuliars  were  killed.  The  loss  to  the  white  forces  was 
14  killed  and  43  wounded.  Thornburg's  body  was 
hut  little  mutilated.  The  Utes  had  disposed  the 
]iini)s  decently,  and  placed  a  photograph  of  Coiorow 
in  Olio  hand,  to  signify  by  whom  he  had  come  to  his 
death.  The  officers  engaged  in  this  affair,  besides 
Tliornburg,  were  captains  J.  Scott  Payne  and  Joseph 
Lawson  of  the  5th  cavalry;  Lieutenant  J.  V.  S.  Pad- 
tlock  of  the  3d  cavalry  ;  lieutenants  Wolf  and  Wooley 
of  the  4th  infantry,  and  Lieutenant  S.  A.  Cherry  of 
the  5th  cavalry,  the  sole  officer  unhurt,  and  E.  B. 
Grimes.  Tliornburg  was  a  Tennessean.  He  cn- 
listt'J  as  a  private,  September  1861,  in  the  6th  Ten- 
nessee, serving  until  August  1863.  He  rose  in  five 
months  to  be  sergeant-major,  and  in  t*vo  months 
more  to  be  lieutenant  and  adjutant.  He  subsequently 
entered  West  Point  academy,  graduating  in  1867. 
He  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  of  2d  artil- 
lery, and  was  stationed  at  San  Francisco,  Fortress 
Monroe,  Alcatraz,  and  Sitka,  and  was  professor  of 
military  science  at  San  Diego,  California,  and  subse- 
quently at  the  East  Tennessee  university,  going 
thence  to  Fort  Foote,  Maryland ;  and  from  there  to 
San  Antonio,  Texas;  tli*  n  to  Fort  Brown,  and  to 
Omaha.  He  became  ma; /r  of  the  4th  infantry  at 
Fort  Fred.  Steele.  ^NT'jrritt  reached  the  ayjencv  on 
the  11th,  finding  twelve  dead  and  mutilated  bodies." 

"  Others  not  here  named  were  likewise  killed.  The  twelve  were  N.  C. 
Meeker,  E.  W,  Eskridge,  his  clerk,  a  lawyer  l>y  profession,  and  had  heen  a 
laiiker;  W.  H.  Post,  assistant  agent  and  farmer;  E.  Price,  blacksmith;  Frank 
llresscr,  Harry  Dresser,  Frederick  Shepard,  George  Eaton,  W.  H.  Thdnip- 
si'ii,  K.  L.  Mansfield,  Carl  Goldstein,  and  Julius  Moore.  N.  C.  Meeker  was 
liorn  ill  ^'  '  d.  Ohio,  in  1815.  He  was  early  known  as  a  newspaper  and 
iiiaga/.iit.,  iiter.  He  married  the  daughter  of  one  Smith,  a  retired  sea-cap- 
taiii,  juiuiug  a  society  kuowu  as  the  Trumbull  I'halauA,  a  branch  uf  the 


478 


INDIAN  WARS. 


While  the  command  remained  at  White  river,  Lieu- 
tenant Weir  and  a  scout  named  Humme  were  killed 
while  hunting  in  the  vicinity  of  the  agency,  but  no 
demonstration  was  made  against  the  Indians. 


Uncohfahore  Aoesct. 


North  American  Phalanx  and  Brook  Farm  Societies.  Communism  not  com- 
ing up  to  hia  expectations,  he  returned  to  Cleveland,  and  went  into  a  hut- 
cantile  busmest)  in  a  small  way,  prospering  very  well.  Then  he  lieoanie  war 
correspondent  of  the  X.  Y.  Tribune,  and  later  was  on  the  editorial  start.  In 
1869,  heing  sent  to  write  up  Mormonism,  he  spent  a  little  time  in  t'olorailo, 
and  was  so  charmed  with  the  scenery  and  the  climate  that  he  deterniiiud  to 
settle  here  with  his  family.  In  this  design  he  was  encouraged  by  < ! rtf It y, 
who  promised  to  aid  him  with  the  THhune.  Out  of  this  grew  the  Unicn  oni- 
ony. How  Greeley  kept  his  woi-d  the  readers  of  the  Tivmne  remember,  and 
the  flourishing  town  of  Greeley  attests,  named  in  acknowledgment  of  his 
services. 


PEACE  SCHEDULE. 


479 


er,  Lieu- 
re  killed 
7y  but  no 


niUfi 


\ 


■m  not  com- 

Into  a  ii'.tT- 

Iwcaine  war 

start'.     In 

Coloraiii', 

lermincil  to 

O  reeley, 

I  Union  col- 

enilier,  and 

lient  of  \\\i 


The  captives  were  finally  given  up,  owing  to  the 
skill  of  Postal-agent  Charles  N.  Adams  and  the  in- 
flut'iice  of  Ouray.  The  Indians  guilty  of  the  crimes 
coinniitted  at  the  agency  did  not  present  themselves, 
aiul  finally  Adams  went  on  to  Washington  with 
Ouray,  Jack,  and  other  lesser  personages  to  the  num- 
ber of  a  dozen.  After  nearly  a  fortnight  of  negotia- 
tions there,  during  which  the  government  insisted 
upon  two  points,  the  relinquishment  of  the  criminals 
and  the  removal  of  the  Utes  to  a  reservation  outside 
of  Colorado,  Jack  and  three  other  Utes  returned  with 
Adams  to  this  state  to  attempt  once  more  the  capture 
of  Douglas,  Johnson,  and  others  under  criminal 
charges.  About  the  middle  of  February  they  were 
so  ftir  successful  that  Douglas  and  Johnson  were 
among  the  Indians  who  accompanied  them  east, 
Dinisxlas  beinij  left  in  confinement  at  Fort  Leaven- 
\\\)rth. 

K)\\  the  6th  of  March  a  new  convention  was  en- 
tered into  between  the  Ute  representative  in  Wash- 
ington and  the  agents  of  the  United  States.  By  this 
arranijement  the  chiefs  agreed  to  endeavor  to  effect 
the  surrender  of  the  Indians  implicated  in  the  massa- 
cre of  Meeker  and  his  employes,  or,  if  not  able  to  take 
them,  they  promised  not  to  obstruct  the  government 
ottieers  in  the  same  effort.  They  agreed  to  cede  the 
Ute  I'^servation,  except  that  the  southern  Utes,  or 
Ignon;>\s  'land,  were  to  be  settled  in  severalty  on  agri- 
cult^iirai  lands  on  the  La  Plata  river,  and  in  New 
3T.  ;i-.,.  The  Uncompahgres  were  to  settle  upon 
iu.ul?  en  Grand  riv^er,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gunni- 
s(  n,  in  Co'  rado  and  Utah.  The  White  River  Utes 
agreed  to  settle  on  lands  in  severalty  on  the  Uintah 
reservation  in  Utah.  The  severaltj''  bill  passed  by 
congress  allowed  160  acres  of  pasture  and  the  same 
amount  of  farming  land  to  each  head  of  a  family,  and 
80  acres  to  each  child.  The  consent,  first  of  congress, 
and  secondly  of  a  majority  of  the  tliree  bands,  was  to 
i"  'obtained  to  this  arrangement,  when  $60,000,  or  as 


480 


INDIAN  WARS. 


much  more  as  congress  might  appropriate,  should  be 
distributed  among  them.  An  an?i 'ity  of  $50,000  was 
also  to  be  paid  them,  and  a  su'jport  furnished  thoiii 
and  their  children  until  they  became  self-supporting.' 
This  schedule  was  so  altered  as  to  require  the  sur- 
render of  the  murderers  before  the  White  River  l^tes 
should  receive  all  their  share  of  the  money,  and  an 
annuity  of  $500  each  was  to  be  taken  out  of  the  Ute 
annuity  to  be  paid  to  the  widows  of  the  men  slaiu  at 


Uintah  Reservation. 


the  agency.  On  the  other  hand,  Schurz  insisted  on 
an  appropriation  of  $350,000  for  different  objects 
beneficial  to  the  Utes,  to  be  expended  in  surveying 

*  Denver  Trihune,  Mar.  7,  1880.  The  history  of  the  progress  of  the  Ute 
coinmis>sions  was  reported  in  the  Tribune  from  day  to  day,  and  from  its  ii>l- 
umns  I  have  drawn  most  of  my  statements  and  some  of  my  conchisimis. 
The  account  of  the  massacre,  etc.,  containeil  mBwkinn  Denver  HiM.,  is  ap- 
parently derived  from  a  similar  source.  There  is  a  pamphlet  by  Thmiuw 
Sturgis,  The  Ute  War  of  1879,  Cheyenne,  1879,  pp.  26,  showing  why  the  Iii'l- 
ian  bureau  should  be  transferred  from  the  interior  department  to  the  mili- 
tary, which  also  contains  a  history  of  the  outbreak.  I  find  partial  accmints 
in  Byers'  Centennial  Stale,  MS.,  4t>-52;  U.S.  H.  Doc.,  1879-80;  //'/"■' 
( M(mt. )  Heraki,  Oct.,  Nov.,  and  Dec,  1879;  Helena  Independent,  Oct.  It5 
and  30,  1879;  Sen.  Jour.  Colo,  1881,  42-3;  U.  S.  Sen.  Doc.,  i.  29,  46th  c.mg, 
Sdsess.;  U.  S.  H.  Dor.,  ix.,  pt  .5,  pp.  109-11,  121-5,  46th  i  ong.  2d  sess.; 
Stockton  Indepemient,  Mar.  17.  1880. 


PEACE  SCHEDULE. 


4ai 


tlieir  lots,  building  houses  and  mills,  buying  wagons, 
harness,  cattle,  and  other  property.  Back  annuities, 
which  by  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  1868  might  be 
paid  in  cattle,  the  Utes  insisted  should  now  be  paid 
in  cash,  and  enough  added  to  it  to  make  it  $75,000 
annuallv-  The  bul  finally  passed  with  these  provis- 
ions. Douglas  was  kept  in  confinement  at  Fort 
Leavenworth  for  more  than  a  year.  His  tribe  were 
removed  to  Utah.  Ouray  returned  to  Colorado, 
where  he  died  in  August  Colorow  lived  to  cause 
further  trouble. 

Hist.  Niv.   81 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 

1859-1875. 

Placer  and  Quartz  Mining — Refractory  Ores — Processes — Smeltino— 
SwiNDMNO  Corporations — The  Flood — Indian  Hostilities— A(!ri- 
culture — Products  and  Prices — Discovery  of  Silver — Lo^alhies 
and  Lodes — The  San  Juan  Country — Adventures  of  John  Bakkk's 
Party — Great  Sufferings — Architecfural  Remains  of  Pkimmive 
Peoples — Pile's  Expedition — Treaty  Violations — Opening  of  Roads 
— Silver  Lodes — San  Miguel  Gold  Dktrict — Ouray. 


It  is  time  now  that  I  should  turn  to  the  considera- 
tion of  tlid  material  development  of  the  country. 
After  the  first  three  or  four  years  of  immigration  and 
gold  mining,  during  which  $30,000,000  of  gold  was 
produced,  it  began  to  be  realized  that  the  placer  dig- 
gings were  soon  to  be  exhausted,  and  that  quartz  min- 
ing only  could  be  made  remunerative  in  the  future.  A 
more  discouraging  discovery  was  that  the  ores  in 
quartz  were  refractory,  and  the  proper  methods  of 
working  them  unknown.  It  was  then  that  many 
Colorado  miners,  hearing  of  Salmon  river  in  what 
was  then  Washington  territory,  migrated  in  that 
direction  with  the  same  impetuousness  with  whicli 
they  had  first  flown  to  the  rumored  El  Dorado  of  the 
Rocky  mountains.  Failing  to  reach  there  for  want 
of  a  wagon-road,  they,  with  others  from  the  western 
states,  began  prospecting  on  the  headwaters  of  the 
Missouri  river,  and  discovered  gold.  Forthwitli  the 
town  of  Bannack  sprang  up,  then  Virginia  City,  and 
simultaneously  other  towns  in  what  was  soon  Idalio, 
followed    by  the   rapid  population  of  the  still  hiter 


(482) 


liv 


PLACER  AND  QUARTZ  MININfi. 


488 


territory  of    Montana,  Colorado   furnishing  a  large 
proportion  of  the  first  settlers  of  that  region.' 

Placer,  gulch,  and  bar  mining  had  about  come  to 
an  rnd  in  1859  in  Arapahoe  county  ;  in  Clear  creek 
and  Boulder  counties  in  1860;  in  the  parks  by  1861 ; 
and  in  Gilpin  county  by  1863.  It  revived  somewhat 
afterward  in  the  parks.'  The  richest  of  the  gulch 
claims  had  proved  to  be  the  cropplngs  of  quartz  ledges, 
which  were  easily  worked,  the  gold  near  the  surface 
beiiii:^  freed  from  its  matrix  by  elemental  forces 
operating  for  ages.  Little  water  at  first  accumulated 
in  these  mines  ;  simple  machinery  answered  for  hoist- 
in*,'  the  ore,  and  fuel  was  cheap.  Arastras  and  stamp- 
mills  were  introduced  as  early  as  1859,  as  I  have 
before  mentioned,  and  were  quite  numerous  in  1860. 
But  to  the  surprise  of  their  owners  the  mills  were 
often  found  not  to  save  gold  enough  to  pay  expenses. 
D.  D.  White  is  said  to  have  thrown  a  quantity  of 
gohl-dust  into  the  battery  of  his  mill  in  Boulder 
county  that  he  might  be  able  to  declare  that  he  had 
cleaned  up  some  gold,  and  not  a  trace  of  the  gold  thus 
devoted  could  be  found.  The  first  successful  mill  was 
the  pro[>erty  of  Robert  and  Cary  Culver  and  John 
Mahoney,  and  was  set  up  in  July  1860  at  Gold  hill, 
ten  miles  from  the  town  of  Boulder,  to  work  the  ore 
of  the  Horsfal  mine,  discovered'  in  June  1859,  and 
wliich  had  already  yielded  $10,000  by  sluicing.  Two 
months  later  a  six-stamp  Gates  mill  belonging  to 
\\  eniott  &  Merrill  arrived  from  Chicago,  and  was  set 

'The  following  persons  were  in  both  Colorado  and  Montana:  W.  McKim- 
ons,  .1.  Daniothy,  E.  Nottingham,  A.  W.  Pillshury,  J.  Brady,  F.  Temple, 
W.  Rogers,  John  Call,  John  Willhard,  Christopher  Richter,  Nicholas  Kesa- 
Irr,  W.  J.  English,  G.  W.  Krattcar,  Sargeant  Hall,  0.  W.  Jay,  Joseph 
Kvcans,  Wilson  Butt,  James  M.  Cavanaugh,  William  Arthur  Davis,  O. 
Brv.iiii,  James  Williams,  Thomas  Foster,  John  M.  Shelton,  Charles  L. 
Williiims.  Benjamin  R.  Pittes,  John  Fenn,  Thomas  Oarlick,  William  Fern, 
David  Alderdice.  C.  B.  Reed,  A.  E.  Crater,  Alexander  Metzel,  Etlward  D. 
Alston,  J.  W.  Marshall,  Isaac  Hall,  William  Stotldea,  George  L.  Shoup. 

-  IfnlliMer  Miiiei>  of  Colo,  122-3. 

'By  David  Horsfal.  M.  L.  McCaslin,  and  William  Blore.  Blore  was  a 
native  of  Otsego  CO.,  N.  Y.,  though  of  German  descent,  and  was  bom  in 
183.'{.  He  resided  in  Pa  when  a  chdd,  going  to  Neb.  in  1856,  and  l>eing  one 
of  the  Colorado  pioneers  of  1858.  He  purchased  land  and  went  to  farming 
and  stock-raising. 


484 


MATEIilAL  PROiiliESS. 


to  work  upcn  this  lode,  the  proprietors  of  the  former 
mill  discarding  tiieir  own  and  purchasing  an  inturest 
in  tiiis.  By  this  means  $600  to  $700  per  cord— ore 
being  measured,  not  weighed,  at  this  time — was  saved, 
and  tlie  Horsfal  yielded  over  $300,000  in  the  succeed- 
ing two  years.  Some  other  mills  made  good  retunig 
for  a  time;*  but,  as  I  have  said,  at  no  great  depth  the 
ores  generally  proved  refractory  to  the  treatment  to 
whicli,  ftdlowing  the  methods  familiar  in  California, 
they  were  subjected.  The  milling  processes  practised 
on  the  Comstock  enabled  the  mill  men  to  extract  tlie 
metal  from  a  ton  of  ore  at  a  cost  of  from  five  to  ten 
dollars;  consequently  low-grade  ores  could  be  profita- 
bly worked  ;  but  it  was  found  that  quicksilver,  which 
in  California  and  Nevada  saved  the  free  gold  and  car- 
bonates by  amalgamation,  was  wholly  indifferent  to 
the  sulphurets  and  i>yrites*  of  Colorado,  and  that  the 
ores  would  have  to  be  treated  by  some  then  unknown 
method,  and  at  probably  a  greatly  increased  c«st. 
Much  money  was  expended  in  unprofitable  expni- 
ment  for  the  whole  period  between  1864  and  1S(\7, 
and  many  claims  were  abandoned  which  have  since 
been  profitably  worked.*      From  $7,500,000  annual 

*  Archibald  J.  Van  Deren  of  Ky  came  to  Colorado  in  1859,  and  ojn'rated 
successfully  one  of  the  tirst  stamp-mills  brought  to  Colorado  at  Nevada 
ffulch.  He  was  commissioner  of  Udpin  co.  in  1861.  In  1863  he  was  a  mom- 
be  r  of  the  legisiature.  The  John  Jay  mine  was  discovered  by  him.  Kiisign 
B.  Smith,  born  in  N.  Y.,  came  to  Colorado  in  18.")!)  with  ids  family,  buililiug 
the  second  house  in  Golden,  which  lie  kept  as  a  hotel.  In  18(50  lie  reiiKivtil 
to  Black  Hawk  and  erected  a  quart/-niill  of  6  stamps,  which  he  suhl,  ami 
erected  another  at  Buckskin  Joe,  which  ran  for  half  a  year,  M-hen  lio  aliaii- 
doned  it  and  returned  to  hotel-keeping.  Hu  was  appointed  probate  judge  in 
1862.  In  1863  he  built,  in  connection  with  his  brother  and  >V.  A.  H.  Love- 
laud,  the  Clear  creek  wagon-road  from  Golden  to  the  Golden  Gate  road- 
Perry  A.  Kline,  born  in  Pa,  came  in  1859,  and  mined  in  the  Gregory  and 
Russell  diggings,  and  in  1860  at  California  gulch,  French  gulch,  and  Hiuk- 
skin  Joe.  In  1861  lie  was  employed  in  a  null  on  the  Gunnell  lode,  near  Cen- 
tral City,  and  became  superintendent.  He  was  subsequently  superintend- 
ent of  several  different  mills,  among  others  the  Kansas  Consolidated,  ruu> 
ning  .V2  stamps. 

*  Pyrites  are  sulphurets  of  iron,  whereas  combinations  of  sulphur  and 
other  metals  are  called  sulphurets.  Pyrites  may  have,  besides  iron,  the  sul> 
phurets  of  other  metals. 

"■  Warren  R.  Fowler,  author  of  Aroiind  Colorcklo,  MS.,  was  born  in  N.  Y., 
and  in  1849  came  to  Cal.,  and  to  Central  City  in  1860,  which  he  helped  to 
build  up.  He  has  remained,  mining  and  farming  in  different  psjrt'S  of  the 
state,  finally  making  his  residence  at  Cafion  City, 


NATHANIEL  P.  HILL. 


4SS 


production  the  mining  output  diminished  until  in  1807 
it  was  but  $1,800,000,'  when  men  ceased  to  exhaust 
tlioir  means  in  wortliless  "  new  processes,"  and 
returned  to  tlieir  stamp-mills,  which  wasted  from  one 
half  ti)  two  thirds  of  the  precious  metals,  and  all  of 
th(!  Kad  and  copper  contained  in  the  ores,  but  still 
atfonlt'd  a  profit.  During  this  period  many  miners 
parted  with  their  properties  to  eastern  men,  who  bad 
advanced  money  on  them,  and  they  were  lying  idle, 
which  accounted  in  part  for  the  decrease  of  gold  pro- 
duction in  Colorado.  Time  was  required  to  establish 
titles  and  start  up  the  mines  -under  a  ne\V  regime. 
Also  a  large  per  cent  of  the  unsold  mining  property 
was  bonded  to  be  sold,  in  which  condition  it  could  not 
he  worked.  Gradually  the  new  owners,  having  com- 
mand of  capital,  secured  the  services  of  mining  experts 
from  Europe,  who  introduced  processes  of  dressing 
and  smelting  ores,  which  being  imj^roved  upon  by 
native  ingenuity,  resulted  in  a  solution  of  the  problem. 
The  yield  of  the  Colorado  mines  in  1870  rose  to 
§5,000,000,  and  in  1871  to  $6,000,000. 

In  the  meantime  the  discovery  had  been  made  that 
some  of  the  supposed  gold  mines  were  really  not  gold, 
but  silver;  as,  for  instance,  the  Seaton  mine  in  Idaho 
district,  which  became  almost  valueless  from  the  small 
amount  of  gold  contained  in  the  bullion  produced  by 
it,  the  name  of  Seaton  gold  being  synonymous  with  a 
iieaily  white  metal.  Comparison  of  the  ore  with  some 
from  the  Comstoek  mines  revealed  a  resemblance,  but 
the  owners  were  still  doubting,  because  they  knew 
nothing  of  silver  in  Colorado,  and  no  competent 
assaycr  was  at  hand  to  decide  the  question.  In  the 
suimner  of  1864,  however,  there  was  discovered  a 
lode,  wliich,  on  being  tested  by  experts,  was  pro- 
nounced to  be  undoubted  silver  ore.  This  important 
revelation  changed  at  once   the  reputation    of  such 

■  1W.1  Otvr  the  Plains,  226;  Hekna  ReptMenn,  Sept.  15,  1866.  The 
ihittuwi  Post  of  Apr.  30,  18G»,  says  that  Montana  produced  in  1868,  $i5,000,- 
0(X)  ill  precious  metals,  against  $2,107,235  in  Colorado,  and  that  Mr.Ltaua'a 
agricultural  product  waa  ^,913,000,  against  $2,683,640  in  Colurad(>, 


I 


486 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


mines  as  tlie  Seaton,  which,  from  bein^  regarded  as 
ahnost  worthless,  assumed  a  great  if  unknown  value. 
It  also  stinmlated  prospecting  afresh,  and  prompted 
the  holders  of  mines  which  were  lying  idle  to  attend 
to  their  development. 

It  was  in  1864  that  a  company  of  capitalists  of 
Boston  and  Providence  requested  Nathaniel  P.  Hill, 
at  that  time  professor  of  chemistry  at  Brown  univer- 
sity, to  visit  Colorado,  in  order  to  examine  a  land 
grant  in  which  they  were  interested.  This  examina- 
tion led  to  a  second  visit  in  1865,  when  the  mims  of 
Gilpin  county  were  subjected  to  thorough  resiarch, 
and  the  attention  of  the  man  of  science  was  drawn  to 
the  imperfect  methods  in  use  for  treating  ores.  After 
acquainting  himself  with  his  subject,  Hill  paid  two 
visits  to  Swansea  in  Wales,  taking  with  him  enough 
of  the  Colorado  ores  to  make  practical  tests  at  the 
Swansea  works,  and  studying  ore-reduction  in  other 
parts  of  Europe.  Returning  to  the  United  States  in 
the  autumn  of  1866,  he  organized  the  Boston  and 
Colorado  Smelting  company,  with  a  cash  capital  of 
$275,000,  and  proceeded  to  erect  a  furnace  at  Black 
Hawk,  near  Central  City.  This  furnace  solved  the 
knotty  problem  of  how  to  reduce  refractory  ores,  and 
make  abandoned  mines  of  value.  For  ten  years  its 
fires  were  never  out,  but  other  furnaces  were  adiled 
by  the  company  until  there  were  eight,  which  wire 
always  fully  employed.  In  1878  the  company  renH)ved 
its  works  to  Argo,  a  suburb  of  Denver,  where  seven 
acres  were  covered  by  them,  and  where  ore  was 
brought  by  the  railroads,  not  only  from  diflerent))arts 
of  Colorado,  but  from  New  Mexico,  Arizona.  I' tali, 
and  Montana.  The  company  had  increased  its  capi- 
tal before  removal  to  $800,000,  and  its  products  fioni 
$300,000  in  1868  to  $2,250,000  in  1878.  Until  he 
was  chosen  to  the  United  States  senate.  Professor 
Hill  devoted  his  entire  energies  to  the  mining  devel- 
opment of  the  country,  whose  savior,  in  this  direc- 
tion he  became.     Not  that  smelters  before   18G5-7 


REDUCTION  WORKS. 


m 


had  been  overlooked,  though  there  might  be  smelters 
aiMi  ni)  gold  or  silver.  The  first  furnace  erected  was 
in  St>|»tember  1861,  by  Lewis  Tappan,  who  had  dis- 
covered a  lead  mine  in  Quartz  valley.  Governor  Gil- 
pin waa  in  need  of  bullets  for  his  1st  Colorado  cav- 
alry, and  did,  I  am  bound  to  believe,  draw  his  drafts 
on  the  treasury  to  erect  this  smelter  in  order  to  sup- 
ply them.  These  bullets  had  the  reputation  of  being 
poisoned,  so  few  of  the  wounded  recovered,  though  it 
was  not  the  governor  who  was  at  fault,  but  the 
smelter,  which  did  not  extract  the  poisonous  metals 
mixed  with  the  silver  in  the  lead  thus  obtained.'  The 
second  furnace  erected  was  for  smelting  gold,  and 
was  built  at  Black  Hawk  in  1864  by  James  E.  Lyon, 
but  failed  of  its  purpose,  as  I  have  already  intimated. 
After  reduction  works  were  successfully  introduced 
at  Black  Hawk,  they  multiplied  m  the  gold  and  silver 
districts.  The  mills  resumed  crushing,  those  few 
mines  which  produced  ore  free  from  sulphur  being 
i^oncrally  furnished  with  apparatus  for  turning  out 
bullion,  and  the  majority  sending  their  concentrated 
ore  to  the  reduction  works.'*  of  Colorado,  or  quite 

'^l  fiiiil  these  facts  iii  a  manuscript  on  Miiiiwjnnd  Smeltimj  in  Colomdo,  by 
Jiiliii  Ht'iuiett,  of  Littleton,  who  wa-i  born  in  Staffonlco.,  Eng.,  in  18'J0,  and 
iiiignitL'il  to  Anterica  in  1841),  landing  at  N.  O.,  and  drifting  to  Wis.,  where 
lie  niiu.iined  working  in  the  lead  mines  until  IStM),  when  he  came  to  Colorado, 
llo  made  the  plan  of  the  furnace  which  furnislied  lead  for  (rilpin's  regiment. 
It  was  'built  of  rock,  with  a  channel  chiseled  out  to  receive  the  lead  aa  it 
w.is  nu'ltod  in  the  lire,  a  blacksmith's  bellows,  a  water-wheel,  an<l  a  small 
stream  of  water  to  give  blast  to  the  funiace. '  Bennett  assisted  Hill  in  select- 
ing (irt's  to  be  taken  to  Europe.     S<'t;  also,  O'dpin'it  Phiicff  of  JS4-^,  MS. 

'One  run  only  waj  made.  A  '  button,'  2i  leet  in  diameter  and  six  inches 
in  thickness  was  the  result,  wltich  was  placed  on  exhibition  at  the  national 
li.iiik,  ai.d  the  works  closed,  the  process  proving  too  costly.  Meagher,  CVmer- 
nliiii^,  MS.,  2.  Meline,  Tira  ThouMiiml  MiUt  on  Hornelmeh,  66-8,  tells  all 
that  I  have  told  here,  but  in  the  light  of  a  huge  joke,  or  at  least,  with  little 
sympatliy  for  the  disappointed  smelter-owner. 

'"'Cash  and  Rockwell  of  Central  City,  lietween  1867  and  1870,  erected 
Works  near  Central  City  for  the  reduction  of  gold  ores,  which  saved  95  to  98 
\i.'T  cent  of  the  precious  metal.  Walliiiijhaiii'n  Colo  GozftUvr,  S.'W.  Besides 
Hill's  smelter  at  Black  Hawk,  there  were  reductions-works  for  the  treatment 
(if  silver  ores  at  (Georgetown  in  Clear  creek  co.,  erected  by  Crarrott  and 
HiU'hanan,  but  sold  to  Palmer  and  Nichols:  and  Stewart's  silver-reducing 
Wdvks,  also  at  Georgetown;  Brown  Co. 's  reduction  works  at  Brownville,  4 
MiiU^s  from  Georgetown;  Baker's  works  8  miles  alwve  Georgetown,  the 
International  Co.'s  works  in  east  Argentine  district;  and  the  Swansea  reduc- 
titin  works,  4  miles  above  Georgetown.     At  the  latter,  both  gold  and  silver 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


often  to  Omaha  or  Chicago,  where  large  smelters  had 
been  erected  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  and  refiiiint,' 
the  ores  from  Colorado,  Montana,  and  other  nnmug 
regions  to  which  railroad  transportation  was  biini,' 
extended.  The  expense  of  the  treatment  and  liaiui- 
ling  made  a  low  grade  of  ores  comparatively  worth- 
less. In  the  first  place,  the  mills  charged  from  .$_*0 
to  $35  per  cord  "  for  crushing  the  rock,  to  which  was 
added  the  cost  of  concentration,  reduction,  and  trans- 
portation, in  all  from  $45  to  $50.  Still,  the  average 
assay  of  all  the  silver  ores  treated  was  $1 18,  of  whirh 
80  per  cent  was  guaranteed  to  the  miner.  Some  oris 
yielded  from  $350  to  $650  per  ton,  these  being  sent 
to  Newark,  England,  or  elsewhere  for  reductit)n." 

While  the  territory  was  passing  through  this  exper- 
imental period  of  its  mining  history,  it  had  yet  other 
brawbacks  in  the  operations  of  swindling  C()ni})anies, 
which  brought  discredit  upon  the  country  by  ohoating 
their  stockholders,  and  then  unblushingly  pricking 
the  bubble.  One  fraud  of  this  kind  gained  more 
notoriety  than  many  excellent  investments.  In  other 
cases  there  were  really  good  mines  in  the  hands  oi 
operators,  who  mercilessly,  by  a  system  of  assessments 
and  practices  known  among  miners  as  freezing  out, 
excluded  all  but  a  favored  few  from  participation  in 
the  benefits  of  mining  property  in  which  they  had  in 
the  first  instance  embarked  their  small  capital.  It*  a 
prison  is  the  proper  thin^  for  men  brave  and  bold 
enough  to  rob  contrary  to  law,  a  rope  would  be  about 
right  for  the  vile  creatures  that  cheat  and  steal  within 
pale  of  the  law.  Besides  those  intentional  wrongs, 
there  were  many  failures  which  were  the  result  of 

ore  were  reduced.  In  Summit  co.  there  were  the  Sukey  Silver  Mining  Co.'s 
reduction  works,  and  the  works  of  the  Boston  association,  which  were  all 
the  smelters  in  operation  in  1870.  Rums  of  experiments  were  to  be  seen  in 
all  the  mining  districts. 

"  A  cord  measured  128  cubic  feet,  and  weighed  from  6  to  10  tons,  accord- 
ing to  density. 

•'^  It  would  Ije  out  of  place  for  me  to  go  into  details  concerning  the  meth- 
ods of  reducing  ores  in  Colora<lo.  No  two  smelters  used  tlie  same  processes, 
and  every  process  was  varied  to  adapt  it  to  the  requirements  of  the  miuer- 
aJfl  to  be  separated. 


BAD  MANAGEMENT. 


^e  aecii  m 


folly  in  the  manajvement  of  funds,  in  the  erection  of 
cxixiisive  but  unnecessary  buildings,  or  attempts  at 
thf  liithorto  unlieardof  processes  to  which  I  have 
allii<K'»l.  From  the  depression  of  this  period  I  shall 
sill t\v  by  and  by  that  the  mininj^  interest  coniplt'tely 
i'iiiriLr<'<l.  if  not  all  at  once,  yet  before  tlus  admissitm 
of  Colorado  into  the  union.  In  nine  years,  endinji 
18S0,  the  small  county  of  Gilpin  produced  1^18,126,- 
5<)4  in  gold  and  silver." 

( }(»injj;  back  to  the  be(^innin^  of  this  chapter,  it  was 
not  altogether  the  failure  of  placer  mining,  the  ignor- 
ance of  and  subsequent  blunders  nmde  in  quartz  niin- 
injjf,  with  their  concomitant  ills,  of  which  Colorado 
had  to  complain  in  the  years  of  her  infancy  In 
coninion  with,  but  to  a  greater  comparative  extent, 
tilt'  new  c(mimnnity  suffered  like  the  older  ones  the 
burdens  and  the  losses  by  civil  war,  which  had 
(livcrtod  men  and  capital,  raised  i)rices,  depreciated 
currency,  and  even  swallowed  up  the  means  of  trans- 
portation across  the  plains.  The  summer  of  18(53 
was  a  season  of  drought,  when  boats  could  not  ascend 
tiu!  Missouri  with  freight  for  points  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Kansas  river,  and  goiids  became  scarce.  The 
*^rass  on  the  plains  was  burnt  up  by  the  sun,  so  that 
stock  did  not  thrive;  the  city  of  Denver  was  visited 
by  a  fire  which  destroyed  proi)erty  worth  a  quarter  of 
a  nnllion,  b,\k\  all  things  conspired  to  make  desolate 
the  hearts  of  tlie  pilgrims  from  home  and  }>lenty. 

Following  this  exceptional  summer  was  an  equally 
oxcoptional  winter,  which  began  in  October  and  was 
severely  cold.  The  impoverished  cattle  <m  the  plains 
perished  by  hundreds.  Hay  and  grain  brought 
twenty  cents  per  pound,  and  fuel  advanced  a  hundred 
per  cent.  Trains  with  supplies  and  machinery  were 
snowed  up  en  route,  and  some  were   lost.     Others 

"Oilpin  CO.  prcxluced  $2,240,000  in  1876,  which  it  did  rot  exceed  for 
9  years  except  ib  1878  and  1880.  In  the  latter  year  the  yield  was  $2,(>80,- 
09a 


I 


400 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


were  a  year  ai'riving.  While  these  circumstjitices 
made  gold  more  than  usually  a  necessity,  mining  was 
interrupted  by  the  cold.  The  spring  brought  no 
relief,  the  rfiins  descending  in  floods,  driving  «)ut  of 
their  claims  the  few  miners  who  had  returned  to  tlie 
mountains,  and  destroying  the  crops  which  had  not 
entirely  succumbed  to  the  drought.  On  the  19th  of 
April  the  waters  of  Plum  and  Cherry  creeks sudiknly 
rose,  and  sweeping  through  Denver,  carried  destruc- 
tion and  deatii  in  their  course.  A  million  dollais 
worth  of  property,  and  twenty  lives  were  lost."  Sim- 
ilar, though  less  extensive  damage  was  wrouglit  by 
the  storm  in  other  portions  of  the  territory.  Follow- 
ing this  sudden  flood,  was  a  heavy  and  continuous 
rainfall,  which,  with  the  melting  snow  in  the  moun- 
tains, caused  a  second  slower  rise,  which  overflowed 
the  farming  lands,  and  remaining  up  for  a  month 
ruined  the  crops,  the  young  fruit  trees,  and  in  many 
instances  changed  the  face  of  the  county  by  dep)sit- 

**The  storm  which  causetl  such  devastation  in  Denver  came  fnun  the 
aouth-easit,  autl  was  a  heavy  fall  of  rain,  foUoweU  by  liail,  which  ilaiiiincil  tlie 
water  from  t!*.c  Uiountains  until  its  weight  foroetl  the  i)arricrij,  MlUii^  up  tlu^ 
valiay,  and  jari-yins  everything  ttefore  it.  Mixed  with  the  water  atxl  hull 
was  the  sand  which  had  accumulated  in  the  bed  of  Cherry  creek,  <!iviiig 
it  additional  weight.  The  flood  struck  the  town  at  2  o'clock  in  the  iiinniui^^'. 
and  12  hours  afterward  water  was  still  rolling  on  in  massive  billows,  r,  ImcIi 
rose  so  high  in  tlieir  frantic  course  thata  man  standing  on  one  bank  \xiiiM  Im 
momentarily  hid<len  from  sight  on  the  other.  A  eupful  of  the  iKjiiiil  was 
found  to  bo  iialf  xaud.  The  fall  of  the  creek  throueh  the  town  was  .'{.'>  ttit  to 
the  mile;  above  it  was  much  greater.  The  city  hall  stoo<l  in  thchitluTt>>  ilry 
bed  of  the  creek.  It  was  utterly  tlestroyed,  and  a  safe  containin>{  the  valua- 
bles of  the  city  was  never  scc'i  again.  Tlie  office  of  the  Rocky  MoUHtniu  A'  «•< 
was  erected  on  piling  on  a  little  island  !>i  the  creek  bed.  It  had  in  it  3  iiiliit- 
ing  uresses,  one  weighing  between  2  and  3  to:;?.  All  were  swei>t  away  ^lilll 
the  Imilding,  and  so  lost  and  covureil  up  tiiat  they  were  not  discovfrol  t'nr 
9  oi*  lU  years,  when  the  heaviest  press  was  found  in  the  middle  of  I'latte 
river,  Itelow  the  mimth  of  the  creek.  A  portion  of  another  press — tlio  mic 
Byera  brought  from  Omaiia  in  IHoi) — was  found  covered  10  tuet  dt't'p  witli 
eartii  when  the  water  company  excavated  for  their  first  works  at  i»iiiMr. 
Against  such  power  as  this  nothing  could  stand — houses,  britlges,  ]iri>|i('i'ty 
of  every  kind  disappeared  forever.  Five  persons  asleep  in  the  A'<'"'<  ollii'c 
were  aroused  only  ui  time  to  spring  fron:  »  window  into  an  edily  forinnl  liy 
drift  lotiged  for  the  moment  agu.inst  the  building,  from  wliich  tlicy  wi-rc 
drawn  and  rescued  just  as  the  office  was  carried  away  with  all  it  contaim  <l, 
and  the  lot  on  whicli  it  stood.  Tlio  pioneer  saw  mill  of  D.  C.  O.ikrs  »a» 
carried  aw!iy.  Byera,  Imsides  losing  all  his  town  pr<i{)erty,  had  his  farm. 
which  was  in  a  I>end  of  Platte  river,  desf.royed  by  tiie  cutting  o'  a  new  ( liaii- 
nel.  h'iH.  Citlo,  MS.,  48.  Oibson,  Arnold,  Schlier,  Lloyd,  Stover,  and  iitlicr 
farmers  were  ruined.  Recti,  Palmer,  and  Barnes  together  lost  4,000  slicup, 
and  ao  uu.     For  a  new  country  it  was  a  great  disaster. 


FLOODS  AND  INDIAN  TROUBLES. 


491 


ir)g  sand  to  a  considerable  depth  over  it.  The  roads 
becauio  impassable  for  weeks  from  the  thorough  sat- 
urutioii  of  the  soil  of  the  plains,  and  every  kind  of 
business  was  brought  to  a  stand  still. 

This  stagnation  in  the  life  giving  industries  was 
f()lh)\vcd  by  an  uprising  among  the  Indians  along  the 
oviiland  route,  whicli  added  still  further  to  the  dis- 
trc  -s  already  felt  on  account  of  interrupted  conmmni- 
oatiou  with  the  east.  The  situation  called  for  a  mili- 
tary force,  which  was  organized  about  inidsunimor  for 
niiK'ty  days'  service,  and  sent  out  to  open  the  closed 
cdiutiiunication  with  the  east,  which  it  effected.  An 
accouiit  of  these  afRiirs  is  elsewhere  given;  I  only 
roiuark  liere  that  Colorado,  young  and  heavily  taxed 
as  she  was,  had  already  raised  two  regiments  in 
(IcftMice  of  the  government,  which  were  then  in  the 
field,  ond  tliat  the  1,200  ninety  days'  men  made  the 
third.  Had  business  been  better  it  might  have  been 
more  difficult  to  raise  this  last;  but  at  all  eveiits 
matters  could  not  mend  until  the  embargo  on  trans- 
portation  was  raised.  The  vengeance  meted  out  to 
the  Indians  reacted  during  the  following  winter, 
wlu'ii  again  all  communication  was  cut  off  for  two 
months,  the  Platte  route  desolated  for  250  miles,  and 
a^ain  tlie  territory  raised  300  militiamen  to  open 
connnunication.'*  The  dangers  and  losses  to  freight- 
ers greatly  raised  the  charj'jes  on  freight,  cc  also  the 
price  of  every  commodity,  and  the  result  was  that  by 
the  time  the  heavy  milling  machinery  so  long 
delayed  was  upon  the  ground  tlie  companies  owing  it 
had  exhausted  their  treasuries  These  were  tlie  dark 
(lays  of  Colorado;  yet  never  so  dark  that  faith  in  her 
was  lost  by  those  best  ac(|uainted  witli  her  resources. 
Two  things  they  waited  for  which  came  not  fa^*  apart 
—  a  knowledge  of  the  true  metlu»ds  of  extractinu:  yfold 
and  silver  from  refractory  ores,  and  railroad  comnm- 
uication.     I  might  add  that  confidence  in  the  value 

^'  linyliit  PoUticx  njiit  Mhumj,  M!S.,  4;  Iknitu'  liUtrview,  MS.,  16;  KVnrt'» 
I'ul).  Mfii  aiiU  Jletuures,  MS.,  9. 


1    I 


492 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


of  agriculture,  which  was  established  after  a  few  j'cars 
of  experimental  farming,  tended  to  give  permaurnoe 
to  other  enterprises.  These  years  of  waiting,  from 
1864  to  1867,  were  not  lost.  They  proved  the  stulF 
of  which  not  the  mountains  but  the  men  were  nade. 
No  more  did  they  depend  on  freight  teams  to  bring 
to  them  from  the  Missouri  flour,  corn,  and  potatoes. 
In  a  single  season,  1866,  Colorado  became  self-sup- 
porting;  in  1867  she  exported  food  to  Montana,  and 
contracted  to  supply  the  government  posts ;  and  in 
1868  made  food  cheaper  than  in  the  States.'* 

I  have  not  yet  given  the  actual  history  of  the  dis- 
covery of  silver  in  Colorado.  An  assay  made  of  ore 
from  the  Gregory  lode  in  1859  resulted  in  showing  a 
yield  of  16f  ounces  of  silver  per  ton,  and  10|  ounces 
of  gold  ;  the  assayer  being  John  Torry  of  the  United 
States  assay-office,  New  York,  a  notice  of  which  Mas 
published,"  but  does  not  seem  to  have  attracted  much 

'"Says  Bowles,  in  his  letters  to  the  Spriwijidti  Itt-puhliam  in  18(i8,  after- 
ward published  in  a  vol.  entitled  The  Si;^(':erhwl  oj'  Ameririi,  'At  a  rn\\^\\ 
estimate  the  agricultural  wealth  of  Colorado  last  year  waa  1,000,000  lm>liils 
of  com,  500,000  of  wheat,  500,000  of  barley,  oats,  and  vegetables.  r)(),(HO 
heatl  of  cattle,  and  75,0<I0  to  100,000  of  sheep."  Of  the  prolific  qualities 
of  tiie  new  soil  lie  says:  'The  irrigated  gardens  of  the  upiK'r  jiarts  of 
Denver  fairly  riot  in  growth  of  fat  vegetable.-*,  while  the  bottontdamls  nf  tlie 
neighboring  valleys  are  ac  least  etpially  pnMluctive  without  irrigatim. 
Tliink  of  ciibbayes  weighing  50  to  60  i>ounds  each!  And  jMitatocs  from  Ti  to 
6,  onions  I  to  2  poiinds,  and  beets  0  to  10.'  Byers  speaks  of  waterincli  ii» 
*  piled  np  on  the  top  of  one  anotlier,'  so  abundantly  the  vines  were  laileii. 
Jlijit.  ('(m,  M.S.,  43.  Market  prices  for  186S,  l>efore  harvest:  barley,  'A  iciils 
a  pound;  corn,  3^  to  4^;  corn-meal,  5  cents;  oats,  3  cents;  jMitatoes,  '2  ami  !> 
cents;  wheat,  3J  cents;  tomatoes,  fresh,  3  cents;  cabbages,  1  cent;  beef  I'J 
to  15  cents;  cheese,  20  to  22  cents;  butter,  4."»  cents;  flour,  7  to  0  cents;  ejrt,'^, 
50  to  60  cents  a  dozen.  Formcly  the  simple  freight  on  all  these  articles  I  ail 
l)een  from  o  to  10  cents  a  pr.and.  Concerning  locations  of  fa.  min«  lands  at 
that  period  there  were  the  Cache-la-Poudre  valley  on  a  branch  of  tfit- 
Platte  in  Juarinier  co.,  which,  besides  grain,  vegetables,  and  hay,  priHl\iceii 
fiom  l.'i.lKlO  to  20,000  jMiunds  of  butter;  the  Hig  Thompson  valley,  iii  tli.' 
game  counwy,  which  produced,  besides  grain,  h.-»y,  and  vegetables,  7..'»0 
pound.-i  of  v'hee.«e;  the  Platte  valley,  In-tween  Denver  and  tlie  Cache  la- 
Poudre.  wjiich  produced,  l)e8ides  a  large  crop  of  grains,  etc..  23,000  pdiunis 
of  butter;  tlie  same  valley,  for  20  mile^  south  of  Denver,  and  Bear  emk 
also  had  considerable  cultivated  lam!  In  tl-.e  main  valley  of  the  Arkan-ns 
about  6,000  acres  were  under  cultivation;  on  the  Fontaine-f|ui-Bonille.  •>,('"*'; 
on  the  St  Charles,  1,500;  in  tlie  Huerfano  valley.  5.000;  all  of  which  eeiii- 
p'ised  about  half  of  the  land  actually  farmed  in  the  territory  in  1868, 

"  In  the  /?'«•/■»/  Mi<unU\in  Xeira,  Aug.  20.  18.59.  See  also  Clmr  Crt-ii-  mnl 
Botiltlir  Vol.  Ilht.,  278;  A'»«'/.  U-  •^-  <^<-nl-  Erftlor.,  iii.  588-62.  .  fiiul  in 
Aur\*  Minht  I  In  Colnrnih,  MS.,  4.  that  the  author  claims  for  hiiti^'elf  ami  k. 
Miller  the  tirst  discovury  of  a  silver  lode,  in  July,  1859.     They  fouud  it  near 


SILVER  LODES. 


493 


Dttontion,  probably  owing  to  the  shifting  nature  of 
tlh  mining  population,  and  the  prevailing  ignorance 
of  silver  mining.  Nevertheless,  the  Ida  mine,  near 
Eiiil'iro,  in  Clear  creek  county,  was  recorded  as  a 
silvrr  lode  by  its  discoverer,  D.  C.  Daley,  in  Septem- 
ber I860.  It  was  assayed  by  Day  of  Central,  and 
found  to  contain  100  ounces  of  silver  per  ton. 
Another  hxle  was  recorded  October  4,  1860,  called 
tlie  Morning  Sun  Silver  lode.  A  number  of  other 
locations  was  made  of  silver  lodes  by  E.  H.  F.  Pat- 
terson and  others,  and  not  infrequent  mention  was 
made  of  these  claims  in  the  local  prints."  They  were 
found  in  Gilpin  and  Clear  creek  counties,  but  chiefly 
in  the  latter,  about  Georgetown.  The  Seaton  mine 
was  discovered  in  July  1861,  by  S.  B.  Woniack  and 
others,  who  mined  it  for  gold  only.  It  became  one 
of  the  celebrated  silver  mines  of  the  world.  The 
existence  of  silver  was  not,  however,  authoritatively 
proved  until  several  years  later. 

In  the  summer  of  1864  Cooley  and  Short,  while 
prospecting  on  Glazier  mountain,  discovered  a  lode 
which  became  known  as  the  Cooley,  ore  from  which 
being  carefully  assayed  by  Frank  Dibdin,  a  metallur- 
gist, and  other  experts,  was  pronounced  to  be  beyond 
(loubt  silver.  Dibdin  indeed  seems  to  have  estab- 
lished a  fact  which  the  Coloradans  were  hlow  to 
gr-sp,  that  theirs  was  a  silver  mining  region,  with 
much  better  prospects  for  a  solid  future  than  if  their 
mines  had  been  all  gold  mines.  This  was  the  first 
rift  in  the  cloud  of  dullness  which  had  at  this  period 
siittlod  over  the  pregnant  mountains.  The  first  pay- 
ing silver  lode  war  the  Belmont,  later  the  Johnson, 
discovered  in  September  1864,  by  R.  W.  Steel,  James 
Huff,  and  Robert  La3'ton.  The  first  accurate  assay 
of  the  Belmont  gave  $827.48   per  ton.     This  inter- 

(Viitreil  City,  and  called  it  the  Dallen;  but  thinking  it  wnrthlcHfi,  after 
rci'orilinff,  abandoned  it  (irasset  relocated  it,  and  sold  to  Tapuan  Hrothers, 
wlio  worked  it  for  lead,  which  was  sold  to  tlie  government  and  condeinmed 
an  imi^^onous. 

^*  Rofky  Minintain  JVrtn*,  Nov.  2,  1860;  Oovemor's  Afesa.,  in  Wentern 
Mi^miitaiHeer,  Nov.  22,  1860. 


t      i 


mm 


494 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


ested  eastern  capitalists.  C.  S.  Stowel  erected  tlie 
first  mill  in  the  argentiferous  district  in  which  George- 
town  is  situated,  in  1866.  For  the  reduction  of  tho 
ore  an  ordinary  blast  furnace  was  provided,  wliirh 
failed,  after  several  weeks  of  trial,  to  liquefy  it  so  that 
the  metal  could  be  run  off.  When  the  owner,  and 
even  Dibdin  himself,  had  exhausted  their  science  and 
ingenuity  in  the  effort,  a  negro  named  Lorenzo  M. 
Bowman,  from  the  lead  mines  in  Missouri,  offered  liis 
services,  and,  from  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  tem- 
perature to  be  attained,  succeeded  in  smelting  the 
ore.  But,  as  I  have  before  stated,  these  first  (.-tturts 
were  unprofitable,  and  it  was  not  until  about  18(58 
that  there  was  a  marked  improvement  in  quartz  min- 
ing. Stamp  mills,  which  had  been  for  a  time  sujht- 
seded  by  a  variety  of  experimental  structures,  bttran 
aorain  about  this  time  their  continuous  crunching  and 
grinding  upon  the  rocky  gangue  of  the  precious  mtt- 
als,  which  has  since  never  ceased,  and  promises  to  go 
on  with  increasing  din  forever. 

The  number  of  stamp  mills  running  in  the  autunni 
of  1868,  in  Gilpin  county,  was  thirty-eight,  witli  an 
average  of  nineteen  stamps  to  a  mill,"  and  the  bul- 
lion shipment  was  $1,775,477,  of  which  $123,730  was 
in  silver.  The  number  of  mines  in  this  countv.  in 
which  development  had  begun  in  1870,  was  over  170; 
of  those  in  which  hoisting  apparatus  was  em[)l<»vo(i 
on  account  of  depth,  about  a  dozen.  Clear  onik 
countv  had  at  the  time  fewer  mills,  but  between  :>oo 
and  350  mines,  on  which  some  work  had  been  done. 
Boulder  county  had  about  100  mines,  with  some 
improvements,  and  only  two  quartz  mills.  Summit 
county  had  no  mills,  and  about  20  mines,  not  nuuh 
developed.  Lake  county  had  70  mines  in  one  district, 
the  Red  mountain,"  which  assayed  well,  but  wore 
not  yet  improved  to  anj'  extent." 

^*  Rorl-y  Moiintttin  Keuv,  Feb.  .3,  1869. 

"•This  district  was  disoovered  almut  the  Ist  of  August,  1869. 

**  Forty  other  miscellaneous  mines  are  mentioneil,  19  of  which  were  iu 
Oilpin,  14  in  Clear  creek,  two  in  Park,  two  in  Jeffer.son,  and  four  in  Lake 
county.     See  al  o  Denver  Rocky  JlounUtin  Herald,  Aug.  27,  1609. 


THE  SAN  JUAN  COUNTRY. 


499 


In  another  place  I  have  mentioned  that  in  1860  a 
prospector  named  John  Baker  led  an  exploring  party 
into  that  rugged,  south-west  portion  of  Colorado, 
vaguely  known  as  the  San  Juan  country,  from  which 
the  company  returned  disappomted.  The  iiistory  of 
this  expedition,  on  account  of  subsequent  develop- 
ments, becomes  a  portion  of  the  history  of  mining 
discovery. 


San  Juan  Mining  District 


The  San  Juan  country,  as  now  known  to  the  world, 
includes  Las  Animas  district,  situated  on  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Rio  Animas  with  Baker  park  as  a  cen- 
tre ;  Lake  district,  situated  on  the  Uncompahgre 
slope ;  and  Summit  district,  situated  on  the  eastern 
<ir  Rio  Grande  slope  of  the  continentjil  divide.  It  is 
tlie  wildest  and  most  inaccessible  region  in  Colorado, 
if  not  in  North  America.  The  mountain  ranges, 
wliich  are  lofty,  are  broken  and  deflected  from  the 
main  Cordillera  del  Sierra  Madre,  which  bends  to  the 
south-west  from  the  foot  of  South  |mrk.  Crossing 
Sajifuache  county  it  swerves  still  more  to  the  west, 
until  midway  between  the  meridians  107°  and  108°  it 
bifurcates,  the  main  ridge  separating  the  head  waters 


496 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


I 


of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Rio  Animas,  and  turning  cast- 
ward  forms  the  so-called  San  Juan  range.  The  other 
ridge  continues  in  a  south-west  direction,  becoininir 
the  Sierra  San  Miguel  and  the  Sierra  La  Plata.  It 
is  as  if  the  great  spinal  column  of  the  continent  Jiad 
bent  upon  itself  in  some  spasm  of  the  earth,  until  the 
vertebra  overlapped  each  other,  the  effect  being 
unparalleled  ruggedness,  and  sublimity  more  awful  than 
beautiful.  Here,  indeed,  is  one  of  the  continental 
summits,  from  which  flow  many  rivers,  tributaries, 
and  sources  of  the  Colorado  and  Rio  Grande,  in  rapid 
torrents,  frequently  interrupted  by  cataracts  of  con- 
siderable height.  In  the  midst  of  a  wild  confusion  of 
precipitous  peaks  and  sharp  ridges  are  a  few  small 
elevated  valleys,  or  as  the  early  trappers  would  have 
designated  them  "  holes,"  but  which  are  without  much 
relevancy  denominated  parks  by  modern  Coloradans, 
after  the  great  parks  of  the  country.  Among  those 
higher  valleys  is  the  historical  Baker  park,  a  simple 
widening  of  the  bottom  land  of  the  Rio  Animas  at 
the  north  end  of  the  caiion,  for  six  or  eight  miles,  to 
a  width  of  one  mile.  Animas  park,  another  widening 
of  the  Animas  valley,  is  thirty  or  more  miles  further 
down  the  stream,  and  consequently  at  a  less  altitude, 
and  being  on  the  south  side  of  the  divide  has  a  climate 
much  warmer  than  the  upper  park.  The  lower  val- 
leys of  all  the  tributaries  of  the  Las  Animas  are  small, 
but  of  great  fertility.  They  are  the  Navajo,  Nutria 
or  Piedra,  Florida,  Pinos,  Plata,  and  Mancos,  all 
flowing  into  the  Rio  San  Juan.  The  higher  portions 
of  these  valleys  abound  in  yellow  pine,  and  spruce,  fir, 
and  aspen  are  found  on  some  of  the  slopes  in  the 
vicinity  of  Baker  park.  Below  the  cataracts,  the 
streams  abound  in  salmon-trout,  and  game  is  abundant. 
Such  are  the  more  prominent  features  of  the  Sf  ii  Juan 
country  as  it  existed  in  1860,  and  for  a  dozen  years 
thereafter." 

"San  Juan  antl  Other  Slrtchea,  MS  ,  12-17;  PUkin'a  PolUical  Views,  MS., 
4;  Out  West,  Dec. -Jan.,  1873-4. 


SAN  JUAN  EXPEDITION. 


497 


Baker  was  a  mountaineer  of  note.  He  had  heard 
from  the  Navajos  and  other  Indians  that  the  royal 
metal  existed  in  the  mysterious  upper  regions  of  the 
Sierra  Madre,  proof  of  which  was  exhibited  in  orna- 
ments and  bullets  of  gold.  More  than  these  pre- 
tended revelations  no  one  knew,  when  Baker  deter- 
mined to  prove  the  truth  or  falsity  of  the  Arabian 
tales  of  the  Navajos,  who  had  frequently  received 
bribes  to  disclose  the  new  Golconda,  but  evaded  mak- 
ing the  promised  disclosure.  Finding  at  Pueblo  a 
considerable  number  of  prospectors  who  had  passed 
an  unprofitable  season  in  looking  for  placer  mines,  and 
who  yet  had  the  courage  for  new  undertakings.  Baker 
raised  a  company  variously  stated  at  from  '  a  few'  to 
1,000  and  even  5,000,  who  set  out  on  their  crusade  as 
uavlv  as  kniojhts  of  old,  albeit  their  banners  were  not 
silken,  and  their  picks  and  shovels  were  not  swords. 
Proceeding  into  New  Mexico,  they  entered  the  San 
Juan  valley  ;  from  there,  by  the  way  of  the  Tierra 
Aniarillo  and  Pagosa,"  they  penetrated  the  country 
as  far  as  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio  de  las  Animas, 
where,  in  anticipation  of  the  future  populousness  of 
the  country,  they  laid  out  a  town,  calling  it  Animas 
City,  which  was  seen  longer  on  the  maps  than  on  the 
fjround.  Some  placer  diggings  were  found  along  the 
various  streams  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Baker  park, 
but  nothing  which  promised  to  realize  the  exagger- 
ated expectations  of  the  discoverers.  Small  garnets 
and  rubies  were  also  picked  up,  and  indications  were 
believed  to  be  seen  of  diamonds."  The  main  portion 
of  the  company  went  no  further  than  Animas  City, 
but  a  few  penetrated  to  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte. 
Reinforcements  with  provisions  failed  to  arrive  as 
expected,  and  the  condition  of  the  adventurers  became 
critical.     Anxious  to  avoid  the   long  journey  back 

^  PAgosa  is  the  Indian  word  for  hot  sprinss. 

•'  l>.  r.  Collier  of  Central  City  visited  tl>e  San  Juan  country  the  same 
season,  witli  others,  and  offered  to  stake  his  reputation  as  a  geologist  and 
journalist  on  this  being  the  richest  and  most  extensive  diamond  held  in  the 
worlj.  Out  West,  Dec. -Jan.  1873-4. 
UlBT.  Nkv.    S2 


498 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


I 

I 


through  New  Mexico,  the  company  separated  into 
squads,  each  of  which  sought  according  to  its  judgment 
a  shorter  way  out  of  the  maze  of  canons  and  peaks 
than  the  one  by  which  they  came.  Many  perished 
by  starvation,  cold,  and  Indians,  and  those  who  sur- 
vived suflered  the  pangs  of  death  many  times  over 
before  they  found  egress  from  the  imprisoning  moun- 
tains "  Baker  hved  to  be  a  wealthy  cattle-owner, 
and  to  organize  an  expedition  to  explore  the  grand 
canon  of  Colorado.  He  was  killed  at  the  entrance 
to  the  canon,  with  all  his  party  save  one,  a  man  in  the 
prime  of  life,  who  reached  the  outlet  after  days  of 
indescn^jable  suffering,  with  hair  bleached  like  snow, 
and  both  hands  and  feet  blistered,  in  which  condition 
and  insensible  he  was  finally  rescued.  He  had 
devoured  his  shoes,  his  leathern  belt,  and  buckskin 
pouch.  So  suffered,  and  often  so  died,  the  vanguard 
of  civilization  on  this  continent.  Before  the  inexora- 
ble laws  of  nature  an  heir  of  centuries  of  intellectual 
growth  is  no  more  than  the  jelly-fish  to  the  soa, 
which  casts  it  upon  the  sands  to  rot  in  the  sun  ! 

The  outcome  of  the  San  Juan  expedition  deterred 
further  exploration  for  several  years  ;  and  in  the  nuan- 
time  mining  affairs  fluctuated  in  the  older  districts,  as 
I  have  described.  In  1868,  by  a  treaty  made  with 
the  Utes,  they  were  allowed  the  exclusive  use  of  all 
that  portion  ot  Colorado  west  of  the  107th  meridian, 
and  south  of  40°  15'  north  latitude,  or,  in  brief,  f(»ur 
fifths  of  the  whole  territory  west  of  the  main  sierra, 
including  the  San  Juan  country. 

At  this  period  the  boundary  between  New  Mexico 
and  Colorado  was  not  clearly  defined,  but  the  mining 
district  of  Moreno,  believed  to  belong  to  the  former, 
was  coveted  by  the  latter,  and  the  Colorado  legisla- 
ture memorialized  congress  to  annex  it  to  their  terri- 
tory, hearing  of  which  the  New  Mexico  legislature. 


**  Adam  Augustine  and  David  Mc8hane.  residing  later  in  Monument  val- 
ley, were  memuera  of  this  expedition,  as  were  also  C'harlea  Joaesof  Clilpin 
00.,  and  Charles  Hall  of  Salt-works,  South  ^wrk. 


BOUNDARIES. 


490 


in  February  186S,  addressed  to  that  body  a  counter 
inoinorial.  Congress  does  not  appear  to  have  con- 
conied  itself  much  about  either,  and  in  the  nieantinie 
the  U)Uiidary  Hjie  was  being  surveyed  westward  from 
tlio  north-east  corner  of  New  Mexico  on  the  37th 
parallel  to  the  north-west  corner,  which  survey  was 
reported  as  completed  in  1868-9."     It  found  several 

""•SoeSfc.  Int.  liept,  39,  41,  2.  Thia  report  gives  an  interesting  description 
of  tlie  rciuto  with  tbu  variou:«  streams  auu  valleys  crossed,  and  mentions  the 
al)*uil)iicd  clitf-tlwcUingi  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Mancos.  A.  D.  Wilson  of 
the  llayden  geological  survey,  while  pursning  his  labors  inthetojmgruphical 
ODrps  discovered  a  stone  huilding  '  about  tlie  si/.e  of  the  patent-oAice  at 
W.i^liiujiton.'  It  stood  ui>on  the  bankd  of  the  Rio  de  las  Animas,  and  con- 
tiiiied  about  503  rooms.  A  part  of  the  wall  left  standing  indicated  a  height 
1)1  4  stories.  A  number  of  tiiu  rooms,  fairly  pre.serve<l,  had  loop-hole  windows 
hut  IX)  doors.  Tiiey  had  evidently  boon  entered  by  latblers,  which  were 
•tr  i\rii  in  by  the  occupants.  Tlie  doors  were  of  cedar  logs,  the  spaces  betM'een 
tliu  l.ig<  liohig  iilled  neatly  by  smaller  ptdes  and  twigs,  covered  by  a  car- 
|)'t  (if  oedar  l»ark.  The  ends  of  the  timber  were  hewed  and  frayed,  as  if 
^ievl)r.^l  i>y  a  dull  instrument;  in  the  vicinity  were  hatchets  and  saws  made 
III  siiiditone  slivers,  two  feet  long,  worn  to  a  smooth  edge.  A  few  hundred 
yir.ls  from  this  'casa  grande  '  was  a  second  lar^e  ruin,  and  l>etween  them 
rost's  lit  s;nall  dwellings  made  of  cobble-stones  laul  in ado)>e,  which  ouaccount 
of  the  sliape  of  the  stones  were  in  a  niore  advaucetl  state  of  destruction  than 
tliti  Itrgur  buililings.  The  ruins  of  this  uncient  town  were  overgrown  with 
{iiiiipur,  and  piflon,  the  latter  a  dwarf,  wide-sprca<ling  pine,  M'hicli  bears 
iwiieatii  the  scales  of  its  cones  together  with  nutritious  nuts.  From  the  size 
of  thu  dcail  and  the  living  trees,  and  their  position  on  heaps  of  crumiiling 
sCiiie,  a  long  time  must  have  elapsed  since  the  buildings  fell.  Ihe  preserva- 
ti<>;i  iif  the  wooden  parts  does  not  milittvte  againist  their  antiquity.  In  Asia, 
o'lar  lasts  for  thousands  of  years.  The  cedars  of  the  south-west  Colorado 
ri'.;i>m  ilo  not  rot  even  in  groves.  The  winds  and  whirling  sands  carve  the 
lie  111  trees  into  fantastic  forms,  drill  holes  through  their  truiiKs,  and  gradually, 
after  ages  of  resistance,  wear  them  away  into  dust,  which  is  scattered 
aliroail.  atom  by  atom.  Subsequent  investigation  sliowed  the  casas  grandes 
of  Wilson  to  be  on  the  northern  edge  of  an  immense  settlement,  which  <>nce 
extended  far  down  into  New  Mexico,  covering  several  thousand  square  inilos, 
au'l  ciiMiprising  also  portions  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Arizona.  The  most  sontii- 
er:i  mills  exhiliit  the  best  architectural  designs.  The  region  is  remote  from 
civilization.  From  Fort  Garland,  which  is  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and 
t;nt  of  tiie  Rio  (Jrande  del  Norte,  in  latitude  37°  23'  nortii,  longitude  27° ;'.«' 
we -It,  the  route  leads  across  a  trackless  desert,  where  no  shrubbery  is  fouid 
hut  sage-brush  and  grease-wood,  and  no  animal  life  except  rattle'i:.akes^ 
horiu'il-toads,  lizards,  and  tarantulas.  Patches  of  alkali  whiten  the  sand-s, 
a;i.l  the  sun  beats  down  on  all  with  a  blistering  heat.  The  streams  coming 
iroiii  the  rocky  range  How  through  deep  cafioiis,  often  thousands  of  feet 
h  low  tlie  surface— that  is,  when  they  How  at  all,  which  they  do  not  all  the 
yeiir — and  springs  are  of  rare  occurrence,  even  in  the  caAons  The  country 
s  iii,'ht  lies  in  a  triangle  lietween  the  Rio  Mancos,  La  Plata,  anil  Rio  San 
•l'.i;iii,  and  around  the  triangle  is  a  net-work  of  ravines  crusted  with  ruins. 
'I'he  San  .luan  and  La  Plata  have  some  width  of  bottom-lands  lietween  their 
si.jes,  but  the  Rio  .Vlancos  runs  between  walls  closely  approaching  each  other. 
Oil  the  rocky  terraces  of  the  more  open  cafions  are  multitudes  of  ruins;  even 
in  the  wilder  and  narrower  ravines  are  single  houses  or  groups  of  two  or 
tiirei'  perched  on  the  face  of  the  dizzy  cliff,  so  far  above  the  valley  that  the 
n  ikt'il  eye  can  distinguish  them  merely  as  specks.     Above  them  the  rucks 


soo 


MATERIAL  PROGRESS. 


Mexican  towns  north  of  the  Hne,"  and  one,  La  Cos- 
tilla,  directly  upon  it.  Soon  after  the  survey  tlio 
legislature  of  New  Mexico  inemf>rialized  congress  to 
have  the  counties  of  Costilla  and  Conejos  reaiinexcil 
to  New  Mexico  upon  the  ground  that  Colorado  luul 
obtained  them  "through  fraudulent  representatioiiss," 
and  that  the  people  desired  it,  which  was  not  the 
fact."     The  boundary  remained  unchanged." 

In  1869  Governor  Pile  of  New  Mexico,  as  if  to 
retaliate,  and  meet  covetousness  with  covetoust uss, 
fitted  out  a  company  of  experienced  prospectors  to 
explore  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Juan  andtliu  con- 
tiguous country,  who  learned  at  this  time  little  to 
encourage  effort  in  that  direction.  But  the  foUowini,' 
year  a  party,  having  pushed  their  explorations  west- 
ward to  the  Rio  Animas  near  Baker  park,  discovered 
the  Little  Giant  gold  lode,  samples  of  which  were 
sent  to  New  York  for  assay,  and  yielded  from  .^I>()0 
to  $4,000  per  ton.  Other  discoveries  followed,  chieHy 
of  silver  lodes,  and  Las  Animas  district  was  formed 
in  1871,  while  the  mountains  swarmed  with  ]>ros- 
pcctors.  This  being  a  violation  of  the  treaty  of  1S(»S, 
the  Utes  and  the  miners  were  soon  antagonistic, 
though  no  open  hostilities  followed.  In  1872  troops 
were  sent  into  the  country  to  keep  out  the  miners, 
which  action  on  the  part  of  the  government  only 
stimulated  the  desire  of  occupancy.     A  commission 

project  80  that  they  could  not  have  been  approached  from  alM>vc,  ami  thcru 
remains  no  means  of  reaching  tiicm  from  below,  though  signM  of  a  trail 
doubling  among  the  rocks  are  here  and  there  visible.  In  tliu  icw  vhm-h 
wliere  towers  exist  they  are  curved  and  smoothly  rounded.  Emma  C  llanl- 
arce,  in  Hayden's  GiriU  Went,  445-5G. 

'"  Trinidad,  with  5U0  inliabitants,  Calaveras,  San  Louis,  Oua(1alu]io,  ( 'mu.-- 
jos,  San  Antonio,  and  several  minor  Spanish  settlements  were  fouuil  tn  Im 
north  of  the  line,  according  to  the  survey  report. 

'"  U.  S.  II.  Mm.  Doc.,  97,  41st  cong.,  2d  sess.;  //.  Jour.,  383,  41stc(.iig. 
2d  sess. 

'■"'  The  survey  of  18(58-9  seems  to  have  been  made  merely  preliminary,  ami 
the  final  Itoundaries  of  the  state  of  Colorado  were  not  established  for  10  yiarH 
thereafter.  //.  f'om.  RppU,  708,  4")th  cong.  2d  sess.  There  was  a  bill  1m  tore 
congress  in  18()9  to  extend  the  lumndaries  of  Nevada,  Minnesota,  aiiil 
Nebraska,  and  the  territories  of  Colorado,  Montana,  and  Wyoming,  wliii'h 
was  referred  to  the  committee  on  territories  and  there  lost.  U.  S.  If.  Juiir., 
13?,  40tb  cong.  3d  seaii.;  U.  S,  Sen.  Jour.,  150,  40tb  cong.  3d  sesa. 


LAS  ANIMAS  DISTRICT. 


801 


was  also  appointed  to  negotiate  the  purchase  of  the 
iniiieral  lands  of  the  Ute  reservation,  which,  through 
till'  machination  of  interested  persons  in  Wall  street, 
faiKid  of  its  object.  An  onler  was  issued  in  Febru- 
ary 1873,  at  the  request  of  the  interior  department, 
requiring  all  miners,  prospectors,  and  others  to  quit 
tiie  reservation  before  the  first  of  June.  So  strenu- 
ous w(>re  the  objections  to  the  order  that  a  dotach- 
inont  of  troops  was  ordered  to  march  to  San  Juan  to 
ontorct;  it,  and  was  half  way  up  the  Rio  Grande  when 
it  was  suspended  by  the  president.  A  commission 
was  attain  ordered,  and  a  treaty  made  by  which  the 
Uk's  surrendered  a  tract  of  country  containing  3,000,- 
000  acres  of  territory,  which,  though  unparalleled  for 
rounliness,"  was  considered  of  inestimable  value  by 
mining  men. 

In  1874  more  than  a  thousand  lodes  were  claimed, 
upon  many  of  which  the  work  required  by  law  was 
dono."  In  1875  roads  had  been  opened  by  which 
inacliinery  was  transjjorted  to  the  Animas  district, 
11,000  and  12,000  feet  above  the  sea,  where  it  was 
put  in  operation  before  winter.  The  first  mine  worked 
was  tlie  Little  Giant  in  Arastra  gulch.  With  this 
exception,  the  leading  lodes  in  this  district  were 
arij;entiferous  galena,  highly  impregnated  with  gray 
c(»[)por,  the  veins  being  large  and  well  defined,  yield- 
ing in  the  smelter  $i50  to  $2,000  per  ton."     Blue 

*  Kriiest  Iiigcrsnll,  in  Harper' it  Magazim,  April  1882.  See  also  TngerHolt  s 
Cri4  iij'  the  Conl'meitt,  162,  'a  record  of  a  suiiiiiicr'a  raniMe  in  the  KocI<y 
Miiuiit.iiuH.'and  Hupplcinentary  to  KiKx-kin;/ around  the  liwkifH,  wliich  desonbea 
Ciilorado  an  oeon  lu  1874,  wlien,  attached  to  the  U.  iS.  survey,  the  author 
iiiiulu  a  tour  of  the  mountains. 

''  The  minins  laws  were  senerally  known  and  nnderstood,  like  common 
law,  except  in  tlie  matter  of  local  rulcH  in  different  diHtncts.  In  1881  K.  S. 
Monison  and  Jacoh  Fillius,  lawyers  of  Dc-nver,  puldixhed  a  volume  on  J/i'm- 
i»7  ItijIiU,  pp.  ,t86,  12  mo.,  containing  all  the  Colorado  Htatutes  on  mining, 
iiii'liuliiig  the  rules  adopted  under  the  provisional  government,  and  all  huc- 
cessive  n^gulations,  with  the  U.  S.  laws  on  the  subject  The  law  to  which 
refiToiicee  was  had  above  required  a  discovery  shaft  to  be  10  feet  deep,  and 
IIIM)  worth  of  work  to  l)e  performed  annually  to  hold  it;  or,  if  ;$500  worth 
were  I  lone,  a  patent  might  l>e  obtained. 

^-  The  names  of  some  of  the  earliest  mines  of  note  were  the  Highland 
Mary,  Mountaineer,  North  Star,  Tiger,  Thatcher.  Chepauqua,  t'omstock, 
I'riile  of  the  West,  Phdadolphia,  Susquehanna,  Pelican,  (Jray  Eagle,  Shen- 
andoah, bull  of  the  Woods,  Prospector,  McGregor,  As^Hin,  Seymour,  Lvtter 


iiiliM. 


802 


MATERIAL  PUOvJRESS. 


carbonates  of  lime  wore  found  on  Sultan  mountain, 
and  larjjfo  deposits  of  iron  ore  at  its  foot. 

The  Eureka  district  lay  n<)rtli  of  Animas,  with  tlio 
town  of  Eureka,  nine  miles  from  Silverton,  surrounded 
by  lar^e  ore  bodies.  The  Uncompahj^re  district,  tlic 
highest  in  the  San  Juan  country,  contained  a  bitter 
class  of  ores  than  the  lower  districts.  Lake  district. 
in  Hinsdale  county,  and  more  accessible  tlian  tlio 
others,  had  for  its  chief  town  Lake  City.  Humlreds 
of  mines  were  located  here,  its  tellurium  lodes  beiiii; 
the  only  ones  of  note  in  the  San  Juan  region.  Ono 
hundred  and  fifty  tons  of  selected  ore  from  tlia  Hotoh- 
kiss  sold  in  San  Francisco  at  the  rate  of  $40,000  ])er 
ton."  Ouray  county,  which  is  on  the  northern  skirt 
of  the  San  Juan  country,  was  found  to  contain  not 
only  silver  mines  of  the  highest  value,  but  the  gold 
district  of  San  Miguel.  This  gold  district  rcvculs 
one  of  those  wonderful  pages  in  the  history  of  the 
globe  which  inspire  awe,  the  gravel  deposits,  100  to 
150  feet  above  the  present  San  Miguel  river,  bi'iiig 
evidently  the  bed  of  some  mightier  stream,  wliich  in 
a  remote  past  rolled  its  golden  sands  toward  tliat 
buried  sea,  to  which  geological  tacts  point  a  signifi- 
cant finger.  The  present  cost  of  carrying  water  t) 
these  ancient  gravel  beds  is  in  itself  a  fortune,  which 
only  the  certamty  of  greater  riches  would  tempt  asso- 
ciations of  miners  to  expend. 

But  it  is  as  a  silver  region  that  San  Juau  became, 
and  will  remain,  preeminent.  Some  of  the  moun- 
tains, notably  King  Solomon  in  San  Juan  county, 
were  so  seamed  with  mineral  veins  of  great  width 
that  they  could  be  seen  for  two  miles.  The  most 
remarkable  of  the  Ouray  county  lodes  was  Begolo, 

G.,  Empire,  Sultana,  Hawkeye,  Ajax,  Mnllie  Darling,  Silver  Cortl,  Altliea, 
Last  of  tlie  Line,  Boss  Boy,  Crystal,  King  Hiram,  Abiflf  (gold),  Ulysses, 
Lucky,  Eliza,  Jane,  Silver  Wing,  Jennia  Parker. 

'"Some  of  the  leading  lodes  in  Hinsdale  county  are  the  Accidental,  Amer- 
ican, Hotchkiss,  and  Melrose  in  Galena  district,  yielding  from  KM)  td  (iOO 
ounces  of  bullion  per  ton,  in  the  concentration  works  at  L^ke  City;  IVllc  »f 
the  East,  Belle  of  the  West,  Big  Casino,  Croesus,  Dolly  Varden,  (J ray  ('iii>li<r, 
and  Hidden  Treasure.  Ocean  Wave,  Plutarch,  Ule,  Ute,  and  Wave  vi  the 
Ocean  are  in  Galena  district. 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


known  as  Mineral  farm,  because  the  locations  upon  it 
rover  forty  acres,  and  the  veins  twelve  acres.  It  was 
located  iu  1875,  and  developed  by  a  company  which 
built  reduction  works  at  Ouray,  the  county  seat,  in 
1887.  One  vein  carried  a  rich  gray  copper  in  a 
a  u''HV2rue  of  qua.rtzite,  much  of  which  milled  from 
$400  to  $700  per  ton,  and  another  in  some  parts  car- 
rieil  a  hundred  ounces  of  silver  with  forty  per  cent  of 
load,  per  ton.  The  latest  discovery  in  the  San  Juan 
r(\i,'n»n  was  of  carbonates,  in  the  western  part  of 
Ouniy  county,  on  Dolores  river,  where  the  mining 
town  of  Rico  was  located  in  one  of  the  inclined  val- 
jfV.s  near  the  top  of  the  globe.  Almost  every  kind 
of  ore  was  found  in  this  district,  not  often  in  regular 
veins,  but  in  irregular  deposits,  lead  and  dry  ores 
occurring  in  contigut/us  claims.  Also  coal,  bitumin- 
ous and  anthracite,  limestone,  bog  and  magnetic  iron, 
fire-clay,  building-stone,  and  wood  for  charcoal,  from 
which  it  is  evident  nature  designed  this  for  a  contra 
of  reduction  works  and  founderies.  A  branch  of  the 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  railway  v/as  constructed  to 
Sll  erton,  one  to  Antelope  springs,  one  to  Lake  City, 
mil  one  to  Ouray.  The  region  which  I  have  briefly 
described  under  the  general  name  of  San  Juan  com- 
prises the  counties  of  La  Plata,  Hinsdale,  San  Juan, 
Ouray,  and  Dolores,  created  in  the  order  in  which 
tliey  are  here  named,  out  of  the  territory  purchased 
from  the  Utes  in  1873. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 

1875-1886. 

CALiFORNrA  Guix-ii  Redivivus— Hii.Ls  OF  Silver— The  Carbonatk  MiNEH 
—Men  or  the  Period — Organization  of  Leauville— Monetakv  and 
Political    In8Titut«>ns— Output  of  the    Mineh— Vi«»ilani;e   Tom- 

MITTEK-S — MINERh'   8TKIKE  -MaRTIAL   LaW    PROCLAIMED — DlHAKFF.(TKI) 

Utks — THEGrNNisos  Country — Scientific  and  Minino  Exi-kuition* 
—The  GrsNr.-Hj.v  Colony— Coal— Towns  EtnABLiauKU — Biblioukaiiiy 
— Nkwhpafkiui. 


i. 


n 


The  San  Juan  region  was  only  fairly  started  on  the 
road  to  development  when  a  fresh  fever  seized  the 
Colora«^!an8  and  drew  nmny  to  an  older  field,  but  wliore 
discovery  made  it  seem  new.  California  gulch,  as  the 
reader  knows,  was  discovered  early,  and  had  yield  d 
in  the  first  five  years  over  $3,000,000.  After  that  its 
productiveness  lessened,  dropping  annually,  until  in 
1876  the  diggings  yielded  but  $20,000.'  During  six- 
teen  years  the  miners  had  been  accustomed  i^  move 
out  of  their  way  with  difficulty  certain  heavy  boulders 
which  neither  they  nor  scientific  geologists  had  rec()<^- 
nizcd  as  of  any  value.  No  one  for  all  this  time  had 
thought  to  question  whence  they  came. 

Among  those  who  had  long  u)llowed  phicer  mining 
in  California  gulch  was  W.  H.  Stevens,  who  in  IH7fi 
discovered  a  supposed  lead  mine  on  a  hill  on  the  sout'i 
sitle  of  California  gulch,  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the 
present  site  of  Leadville.  This  is  known  as  the  I^K-k 
mine,  and  adjouiiug  it  is  the  Dome  mine,  also  owned 

'  A  goM  lode,  the  Printer  Boy,  wm  discovered  in  I8«8,  which  drew  pros- 
pectora  for  a  iteiutou,  who  soon  aoaiuioned  further  searuh. 

COD 


DISCOVERIES  AT  LEADVILI  E. 


005 


by  Stevens  and  his  partner,  Leiter.*  From  tlip  Hock 
niiiie  Stevens  took  samples  of  ore,  which  being  assayed 
hv  iV.  B.  Wood  yieldcid  from  twenty  to  forty  ounces 
of  silver  to  the  ton.  It  now  became  apparent  what 
was  the  nature  of  the  }K)ulders  wliich  had  so  troubled 
tlio  miners  while  sluicing  in  the  placer  diggings.* 
Further  exploration  revealed  richer  ore,  and  carbon- 
ati!  of  lead  similar  to  that  of  White  Pine  district, 
Nevada,  was  found  to  exist  over  a  number  of  emi- 
neiKos  surrounding  the  mining  camp  of  Oro.  These 
liill.s,  before  unmarked,  now  took  names  of  the  mines 
first  located  vpon  theni,  or  of  their  discoverers.  The 
Carbonate  nrane,  disc(  vered  by  Hallock  and  Cooper, 
t^^avo  its  name  to  Carbonate  hill ;  the  li'on  mine  to 
Irt/ii  hill;  Long  and  D«rry  mine  to  Long  and  Derry 
liill ;  Yankee  mine  to  Yankee  hill ;  Breice  mine  to 
Broece  hill ;  Fryer  hill  being  named  aff^ jr  one  of  the 
discoverers,  Borden  and  Fryer.  These  hills  were  the 
seat  of  so  many  different  groups  of  mi  les,'  some  loca- 

» LradvSk.  Colorailo,  the  mwt  Womlerftd  Minimj  Camp  in  t/w  Worlit,  etc., 
Oilorido  8pr  >ng«,  1879,  u  the  name  of  a  jiamphlet  written  concernini;  the  (lis- 
ccivury.  iSottn  a'ter  the  first  louation  there  were  tiiacovercd  nortli  from  the 
U  lok  the  Adulaicie,  Camp  BinI  (by  Long  and  i>erry),  Pine  (hy  the  <>allagher 
linitlicni),  ami  Iron,  la  Strayhorse  gulch  the  Wolfstone  was  h)uate(l  the 
Kitriii'  year,  these  huiiig,  according  to  tlie  authority  ahove  i(iiotcil,  all  the 
iiii|ii)rtant  discoverieti  of  187G.  The  Iron  mine  imiil  its  ownen*  in  the  first 
twii  years  1^00,000  above  expenses,  which  were  J^7,r)0U.  The  Silver  Wave 
iiiiiii-  a<ljoiued  the  Iron.  Maurice  Hays,  and  brother,  and  Durliam  are  men* 
tiiiifl  among  the  original  locators.   Jiilmnnt  AVi-.  Courier,  Oct.  '21,  1876. 

''This  statement  is  premature  as  to  time,  for  althcmgh  silver  was  known 
to  exiiit  in  the  lead  ore  in  tiie  beginning,  the  nature  of  the  composition  was 
not  at  ouce  understood.  Carbonate  «)f  lead  la  the  silver  base  iu  nearly  all 
tlic  oru.t,  which,  however,  vary  in  the  ditfcreut  groups. 

*'l'ho  Leiulvillii  rJeiiiocmt  of  Due.  ,31,  1881,  sives  the  principal  mines  of 
tli'!!Mi  N'ariout  groups  as  follows:  On  Fryer  hill,  tlie  Robert  E.  Lt;c,  Chrysolite, 
MikU:liloMs,  Little  Chief,  Dunkin,  Amiu,  Little  Pittsburg,  Climax,  ('arluiu. 
iicrciiis;  and  among  tiio  less  known,  the  Little  Sliver,  American,  Fi>re|>au^h, 
liaiii{kiik,  and  others.  On  Carbonat'i  hill  woro  the  Evening  Star.  Mornmff 
St4r,  (iliis^-Pendcry,  Cloutarf,  Yankee  UotMlle,  .Etna,  Carlionat* ,  Maid  en 
Krm,  Munrietta,  VVolf  Tone,  and  Vanderliilt.  On  Iron  hill,  the  Iron  Silver, 
Siir.i;i{lur,  Tuscon,  Lime,  Cleora,  Silver  Coni,  Silver  Wave,  Rubio,  A<Utlaide, 
FrtMii'liiiian,  and  Belgium.  On  Yankee  hill  the  princiiial  was  the  itroiHirty  of 
tilt!  Deliver  City  company.  On  Brceco  hill  the  Br»'c««,  Iron,  llighlaua  Chief, 
Minor  Hoy,  Colorado  Prince,  Black  Prince,  Higlilaml  Mary,  aid  others, 
On  L.>iig  and  Derry  hill,  the  I^>ng  and  Derry,  lltHmicr  (iirl,  Bi^lciier,  Preston. 
Mawkins.  In  California  gulch,  the  I^ast  Rose  of  Summer,  Columbia, 
A  v..  I  Silt  Eilge,  La  Plata,  R<R-k,  Dome,  Stone,  and  I^ieopart'..  In  Iowa 
<iiil('li,  t^)  the  south,  were  the  Florence,  First  National,  Kaiser,  Brian  Born. 
On  liild  Muutttaio,  at  tbo  Load  uf  Califuruia  gulcb,  the  Uroea  Mountain 


-\...^ 


606 


FURTHER  DEVEIX)PMENT. 


tions,  however,  being  made  in  gulches  which  sul)se- 
quently  proved  to  be  rich  in  veins  of  carbonate.  Tlie 
oxide  of  iron  imparted  to  one  group  of  ores  a  r«d 
color,  chromate  of  iron  gave  another  group  a  ydlitw 
hue,  while  the  predominance  of  silica  and  lead  in 
others  imparted  a  gray  color.  Chloride  of  silver  per- 
meated all  the  ores,  and  horn  silver  was  found  in  all 
the  prominent  mines.  What  were  termed  the  hard 
carbonates  were  those  in  which  silica  was  [)red(>iiii. 
nant,  with  iron  for  a  base,  preventing  disintegration 
as  in  the  before  mentioned  boulders.  Th?  soft  car- 
bonates had  a  base  of  lead.  The  normal  position  of 
the  lodes  appeared  to  have  been  in  contact  or  hori- 
zontal veins,  sometimes  called  blanket  veins,  with 
limestone  as  the  contact,  iron  above  the  oro,  and 
trachyte  as  the  cap,  the  latter  being  covered  from  ten 
to  a  hundred  feet  with  drift.  The  veins  dippid 
slightly  to  the  east,  and  varied  in  thickness  from  a 
mere  line  to  a  chamber  of  ore  from  ten  to  forty  feet 
in  height,  giving  evidence  of  disturbance  bewilucrin^' 
to  the  prospector.  The  ores  in  almost  all  cases  wiro 
easily  smelted  without  roasting. 

Such  in  brief  was  the  character  of  the  new  mines 
to  which  thousands  hurried  in  1877  and  1878.  In 
June  1877  the  first  building  was  erected  in  Leadville, 


mine,  while  '  scattered  along  the  whole  length  of  the  pileh  were  numerous 
othur  mines  and  prospco'cit  in  various  staues  of  development.'  In  Kvamk' 
guloh  were  the  Ocean,  Seneca,  and  Little  Ellen.  Six  miles  from  Loailvillc, 
across  the  Arkanitas  river,  were  Frying  I'an  and  Colo  gulches,  with  tlie  Sun- 
dowa,  ]>cHaneo,  Venture,  Gertrude,  llolilen  Curry  in  the  former,  ancl  tli''  Mi- 
rer MtNin,  Little  Mystic,  and  others  in  the  latter.  West,  in  Half-iii(><>ii  aii<t 
Little  Halt-moon  gulches,  were  the  Sus<|U';iianna,  Hanling.  Billy  Wilson,  ami 
Iri>a  Duke.  Lackawana gulch  and  Twin  lakes  are  mentioned  as  rich  districts. 
In  the  latter  were  the  Eii^Ie  Nest,  Itoaz,  tconlon,  Bengal  Tiger,  M.  K., 
Pounder,  Australia,  and  otliors.  In  Hayden  ami  Echo  eaflons  wen'  tlie 
Black  I>iamon<T  Black  Cro<ik,  NalM)l»,  t HpjierojMilis,  (iarHeld,  Ross,  Sw.i  |» 
Htakes,  FiHher,  Antelope,  DeXvvr,  and  Mountain  Quaie.  North  of  Leaihille 
wore  Mosquito,  Buckskin,  and  Pennsylvania  gulches,  in  which  were  llie 
London  an<l  New  York,  Sunny  South,  limanza Queen,  Bonanza  King,  Cmv, 
St  Louis,  Steele,  Stonewall,  Fannio  liarrett.  Silver  Leaf,  and  'a large  nuniKir 
of  rich  claim'4.'  Northwest  of  Leadville  was  Tennessee  park,  where  wire 
El  Capitan,  Plattsl'urg  Jvmiof,  Sylvanite,  and  other  rich  claims.  South  i>f 
Lttadville,  in  Ceorgia  and  Thompson  gulches,  were  the  Coon  valley  ami 
Mishawaka.  In  a  new  distri^rt,  the  Hmy  Cn^ss,  on  French  mountain.  l.'tO 
niiues  were  located,  '  nearly  all  of  which  are  in  i>ay  raiosraL' 


QUICKLY  MADE  MILLIONAIRES. 


807 


which  80.1 1  grew  so  as  to  absorb  the  mining  camp  of 
()r<>,  where  Tabor  was  keeping  a  store  and  ixjst-office, 
ill  a  resident  population  of  aljout  fifty  persons.*  The 
efftct  on  Tabor's  fortunes  was  magical.  The  Little 
Pittsburg,  in  which  he  was  third  owner,  proved 
exceedingly  rich.  S<K)n  after  it  wo  ,  opened  he,  with 
one  partner,  was  able  to  pay  $1)0,^00  cash  for  the 
interest  of  the  other  owner.*  A  month  later  the  sec- 
ond partner  was  brought  off  for  $2G5,000,  and  Tabor 
booauie  associated  with  Senator  Chaffee  in  the  owner- 
ship <:'  the  mine.  In  an  hicredibly  short  time,  not 
only  Tabor,  but  many  others,  could  lav  claim  to  be  of 
America's  privileged  order — millionaires.'     Nor  can 

'■So  ssys  Tal)or  in  a  brief  M.S.,  Eitrhj  Doy^,  devoted  to  Lcadvillc  hiatory. 
Mri  lalior,  in  (Vi/h'h  Li/r  in  Colonuh,  M.S.,  relates  how  by  mutual  hilxir  and 
lianUliii)  in  the  minus  they  aci|aired  $7,0U0  in  money,  after  which  they  Net 
iiii.i  store  and  l>oarding- house,  with  a  post-otiice  and  express -ottice,  the  oare 
of  all  fulling  on  her,  while  hor  hu.sl>an(i  l()oke<l  after  a  contract  for  furnishing 
railroad  ties  to  the  Atchison  and  Santa  Fe  railway,  in  which  he  made  nothing, 
lint  even  wages.  They  were  still  keeping  their  little  trading-post  in  Oro 
wji;  II  the  Carlmnate  mines  were  discovered,  Talnir  '  gruh-staked, '  a.s  the 
iiiiiuTs'  phrase  is,  Uische  and  Hook,  two  prospectors  who  discovered  tlie  Little 
I'ltt'ilmrg,  on  Fryer  hill,  in  April  1878,  and  in  Oct.  Imught  and  sold  his  hun- 
dreds of  tliousaiids  worth  of  mining  proiierty  for  cash. 

"Kischo,  who  with  Tabor  Iniught  out  Htntk,  was  a  Pmssian,  bom  in'Min- 
den,  in  18%t,  and  immigrating  to  America  in  1852,  worked  at  shoeniaking  in 
.St  Louis.  He  served  in  our  civil  war,  coining  toColorado  in  18(>8,  and  work- 
ill^'  at  liis  traile  in  Fairplay.  He  retired  from  the  ownership  of  the  Little 
I'lttsliurg  with  f310,00U,  and  afterward  owned  in  the  Nevada,  Hard  I'ash, 
List  Chance,  Little  Kische,  Wall  street,  and  Willie  mines.  Lttidvilk  in  Ytmr 
IWbt,  176-7:  LeitdriUf  Dem.,  .Ian.  1881. 

'  Among  the  men  who  profited  by  the  discovery  of  the  carbonate  mines 
was  J.  Y.  Marshall,  born  in  Pa,  and  came  to  Colo  in  187.3,  settling  at  Fair- 
iilay.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1875,  and  removed  to  i<<!adville 
m  is78.  He  was  elected  judge  of  the  district  court  in  1881,  serving  two 
yoars.  He  was  the  tint  president  of  the  Kot>ert  R.  Lee  mine,  not  far  from 
till'  Little  Pittsburg,  which  iiroved  very  valuable,  and  made  its  owners  rich. 

J.. I.  Ihi  Hois, lH>rn  in  N.  V.,  came  to  Colorado  in  1877,  locating  the  same 
year  in  California  gulch,  ami  prosiK>eti::g  for  mines.  The  time  of  his  arrival 
uas  fortunate.  In  August  he  had  an  interest  in  four  claims,  and  in  Dec. 
atakoil  out  the  Little  Kiton,  'in  snow  waist  deep,'  the  mine  l>eing  afterward 
KnM  f..r  «tl,'J(N),0()0.     Du  B«iis  was  elected  mayor  of  I.«a<lville  in  1884. 

Charles  J.  Howell,  a  native  of  Vt,  located  himself  in  1880  at  I<eadvillc,  in 
a  law  partnership  with  A.  S.  Weston.  In  May  l8.S*2he  was  made  business 
iiiihai^iT  of  TalHtr's  pro)N>rty,  of  M'hieh  he  had  control  for  IK  months,  resuming 
liH  law  practice  late  in  1H8.'<,  He  beaiiiie  owner,  with  TaUtr  and  Weston,  of 
tilt'  Santa  F.duviges,  in  Chihuahua,  and  also  owner  of  valuable  mining  prop- 
erty in  Montana. 

Lyman  Kobison,  l>om  in  Ohio,  came  to  Colorado  in  1878,  and,  with  ajtart- 
nrr,  |iK<ated  the  Col  Sellers  minu  at  Lea<lville,  which  produced  in  4  years 
IKNI.INH),  and  was  then  valued  at  over  '?!  (MN),<iUO.  He  was  one  of  the  ineor- 
p<'rators  uf  the  8uath  Park  Loud  ana  '..'attle  co.  in  Ittbl,  with  a  capital  of 


Hi 


I'f; 


1   t!i! 


606 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 


it  be  denied  that  in  some  instances  their  liberality  and 
public  spirit  were  as  princely  as  their  fortunes." 

$750,000,  autl  in  1885  was  vice-president.  His  residence  in  Cafion  City  cost 
$50,000.     He  married  in  1800  Mary  A.  RtxMlnight  of  Chicago. 

Peter  W.  Braene,  from  Ireland,  located  himself  in  1874  at  Leadville,  wiiere 
he  became  part  owner  in  the  Crown  Point,  Pinnacle,  and  Big  Chief  mint.'t, 
besides  havme  other  mining  interests.  He  was  elected  to  the  lower  lumne 
of  the  generalassembly  in  1882,  and  lieut-gov.  in  1884.  He  marriud  Mary 
L.  McCarthy,  principal  of  a  public  schcH)!  at  Leadville,  in  May  1884. 

John  U.  Morrissey,  I>om  in  N.  Y.,  came  to  Colorado  in  1872,  settling  at 
Georgetown,  working  at  mining  until  1878,  when  he  removed  to  Leailville, 
and  l)ecame  interested  in  the  Crown  Point  and  Pinnacle  mines,  which,  tliough 
slow  in  developing,  finally  made  bim  wealthy.  Crown  Point  yielilid,  iu 
Sept.  188.1,  $20,000  per  month,  and  was  afterward  still  richer. 

Samuel  Adama,  bom  in  Canada  in  1850,  removed  to  New  York  city  in 
1866,  and  to  Coloratlo  in  1880.  S<K>n  after  arriving  he  purchased  half  oftlie 
Brooklyn  mine,  at  Leadville,  for  $50,000  cash.  In  1881  ho  bought  other 
mining  interests,  and  organized  the  A<lams  Mining  company,  with  l.'i(),(N)0 
shares  at  $10  per  share.  In  3  years  the  company  took  out  $425,000,  puyiiig 
$220,000  in  dividends,  leaving  $50,000  in  the  treasury  after  paying  all  ex- 
penses, besides  having  $600,000  worth  of  ore  in  sight  in  1885 

John  T.  tUkins,  from  Mo.,  joined  Price's  army  in  1861,  and  surrcmUrcd 
to  Gen.  Canby  in  1865,  going  to  Nebraska  afterward;  then  to  New  Mexico, 
where  he  was  a  freighter  and  miner  until  1879,  when  he  came  to  Ltailvillo. 
He  obtained  interests  in  the  Leadville  C<msolidated,  Boreal,  Small  llofx m, 
and  Annie,  selling  the  Annie  iu  1881  for  $750,00i),  $500,000  of  which  he  lu- 
vested  in  Kansas  City  real  estate.     He  was  elected  state  senator  in  1884. 

F.  De  Maineville  and  W.  H.  Brisbane  were  partners  in  Wilmington,  Del, 
from  1871  to  1876,  when  they  removed  to  Cheyenne,  Wy.,  where  they  kejit 
a  hotel  until  1879,  in  which  year  they  came  to  Leadville,  investing  wiiit 
capital  they  could  con.  nand  in  mining  property.  In  1882  they  ereottil  tin: 
be  Maineville  block,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000  for  the  land,  and  $25,000  for  tlio 
building;  and  secured  a  large  amount  of  real  estate  in  leadville. 

Luther  M.  Goddard,  Iwrn  in  Wayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1837,  was  in  l.S«U  en- 
gaged in  freighting  across  the  plains  between  Leavenworth  and  Denver.  In 
1878  he  came  to  reside  in  Colorado,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Leml- 
ville  that  year,  investing  some  money  in  the  Peiidury  mine,  which  iu  I  >T1> 
proved  rich,  when  he  sold  five  sixths  of  it  for  $200,<>J0.  He  afterwanl  :ko- 
quired  an  interest  in  Crown  Point  and  Silver  Cross,  the  former  at  Roliinson, 
in  Summit  co.,  and  tike  latter  in  Chaffee  co.,  lH)th  of  which  proved  v,'il>ial>lo 

Sroperties.  He  was  elected  judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  5th  judicial 
istrict  iu  1882  for  a  term  of  6  vears. 
*  Horace  A.  W.  Tabor  was  born  in  Vt  in  18.S0.  At  the  aae  of  ID  >>iiri 
he  removed  io  Mass.,  where  he  remained  until  he  came  to  Coltjrado  in  Is.V.i, 
and  ha<l  his  share  of  the  rough  work  of  oreoting  a  new  state.  He  ha<l  re»i<ieil 
in  Kansas,  and  liecn  a  meml>er  of  the  Topeka  IcgiHlature.  He  was  the  first 
to  realize  any  large  amount  from  the  mints  at  Lea<Iville,  and  thureaftcr  kept 
in  the  lead.  In  1881  he  owned  the  following  miutis  wholly  or  in  i>art:  tli>> 
Matchless,  Scooi)er,  Dunkiu,  Chrysolite,  Union,  Knuna,  Denver  City,  liinri- 
etta,  Maid  of  hrin.  Empire,  Hiliemia,  New  Discovery,  May  Queen,  IiomiI  ■* 
mining  property  iu  Mexico,  and 6  claimn  in  the  San  Juan  countrv.  Ho  ore<  teil 
the  Tabor  o|^>era-house,  oosting[  $860,000,  and  built  the  1>ank  of  Leatlville  fur 
a  safe  deposit.  He  was  first  m  the  organization  of  a  fire  departtn<!iit,  pre- 
senting the  hose  company  with  their  outfit;  cauMed  the  construction  of  water* 
works,  the  incorporation  of  a  gas  company  in  which  he  was  principal  own<  r, 
and  which  expended  $76,000;  organized  the  Tabor  Milling  company  t<>r 
crushing  dry  ores,  investing  flOO.OtW;  ami  cijuippod  the  TalMtr  light  oiivalry, 
50  men,  at »  ouet  of  $10,000,  besides  donating  $10,000  annually  to  schuuU  .ui<l 


SMELTING. 


On  the  Ist  of  August  1 877,  there  were  six  buildings 
on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Leadville,*  and  by 
the  eiul  of  the  year  300  inhabitants.  But  until 
sniclters  on  the  ground  should  teat  the  various  ores 
there  could  be  no  certainty  of  riches  sufficient  to  caut^e 
a  (rreat  influx  of  population.  The  town  organization 
was  perfected  in  January  1878.  About  the  same 
time  the  first  smelter  was  completed  by  the  St  Louis 
Smelting  and  Refining  company,  Weise  superintend- 
ent, which  received  its  ore  through  the  sampling- 
works  i)f  A.  R.  Meyer  &  Co."  During  eleven  months 
ending  November  30,  1878,  1,080  tons  of  bullion  were 
j>rit(luced  from  3,330  tons  of  ore.  Only  one  furnace, 
with  a  capacity  of  fifteen  tons  daily,  was  employed 
until  late  in  the  season  when  the  capacity  was  dou- 
blotl.  By  the  end  of  the  year  four  other  smelters  of 
various  capacity  were  in  operation."     The  smelters 

churches,  and  giving  freely  in  private  charities.  The  Talwr  Mock  in  Denver 
cost,  witii  tli»)  land,  1^200,000;  the  Windsor  hotel  was  owned  diiefly  by  him; 
\m  private  rei)i-<ence  coHt  940,000;  and  his  interest  in  the  Firtit  National 
hank  aiiKiuntcd  to  nearly  half  the  shares. 

>  At  a  iiKwting  on  the  14th  of  Jan.,  1878,  at  which  18  citizens  were  present 
in  (iillit'rt'.i  wagon-shop,  where  Robinson's  block  now  stands,  at  the  corner 
of  (iicitnut  and  Pine  streets,  steps  were  taken  to  organize  the  town,  and 
give  it  a  n.iine.  It  was  suggested  to  call  it  Harrison,  after  the  owner  of  the 
lirst  sniiiltor;  and  Agassiz,  after  the  sreat  naturalist;  and  Carlionatevillc, 
■iftiT  its  ores;  but  Leadville,  proposed  l»y  J.  C.  Cramer,  waf  finally  adopted. 
'i  he  town  tlien  had  70  houses  and  tents.  On  the  Slith  the  governor  ist<ue>l  a 
pruiliiiiation  for  an  election  of  town  officers  Feb.  2d.  II.  A.  W.  TaUir  wus 
liiixii  mayor,  C  Mater,  Win  Nve,  and  J.  C.  Cramer  trustees,  and  C.  K. 
Ainlcridii  ulerk  and  recorder.   Kfiit'a  LfitiMlle  in  Yonr  f'ltrtrt,  3*2-3. 

"  Mi'VLT  &  Co.  purchased  the  first  ore  in  I87*>,  ami  shipiicd  300  tons  to 
St  I,iMii-i  by  ox-tcams,  which  did  not  i«iy  for  the  ex)N!nse  of  transportation 
,t:i'l  n'i|uciii){:  I'.ut  as  the  grade  inureasetl  bv  developroent,  TiO  tons  snipped  in 
thf  •'iiriiiL'  <>t  1877  proved  very  well  worth  the  handlinB.  Meyer  A  (^>.  entab- 
h-h(il  tlic  tir.st  i<ampling  works  in  IS77;  Bunlell  ami  \Vitherell  in  Nov.  1877; 
Eihly  \  .lainei  in  .Inly  1878.    Loomi*'  LfoiiriUf,  19  'JO. 

"The  work)!  of  J.  B.  Orant  commcnce<l  running  on  the  1st  of  <lctober. 
l.lUlt  iciiiH  of  ore  {uirchased  averaged  84  ounces  of  sdver  to  the  ton;  and  .'K)5 
tiMH  iivcragud  3*25  ounces.     On  the  9th  of  Oct.  the  Adelaide  company  com- 

nu ii 1  Miudling.     During  1 1  days  tu  blast  before  the  1st  of  Dec,  *.M)  tons  of 

luilli( .  were  produced  from  240  tons  of  ore.  Tlie  Malta  smelting  works,  J. 
H.  I>ii'k<iiii  &  <.'o.,  stiirtod  up  on  the  Pith  of  Octolwr.  By  the  \*t  of  Dec, 
tiu'v  hitil  Hiuelted  1,081  t^jus  of  ore,  and  proluced  181  tons  of  bullion,  valued 
at  {^-{S.-'iltS.  Tlie  average  nunil>er  of  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton  of  ore  was  47; 
toth<  tuit  of  liullion,  ItO.  On  the  28th  of  Oct.  the  smelter  of  Burdell  Si 
Witlii  ri'll  Itegan  operations,  and  070  tons  of  ore  were  tumeil  into  210  tons  of 
hulhdii  Worth  $85,000.     These  were  all  low  grade.     The  high  grade  ores  wore 

rtvii 1  olspwheru  at  first.     In  1870  .\.  Kders  erecteil  a  smelter  at  lAiodville, 

whicii  he  ran  for  two  years.     Eiler*  wa.i  bora  in  C  rmauy  in  183U,  aud  edu- 


filO 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 


settled  tlie  question  of  the  value  of  the  TiCadville 
mines,  and  tlie  growth  of  the  town  in  1879  was  phf- 
nonienal,  even  for  a  mining  country.  In  the  first  four 
ntonths  of  tlie  year  tlie  increase  of  population  was 
1,000  a  month  ;  after  that  it  rari  up  to  3,000  a  month  ; 
about  the  last  of  the  year  there  were  35,000  rtsi 
dents.  Keal  estate  was  held  at  high  figures,  and  lot 
jumping  was  practised,  as  in  early  times  at  Denver. 
A  hotel  with  accommodatio!is  for  500  guests,  several 
lesser  ones,  a  church  ami  a  theatre  wen?  erected  dur- 
ing the  summer,  besides  private  dwellings  and  mirnng 
im{)rovements,  which  required  1,000,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber [)er  week. 

This  activity  was  joyful  madness.  Men  seemed  to 
tread  on  air,  so  elated  with  hope  were  they,  and  imt 
only  with  hope  but  with  realization.  In  1879  Lcad- 
ville  was  created  a  city  of  the  second  class,  with  an 
efficient  police  and  fire  department,  water  and  gas- 
works  under  construction,  telegraphic  communication, 
a  local  railroad  company  organized,  hospital  acceni- 
modations,  and  other  concomitants  of  nuxh'rn  civilizii- 
tion  It  had  a  post-office  requiring  ten  clerks,  with 
a  money-order  department  issuing  orders  at  the  rate 
of  $355,911  per  3^ear,  and  cancelling  stamps  at  the 
rate  of  over  $:{2,000  annually.  In  1879  the  Denver 
and  South  park  railway  was  within  thirty  miles  of 
Leadville,  and  at  the  same  tinie  the  Denver  and  l»in 
Grande  road  was  extending  a  branch  to  LeadviHe. 
where  it  arrrived  in  August  1880." 


catcd  at  tlio  mining  Rchool  of  riaustha'.  and  university  of  Oottingon.  At 
the  age  of  *J<)  yearrt  he  gratluated,  ami  inuiiigratcd  to  the  U.  S..  lu'in^' cim- 
jiloycd  l>y  mining  t-nginueM  in  New  York  tor  Hevi'ral  years.  In  ISIl'.l  In  M.i.t 
ai)|Miintvd  deputy  U.  S.  mining  stiiti.sti('ian,  wliicli  jMiNition  hehuld  until  I^Til. 
Ho  then  migrated  to  Salt  Lake,  where  he  erected  thcHecondliermania  smclior 
in  IM77  .S.  He  then  came  to  C'ohirado,  ami  erected  a  Hmelter  at  LeadvilK', 
whicii  he  sold,  and  went  to  Enrope  in  1881,  where  he  si^nt  two  years.  On 
returning  to  Colorado  he  organised  the  Colorado  Smelting  company  in  Tin  lilu, 
where  a  ftirnace  was  started  up  in  Aug.  1883,  the  works  in  188(5  having  4 
furnaces,  with  a  ca|>acity  of  20.)  tons  daily,  and  employing  125  men. 

'Mieorge  W.  CiMik,  horn  in  liradford  Ind.,in  18r>0,  was  apjminted  .''1h»t- 
intendent  and  general  agent  of  the  Lead>'ille  division  of  the  Denver  an<l  \\w 
<trand«  road,  upon  its  completion.  Cook  ran  away  from  home  at  \'2  vcai'^"! 
ago  to  uuliut  on  a  druiumur-buy,  and  wait  muittvrvd  uut  iu  Juu,  IbtKi.    i'hut  he 


BANRINO. 


Sll 


Tlie  business  of  Leadville  demanded  banks  almost 
at  once,  and  in  May  1878,  the  first  in  Leadville  was 
ostal)lished  under  the  name  of  Lake  County  bank. 
Soon  nftorward  it  organized  as  the  First  National 
liaiik  with  a  cash  capital  of  $(»0,000.  The  exclianj^e 
tor  IH79  amounted  to  $10,000,000."     In  October  the 


I  )'*^^  ,2.aoo 


Leadville  and  Vicinity. 


ilnitnmed  through  the  war  to  fall  on  his  feet  in  Leadville  was  a  rare  manifet- 
tit'.oii  of  the  favor  of  the  flckli*  gorMoss. 

'^'I'lie  officers  and  atookhoMors  woro  F.  A.  RovnoMs.  pres.;  Nt>l«on  Hal- 
l"'-k,  vice-prefl.;  John  W.  Zollars.  cashior;  A.  \,.  Ordo.in,  asst  cashier:  AuR- 
II -t  1{  Meyer,  .T  B.  Grant.  J.  S.  Ravnr.l.N,  fharU-s  MaN-r.  .T.  C.  (Vaiii«T, 
<''iirl(^  I.  Thompson.  Peter  Finertyi  E.  D.  Long,  J.  H.  Clcmer,  Charles  T. 
LiiiilxTg,  Rufus  Shute. 


612 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 


bank  of  Lcadville  was  opened  with  a  capital  of  about 
a  million  dollars,  aud  drew  $11,500,000  "  exchange 
during  1879.  Others  soon  followed  and  in  1880  there 
were  five,  since  which  another  has  been  opened." 
Newspapers,  scliools,  and  churches  enjoyed  the  l)ene- 
fits  of  abundant  money.  All  this  prosperity  was  the 
result  of  mining,  and  it  would  be  superfluous  to  go 
into  further  details  concerning  individual  mines  or 
miners.  It  is  sufficient  before  proceeding  with  the 
history  of  discovery  to  state  in  evidence  of  the  pernia- 
nance  of  the  Leadville  mines  that  the  average  outitut 
of  mineral  from  them  for  the  first  half  of  1885  was 
10,000  tons  per  day. 

It  could  not  be  expected  that  a  community  with  a 
growth  so  marvellous,  and  founded  upon  mineral 
wealth  should  have  no  other  or  more  dramatic  inci- 
dents in  its  career  than  copv^s  from  rapid  growth. 
The  richer  the  country,  as  a  rule,  the  more  poi8()n»>us 
the  parasites  which  it  attracts  to  fester  in  the  uody 
politic ;  hence  vigilance  committees  and  midni<j;lit 
hangings  had  to  havo  their  day  in  Leadville,'*    Two 

•♦  H.  A.  W.  Tal>or,  prea. ;  N".  M.  Talwr,  vice-pres. ;  George  R.  Fisher.  ( asli- 
ier.  The  Miners'  Exchange  bank,  James  H.  B.  McFerran,  pres.;  andtioorge 
W.  TrimUle,  cashier;  ami  the  Miners'  and  Mechanic's  bank  were  the  next  )n 
ortler  '.n  1879.  In  April  1880,  the  City  bank  of  Leadville  was  incoriiorattd 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  J.  Warren  Faxon,  president;  C  C,  Howt  11, 
vice-president;  and  John  Kerr,  cashier.  At  the  close  of  1880  the  organization 
was  snrrendered,  and  a  private  bank  opened,  C.  C.  Howell  k.  Co.  projirieturt!. 
Leadville  Democrat,  Dec.  31,  1881.  In  August  188.3  the  Carlwnate  bank  was 
opened.  John  L  McNeil,  the  first  cashier,  and  subsequently  president,  was 
btim  in  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1849,  and  came  to  Colorado  in  1870.  He  was 
employed  as  chief  clerk  of  the  office  of  the  Denver  Pacific  R.  R.  for  a  few 
months,  when  he  took  a  position  as  teller  in  the  Colorado  National  bank,  and 
held  it  until  1S7G,  during  which  year  a  bank  was  opened  at  Del  Norte.  »f 
which  he  was  chosen  manager.  In  1880  this  bank  was  moved  to  Alamosa, 
where  it  Iteeame  the  First  National  bank  of  that  place.  At  the  remie^t  of 
citizens  of  Leadville,  McNeil,  as  alxtve,  organized  tne  Carbonate  bank. 

^•' Looinui'  Leaiirille;  LeatMlle  Chronicle  Annual,  1881. 

"  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  town  Iward  T.  H.  Harrison  was  appointed 
marshal,  T.  J.  CampWll  police  magistrate,  and  A.  K.  Updegraff  town  attor- 
ney. Harrison  was  soon  driven  out  of  town  by  the  lawless  element.  At  the 
second  election  in  April  George  O'Connor  was  chosen  marshal,  and  four  police- 
men assigned  to  support  his  authority.  Suspecting  one  of  them  of  complicity 
with  the  '  mughs,  ne  was  alwct  to  remove  him  from  the  force  when  he  was 
killeil  by  him,  only  18  days  after  assuming  the  office.  The  mffian's  name 
was  James  Bloo<Uworth,  who  escaped  arrest.  At  a  special  meetii:g  of  tiie 
board  next  morning,  Martin  Duggan  was  appointed  marshal,  and  acce^ited 
th«  office.    Almost  immediately  be  received  written  notice  that  he  would  be 


POPULAR  TRIBUNALS. 


618 


men  named  Frodshem  and  Stewart  were  taken  from 
the  sheriff  and  hanged  November  20,  1879  ;  following 
which  the  criminal  and  vicious  class,  to  the  number 
of  several  hundred,  organized  and  threatened  to  retal- 
iate by  killing  some  of  the  supposed  vigilants,  and 
burning  the  newspaper  offices.  A  few  days  of  intense 
excitement  followed,  the  city  being  patrolled  nightly 
by  tiie  Wolf  Tone  guards  and  Tabor  light  cavalry. 
Tiie  action  of  the  committee  was  approved  by  the 
niajorit}'  of  responsible  citizens,  who  regarded  it  as 
necessary  under  the  provocation  given  by  the  men 
who  were  hanged.  This  sentiment,  together  with 
the  firmness  of  the  militia,  finally  awed  the  vengeful 
would  be  rioters,  and  the  city  was  restored  to  order." 
In  the  latter  part  of  May  following,  however, 
anotlier  kind  of  mob  violence  was  threatened,  the 
men  employed  in  several  mines  being  upon  a  strike. 
The  disturbances  increased  gradually  for  several 
weeks,  all  business  being  brought  to  a  stand,  and 
seme  of  the  most  vicious  of  the  idlers,  who  were  glad 
jf  the  opportunity  to  harrass  better  men,  inciting  the 
discontented  miners  to  a  riot.  On  the  12th  of  June, 
owinij;  to  threats,  all  the  places  of  business  m  the  city 
were  dosed,  and  a  procession  of  citizens  paraded,  in 
tlie  hope  of  impressing  the  strikers  with  their  solid 
force.  A  proclamation  was  read  in  front  of  the  opera 
house,  signed  by  the  Citizens'  Executive  Committee 
of  One  Hundred,  declaring  that  men  who  desired  to 


kilk'il  unless  he  should  leave  town  within  24  hours.  Duggan  made  no  sign 
tliat  he  liad  received  the  warning,  but  took  prueitutions  agaiuiDt  seizure. 
Within  a  few  days  a  murder  was  committetl  at  a  saloon  by  a  negro,  and  the 
1«i1kc  h;id  taken  the  wretch  to  jail,  when  the  outlaw  organization  attempttnl 
m  rvk'nae.  Duggan  faoed  the  mob  with  a  revolver  in  each  hand,  and  made 
them  understand  that  he  had  the  nerve  to  shoot  any  l>old  enough  to  interfere 
witli  the  execution  of  the  laws,  and  they  retired.  Duggan  served  his  term, 
iKoIiniii^  reelection,  P.  A.  Kelly  Iteing  bis  successor.  But  Kelly  was  intini- 
iilateil,  ;ind  the  city  council  telegraphed  for  Duggan,  then  in  Mich.,  to  return 
aiiil  t.ike  the  marshalship.  He  comjilied,  and  .served  out  Kelly  s  term,  but 
refused  reelection.  He  remained  in  Leadville,  however  engaged  in  mming. 
rhij.v;iii  was  bom  in  Ireland,  migrating  to  the  U.  S  at  the  age  of  G  years, 
ami  living  in  N.  Y.  until  IG  years  old,  when  he  went  to  Kansas,  and  from 
L«avt  hworth  to  Colorado,  where  he  engaged  in  miniog  and  freighting. 
'■  5>cf  Demrr  Tiibunt,  Nov.  22  and  23,  1879. 
Hist.  Niv.    83 


614 


FUUTUER  UEVELOl'MKNT. 


return  to  work  at  former  wages  "  would  bo  protortod. 
A  motion  buing  made  to  adopt  this  as  a  resolution, 
the  strikers,  about  1,500  in  number,  shouted  No  I 
and  assailed  the  citizcnii  with  threats  and  op[)ro))riou8 
epithets.  An  attempt  was  then  made  by  the  militia 
companies  to  clear  the  Htreets,'*  which  only  inert  asid 
the  confusion,  and  the  belligerent  attitude  of  the 
strikers.  Hoping  to  j»rc8ervo  order  by  a  show  of  law, 
the  sheriff,  L.  K.  Tucker,  arrested  the  military  coin- 
mander,  and  disarmed  the  companies ;  but  just  ut  that 
time  a  supply  of  anna  arriving  from  Denver,  under 
escort,  the  mob  mado  a  movement  to  seize  tlieni,  and 
were  met  with  presented  carbines.  A  partial  iKuce 
was  restored  at  nightfall,  although  the  strikers  still 
held  out,  and  the  Citizens'  Executive  Comniittco  of 
One  Hundred  remained  in  session,  and  the  fire  coni- 
paniea  in  readiness  during  the  night.  A  nunilur  of 
telegrams  were  sent  to  (lovernor  Pitkin  asking  that 
martial  law  should  bo  declared,  and  an  officer  onh  nd 
to  Leadvillo  to  nmster  into  service  the  militia,  which 
had  disbanded  on  bei»»g  disarmed.  The  governor 
replied  by  instructing  the  sheriff  to  sunnu<m  to  liis  aid 
every  law  abiding  citizen,"  and  ]>romised  to  consider 
the  question  of  martial  law.  Other  telegrams  fol- 
lowed the  first,  and  about  midnight  a  petition,  luaded 
by  the  sheriff,  and  signed  by  all  the  principal  projurty 
owners  in  the  city,  was  despatched  to  the  executive, 
still  urging  martial  law,"  which  was  thereupon  jiro- 
claimed,  and  Major-gc^neral  David  J.  Cook  ordered  to 

'•Minors  received  from  $3  to  Jt4  per  clay.  Krnt'a  LewMlle  in  Your  P^ht, 
150.  The  cost  of  living  was  high,  but  diniiniiihiiiK  aH  the  railroaii.t  ap- 
proached. 

'*The  Wolfe  Tone  gnards  was  the  oldest  militia  organization  in  L<>aiU 
ville,  dating  from  July  12,  1879.  It  nuni)>ored  80  privates,  and  IS  ciPitniiis. 
sioned  and  non-commissionodoificers;  John  Murphy,  capt.  TheTalxir  l.i^'ht 
cavalry  organized  August  2<l,  and  mustered  64  men;  Cecil  C.  Morgan  c.t|it 
There  was  a  'M\  company,  the  Carlranate  rides,  44  men,  W.  P.  Minor  ca|it., 
ready  to  act  aa  required. 

^The  law  gave  tlie  sheriff  thin  authority.  Gtn.  Luiwt  Colo,  1877,  237;  ud 
Laws  of  1879,  135.  In  case  of  violence  he  might  call  out  the  military,  or  the 
aid  of  citizens. 

'^  Pitkin »  Politienl  Vinim,  MS.,  1;  Bofttfhfr,  Flwih  Thnei,  MS.,  2-4,  Dtn- 
ver  Tribune,  June  15,  1880;  Colo  Sen.  Jour.,  1881,  40-1. 


MOIJS  AX  I)  STRIKES. 


515 


Ijcadvllle  to  talvo  coiniimTul  of  tlio  militia,  and  imistor 
in  us  iiiiK'li  forco  an  lio  Hlionld  find  ncrossary.  Li  tl»o 
iiittiim,  |Hnidin<;  hh  arriv.-il,  William  ][.  Jones  of 
Ltjidviilo  wa8  commissiomui  a  bri^jjadicr-pfuneral,  to 
bkc  tlio  command  and  p«Tform  tlio  duties  of  Ids 
nositinii.  J^rovost-marHJial  J.  L.  l*ritclianl  forbade 
the  ass(Mnl)lin«5  t>f  groups  of  people  U[)on  the  street,  or 
ill  piiMic  lialls,  and  ordered  all  saloons  and  [ilacen  of 
hiisiiicss  closed  by  ten  o'cl<M'k  in  the  evenini^.  On 
tlio  iiiL;;lit  of  the  I4tli  (iencral  C^ook  arrived,  and  found 
tlio  excitement  in  })art  allayed,  and  some  of  tlie  min- 
ers roturninj:;  to  tlu^ir  work.  Also  that  W.  A.  I£. 
Ijovcland,  mana;j;in»jf  editor  of  the  Dcmocraf,  a  ])ai)er 
wliicli  sided  with  the  strikers,  had  been  (lej)osed,  and 
Clark,  one  of  the  editors  of  tin?  rm/.t,"  published  to 
stir  up  disorder,  had  al)srond(>d.  Notwithstanding 
tlio  serious  nature  of  the  disturbances,  no  Yiwh  were 
lust.  On  the  '22«l  of  Juno  the  ordcT  of  the  IHth  was 
revoked,  and  civil  authority  reinstated,  tho  miners 
lifiviiii^  returned  t.  their  work.  Besides  tho  li»ss  to 
Ijcadvilleof  half  a  summer's  labor  and  profit,  tho  state 
was  taxed  $19,.')0r>  for  tho  expenses  of  the  militia. 
For  a  t'uno  these  incidents  clouded  the  reputation,  as 
tluy  retarded  the  progress,  of  Lcadvillo;  but  the 


"The  first  paper  eataltliHliod  in  I^adville  wan  the  lievnlle,  by  R.  R.  Allen, 
in  |s7S.  The  ]iriiitiiig-<>llii"!  wax  a  log  Iioumo  <iii  Kim  Htruct,  liulow  (..'iiedtiiiit. 
]{<'iiii>  a  pnM|H!Ot<)r  \ty  nature,  Allen  liitil  pioneen!)!  journalism  in  Hcveral  new 
iiiiiiiiii;  caiiinM.  He  pulilixlietl  tlie  llfijMer  at  Central  in  early  tinier,  and  tlio 
H'liliiii  I  nt  I* airplay  Honiewliat  later;  and,  when  earhonateH  were  diaooveriMl, 
aii|H';iri'il  in  Leadville,  where  for  a  year  and  a  half  he  jiulilitdied  the  Rfwillr, 
sinl  tlii'ii  HUspeudcd,  and  went  his  way.  The  Mecond  newspaiter  in  Leadville 
HM  tilt!  KrtijMf,  a  dady  denioeratie  journal,  estaldished  in  IN78,  and  .<us- 
pi'iidiil  ill  1S7"J.  On  the  tl'Jth  of  June,  I.ST'J,  appeareil  the  daily  i'luimirli; 
<iwiui|  liy  Carlylc  V.  Davis,  John  Arkiiu',  and  James  M.  Itiirnell.  Their 
iiriniiM);-ollice  was  one  of  tho  tirHt  huildinKS  on  (Miestnut  street,  a  one-story 
fraiiii'  Ntruntnre  *J0  liy  HO  feet.  None  of  the  trio  had  any  means  which  was 
not  Ml  tli<<ir  huHiness,  and  nscd  the  olHee  for  a  lodging-house.  The  tint  issue 
«Ms  ;i  small  sheet  of  ii  columns.  Its  hiiccims  from  the  start  was  so  great  that 
it  WiiH  twice  enlarged  in  H  months.  In  May  Bumell  sold  to  the  other  part- 
niTH.  In  |)ee.  they  purchased  a  4-horNe-iMtwer  steam  engine,  with  a  press 
ca|iH<'ity  of  1,800  an  hour.  In  April  1880  Arkins  sold  to  Davis,  who  con- 
ducted tlie  Imsiness  alone,  publishing  a  0-eohimn  daily,  quarto  sixe,  ami  a  9> 
coiiiiim  weekly,  an  able,  instructive,  and  illustrated  paper.  The.  Drmomit, 
uitl  the  ll<-niid,  a  little  later  in  starting,  are  also  able  papers,  of  which  men* 
tioQ  in  made  in  another  place. 


nf 


FURTHUt  DEVliLOr.MEN'T. 


advent  of  railroads  in  Auj^ust,  ami  tlio  coiitinuod  dis. 
covories  of  rich  ore  bodies,  sijon  restored  the  ludaiicc." 


Such  natural  wealth  on  the  cast  side  of  tl.n  con- 
tinental  divide  was  sure  to  inspire  the  desire  of  stjuch 
upon  the  occidental  slope.  But  all  that  couiitrv,  as 
I  liave  already  stated,  was  left  in  reserve  for  the  I'lcs. 
The  first  attempt  of  miners  to  o<cupy  the  Ute  coun- 
try was  in  1861,  when  a  party  of  prospectors  all  pt  r- 
ished  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians  in  Wasliin<j;t(>ii 
^ulch,  since  known  as  Dead  Men's  gulch,  on  the 
head  of  Kock  creek,  a  branch  of  Koaring  fork  of 
Grand  river.  A  few  men  who  were  undeternd  bv 
the  massacre  of  the  first  party,  or  wlio  had  fniv(<l 


''It  will  be  instructive  to  mention  the  smeltrrH  in  nml  altoiit  Lcadvillo  at 
the  close  of  1879,  with  their  output.  Little  Chit-f,  S.  Tysou  mijit,  nturicii 
Aug.  5,  1870,  with  one  furnace— silver  ami  leail,  with  a  triico  of  gnld-  lui.il 
Viilno  of  Imllion,  ^212,775.88.  Ohio  aiul  Missouri,  .J  M.  KocUwihuI  h\iiiI, 
Btiirted  July  1(5,  1879;  one  furnace;  total  valuu,  #ir>4,817.80.  (uiiiiiiin^is  A 
Finn,  Frederick  H.  Williams  Hupt,  started  July  '25,  1879;  three  fuiiiiKis: 
total  value,  $!i'23,039.'24.  (iagc-Haganian,  (i.  W.  liryan  mctalhu'tiist.  ^tiirtrd 
Miiv  23,  1879,  one  furi^ace;  total  value,  JH!0.4.>4.84.  Kaynumd.  Sluiiiiaii. 
ancl  McKay,  started  June  20,  1879;  one  furnace;  total  value,  SI4;i,Mt7."0. 
Klgiu  Mining  and  Smelting  comj>any,  started  June '24,  1879;  one  fiiniiiiT: 
total  value,  f4'2r>,2r»l.'20.  Harrison  Keduetion  works,  started  0(  t.  \S'S: 
three  furnaces;  total  value,  ?l,018,l(>4.'i4.  J.  B.  (irant  ft  Co.  Btuelti  r.  (iiant 
manager,  started  Sept.  2.3,  '878;  eight  inmaces;  total  value,  S'J,.'  itT,  174.  kS. 
Leadville  Smelting  co.,  started  May  15,  1879;  one  fnrnaeo;  total  value, 
$IIM),177.80.  La  flata  Mining  and  Smelting  co.,  started  Nov.  2.  I.>^TS:  f.iir 
furnaces;  total  value,  9l,9<>9,(>34>.24.  American  Mining  and  Sinclting  co., 
0.  H.  Hahn  supt,  started  June  5,  1879;  two  furnaces;  total  value,  i''22;!,^;i7.."(i. 
Billing  ft.  Eilor's  Utah  smelter,  Fritz  Wolf  supt.  started  May  14,  IMT'.i;  two 
furnaces;  total  value,  $1,022,<)70.  lt>.  C.ilifornia  Smelting  eo.,  Htnrtnl  ><'|>t. 
1879;  two  furnaces;  total  value,  $7fi,870.  J.  ]>.  l>iekson  &  Co,  l,ix/i.  tur- 
naces,  started  June  1879;  two  furnaces;  total  value,  $785,010.40.  .1 .  I!  Stioii 
&  Co,  Malta  Smelting  works,  started  June  1878;  one  furnace;  tnlal  \aliu', 
$(')2,5(W.7().  Adelaide  Smelting  M-ork»,  started  1878;  one  funian  •.  total 
value,  875  252.%.  To  sum  up,  .34  furnaces  in  less  than  a  year,  n  iludii^; 
210,341,719  pounds  of  ore,  pro«luced  .37.727.797  pounds  of  lullion,  ciiiilaiiiin',' 
6,913,408  ounces  of  silver,  valued  at  ?7.74.3.l  1«\86,  and  818.8  ounces  of  f.'olil, 
valued  at  816,376.37,  and  $1, 49*5,4.37.64  wortii  of  lead.  .  $9,2r)().<iAS  S."«. 
Besides  the  ore  smelted  in  the  local  works,  there  was  sent  away  to  l>e  rcihiccil 
82,751,879.76  worth  of  ore,  to  In?  reduce*!  in  foreign  smelters,  and  .*lt(i.(HK)  in 
gold  from  the  gold  mines,  making  the  product  for  the  perioil  ahovc  uivcii 
|l2,032,808.61.  LeiuMlle  CnrtxmnW  Chnntide,  Jan.  3,  !880.  The  outlay  was 
of  course  enormous  to  pro«hice  this  result,  hut  it  could  never  l>e  so  j-n  at  for 
any  other  year  for  these  companies,  and  the  amount  «.-f  ore  to  he  smcltcil 
must  increase  with  time  and  facilities.  Supjmsing  the  I'upply  to  Ik  iirac- 
tif-ally  unlimited,  as  it  seems,  mining  Itecomes  in  Colorado  a  p«'ruiaiii  iit  in- 
dustry on  a  grand  scale.  The  product  of  Lake  co.,  in  gold,  silver,  aud  lead, 
up  to  1882,  was  ^,945,117.69. 


THE  OUNNISON  COUNTRY. 


817 


thcmsolves  in  at  abt)ut  tho  samo  time,  fouiul  gold  in 
Union  jMirk,  Taylor  pjirk,  (irrinan  flats,  and  Tincup 
flats,  l»ut  none  wtTo  ablo  to  hold  their  ground  against 
tilt'  Indians  except  a  company  in  Union  park,  which 
omtfd  fortifications,  and  mined  in  the  intervals  of 
hunting  and  skirmishing.  They  8oen»  to  have  con- 
(]iitr«'(l  a  peace,  for  this  limited  region  contiimed  to  he 
occupied  tor  twenty  years."  Very  little  was  known 
of  the  country.  Old  mountaineers  had  traversed  it. 
Fivniont  had  crossetl  its  nortUtrn  portion  by  tho 
W hi ti' river  branch  of  the  Colorado  in  1844.  Gun- 
nison ha<l  explored  it  by  ihe  Grand  river  branch,  the 
soutiurn  fork  of  which  was  named  after  him  by  Gov- 
ernor (iilpin.  Expeditions  under  Macomb  and  Ives 
had  traversed  the  south-west  corner,  following  the 
old  Spanish  trail  from  Santa  Fe  to  Salt  Lake.  Ives 
explored  the  lower  Colorado  in  1857  8  to  a  point 
oi>,dity  miles  lielow  Grand  cailon,  where  lie  organized 
a  land  ex|K^dition  and  explored  the  plateaux  traversed 
by  it.  This  expedition  approached  from  the  west, 
and  did  not  extend  to  the  Gunnison  country.  Baker's 
party  penetrated  it  to  the  Grand  cafton  of  the  Col- 
(»rado,  where  they  were  killed  by  the  Indians,  as  I 
have  already  related.  In  1869  Major  J.  W.  Powell 
explored  the  Grand  canon  with  an  efficient  company 
and  outfit,  adding  nmch  to  the  interest  already  felt  in 
the  country."     He  had  been  preceded  in  the  Gunni- 


"Seo  RichardMfCa  HiMory  of  the  Ounnimn  Country,  MS.,  or  an  account  of 
it!ii-x|ili)riitiou  and  aettleiiient.  Sylvester  Kiolianlson  was  l>orn  in  All>any, 
N.  V.  Migrating  first  to  iShelmygan,  Wis.,  he  foUowuil  arcliitecturo  anil 
linat-lmililing,  with  music-teaching.  In  18(iU  he  came  to  (^>lora<lo,  where  he 
imctisud  uietlicine  22  years.  lu  1861  he  went  into  cattle-raising,  but  the 
Inihan  war  of  1864  ruined  his  business.  He  afterward  settled  in  the  (iunni- 
8iin  cimiitry. 

-'^In  the  summer  of  1867  Powell  visited  the  Colorado  mountains  with  a 
party  of  amateur  naturalists,  during  which  ex{>cditi(>n  he  explored  the  cation 
on  tiraiid  river  Iwlow  Hot  Sulphur  springs,  and  also  the  Cedar  caflon,  by 
whiulHirand  river  leaves  Middle  park.  His  iniri<i«ity  thus  stimul.ttcd,  ho 
(leteriiiiiied  upon  further  explorations.  In  1808  he  organizetl  another  expedi- 
tion, which  spent  the  summer  among  the  mountains,  and  encampe<l  for  the 
winter  120  mdes  aljove  the  mouth  of  White  river.  During  the  winter,  which 
was  a  mild  one,  excursions  were  made  southward  to  the  (trand,  down  Wliite 
to  (Iricii  river,  north  to  Bear  river,  and  around  the  Uintah  mountains. 
Gradually  these  exploring  excuraions  bad  become  geological  and  scientific, 


i 


S18 


KUUTilKR  1)K\  KLOrMKST. 


SOU  country  in  IHOC*  Uy  Bcnjainiii  Cjmhain,  who,  in 
IH7(),  coMductr*!  a  Hrcoiid  t'.\|K!(liti<»ii,'*  wliirh  s|M.iit 
tho  HunuiKT  ill  |>rosi»t'ctiii|^  tlio  went  slope  (tf  tin  Klk 
niouiitain.s,  where  they  iliscovcnd  many  t^aliiia  luii.s, 
<'arryiii<^  coniHsito  in  liiiicstonc  formation,  and  a  nml 
vriii  on  llock  «'nH'k.  A  1<»*4  fort  waH  eroctnl.  uml 
proHiKctin^  ('ontinucd,  hut  the  Utos  in  1H74  l»inini| 
tlu' fort  and  <lrovr  out.  tlic  j>r<JK|M'ftoiH,  who  l<»st  all 
their  property  t;xeept  tluiir  arms,  and  w»'re«'om|i(  IKd 
to  make  thiiir  way  liome,  100  miles,  on  foot,  suhsist- 
in«^  hy  shootiii'Lj  jjfaiiu!.  In  this  instanru  tlie  I'tis 
proved  thiMiiselves  al>le  astroiutiners,  as  the  l()7tli 
meridian,  their  (astern  Umndary,  tt}^ree<l  to  th»'  vmr 
before,  lay  a  few  miles  east  of  the  KcK-k  ereek  caiuii. 
In  IH74  llayden's  seieiitiHe  and  explorin«^  lixpeditiou 
passed  the  summer  in  the  (xunnison  country,  hut  l> 
these  tho  Indians  made  no  ohjec'tion,  knowiiij^  thiv 
were  transient  visitors,  hut  not,  perhaps,  hein;^  awar 
that  the  knowled;^*'  which  they  {gathered  would  siml 
them  nit»re  prospectors,"  altliouj^h,  as  it  ha[»pened,  the 

Mill  woro  oarrinil  on  unclor  tlio  iiatrnnago  of  tlio  government.  Tin'  Ix-ttiT  t" 
carry  out  hit  |ir(ij»ct  (if  cxiiloring  tluH 'nlurailo  (Mj^uiih,  I'liwcll  li,'i>l  4  Ih>,iI4 
limit  ill  (.'liiua){ii,  iM  Htroiig  ax  could  lio  inailc,  ami  traiiHji<irt<'>l  liy  r^nl  t>>  ili<' 
ix.f'if  where  tlic  I'.  I'.  It.  K.  crouncs  (Jrccii  rivur.  On  tlio  '-^tli  nf  M,i\  tin' 
lii'i't  left  Oreon  Kivur  city,  in  Wyniiiiiig,  prDviNimioil  for  10  niontl-.t,  aii'l  xnp 
|iiii'il  Milli  Mciuntilic  inNtruinuntx,  arum,  aiiiiiuuiition,  and  touU  mid  tuo  i^i 
tliciii  dcfkcd.  I'lic  ImatM  wtTi!  iiaiiicd  and  iiianniMl  aM  fiillo'v.t:  Emiiin  It 'in, 
J.  If.  /''■ii«ll,  J.  ('.  Striiiirr,  aui\  H'illi'H.i  /I.  Jhnin:  Kiflft  ri,/,l.',<  Sff- r,  11 
//.  /'■"/••ll  aiiil  O.  V.  Hni-llii/;  \o  \iiiiif,  O.  </.  /f  iirliiiii,  Simm  Hiwhnl, 
and  Fniiil-  Uxi/ii.iiii:  Mitiit  </  t/m  r'il7(>/i,  W.  It.  Il'iirkin-i  and  Anilnin  Ih', 
A  Niiiiiiiicr  of  t'Xtraiirilinary  travel  aii-'.  iiia^'riiiicKiit  iIihci wry  foljuwi'.i,  :■( 
\%liu'li  the  oltji'i't  wai  ' A'coiin|ili)ilifd,  tlx*  t'xaiiiiiiation  of  tlii^  ^raiid  i  ir>"ii 
of  till!  i'olorado,  iK.'iiide.'i  vtliicli  tlirro  were  Mcvcral  otluT*— Cuiitrai't  r.iftnii. 
41  iiiilcH  loiifiC,  with  wail't  from  I, .'UN)  to  '.'.7(<>  fi'il  in  lioiuht'.  Oli-ii  r^iimii, 
14'.)  niil<"<  loii^,  \«ith  walU  .^oiii  'JIH)  to  l,*MN>  Icit  in  altitude;  M.irMi,'  r.irinii. 
(iTij,  iiiilct  long,  *J(M)  fi'vt  di-cp  at  iN  liua<l,  and  .'{..MNtfci-t  drr|i  at  itt  lnui  r  riiil; 
(ir.'tiid  cD.ni'U,  'JIT',  niili'~i  ill   It'ii^'tii,  and  from  :i,OtN>  to  ti,(NNI  feet  in  ili'|itli. 

*'  'I'lii*  party  coiiHiHti'd  of  H.  A.  Kirkor,  WilliaiiHiant,  Samuel  MiMilliii. 
I.OU1H  Unini,  JaiiieN  llrcniian,  and  •'  M.  hefahauiii.  Sio  FoHnett'n  '  !•/  /-.i./i. 
a  i|cHcri|itivc,  hixtorii'al,  and  HtitiiitlU'al  work  of  •V.t'J  |ii>|{ei<,  N  nio,  miMi  inaio 

a'ld   illuHtratiotiH:   New  N'nrk,  ISM),  the  iiioMt  eoni|i|etii  of  ttie  iiikii>   I m 

a'toiil  the  centennial  wtate.  Ki''ker  waiari'Mideiit  of  I'ark  eoiintv,  and  .irtiv<' 
III  exploring  the  tiio'intaint,  |iartieiilarly  the  I'ark  ra>ige.  A.  'I'liortitMri  \t.i< 
A  |iriiH|i<H-tor  ill  tliH  ri'tt'on  alioiit  thin  time. 

■'■  1  hav<i  Meveral  tiliiev  had  oeeaMion  to  refer  to  llayden'i*  renearclieH  iii  Ihi 
coiirM«)  of  thin  work.  Tli"  n'|<orti»  of  Ha>deii,  Klidlieh,  I'eale,  ( iaiiiieli.  .-iimi 
iluluiua  wvru  of  ^tvAi  vurviuu  iu  making  Uuown  to  the  world  tl<v  uuikmI 


t      '    I 


rROsrEcriNt;  i-lxpeditions. 


619 


^  Nvlio,  ill 
lii'li  s|..'iit 
i.fth.  Klk 
U'lia  liiih's, 
tiwl  u  coal 
jcti'd.  mill 
r4  Imnitil 
II »  lost  all 
cuiiiiicIKmI 
>t,  Hultsist- 
tlu!  rt(s 
til."  I(i7lli 
•  tin-  vrar 
rnek  ciiiiiii. 

t!X|M'l|itiu|| 
A'V,  luit  t» 
Avill!4  they 
L'iii|Lj  awai" 

v':>lllil    scliil 

nifucil,  tilt 

Till'  l«n<r t.> 
11  Ii.'kI  4  IxKiii 

Ity  rail  til  the 
th  nf  M;iy  tim 
jlitl:'«,  aii>l  HU|i' 
|iIm    aii't  twii  i.f 

:   Eiiiii''t  I  I'll!, 

i.'^Si'f'i;  tr. 

HI  I'd  llniihhl, 
Aiidn  in  II  ■  ', 
\  fnlliiWi'il,  III 
■  nr.Ainl  r.ifn'ii 
iitrai't  I'.itVm, 
:  <i  It'll  cai'inii, 
iMailil"'  rafiiiii. 
Its  liiui  r  I'li'l; 
I'iii't   III  <li'|itii. 

iiul  MrMilli'ii. 
IfttV'  ../■<-.i.^. 

(|<l,    M  Itil    lllAI'' 
IIIKII>     liiM'K< 

itv.  aii'l  artivf 
iTiiiiriitnii  «»» 

|i'nrrh«i  111  ttic 

I  CaiiiK  ti.  'tii'l 

II  t>'i.-  iiiiiiimI 


first  wlio  came  and  stayed  were  m  a  dato  at  least  ooii- 
t(  iii|inraiRM»u8  with  the  f^overninont  explorations  just 
rfci'i'dftl. 

\\\  \r<7'l  a  party  of  prospcvtors  roturnin«r  from  the 
Sal!  Juan  country,  whoro  they  were  unwelcome, 
iiasM  <1  up  the  (funnison  river,  and  oxaminin*;  the  old 
(Ji.^'.riii>j;H  on  K(»ek  er«'«?k,  discovered  a  number  of  sil- 
v(  r  littles  in  the  vicinity."  A  company  was  raisi'd  in 
]Xiivor  the  followin*;  sprinj^  t«>  visit  the  alle«(«'d  tlis- 
cevcry,  ann)n«5  whom  were  Jt>hn  Parscms,  licwis 
Wait.  an<l  Thomas  Croider.  Tiuiy  went  ami  returnetl 
l)V  the  t»M  Wash in|jf ton  t^ulch  j»a.ss,  via  He<'  nM»untain, 
Twill  lakes,  Buckskin  Joe,  and  Fairplay,  !yrin«^in«5  a 

wcallli  «if  wcstorn  Colorado.  Sfi>  Hiiyilvir.i  t'.  S.  (Ifol.  ai.il  t/iiM/.  Surrrtf  oj 
(',/.,/M./i  mill  Atljiii'fiit  T-rritiirit,  |H74.  [i.  .'•I.').  Wikiihiiigton.  I8"t>.  In  llny- 
<KiM  litter  to  tlio  iHJiTcUry  of  tlio  iiitvrior,  wliioh  «en'«'H  uh  a  jiri'faco,  li« 
ii.tiiK'^  tliraM^^iHtaiitj  with  liiiii  inC'olorailo  an  followit:  (irNt  diviHioii  cnm^iiiij  the 
iiiMiiMiaiiii  liy  till-  ik>rtlio'.ii|  iiaii,  <!X|iiiirci!  iti  IHKI  l>y  lt4-rtlioii<t  wliito  loiikiiiK 
fur  an  (Ai'rlanil  mail  rmi'o  by  tlio  way  of  iJi-iivcr,  coimistt'ilof  A.  K.  Marvine 
t;,'ii|..i;i^t,  ^.  U.  I.aiiil  toii.igriiplicr,  I.oiiis  Cheiivcia-t  anttt  to|ioj{raj)li«T,  M  I.. 
\Virl  ami  NV.  S.  Moliiiaii  Jiirti'oroloKiiU,  K.  A.  ISarlKT  liotaiiiHt,  W.  W.  WiU 
Imiiik  .'iHst,  '2  \n\ckiTi*,  c-oiik,  aiiil  iiiiiitiT.  'i'liu  hi-coikI  (liviNioii  cuiiKiNU'tl  of 
llniry  tiaiiiiott  toiiogra|ilirr,  Kn-il  OwenHOMKt  toimgraiilitT,  A.  t'.  I't-ali'  gcjil- 
ii'.'i^t,'  Frank  Ki'ltogg,  aMKt,  An-li.  li.  Bailocli  aHst,  2  )>ai'k<'ri  and  a  cook; 
tii'M,  tlietirand  nvor.  Tliird  divinioii  coiiNiHti-d  of  A.  I>.  Vt'iUon  toiMigraplifr, 
h'  i;ii<iila  anst.  K.  M.  Kndlicli  gcologi.st,  (iailiip  ni<>t<ioroliigiMt;  tii'ld.  tli<- San 
.liiiii  I  nimtry.  With  Havdcii  woro  (!.  H.  < 'hitt«iiil«n  tiipograiiluT,  W.  H. 
ll"liiii'->  gcologiKt,  W .  11.  .lackMon  |iliotogra|ih*-r,  Anthony  at«Ht,  KrnuHt  Ingur- 
kill!  iiatiiralint,  Frank  Smart  aHst,  '.'  parkirM  and  a  conk. 

'Ilii' grogrnphirai  MirvfV*  Wfst  of  tin-  IIMHh  nicridian,  condiu-tud  liytii-orge 
M,  W  licfliT  of  thu  I'oriii  of  iiiiiiiiiiTs  for  Mcvcral  hiiivcskh  i-  ycar.i,  wurc  of 
uimsiial  iiitrrfnt.  lie  liad  uiidiT  \\\*  ordiTi"  a  jiarfy  if  fngiiu'or  oiruTrs,  and 
n<'<'iiiii|iaiiyiiig  hill)  aniinilifr  of  H|H'('ialiittH.  .loliii  .1.  Stcvcti'ioti,  gcologiitt,  in 
h7^  I  x.'iiiiiiu'd  tlid  ooal-ini-aHiiri'H  at  the  i'ai«l  liaso  of  tlio  Korkv  iiioiintaiiiM. 
|i:irtii  iilarly  from  Triiii  lad  Moiilli  to  Santa  Vv.  Tlio  nportH  do«ii  to  IHNI, 
hIiii'm  liavi!  Iifi'is  jiiililiHlifd.  hIiow  .i  .  i^t  .irca  of  n'Mrarcli  for  all  tho  icvcral 
l>raiii'li<^<  of  111)'  Hurvry,  Imt  tin  y  a..i  r  tlu'  nioMt  jiart  too  lalmri'd  and  tt'cli- 
nii.il  inrtlii'  general  roadt-r.  'I'lnTMiro  Ivw  lliigli  MilU'r'*  ingi-nlogy,  and  until 
ilirri'  arn  iiiori',  tiiat  Ni-iontv  Will  niiiain  a  dru.no  and  tdMUdi'XM  to|ii('  wliirli 
■liKiiM  glow  ami  Hjiarklu  \  ili  Niiggi'stmn  and  meaning  to  tin*  eoininoni'Ht 
iiii'li  r-itandiiig.  A  litili-  in  t(n"<i'  i'i|iorts  coiii'iTning  tlio  effort  of  cortain  rix-k 
firiii.itioiw  on  tho  aH|H'ct  of  a  iMunitry,  it-<  hoiI.<,  rlMr^,  and  vogctaMi-  |iroiln>!- 
.iHiii,  lioth  liofora  anil  afti-r  it  coinoM  nndi'r  ini|irovi'mont,  mimiM  iirnvu  aa 
av'rai'tiso  foatiiro  ill  p!<-o|ogiral  Workx.  Tlio  iialontology  of  Colorado  ix 
ri'ii  irkalilo  and  intor-Hting,  an  nIiomii  in  tho  ItuUrtim  nf  t/n'  I'.  S.  h'toiiM/tml 
iiwl  '.'■■liii-iiji/iirol  Surfy  nf'  t/if  Trrri/'n-im,  SifmiiiSirvM,  A'o.  /,  I'oi'.taining 
'li'm''  jitioiH  of  fiMiiil  (mIii-m  ami  inaaiinalia.  Tliix  Hiil>i<'>'t.  ooiii'iincd  with  on 
iiitfl  itoiit  (ttudy  of  tho  rockH,  and  thf  interrnt  attai'hmg  to  tlir  n  lirs  of  a 
Ikiij  jia't  Ht'ini-('ivili»itioii  ir.  Colorado,  Nhoiild  fiirni»h  a  faxiinating  liidd  of 
oli-i   vat  on  to  tho  ordinary  mind  ax  widl  ax  to  tho  Nprrialist 

'I'll-;  iiamrH  of  Hoini*  of  tliix  romiiaiiy  wcro  l>ouglax  McLaughlm,  Jkme* 
Bn  \iiau,  ttuil  Ouorgu  Cirouii  (oolorotl). 


■  '  m 


vi  tr^ySsM  :■  ^Hv 


.■(5 


|i)f 


1^ 


ini 


520 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMfcNT. 


report  so  satisfactory  that  an  expodition  was  iiiiiiit^di. 
ately  or^anizotl  to  return  and  explore  the  wliolc  (iuii- 
nison  country.  It  consisted  «>f  thirty  men  with  ri.jlit 
wat(ons  and  a  pack-train,  which  pr<>ceeded  to  cinss 
tlie  mountains  by  the  S(»uth  park,  Poncho,  and 
Cochetopa  }msse8.  The  geologi.st  of  the  expcdiiiun 
was  Sylvester  Richardson,  the  metallunjrist  Kit  liard 
Cook,  and  the  botanist  Parsons,  tlie  recojrnized  Kad*  r. 
On  arrivinjjf  at  the  Indian  aj^ency  of  Los  Pinos,  tin  v 
were  forbidden  by  the  assembleil  Utes,  nuiMlurini' 
1,500,  to  c«)ntinue  their  journey.  But  ujion  holdin.^f 
a  council,  an<!  takinjjj  the  sense  of  the  meetini^  by  vote, 
it  was  found  that  there  wns  an  equal  division,  wIk  n 
the  head  chief,  Ouray,  j^ave  his  voice  in  favor  of 
allowin;^  the  party  to  proceed 

The  company  proceeded  to  the  junction  of  Tom  id  ij 
creek  and  Gunnison  river,  where  they  met  a  ruu|ilo 
of  white  herders  in  char«^c  of  the  <;ovennnent  tattle 
belongin*^  to  the  a<;ency,  and  who  conducted  the 
wajjjons  to  a  ford  of  the  river.  On  the  site  (»f  (Jiniiii- 
Hon  City  Richardson  took  an  a.stronomical  observa- 
tion, and  beinj^  siitisfieil  that  they  were  on  the  <  ast 
side  of  the  1 07th  meridian,  determined  to  there  tuuiid 
a  town,  and  occupy  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  (Juii- 
nison.  After  several  more  davs  of  toihsome  inad- 
buildin*;  and  travel,  the  exix-dition  arrived  at  the 
head  of  Rock  creek,  and  at  once  erected  a  small 
smelter,  near  where  the  town  of  Scofield  was  sidtsc- 
quently  located.  In  two  months  a  .sufficient  teat  had 
been  made,  and  the  comjMiny  returned  to  wiiitt  r  at 
Denver,  the  wa»;on-train  by  the  same  route  by  '\  liicli 
they  came,  and  the  pack-train  by  the  Washiiiu'toii 
gulch  trail. 

Arrived  at  home,  Richards<m  ma<^le  his  rep«»rt  to 
pI'r.'XHis  interested,  residing  in  Chicago,  Quincy.  and 
Denver,  which  being  favtirable,  furnace.s  and  niacliin- 
ery  wire  purchased,  and  all  things  placed  in  readimM 
to  commence  mining  in  (runnison  countv  as  soon  ns 
spring  should  open.     Before  spring  arrived  a  pauir 


i;UNXI.>OX  COUNTY. 


r.'ji 


liad  (»i(urred  in  huHincss  circles,  wliich  put  an  cnci  to 
tb«  M  lit'UiL'S  of  the  Parsons  company.  But  Kicliard- 
sdii,  I'lnemberiiijjf  tlie  beauties  of  (^unnison  valley, 
and  Ih'Ihj;  resolved  to  locate  hinisr-lf  there,  calh'd  a 
iiiiM  tiiiij;  at  Denver,  and  proceeded  to  organize  a  joint 
stdck  company  for  the  purposes  of  settlement.  About 
the  1st  of  March  the  company  was  incorporateil,  with 


Mt.uf  Ihe  Holi  Cm 


»&  4AJ>  E ' "  j*<iwU  111:  O^Af"'*  r"-    W 


^      -     .    J      TliiCui.    ti,t     ^  ■   > 


(il  NM.S4IS    MiMM)    liKtiloN. 


l{i<liardson  presi«lent,  (ieor<^o  Storm  vice-president, 
("liiirles  A.  IV'ale  .secretary,  and  a  bnaid  <if  dinctors 
(•niisistin«^  of  these  persons  and  tl.  li.  ( )utca]t,  .Ii'lm 
S|iiii(Hin«;,  (jreorjLife  W.  Huj^he.s,  ami  Doctor  Know les. 
Til.'  colony  arrived  at  CJunnison  rivt-r  April  iM,  IS74. 
Till'  land  was  surveyed  into  <|narter  sections  ;  each 
(•nl.mist  drew  1(10  acres  bv  lot,  and  a  town  was  laid 
on  (ill  Richardson's  portion,  and  ?iamed  (Jnnnison, after 
(^iHitaiu  Cirunnison,  who  fu.st  surveyed  this  valley. 


;i 


if^^  V 


ill!! 


Rill 


'S 


':1 


i!    i; 


(      i 


522 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 


Ill  the  autumn  dissensions  arose  in  the  com  pan  v. 
some  members  of  which  abandoned  their  iiiteroHts  ami 
went  prospecting  to  the  north.  Alll  returned  to  ])tn- 
vcr  to  winter,  and  of  the  thirty  original  mcniUisnnlv 
tliree  resumed  their  occupancy  in  1875,  namely  liidl- 
ardson,  and  John  and  William  Outcalt.  Gratluallv 
settlers,  especially  cattle-owners,  came  to  remain.  Iii 
1876  a  new  town  company  was  formed,  which  took 
possession  of  the  present  site  of  (iunnison,  outside  of 
Richardson's  claim.  But  this  company  also  ijuar- 
reled  and  dissolved.  In  187U  there  were  two  rival 
organizations — the  East  and  West  Gunnison  town 
companies.  The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  railwa\  was 
being  pushed  westward  witii  a  purpose  to  dtx dop 
the  country,  and  the  west  Gunnison  town  conijtany 
by  libera]  donations  of  land  secured  the  statioii  and 
car-shops. 

In  March  1871)  the  legislature  establishod  tlie 
county  of  (iunnison,  and  attached  it  to  Lake  for  rep- 
resentative and  judicial  puriKises.  Its  bountlarit.s 
commenced  on  the  summit  of  the  Saguache  "  ran«,'e, 
between  the  headwaters  of  the  Arkansas  and  Colo- 
rado, where  the  south  line  of  I^ke  county  crossid 
the  divide,  extending  along  the  said  sunnnit  to  tlic 
north  line  of  I^ako  county,  thence  west  to  the  wtst 
boundary  of  the  state,  and  south  to  the  north  line  ot' 
Ourav  county,  this  being  the  north  boundary  of  tin 
San  Juan  purchase,  thence  east  to  the  west  line  of 
Saguache  county,  ftdlowing  the  boundary  of  this 
county  to  Saguache  range,  and  north  along  its  sum- 
mit to  the  south-west  corner  of  Lake  county,  rndmi- 
cing  more  than  10,000  square  miles.*^  Setth  nn  nt 
and  discovery  progressed  slowly.  In  1877  the  tbn- 
nintjfs  brothers  located  a  mine  of  bitunnnous  coal  at 
Crested  Butte  mountain,  and  the  foliowhig  year  11  'W- 

>*  An  Imlian  wnnl,  pronounced  si-watch,  meaning  bluo  stroani.  Jii'hunl- 
soiiH  //int.  (I'iDiniMoii  Couittrt/,  MS.,  15. 

^din.  Liiiiv  Colo,  \S1\),  21H-hi;  FoneeU'n  Colimuln,  665.  Pitkin  <'.<iinty 
waH  takon  frdui  the  luirth-eaHt  corner  of  (fUnuiHon  ami  MontroHC,  Delta  auJ 
Mosa  from  the  wovturu  portion, 


GUNNISON  SETTLEMENTS. 


623 


nnl  F.  Smith  purchasetl  8«»me  c«ml  intcrcsta  and 
stiitti'd  the  villat5e  of  Crested  Hutto  Tlio  existence 
ot'  ( (»al  of  a  good  quality  was  of  itself  a  reasi)n  for 
(vtiiuling  railroads  in  this  dirtK'tioii.*'  But  jmts- 
|i((t<»rs  from  Lake  county,  the  overHow  of  Leadville, 
l)(<j;jin  pouring  into  the  (xunnist)!!  c«»untry  early  in 
1871) — so  early,  indeed,  that  they  had  to  tunnel  tlie 
SHOW  in  one  of  the  [)asses  of  the  mountains.  Jiich 
(lis(()V(!ries  in  gold  and  silver  wvre  made,  and  the 
usual  sanguine  expectation  was  aroused. 

Tlio  first  important  discovery  of  silver  was  of  the 
Fcnst  Queen,  in  the  summer i»f  KS71).  The  history  in 
siiiipio  and  romantic.  A  Maryland  man,  W.  A. 
Fisher,  who  had  driven  an  ox-team  across  half  the 
continent,  became  fastened  in  the  mire  of  tlu;  moun- 
tains and  was  heli)ed  out  hy  a  s|>ectator,  O.  J*.  Mace, 
whereupon  Fisher  gratefully  proinisetl  himahalf-inter- 
( -it  III  the  first  mine  he  should  find.  A  few  days  later 
Miice  was  informed  of  the  disc«>very  of  tiie  Forest 
Queen  lode,  half  of  which  he  received  froniFisherunder 
tin-  name  of  Ruby  camp,  and  which  he  almost  immedi- 
acy sold  for  $100,000."  The  village  of  llul)y  a  few 
inih'S  west  of  Crested  Butte  became  a  dependency  of 
the  mine.  Other  discoveries,  and  other  incipiiiit 
towns  followed;  namely,  A.s|K»n,  (Jothic,  Schofield, 
Elko,  Bellevue,  Irwin,  Pitkin,  Virginia.  Tin  Cup, 
Ohio  City,  Hillerton,  Massive,  and  Highland.  But 
in  the  midst  of  hope  and  promise  tin*  brightest,  a 
thunderbolt  fell.  The  Utos,  viewing  the  gradual, 
hut  sure  encroachments  upon  their  reserved  tmitory, 
turneil  in  their  rage  and  slaughtered,  not  the  iiitrud- 

"  A  well  known  inincnilogint  i"  n»port*<l  tn  hsro  saiil  t'lat  while  a  jm'ind 
"f  iVim  ftiithrMrito  will  iiiak-  2'y  poiiniU  of  Mrani.  a  (Mxmil  <>f  tins  lutmiii. 
itMiis  ciiikl  will  liiako  '2'\  |)<iiiii<iw;  luit  while  oni-  |h>iiiii|  of  ciistfrti  nnthricite 
\<  l>iiriiiii){,  two  iioiiiuIh  of  this  will  Imm.  Tlifivfort*,  «hilf  tlii>  ]ioiiiii|  of 
I'l  III!  aiithrncite  in  inakiii((  '->.*>  iMtiiiiiU  of  «teaiii,  this  coal  will  gciifrato  46 
l"Mlllll^.    /«;/(■(•«)//'«  ("nif  of  Ihr  C<mt'ii>til.  •J.%7. 

^'<lriiiihi'iiriVn*^nlnriuhi.  S'l  '  Oritx  Ifanl '  i« -'ohn  F  Jirntr,  niiil  hi-*  Ixiok 
wriiM  (if  Irttors  to  t'lo  Philnili (^Jii't  /*rv.«,  lM>in|{  jnit,'»  of  n  innnu'v  to  hen- 
v<r  :iii  1  li!itk.  in  tin-  iuitiiiim  iiu<l  wint«<r  of  \ss\  •.»,  ]■  tH).  Isv_*  It  is  a 
!<i>{><'rlii'i:il  liiit  ]i|i>ii><atitly  written  view  uf  the  couutry,  gatlttiroU  vliiutly  from 
c(m\  (  raatioiiH  with  iiwu. 


t   r 


524 


FUUTHEU  DEVELOPMENT. 


ers,  tliey  wcro  too  many  ami  strontj;,  but  thoir  Ixst 
friend,  tlio  i»liilantlir(»|)i.st  Meeker,  and  hia  fuiiiiK .  at 
the  a<j;en('V,  as  I  have  related.  This  outbreak  \v;is  an 
interruption,  but  not  a  lon«jj  one.  Tlie  rush  tn  the 
Gunnison  eountry  in  IHKO  wa.s  ufnsater  thuii  cvd- 
before,  bein«jj  a  repetition  of  tiie  ijeadvil'e  exciteiinnt. 
A  ri'j^iou  was  exjjlored  fifty  by  a  iiundred  inil<s  in 
ext(Mit.  The  niin(>ral  formation  while  similar  to  that 
of  California  jj^ulch  was  less  of  the  oarb«>nate  ehara'^. 
ter,  and  eons('<juently  more  diffieult  of  reihictjdii, 
sometimes  requirin*^  roasting.  Yet,  as  the  mines  wir » 
frequent  and  rich,  the  (vumiison  country,  on  aeeount 
of  its  extent,  was  reiLjanled  as  the  li^reat  treasiny  (if 
the  st^ite.  In  July  IHHl  the  J)enveranil  ]lio  (iniiult' 
railway  was  extended  to  (iuimison  city,  and  in  ilie 
latter  part  of  November  to  Crestetl  Buttt;.  Bi  tnio 
this,  however,  smelters  and  mills  had  been  erected. 
Such  nmrvels  of  proy;ress  were  seldom  witnessed  as 
this  mining  and  railroading  progress  in  the  h<'ait  of 
the  mountains;  nor  could  it  have  been  possible,  no 
matter  how  great  the  skill,  without  the  native  weiiltli 
to  sustain  the  outlay.^** 


hi 


"Some  facts  with  regard  to  Chinniaon  mines  arc  hero  given.  TIiu  finina- 
tinii  of  the  niiiieriil  h'-aring  country  is  geniTaliy  liorpliyry,  <juart/itr.  iiinl 
linientone,  or  )lucoui])ose<l  granite.  Among  the  notewortliy  huKiM  uv:ir  I'itkiii 
are  the  Fairvicw,  Sil\ it  inlet,  Silver  Age,  Terrible,  Old  l>oniinii>n,  (iicni 
Mountain  <ir..;ii(,  Nilver  Vueen,  Silver  King,  Western  lletnis|iheri',  Hl.uk 
t'loud,  Merriniae.  ami  Silver  Point.  Tlu'  Kairvicw  averamMl  in  the  early  |.rniH[ 
of  its  develiiiuneiit,  Itk)  ouneesof  silver  per  ton,  witli  llHjicr  cent  of  Icid;  :i\A 
a  large  amount  earried  4.V)  of  silver  jter  ton.  Sdver  Islet  siiuiples  of  ilre>.-i'cl 
ore  averaged  4.">(l  ou'iees.  niidnssi  d,  '2~'i.  with  •-'."»  jur  eent  "f  eoiiper.  !t 
lielonged  to  ('.  <'.  I'uHer,  'vlio  -'Id  it  for  s;M),(MHI  ufiire  nuu:h  »iirk  h.i  I  ''iiii 
done  on  it.  (!ov.  Routt  honvflit  tin;  IIimI  .laeket,  a  4-foiit  vein,  tor  .lii-O.tKKi. 
Near  Ohio  City  wen;  the  ()lii<.,  Ii.'dsnii,  (irand  \'u!\v,  Ontario,  (Icild  ri.iiii, 
llurulMililt,  Tornadii.  Tamle, '.  "timii,  and  (Jol.  Link.  Kre^  inilling ')ii:ii  t/ainl 
gold  were  fiiund  near  the  nurfaee.  cliiiiigint:  in  sdvcr  l>el..«».  Ne.ir  llilliihii 
the  I'rince  mine,  on  <iiil(i  Hill,  showed  tive  fi'taot  earlioiiateH,  <'arrying  mImt 
27'i  ounees  to  the  ton  .ind  trni-es  of  gold.  'I'he  K^-yal  Oiik  Miniiiff  <-.iiii|Miiy 
of  New  York  owned  mines  in  this  seetiou.  'I'iu  <  i|i.  S'iver  (  ii|),  t.olil  i  .|i 
«;iililen tjueeu.  Mirhie  l.<'e,  Alleutown,  Anna,  Ueiir  ka,  .\Iayllow<'r.  Ited  I.miii, 
Thiini|i''in,  Little  Anna,  ami  Kigtiah-na,  were  amnng  the  )iriimmeiit  in ms 
ahoui  Tin  • 'u|i.  The  (lolden  (.liieeli  was  one  of  the  few  true  lissurux'  ns, 
Rssayie  •*<•<)  ]iertuii.  uiostly  i:i  gold,  .unl  showing  eulie  gal»-ua.  Tlie  Tin  •  "p, 
(iiild  <  11)1,  and  SiKer  ('up  were  on  'lUo  hide  or  ileposit.  l>eing  earl>oii;ili  s, 
in  linn^stoiie.  worUeil  hy  the  Hald  Nl'mnt^'iiii  «■.>..  f.m!  p^tviriu  well  in  «ilir. 
Highland  Mining  distriet  on  linariiiu  mrk  and  Castle  ereek  ecMtaine.l  a  I' It 
of  limestouu  18  luiles  loug  l>y  3  luiluti  iu  widl^  Ijutwuuu  these  streanui  in  w  liu'li 


II 


GUNNISON  MINES. 


5?5 


I  liavo  now  j^iven  tlie  principal  history  of  silver 
and  "j,'>l(l  niiniiiL,^  in  Colorado  tor  the  first  twenty 
years? t'roni  IHolJ-OO  to  1871)  80.  A  dotailcd  account 
\>\'  i\\\  the  minor  diHcoveriea  would  be  more  tedious 
tli.iii  iiiterestinj^.  In  the  f'ollowin*^  chapters  a  suni- 
iiiitij;  <'t'  results,  broU|L,'ht  down  as  nearly  to  188(1  as 
uiiiiil  transition  so  rapid  it  will  he  possible  to  do, 
will  (iiMclude  the  history  of  this  portion  of  the  state." 

an  iiriiiii  IMC  amount  (if  iiiiiuTal  wa.i  found.  Tlio  Monarch  lodo  cropped  out 
of  tlir  iMi'lli  '.'0  i^•^•t  in  liiiglit  and  '.'■'•  feet  in  tInt'kncsM,  iivtTa^in^  (iOouix-oh  of 
kjImi'  I"  till'  tun.     The  Sinuf^gli'i',  Spar,  Cpliir,  and  Kii'linioiid  yielded  hand 


HliMli  l\ 


Citv. 


the  Opliir  S."i(»;>  per  ton,  tlie  llicliniunil,  owned  i>v  Stevens  and  l,,«Mter, 
70  til  81'M>  piT   ton.     'J'lii!   Sning),der,  tlie   oldext   foeation  near  Anpen 

ai  rieil  fruin  70  to  KM)  ounces  of  silver  jier  ton.    'I'hc  ore  of  tlie  spar  was 

lii'in  v  li.iryta,  witli  inaHsex  of  cupper  and  eldurides  yielding  richly.  The  Sil- 
ver !:  II  Iddc  .showed  native  Hilvcr,  and  milled  *.)4  tiuiu'cs  per  ton.  The  Littlu 
Uii.-mII  nulled  .siMK)  per  Ion.  .Massive  City  is  in  the  centreof  a  carlionatc  lielt. 
lUil'V  WIS  re>;arded  as  tlie  point  of  converjjcnce  of  thn^e  mineral  lielts,  and  the 
ri.-hi-  t  of  ill!  the  districts.  Anion^  its  imtalilo  mines  wcri'  the  Forest  (^ueen, 
l.iid  (  ijicf,  Kullion  Kiiii;,  lnilcp('iidence,  Monto  ( 'risto,  Kiiliy  Chief,  Little 
.Mmiii.-,  Sliver  Hill  Crystal,  Zunii',  .lustice,  Mulitail,  Mope\\'ell,  I'ickwick, 
Koiirili  I'f  .Inly,  KurcUa,  and  Old  iMissimri.  The  ore  of  th<^  first  7  named 
yiiMi  I  finiii  S'JOd  to  S'i.(MIOper  tun.  The  (iood  Knouifh  Smelting  Co.  erected 
ill  Issil  a  chliirnili/iii'.^  and  a^lalgalnatiIl^  mill,  the  machinery  of  which  tilled 
'.','i  iMilw.iy  cars.  W .  II.  Weliii,  ,1.  H.  l'.  l.indley,  S.  |j.  Towiisend,  .and  M. 
H.  t  W  ri^^ht  were  owners  in  this  plank.  Th(!  Fin^side,  Itidiy,  Kipiator, 
MiHinii^r  star,   ])ictator.  Capitol,    Miinkidori,  and   ilnl>  an;  in  this  district. 


The  lii'~t  liK'ation,  tlie  Itiiliy  Chief,  was  made  liy  .lai 


Mr 


ennan 


It 


•d 


riiiiv  ihiiicral.  'I'he  Forest  <j>ucen  in  |M7'J  shipped 'J4  tuns  of  picked  ore  to 
I'll.!. I. .and  Denver  that  yielded  .'!iI<),S(K).  Crested  Hntte  had  a  smelter  in  IS7U 
tli'iiiKli  thi'i-e  are  no  silver  mines  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Cothic  district, 
7  null  ^  iiciith  of  Cre-teil  Hulte,  is  located  on  Cupper  creek  and  Kast  river. 
Its  I'li^iiiiss  ei'iitor  is  <  lulhic  <  '.ty  i».t  the  fuotof  the  ( Jotliic  mountain.  Anionj^ 
llic  iiiiIimI  mines  are  luilejiendent.  Silver  Spence,  IJeiisselaer,  Vt'rmont,  Jenny 
l.iii.l,  Kciiu,  Wulverine,  rnnmiih,  and  Sih  irl^uccn,  wliich  carries  .'CtOounci-s 
<if  ^ijvir  jnr  tiiii  of  ^ray  c'u|ipcr.     (iuudwin  iti'u.  uwn  the  mine.    'I'he  Sdver 


>|i. 


Iia-i  a  vi'iti  uf  ^^lIcna,  aiitimunia 


Isih 


lativ  r  and  niliyHilver  and  snl- 


liliinN,  friim  4  to  '.20  inches  in  thicknc-is.    The  Mveiiin^;  Slai  Imh  ,  on  the  same 

iTiik.  ii  uf  liiie-jfraincd  j;;ileii  i  ore  intermixed  wit  ti    white   feldspar.     There 

ip' f"ur --iiicllcrs  in  the « lutliiedistrict  in  iH.sd.  w  thin  a  radius  of  ton  miles. 


(»M  I; 


( 


I'k  wi 


re  al-o  ma?iy  ar^jiiil  ifcnms  \i 


ins  and  a  snielter.     'I'lie  Sil- 


three  feci  Wide,  was  jiiiii  li  isid  liy  '!',  Fuley  uf  headvil|(!  and  K.  M. 
if  Carmn  City.      |)ncoverics  had  liei'ii  madttthu  sann;  year  on  Criz/ly 


iTiM'k.  IIO  miles  within  the  Indian  reservation. 


^' Smite  of  the  authorities  consult'sl  f.T  this  cli.aptcr  and  not  previously 
noted,  are:  .Vi  le  i'nlnrftili  nn-/  IIk  Sitiitu  /V  '/';•'(;/,  liy  A.  A.  Mayes,  .Ir,  which, 
vliili'  It  tuiiches  on  tin;  sulijei'ts  h«Tein  contAinid.  is  chiefly  a  hiiinoruiis  view 


111    III 


f.iinil 


lar  scenes,  and  uf  little  value  as  an  .iiifliunty.      '/'hi-   rni.tfuiiil"  tif 


I  •!  Ciiiiijitit'    AiKilft*--'  iij'  iiiir  Ain'ri 
liy  dialled  lUncruft,  iJuut  juililishcr.  Hiiriii 


itiiplics  a  cuiMpcdium  ul   facts  nlatinu  tu  uii 
tliiis  a  hricf  oUlHlK!  uf  the  historv  of  each  st 


foil 

■>  f/.i/ 

.11.   1 

I..  \s; 


KHI'DIIKI 


III,     )) 


:3,H. 


01  ri  (iTcnce 


Di 


Sum  nil' run  I  m 


t'nh.nllt 


'1  I .  a 


iiM-r  111 


|s7»,  liv  Ki.'h.inls.V  I 


,  witli  til 


is  as  its  name 
'mental  system,  ;i'.|   cun- 
territory-.     .\  iisi'fnl  Imuk 
viiluine  uf   I.'iS  jw»s«cs  pulilislicd   at 
-i),'ii  "t"  attra.tiiii;  tuiirists  tu  tli; 


griiinl  uuii  ruuiiuitiu  scuicry  ui  UtfelUcky  tuuuuUiun.    It  ud-jscriplive,  with 


?™ 


* ,» In 


4     > 


iti,';li 

■r.-'' 


f-   ,'1, 


ifinti 


FURTHER  UEVEIX)l'MEXT. 


a  few  photographic  views,  aa<l  a  table  of  altitudes  and  distances.  Cnlonul.mnd 
Hoini-.^  in  Uif  A-io  Wrut,  liy  E.  1'.  luuiicy,  prcitideiit  of  Colorado  lullim,  p, 
IIS,  Kostoii,  ISSO,  m  prolialtly  intended  to  advertise  the  L-ollug.;;  at  tin  Jme 
time  it  givuH  ii  pluasaut  inipreattiou  of  Colorado  as  a  wliole,  and  u  a  n  iduMe 
liook  on  ii  pluno  aliove  comicality,  at  which  it  ia  faahionalilu  tohtr.-iin  m  muil. 
ern  travels.  '/'""  T/iounitnil  Milm  on  Horm-lmrk,  l>y  Jaines  V.  Mt'liiic,  )i.  ;t|; 
New  York,  18(57,  i.i  the  narrative  of  a  journey  to  Santa  Ft*  and  back  m  Isiiii. 
Iiiit  coKtainii  inoru  than  the  ordinary  amount  <if  information  to  lio  fuim.i  iq 
'iuch  '.tookii,  and  for  the  date  at  whuii  it  was {mldishud  wax  interesting,  h Inle 
iiiueh  tliat  it  contain!!  in  still  of  value.  Miline  wan  a  contriliutor  to  the 
(''ith')lii-  WnrH,  ill  wliich  tlio  aliove  narrative  first  appeart-d.  lit;  lin-d  at 
BriMiklyii,  Aug.  14,  I H7H,  aged  tiO  years.  The  .l/»V;«  o/' rotoni(/n,  liy  Uvaihln 
J.  Hidlister,  editor  and  propi'etor  of  the  Vnlnrtuh  Miiuiitj  Jaurmil,  is  a  vul- 
uiue  of  450  pages,  dovoted  to  .-;  brief  historical  sketch  of  the  discovci  y  <>t 
the  luiiie.i  previous  to  18(»7,  with  a  tieseription  of  theditfeix-iit  ilistrii-tWH^  tliry 
thcu  existed,  for  wliicli  rcaMoii  it  deals  mora  with  gohl  than  HJIver  iimiiiiil'. 
It  i.s  sut)ii;ieiitly  practical  and  scieiititie  tigether  to  Tie  intelligilile  to  the  gni- 
eral  reader. 

T.'f  t'olinvfo  Mininij  DireHnry  ami  Miiiiinj  L<iw»,  188,1,  p.  <,M)S,  eon  tains 
a  description  of  every  developed  mine  in  tiie  state  at  the  date,  arraiii:i'it  liy 
counties,  witii  tlie  statutes  on  mining,  an  adiniraido  authority  for  \u  pur- 
pos«',  thi  tJii:  Pliiitin  niul  niniini/  l/if  Pfuku,  or  /iitir  Mm  Muxiiyll  Miiili  Inr 
X'ltitiid  /fUtonf  CoUerthm,  hy  Mary  Dartt,  Phila<hdpliia,  1879,  furiiislics  lit- 
tle that  is  availaldo  for  the  historian,  but  is  iu  a  measure  autlioritative  as  to 
the  fauna  of  tlie  country.  Mrs  Maxwell's  collection  of  Colnradu  niaiMiiiais 
and  liirds  was  exliibitcd  in  Washington  in  187(5-77,  auil  received  inueli  praisL'. 
Ilht.  ('i/( >;•((//(>,  M.S.,  l)y  Carlylo  C.  i>avis,  Ix-adville,  treats  of  tlie  lii>tory  cf 
the  Chrimiilr,  and  other  iiewspiipers  of  Leadville,  the  early  hi.story  of  the 
town,  and  its  present  prosperity  and  peculiarities.  I  (avis  was  liorii  at  (lli'n 
Falls,  X.  Y.,  ill  1H4(»,  and  eaine  to  i'oiorado  in  Oct.  1878,  as  one  of  tln'  pro- 
prietcirs  of  the  <Viro,;:rlt',  Miiich  becaiiie  a  leading  jmirnal  in  the  state,  '/'okvls 
ii'/om/  L'liilrilli',  M.S.,  by  .laines  N.  Cliipley,  gives  a  brief  a<  count  of  the  n<u 
of  the  mining  towns  iu  i^ake  co.,  and  the  hi.story  of  leading  iniiies.  The 
lloliert  K.  Ia'i!  iiiiiio  took  out  ill  one  day,  aeconling  to  Cliipley,  ?!  l.s,(HHI,  aini 
many  days  ?i!,'»lt,()(N).  Cliipley  was  a  native  of  Mo.,  burn  iu  IH.'il,  and  eaine  to 
Denver  in  I87;J:  thence  to  lieadville  in  1878.  T/i<-  Flush  TIhu.a  iu  ('<>(., i-uU, 
M.S..  by  Charles  Boottcher,  Leailville,  is  a  narrative  of  tiio  authors  nii^ra- 
tions,  and  inciilentally  a  history  of  the  places  where  he  lias  tarried  for  certain 
periods;  at  Cheyenne,  in  Wyoming,  (Jreeley,  Houlder,  and  lx«idville,  iii  Col- 
orado, lloettcher  was  born  iiiOermaiiy  in  IS.'i'J,  immigrating  to  the  l'.  S.  in 
18(57,  and  to  Wyoming  in  18(58,  whence  he  came  to  Colorado  in  1871.  and  to 
Leailville  in  1878.  Siiitltiwj  in  t 'olorndo,  M.S.,  by  Franz  Folir,  contains  ^unii! 
loose  statements  concerning  smelting;  a.s,  for  instance,  that  at  llenver,  I'lidln, 
CaAon  City,  and  lx.'advillts  such  works  e.xist;  ami  that  the  output  of  Lead- 
ville  alone,  not  inelnding  outlying  camps,  M-as  iu  1884,  l,OtN)  tons  of  bill. .on 
daily,  /'roiinin  in  ^  'ohnulo,  NI.S.,  by  Charles  1.  Thomp.son,  wiio  hail  rli,iri;o 
of  the  St  Louis  smelting  Murks,  and  the  Ijoadvillu  linproveineiit  coiii|i.iiiy's 
property,  gives  a  history  of  the  troubles  of  the  latter  corporation  with  Mjual- 
tors,  as  wtdl  as  many  items  of  general  information.  Thomp.son  was  linni  it 
Newburg.  N.  Y.,  Ill  1815(5.  removed  to  Ohio  in  his  childhiNtd,  to  Kans.i- i  ity 
ill  IS(i.">.  and  to  lA-advillo  in  1878.  HiciiirM»  In  l.i'nilrilli;  MS.,  by  (  li.nh'j 
.Mater,  is  a  view  of  early  mining,  supideiiiented  by  the  crowning  f,i<t  that 
Leadville  Iron  and  Silver  Consolidated  mines  have  yielded  .S^tO.OOU.tXHI  annu- 


ally ever  since  I87'.>,  with  many  more  general  items  of  interest.  Matiiwas 
iKirn  in  (iermany  in  18;{,"),  and  oaino  to  the  IT,  ,S.  in  18."i;i,  niigrating  to  ('.'lo- 
ratio  iu  1S(5!I.  .Vo^■s  on  Culoriulo,  by  William  Cilpin,  pp.  5'J,  is  a  jiunpldi't 
deserijitive  ami  geidogical,  issued  in  1870.  MHn>tuhc  Mont/ilii  .!/•' /"Vnc, 
ilune  I87-.  'J0.'5  1(i,  descriptive.  Sitn  Jwm  nnil  OUtrr  Shirhm,  ,\|.s.,  isa.,.ui- 
pilntion  (if  historical  articles,  made  for  this  work.  TIk'  .\fin-Hoj'(' ilnrii'ii.  by 
Sakiiiel  D.  Silver,  MS-   deals  with  early  times  in  Califorviia  gulch,  and  the 


BIBLKXJRAPHY 


627 


rohsoi|Ut'nt  discoverios.     Silver  was  Imm  in  Fort  Wayne  in  1840,  and  came 

til  ('i'l'>i'iil<>  •"  ^^''■i-     Korl'n  All  Ihf  Ynir  Umtnd  in  tlir  Rtre*ntii  u/ tlie  Hitrky 
Mull  III' II II  \  ii|>.  'M,  ileMoriptive,  illuHtratetl. 

.liiiii'iialiHHi  in  Coloratio  iias  always  ranked  high,  many  of  the  weekly 
uml  il:iily  (tulilieatiouit  Itoiiig  of  an  order  to  ilo  credit  to  eitieH  iiiiieh  older 
t,Mii  I'liiver.  <^u  the  lilW  of  April,  lS,">i>,  two  newi«|>a|iuri«  wero  ismied  tit 
liiiivir,  then  Auraria,  the  Hucky  Moiiiituiit  A'cmw  and  t\\o  t'hrrry  Cnrk  I'io- 
„,ir.  Tlio  lattur  was  iMHUed  l>y  John  Merrick,  on  a  vup-Hi/e  lever  ])reM8,  and 
,us]ii'Mili'i|  after  the  first  number.  The  Xi'im,  wiiich  was  owned  l>y  William 
\  livers  and  ThomaM  (illinon,  continueil  to  appear  weekly.  In  July  IK'itt, 
(iilrsiiii  sold  to  John  L.  Ilailey,  and  he  in  |S7()  to  Hyern,  who  conducted  the 
l>u>iii(M4  ,'i|one  for  M  years,  when  he  sold  to  K.  (i.  (.'ooi>er  and  associates,  who 
III  t»<>  mouths  sold  to  William  A.  II.  Loveland  and  •lohn  Arkins,  or  the  News 
iViiUiii^  CO.  In  iMilitics  the  A'firii  was  repnliliciin  until  it  came  under  lute 
iiiaiiai;iiMcnt.  The  Riirh/  A/ountninOnltl  /tijmrtn-  wan  started  in  July  ltSr>!>, 
at  Ci'iitral  (.'ity,  hy 'Ihomas  (iilison,  who  pulilished  it  ahout  three  months, 
wlicn  lit!  returned  to  Neltraska.  The  press  lie  used  was  that  hrou^ht  out  l>y 
MiTiuk,  and  after  his  departure  it  was  taken  to  lioldenCity,  where  it  served 
tlif  H<i-t(>ii  CO.  to  print  the  M'fifrrii  Mniiiiloiini'r,  which  flourished  for  one 
viar  iiinirr  the  conduct  of  ( ieorge  West,  the  material  and  press  heiiig  sold  in 
lit'i'.  I'ttii)  to  Mat.  Kiddlebarger,  who  took  it  to  Canon  City.  Karly  in  the 
!>|iriii;j  of  IHlK)  H.  K.  Hounds  and  Kdward  Bliss  came  from  Chicago  with  a 
iK'UsjiapiT  outfit,  which  Byers  Ik.  l>ailey  managed  to  cons<didato  with  the 
A'"''<.  Ill  the  mean  timeliilison  had  returned  to  I  )enver  with  another  press, 
iiiiil  oil  the  1st  of  May,  IMM),  liugaii  the  issue  daily  and  wt-ekly  of  the  ll<u-ky 
M'liiiii'iiii  /li-ntl<t,  the  first  daily  in  tiie  territory,  'liio  A'i»w  ststn  followed 
with  a  daily  edition,  and  also  pultlished  the  Jiiillftin,  for  circulation  among 
iiniiiiiiraiits,  which  was  discontinued  in  a  few  mouths.  The  A'cxwand  lli'ral'l 
wiTr  .ictive  rivals.  Both  maintained  pony-express  lines  to  the  principal  min- 
ing; iMMijis,  delivering  the  daily  in  .H  or  4  hours  -  'JS  cents  a  copy,  ^'l-\  a  year. 
Itiit  tins  was  not  all  the  extra  outlay  re<|uired.  There  heiiig  no  U.  S.  mail 
for  inaily  two  years,  the  mails  from  the  east  came  liy  express,  at  lOc.  a  iicws- 
]ia|iir  ami  U.^c.  a  letter,  which,  with  the  heavy  freight  and  expres.i  ciiarges 
ipii  material,  made  newspaper  pulilication  not  so  protitalde  as  it  seemed.  As 
sii.iti  as  the  tclcgraiih  was  completed  to  Fort  Kearny,  the  rival  papers  licjjtan 
tiikim;  dopatchcs  forwarded  liy  express  daily,  and,  when  the  news  was  im- 
iHiriaiit,  hy  pony,  at  a  heavy  cost.  After  the  destruction  of  the  Siim  otlice, 
111  lMi4.  Hyer<  A  hailcy  purchased  the  llinilil  to  continue  business.  The 
imhlwatioii  of  the  llindd  was  resumed,  in  l.SdH.  hy  ().  ,1.  (ioldrick.  Late  in 
iMHIa  third  daily  was  started  at  Oenver,  called  the  Mouiiliiimrr,  liy  Moore 
and  (oh  man.  It  was  strongly  confederate  in  sentiment,  and  was  lioiightout 
and  >ilini'i!(l  liy  Byers  \'  l>ailey  in  the  spring  of  IStil.  huriiig  this  year 
tlii'ic  Wire  two  iiiheineral  ]iul)lications  at  Central  City,  the  most  not.ilde  of 
whiih  was  the  Sl^iiiiij  l.ij'i,  hy  \t.  .M.  .\iiiala,  a  native  of  the  Sandwich 
I'liiid-.  I'lii'  little  press  which  had  done  duty  in  Central  and  (nddcn  was 
u>.il  III  the  « inter  of  IS(iO-l  in  starting  the  jmoikht  paper  of  southern  Col- 
eni'li',  iiaiiH'ly,  the  I'liiinn  City  Tini'H,  owned  Ky  II.  S.  .Millett  ami  Itiildle- 
lariii  r  lielure  mentioned,  it  ran  liut  a  few  iiionths,  di.sa]ipearin,i{  with  the 
|>"|Mil.ilion,  and  following  it  into  South  park,  where  already  thcrt^  had  heeii 
a  |i;i]ier,  called  the  Miwrx'  /{irnn/,  started  hy  Byers  it  l»ailey,  in  .Inly  Istjj, 
at  Tarryall,  which  was  discontinued  alter  the  political  campaijiuof  that  year 
«a<  over,  in  which  it  playeil  an  important  jmrt.  huring  the  suiuniera  sheet 
eillr.l  ilie  I'olitrnili)  Ci/y  Jiiiinnil  ^ii*  iMi.ilislu'il  in  Colorado  <'ity,  Imt  printed 
i:i  heiiver,  on  the  CniiiiiininriiiU/i  press,  and  partly  made  U[)  from  that  paper. 
It  «;n  also  a  repulilican  paper,  eilited  hy  B.  K.  Crowell,  and  was  diseontin- 
unl  H  hen  the  campaign  eiicled.  in  the  spring'  of  LSii'J  there  was  a  m-wspaper 
liM'.h-hed  at  Buckskin  .loe,  on  the  Tinirx  press,  liroiight  from  Caiioii  City, 
will' h,  like  its  ]iredecessors,  soon  siiccumlied  to  cliaiigiM  in  )iopulation  and 
I'll  1II1.SS  On  the  'Jtith  of  July,  liSti'J,  Alfred  Thompson  estaldished  tlia 
iliwr.t'  linjuiUr  at  Central  <'ity,  a  tri-weekly,  printed  on  a  Washington  hand- 


■^' 

1 

B'i  ^ 

t!rt; 

V'.,.<' 

la 

k 


m 


Ml 


v<  til 

I'' 


f 


'"■i 


<    I 


tan 


FLKTU Kli   DKV KLOl'M KXT. 


prcHN,  ami  type  lirrtUKlit  from  (ilfniwixHl,  luwn.  Daviil  ('.  Colliitr  nnaw  LiiAtnc 
aHHiKMati'il  \«itli  tlu!  UnjitUf  aM  eililnr,  ami  wan  nl'  L-miiii'iit  Msrvico  to  tin-  i|.r. 
ritiiry  III  U|ili<>l<liii){  tiiu  uiivuriiiiifiil  tluniig  the  ruliullimi.  In  April  iMill 
Ciillicr,  ill  lompaiiy  with  IIiikIi  (iltiiii  ami  (iiMiruu  A.  \\  i*1Ih,  iiiirihitM  il  tin 
|uipi'r.  Ill  May  it  wim  tmlarKi^l  to  a  l.'4'('<i|iimii  Hliuct,  ami  iii  An)||iii.t  vat  i>. 
HUi'il  as  a  daily.  In  S«'pt.  (ilunii  miM  mit  t«>  Cnlliur  ti  Wt^lU,  ami  in  N,,v.  the 
lli'iislir  appcari'il  in  m.'W  typi',  ami  romnn-iu'Ltl  tliu  rc^iiliir  ptililiiatK.n  (f 
tuluKrapliii'  m^u'M.  'I'liv  ti'li'^rapli  wan  ooinplctutl  at  tliis  iiitfi-t'xtin^  prrii,i|  ,,f 
tliti  war,  ami  extras  wont  iK.iiieil  aNultcii  an  any  iiiipnrlant  ncWM  wan  nci  imiI. 
Wlicn  tli<t  iMrricrM  appuarocl  a  Hlmiit  wan  raiM'il,  ami  uvvrynno  liaNtcm  d  into 
tin;  Ntri'i-tM  tn  Ic-arii  ami  tliMciiNH  tliti  iiowh.  At  tliiM|iiart/-niilU  tlir  Mflii  ii  ;uj 
cxtra-i;arrit;r  wim  tliu  Nigiial  to  liluw  the  wliiMtlcM  for  loavinK  work  iinlii  tin 
licspatrJM-t  wt-rit  ri-ail  t<>  llu;  anxiitiix  mm.  \V'l>IUm<i1iI  IiIh  intvrt^Ht  in  tin  luiiiir 
t<>  Kraiik  Hall  in  Oct.  ItSti.*),  tlu!  linn  lifiiiKiiow  Cullit-r  Jl  Hall.  In  .Inly  |Mif> 
tlui  naiin!  wan  i'liaiiKi'il  to  (V  ((/r<i/  r  7/ //  ItujiMrr.  In  IST'I  Ctillicr  ili^pd^cil  nf 
IiIh  iiit<!i'<-.st  to  \\.  \V.  Whippli',  Hull  iKting  I'ditor.  This  partiuTMhip  M.ts  ndt 
of  lon^  iliiration;  Hall  liocanu!  hoIu  proprietor,  ami  on  .liini'  I,  IsTT.  tlie 
wliolr  i!slaiili.-<liiii<'tit  paHMi'il  into  tlitt  liamlH  of  .laimtN  A.  Smith  ami  |i  Mar- 
low,  will)  ci'iiiliii'tnl  It  for  7  inoiitliM,  when  they  took  in  H.  .M.  iilmili^  ,14 
partner  ami  niitor.  Alioiit  tliix  time,  Kelt.  IN7H,  aiiotli«-r  paper,  niiincii  Tli' 
Kvi iiimi  t''i'l,  wai4  Ntartitil  in  ('nitral,  itmlvr  tlit>  niunaui'mi'iit  of  <i.  M.  {..tinl 
ami  l>.  M  irlow.  In  .May  thin  tiriii  lairdiaxi'il  the  iti(jiKl<i\  conxoliil.'itiii^  it 
with  the  <'iiU,  iimlitr  the  naniu  of  /{n/iM/i r  <  'nil,  ami  iNHiiinK  a  iliiii\  and 
wi'i-kly  edition,  .liihn  S.  Ilorim-r  editoriii-ehief,  ami  il.  I'   \\  atfriiian  iiiiriin^ 


reporter,  'riiroii^hoiit  all  it)*  chan^eH  the  ItujUlir  Iuim  ntiiiained  repidd 
In  iSlWta  palter  was  Htarted  at  Itlaik  Hawk,  called  the  Citlnniiln  Mimr,  l>y 
\V.  Train  Nfiiyr,  wliieli  lieeanie  during  the  year  the  lilm-t  llmrk  ./umwil, 
with  llidliNter\-  lilakenley  piililislier.s,  anci  a/turwanl  ilollister  &  II. ill  In 
IHtiti  tlii-i  estalili.ilimeiit  was  niitved  to  Central,  ami  piihlinhed  a.s  tlir  Tm.ti, 
liy  Henry  tiarliaiiati  and  (>.  .1.  (ioldriok.  In  polities  it  was  deinniratio. 
Karly  in  \Siis  Tlinmas  .1.  Campliell  purchased  it,  and,  changing  the  nann'  to 
Ciilni-iiil,,  Ihi-'ilil,  piildished  a  daily  ami  weekly.  Jii  the  latter  part  ni  hTO 
it  was  .sold  to  Kraiik  h'ossett,  who  mana){ed  it  until  it  Hiispemled  alii>)ji  ilur, 
in  IH7S.      In  .Ian.  {.StiO  the  I'dlniniit.  liidlfthi  was  Htarted  on  the  Haini'  ihuhmt 


I' 


k'liicli  had  made  the  circuit  of  Central,  Itoldeii,  Cafton  City,  'laiis.ill. 
uid  lhic'k->kiii  .liH-,  am;  hecii  returned  to  its  owiier.^  in  lleiiver.  'I'ln'  |ii('|iii- 
etors  of  the  Uiilliliii  were  W  II.  .Mliii  and  I),  (i.  Scoiiteli.  In  April  |n77  it 
was  reiiiiived  to  lioiilder,  and  piililished  as  the  I'nlli  >/  ynm,  liy  \\ .  (  .  (  jiain- 
Iterlain,  fi'r  1^  yars.     In  tint  antiiiiin  of  iHltH  it  iM-eamu  the  lUmltlrr  r.  i/;./y 


l\ 


n\  .1.  K.  Wli.'irlon  editor.     .Si 


ifter  tlin  Htockholders  leased  it  toKnl.. 


crt  II.  'rdiiey,  who  changed  the  name  to  T/ir  Itimlih  r  Coiinhf  SnrM.      In  isJO 


th 


lassed  into  the  hands  nl    1 1.  A.  Uoliiiisoii  and  |l.  <•.  .Scoiiti 


in 


May  In7I  it  was  sold  to  Henry  .M.  Curt,  who  sold  it  a^aiii,  in  Aii^..  t<>  W  \ii- 
koop.V  .Sciiiiteii:aml  li<'foro  the  year  wa.'*  out,  Ncoiiten  and  Joseph  I'.  .Ml  jnto'-li 
owned  it.  Ill  |.S7'_'  W'ynkoiip  aluMe  o«netl  it.  In  IS7-4  it  was  sold  to  .Ainm 
Hixliy  and  Kii^eiie  Wilder,  wlm  enlarged  it  to  an  Hcoliiinii  journal.  In  l.>>73 
lii.\liy  Miilij  Ills  interest  to  W'illiain  <i.  Shedd,  proprietor  of  the  Siiiisliiin  C'lu- 
riit;  and  the  two  p.ipers  were  united,  under  the  niiiiie  of  Anri  nml  I'unriir. 
•Shedd  \  Wilder  proprietors,  'I'lioniaH  II.  Kv a rtti  editor,  assisted  in  l^7'.•  I'V 
I*.  A.  i.eiiiiard.  and  < 'liarles  Tucker.  It  was  still  a  leading  newspap' r  tii 
IS.StJ.  The  pioneer  press,  oil  which  the  Aiim  wan  Htarted,  was  aftiiManl 
taken  to  New  .Mexico,  and  iiMi'd  in  issuing  the  lirst  pa|ier  at  Kii/alietlitnun. 
"le  ,V(//,.<///',«  roi/ciVr  was  started  hy  ,1.  H.  Itrnner  and  ,1.  W.  Cairns  in  .\lav 

iiM 


lino  year  Haukii 


Th 

|H7.'i.     ( '.'iirns  snld  in  IN77  to  Hawkins;  and  in  the  sa 

to  William  li.  Shedd,  who  in   IH78  piirchaMed  the  whole,  and  removrd  it  tn 

Itoiilder,  ulieri!  it  was  consolidated  with  the  Xiim.      In   iNtHj  Ceorpe  Wist, 

who   had   lieeii  eaiitain   in  the 'Jd  Colorado  vnliintpcr  infantry,  retiirni<'.  tn 

tioldeii,  and  estalilislied  Tlir   Tniiwrijif,  a  denioeratic  journal,  mIiII   in  1  x^t- 

ciiee  in  iN.SCi,  ami  w  ith  one  exception  the  olilest  eKtahlished  pa]ier  in  <  oloiailn. 

WoHt  wan   a   priutvr  hy   trade,  ai>d  hail  uwuud,  with  ^tlivrit,  U  Bli'rciay]H: 


,   1 

,    ;1 


THE  PRRSS. 


5'jy 


f.imiil' ry  in  Boston  lieforo  coming  to  (ioldpn  in  1859  with  tlio  Ponton  com- 
ii.iMV.  Ah  a  nowi»|>aiK!r  man  Iw  wax  alwayn  NUfcoHHful.  The  hemtr  Triliunr. 
w^s  •'tlai'litlioil  in  llMl7  l>y  II.  Ik'okiirtH,  ami  liucaiiiu  one  of  tliu  gruut  ilailieit 

„ftl it),  JMHiiing  aImo  a  wtickly,  ami  iH'iii^  in  |MiliticH  rvpulilioan.     On  tlitt 

|«tiif  M:iy,  IfWW,  the  ( itsnrgvtown  i'ltlnnulu  Miiwr  wan  tirxt  iMHUU<l,  liy  K.  J. 
Wliurt'Mi  an<l  A.  NV.  It<trnaril.  K.  II.  N.  I'attvrMon,  who  wnitu  over  tiii!  nI^- 
ii,'itiir>  "I  'Siiiktau,' wiM  for  a  loii>;  tinio  oonnectvil  with  thin  |ui|H!r.  Ilu  ilii'd 
111  i.iXl  W.  B.  Vickorn,  unothtT  journali.st,  tlicil  the  Hanin year.  Tlio  cliar- 
uctrr  i>t  tlir  Miiur  Wiw  always  wi'll  HiiHttini-ii.  On  Juno  I,  \H(tH,  riu'l)lii  wan 
ipri'«cMt<''l  wit'i  the  HrMt  inHue  of  it»  tir.tt  liH'al  newN|)aiH.'r,  the  ('iilnriiiln  f'liiij'- 
Villi,  lr\  M  Ittmhiiar  and  Saniui'l  NK-ltriile,  iirnprietorH,  an<l  (leorgu  A.  Ilinn- 
(liilr  liiil  Williur  F.  Stone,  e<litorM.  Tlic  iiuptT  wiw  well  printtMl  ami  editetl- 
At  oiir  time  |{t!slioar  wax  mhIo  owner,  ami  at  anntlier  McKriili^  iiwmciI  tliu 
uit.'tliliiliMK'iit.  Meltriile  tinally  xnld  to.lnlin  .1.  l.iuilHTt,  who  cnntinneil  to 
piililisli  it.  ^\^'.i^rg^'.  S.  Ailaum  and  K.  i\.  Stmud  were  eniplnyeil  n|Min  itit 
('(litKi'i.il  I'liliininH  after  IliuHdalu  and  Htime.  In  1872  a  daily  eilition  wa.i 
is^iiirl.  uith  ('.  J.  lUted  aa  editor.  After  Heed  eaniu  A.  I*,  (ienri^e,  K.  M. 
Sti'M'MiiiM,  ('.  Oonovor,  U.  Slmlier,  and  <!.  (i.  Witlu  rw.  The  Heconil  newn- 
ii,%|M'r  <>:  I'uuhio  wan  puldiHiiud  in  IS7I  hy  a  Ht<M-k  company,  with  <ieiir>{e  A. 
liiiis.l, lie  editor.  It  waH  democratic*  in  pnlitirM.  AUiut  the  Haiiie  time  the 
(','iril>nii  /'«.i/  waft  puhliMhe<l,  Collier  h  Mali  pniprietnrit,  and  A.  Hixhy  editor. 
TliftiriTlfy  Triliinte  ys-im  first  iiuhliMhed  in  tSJ)  hy  N.  ('.  Meeker;  uml  the 
(iriM'Icy  Sioi  in  1S7-,  I'y  II.  A.  French.  Hoth  wore  weekly.  The  l,'iilii,n 
H'lili.  .lohn  .Sewell  pro|»rietor,  a  rennlilican  i>nper,  wa.s  Htart<Ml  IH7I,  and  tho 
IoIImwiiik  y<;ar  merged  in  the  ^/oiA// frVo/ir,  i>oth  of  <lilden  I'ity.  In  .Inly 
|S7I  tlic  l.iiiiijmimt  Snitintl,  the  first  newspaper  in  this  colony,  was  pulilished 
l>y  Lowe  .'inci  Hall.     It  ehaiiKiMl  itmprietnrs  and  name  the  follnwing  year, 

ami  I Hiiie  the  hmijiiioiit  I'lntx,  K.  r.  lieckwith  i'<litiir  and  piililislutr,  and 

K.  <'.  lieckwith  aNMociatu  e<litor.  K.  ('.  lieckwith  was  horn  in  N.  II.  in 
hill  He  rcceiveda  good  puhlic  school  education,  and  came  to  ( 'oloriido  at 
tlif*  ;iu'e  iif  l<.)  yeai'H.  Ho  mined  ami  farim'd,  and  was  active  in  founding 
till' t.>\Mi  i<f  Iturliugton,  situated  one  half  mile  from  thn  site  of  Longmont, 
wliii'li  superseded  it,  and  which  he  was  instruniciitil  in  estalilishing  at 
that  |il:n'i-.  Th«  I>env«!r  Ihiily  ami  WriUi/  Tiimx  was  estaMishcil  in  IS7:! 
I,y  l!u;;er  S.  Woodliury;  politics,  repulilicaii.  The  Hoidder  I'lfh/  Mmni- 
Mill  E'i'ile,  started  in  1M73  hy  William  Morris,  was  sold  to  Wangi'lin  X'  'I'd- 
111  V,  who  I'liangcd  it  to   thi^  Vnlin'iulo   yyn/i/icr,  a  weekly.     In    I.SS(>  Tijm 


7, 


licr;iiiii  sole  ou tier.  In  Is7<»  the  lilack  Hawk  /'o."/,  a  democratic  jourmi 
u'.'iM  i.^t.'tMi.^lied  liy  William  McLaughlin  andW.  W.  Sullivai;.  Tiit!  latter 
Hiiiil  Ins  interest  to  dames  U.  Olivi-r,  and  .McL.iughiin  sonn  after  died. 
It  r'iili>e>|iieiitly  was  owned  hy  Oliver  and  Itrandgust.  In  the  same  year 
Ihc  l>iiiini-i-iif  was  started  at  I'ueldo  l>y  A.  Y.  Hall.  It  was  foundi'd  with 
tlin  material  used  a  year  or  two  earlier  to  start  the  /t'ljuililifun,  liy  .1.  M. 
Miir|iliy,  which  was  sold.  Hall  lirothers  were  proprietors  of  the  Ihinn- 
i-nil  inr  a  tinu%  when  they  sold  it  to  another  Missoiirian,  named  I'oyul,  who 
ilianueil  tlie  name  t<i  thu  />io7v  .S'urs.  In  IH77  the  Longmoiit  I'riiiting 
I'liiiipaiiy  issued  the  I'lmt,  edited  liy  W.  L.  <'ondit.  It  was  changed  altera 
uliori  liiiie  to  the  Vnlli'i/  /fiiiiir  iiiiil  Fnriii,  and  managed  hy  W,  K.  I'alior  in 
till'  intcrivst  of  agricidture,  until  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  company,  and 
w.id  rrii.'uned  the  Longmont  Lii/i/n:  On  the  24th  of  May.  I'S77,  the  (icorgt!- 
tiiwii  I'mmr  was  lirst  issued,.!.  S.  iiainlal!  Iicing  proprietor  and  .Siiinnel 
Ciisliaii  editor.  The  first  newspaper  at  I 'el  Norte,  Tlif  I'ru-^x  I'tm;  was  issued 
;n  ls74  liy  NUdiolas  LandM>rt,  hrother  of  ,1.  .1.  I.aniliert,  who  foumhid  the 
I'ucblo  Cliii/tiiin.  In  IH7.')  M.  R.  Moon^  hecame  proprietor.  The  Chi-Ihh  and 
1 11'  Deiiiurriil  appeared  lat«ir  at  Del  Norte,  hut  werf>  discontinued.  The  .Sil- 
v'Ttuii  Mimr  was  started  in  1875  I >y  .lohn  K.  Curry  of  Iowa.  M.  U.  Mooro 
was.ilitiir  in  IH7<*'  In  1875,  also,  the  .SV/ivr  WorUI  was  first  puldishcd  at 
I,.ik<'  City  liy  H.  ..  Wooils,  who  Hohl  it  in  1877  to  H.  C.  Olnoy.  Mooro  was 
c'litor  ill  IH77  78.  Woods  started  another  pajKjr  in  1877  at  Lakir  City,  tho 
I'n-i'-nii,  which  ran  only  yuc  y«ar.  Tliu  Timvi  was  tltu  lirst  i)ai>cr  in  Ouray, 
Hist  Nkv.    .'M 


.ijT  >>:t\ 


u^iii 


MftS 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


i^lllM    125 


ill 


m 


12.2 


12.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

.* 6"     — 

► 

•  s 


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^. 


^. 


A 


"'H     '  ^^ 


^c3 


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a 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRICT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14:^80 

(716)  872-4503 


\ 


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4^     .. 


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c^ 


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i/i 


'M 


I 


t'l 


530 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 


fonnded  by  Ripley  Brothers  in  1877.  The  same  year  the  San  Juan  Senlinei 
was  started  and  discontinued.  la  1879  the  Ouray  Solid  Muldoon  waa  estab- 
lished by  David  F.  Day.  It  is  the  property  of  the  Muldoon  Publishing  ciim> 
Eany.  Tlie  same  year  the  Cleora  Journal  was  started  by  Dr  S.  C.  McKeauey, 
lit  only  ran  3  mouths.  The  Mininij  Register  of  Lake  City  was  started  in 
1880  by  J.  F.  Downey.  The  Salida  Mountain  Mail  was  founded  by  ,M.  K. 
Moore  in  1880,  and  sold  in  1883  to  W.  W.  Wallace.  A  great  nunilter  of 
newspapers,  corresponding  to  the  growth  of  new  towns  or  the  resurrection  of 
old  ones,  started  up  about  this  time.  In  1880  theTelluride  JoumulwAn  lirst 
issued.     In  the  same  year  the  Buena  Vista  Miner  started,  E.  D.  Hunt  pro- 

Erietor,  who  removed  it  to  Maysville,  and  sold  to  J.  S.  Painter,  the  paper 
eiug  discontinued  in  1882.  In  1881  the  Maysville  Mining  Ledger  commenced 
publication,  J.  H.  Nomaker  proprietor.  The  office  was  removed  to  Salida,  and 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1882.  Mrs  C.  W.  Romney  established  the  first  paper  in 
Durangoin  1880,  soon  after  which  theDurango  IferaldwBLa  published  by  Marsh 
Brothers.  Tompkins  Brothers  issued  a  paper  for  a  short  time  at  Natliorp  iu 
1880,  which  was  suspended.  About  the  same  time  the  Dolores  A>»K\vas 
published  by  Frank  Hartman;  and  the  Mountaineer,  at  St  Elmo,  by  Howard 
Kussell;  the  True  Fissure,  at  Alpine,  which  soon  suspended;  the  C/iit[Re 
County  Times,  at  Buena  Vista,  by  P.  A.  Leonard;  and  the  Buena  Vista  /{<r- 
aid,  by  A.  R.  Kennedy,  who  sold  it  in  1884  to  A.  R.  Crawson.  The  Buena 
Vista  Demorrat  waa  issued  in  1882  by  J.  A.  Cheeley,  who  transferred  it  to 
W.  R.  Logan.  The  Poncho  Springs  Herald,  started  by  Tompkins  Brothers 
in  1881,  was  discontinued  in  1882.  In  1882  the  Salida  Sentinel  appeared, 
Petton  &  Brown  owners.  It  was  consolidated  with  the  Mountain  Mud  iu 
1883.  In  that  year  the  Salida  Neioa  was  published  by  W.  B.  McKiiuiey. 
The  Silverton  Democrat  was  issued  first  in  1882.  On  the  18th  of  Fel>.,  18M), 
the  Boulder  County  Herald  was  established,  by  Otto  H.  Wangelin.  On  tlio 
17th  of  April  it  issued  the  first  daily  published  in  Boulder.  The  Denver 
ReptOAican,  a  daily  and  weekly,  was  founded  in  1879  by  the  Republican  com- 
pany. Later  it  was  consolidated  with  the  Tribune  as  the  TrSmne-Rejuili/inni. 
A  number  of  other  journals  belong  to  Denver — the  Colorado  Jotirwil,  a 
weekly,  founded  in  1872  by  W.  Witteborg;  the  Colorado  Farmer,  a  weekly, 
founded  in  1873  by  J.  S.  Stanger;  the  Prei^liyterian,  a  monthly,  founded  in 
1871  by  S.  Jackson;  The  Financial  Era,  a  weekly,  started  in  1878  by  F.  ('. 
Messenger  &  Co  ;  the  Colorado  Post,  a  weekly,  issued  by  the  News  I'rinting 
company  in  18/9;  The  Colortulo  Antelope,  a  monthly  journal  devoted  to 
'woman's  political  equality  and  individuality,'  ]>'  '  '  d  by  Mrs  ('.  M. 
Churchill,  started  in  1882;  Real  Estate  a^id  Mining  i  ,  first  published  iu 

1873  by  "T.  E.  Picott;  Denver  Opinion,  Inter-Ocean,  C   West,  and   Vihtk. 

A  paper  called  the  Emm  Journal  was  started  at  Evans  in  1871  by  James 
Torrens,  and  one  at  Sterling  at  a  later  period.  Tlie  Castle  Rock  AVii/w Lritir 
was  published  in  1875  by  C.  E.  Parkinson,  and  the  Castle  Rock  Jouniol  was 
issued  about  1880.  The  Fort  Collins  Express  was  the  first  paper  in  Larimer 
county,  and  was  founded  by  J.  S.  McClelland  in  1873.  The  Fort  Collins 
Courier  was  founded  by  Watrous  and  Pelton  in  1878.  W.  E.  Pabor  started 
the  Colorado  Grange,  an  agricutural  monthly  journal,  in  1870,  at  Loiigmont. 
The  Mentor  was  issued  at  Monument  in  1878  by  A.  T'.  Blacliley.  The  Coln- 
rado  Springs  Gazette  was  established  in  1873  by  the  Gazette  Publishing  Com- 
pany. In  the  same  year  the  Mountaineer  waa  started  by  a  printing  com iiany 
at  the  same  place;  and  in  1875  the  Deaf  and  Mute  Index,  by  H.  M.  Harhert. 
More  recent  publications  at  Colorado  Springs  are  the  State  Repuhlic  and  the 
Evening  Times.  Pueblo  and  South  Pueblo  have  added  to  the  early  Kl  I'aso 
county  journals  the  Banner,  by  A.  J.  Patrick;  the  Evening  Star,  a  daily,  hy 
Lacey  &  Westcott;  Saturday  Opinion,  by  J.  A.  Wayland;  Commcrcitd  sriiid- 
ard,  and  Colorado  Metho/list.  Bent  county  published  first  the  Leader,  in  IST.t, 
at  West  Las  Animas,  C.  W.  Bowman  proprietor,  and  the  Trilmne  at  La  .liiiita 
more  recently.  Custer  county's  first  newspaper  was  the  Rosita  Imlex,  wti  rted 
in  1875;  and  succeeded  by  the  Sierra  Journal  at  the  same  place;  tlie  Silver 
Cliflf  Tribune;  the  Miner,  a  daily  and  weekly,  issued  in  1878  by  W.  L.  Stcvet'  <, 


THE  PRESS. 


531 


anil  the  Proitpector,  a  daily,  owned  by  McKinney  and  Lacey.  Fremont  county 
lias  tlie  Canon  City  RvconI,  founded  in  1875  by  H.  T.  Blake;  Caflon  City 
Mmn-ji;  the  Caflon  City  DeniocnU;  the  Cold  Creek  Knterpiiite,  and  Void 
Vri'fk  llnwkeye.  Las  Animas  county  was  first  represented  in  1^75  by  the 
Tniiiilad  Enttrprine,  daily  and  weekly,  by  J.  M.  Rice,  1878,  and  by  the 
Hi-riiiv,  AdvertiKcr,  iijul  NewH,  the  latter  a  daily  and  weekly,  started  by  Henry 
JStiirgis  in  1878,  all  at  Trinidad.  Huerfano  county  liad  the  La  Veta  Quill, 
and  11  newspaper  at  Walsenburg.  8aguaclie  county  has  the  Saguache  Chron- 
icle, founded  by  W.  B.  Felton  in  1874,  the  Saguaclie  Advance,  and  the 
Boiiiiiiza  Enterprise.  La  Plata  county  is  represented  by  the  Southwest  at  Ani- 
mas City,  started  ))y  Eugly  &  Reid  in  1879,  and  by  the  Herald  and  Democrat 
at  1  »uraiigo.  Conejos  county  had  the  the  Alamosa  News,  started  by  M.  Curtiss 
ill  IS78,  the  Independent,  started  the  same  year  by  Hamm  &  Finley,  the  Gazette, 
and  later  the  Democrat.  fcJan  Juan  county  added  the  Silverton  herald,  and 
Deiiiornit,  established  in  1882,  to  its  Pioneer  Miner.  Hinsdale  county  had  a 
secoiul  paper  at  Lake  City,  tiie  Mining  Register.  Dolores  county  had  but  one 
journal,  the  Rico  Ne^os.  Ouray  county  gained  the  Jied  Mountain  Review. 
Mesa  county  had  vhe  Grand  Junction  News,  and  Grand  Junction  Devtocrat; 
Montrose  county  the  Messemjer,  and  one  other  paper.  Delta  county  had  a 
paper  of  its  own.  In  Pitkin  county  were  the  Aspen  Times  and  Stin.  Gunni- 
son's first  newspaper  was  the  Gunnison  Neirn,  started  in  April  1880.  It  was 
followed  in  May  by  the  Review,  both  weekly  journals.  Soon  the  News  sns- 
peuded,  but  late  in  1881  another  weekly,  the  Press,  was  started.  In  the 
spring  of  1882  the  Review  issued  a  daily,  and  soon  the  two  papers  consolidated 
and  issued  the  daily /^T/Vw-f/Yw,  Aug.  1st.  The  iV>M«  was  revived  in  the 
<<pring  of  1882  as  the  News-Democrat.  The  Mining  Journal,  started  in  the 
vutnnin,  suspended  in  4  months.  The  Sun,  started  in  the  autumn  of  1883, 
survivcil  10  months.  The  county  still  had  left  7  newspapers,  besides  those 
in  (liinnison  City;  namely,  the  Elk  Mountain  Pilot,  at  Irwin,  established  in 
ISSO;  the  Crested  BuUc  Gazette,  established  in  1880;  Pitlin  Independent,  1880; 
Pitkin  Mimmj  News,  1882.  Tomichi,  HenM,  1882;  Tin  Cup  Miner,  1880;  Tin 
Cup  Banner,  1880,  8usi>ended  in  1882;  the  White  Pine  Cone,  1883;  and  Gothic 
Uicnril.  In  Summit  co.  were  the  B reckenridge  Leailer,  Breckeni idtje  Jouiiial, 
and  Dillon  Enterprise.  Park  county  published  the  Fair  Play  Flume,  the 
Alma  Bulletin,  and  the  Como  Headlight;  Grand  county,  the  Grand  Lake 
Eu'irprixe;  Clear  Creek  county,  in  addition  to  its  papers  already  named,  the 
Silwr  Flume  at  Georgetown,  and  at  Idaho  Springs  the  Advance,  the  Iris,  and 
(liizcfM  Houlder  added  to  the  News-Courier  the  Herald,  a  daily  and  weekly. 
Lake  county,  rich  in  journalism,  had  at  Leadville  the  Eclipse,  started  by  G. 
F.  Wanless  in  1878;  the  RireiUe.  founded  by  R.  S.  Allen  the  same  year,  daily 
and  \\(^ekly;  the  Leadville  Chronicle,  a  daily,  founded  Jan.  29,  1879,  by  Davis, 
Arkins,  and  Burnell;  the  Herald,  a  daily,  started  by  R.  G.  Dill  in  Oct.  1879; 
the  Democrat,  a  daily,  founded  Jan.  1,  1880,  by  a  stock  company.  In  Oct. 
18S;SC.  C  Davis  purchased  the  Democrat,  and  changed  its  politics,  but  not 
Hs  name.  The  Times,  an  ovening  daily,  was  started  in  1881  oy  a  stock  com- 
I)any.  Four  successive  weeklies  under  the  same  name — the  Monday  Morning 
A''  irx — liavo  come  into  existence,  to  perish  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks,  except 
tlie  last.  The  Mining  Index  also  had  a  brief  existence.  The  Leaflet  also 
lielonycd  to  the  ephemeral  class  of  publications.  The  journals  in  existence 
in  1S8()  were  the  Chronicle,  Herald,  and  Democrat,  all  republican  in  politics, 
altiiongli  Lake  county  is  democratic.  The  typographical,  pictorial,  and  edi- 
torial features  of  these  journals  are  worthy  of  notice.  The  Chronicle- Annual 
for  dan.  1882  is  a  complete  representation  of  Leadville  and  the  mining  indus- 
try, and  also  the  scenic  attractions  of  the  county,  with  historical  and 
hiographical  sketches,  presented  in  42  quarto  pages,  in  a  handsome  paper 
cover.  The  Weekly  Democrot  for  Jan.  1,  1881,  contains  20  six-column  pages 
of  matter  concerning  the  mines  of  Lake  county,  with  historical  and  other 
matter,  and  numerous  wood-cuts  illustrative  of  the  wonderful  growth  of  the 
then  4-year  old  city.  The  Rocky  Mountmn  News  Illustrated  Almanac,  1882,  is 
a  iiighly  creditable  publication,  containing,  besides  much  information,  illus- 


'! 


532 


FURTHER  DEVELOPMENT. 


! 


tration^  of  the  natural  history  of  the  state,  well  execntcd.  Tlie  Denver 
jouraaU,  and  the  numerous  well-priated  pamphlets  on  all  sorts  of  subjeuts, 
exhibit  the  progress  of  the  art  preservative  iu  Colorado. 

la  ooaaectioa  with  the  newspaper  history  of  the  country,  L.  R.  Freenmn 
should  be  mentioned.  In  1850  he  took  the  first  printing  press  that  cros.scil 
the  Missouri  river  above  St  Louis  to  Fort  Kearney,  on  the  Platte.  With 
the  advance  of  the  Pacific  railroad,  he  pursued  his  way  westward,  publishing 
his  paper,  Tke  Frontier  Index,  at  Kearney,  North  Platte,  Julesburg,  Laramii:, 
Bear  River,  and  Ogden.  In  1885  he  was  at  Yakima,  in  Washington,  working 
his  way  to  Paget  sound.  No  other  newspaper  in  the  United  States  hau  so 
varied  a  history  as  the  fmiex. 

Among  the  authorities  drawn  upon  for  the  above  history  of  Colorado 
journalism  are  Pitkin's  Poli'ical  Vietoa,  MS.,  and  a  dictation  from  Roger  W. 
W.jodbury  of  the  Denver  Daily  Times.  Woodbury  was  born  in  N.  H.  in 
1831,  and  came  to  Colorado  in  1866.  After  a  few  months  in  the  mines  he 
re-iumed  hia  trade  of  compositor  on  the  Denver  Tribune,  but  was  soon  made 
local  editor,  and  then  managing  editor  and  part  owner.  He  sold  his  interest 
in  1871,  and  the  following  year  established  the  Daily  Times.  He  had  ^'10,- 
009  when  he  started,  but  retained  the  sole  ownership,  and  performed  all  tlie 
editorial  work  until  1883,  when  he  sold  it  for  $42,500.  He  was  appuinted 
brig. -gen.  of  the  state  militia  in  1882,  and  served  one  term,  and  was  president 
of  the  Denver  chamber  of  commerce.  Dyers'  Newspaper  Press  of  Colonulo, 
MS.,  is  an  invaluable  authority  from  1859  down.  Oood  Times  in  Oiiiiniioii, 
MS.,  by  A.  B.  Johnson,  fumi3he<i  the  history  of  flush  times  and  early  news- 
papars  in  that  country.  Johnson  was  born  in  Iowa  in  1856,  and  grad«iatcd 
from  Simp<ioa  university  in  1880.  He  was  principal  of  a  graded  school  iu 
Seward,  Neb.,  for  a  year,  and  then  came  to  Colorado.  He  was  for  a  few 
months  editor  of  the  Gastk  Bock  Journal,  when  he  removed  to  Gunnison  City 
to  take  charge  of  the  Dnily  Retneut  Press  in  the  autumn  of  1882.  M.  A*. 
M yore's  Press  and  People  of  Coloratlo,  MS.,  is  another  excellent  authority  on 
newspaper  matters,  the  author  having  been  connected  with  half  a  dozen  jour- 
niU  in  the  south  and  southwest  portion  of  the  state.  Moore  was  born  in 
Indians  in  1858,  and  came  to  Colorado  in  1875.  He  belongs  to  the  San  ,luan 
country.  James  P.  Meagher,  in  his  Observations,  MS.,  on  Colorado,  also 
furnishes  some  newspaper  information.  He  came  to  Colorado  from  New- 
York  city,  where  he  was  born  in  1841,  and  drove  a  six-yoke  team  of  oxen  np 
the  Platte  in  1864.  After  residing  in  different  parts  of  the  state  he  settled 
ill  Salida. 

Among  other  manuscript  authorities  is  Carlyle  C  Dams'  History  of  Tn/o- 
ra'lo.  Davis  was  born  at  Glenn's  Falls,  N.  Y. ,  in  1846,  and  did  not  come  to 
Colorado  until  1878.  since  which  time  he  has  been  connected  with  journalism 
in  Leadville.  Ml  Puso  Ciunty,  as  It  has  been  and  Is,  MS.,  contains  a  selec- 
tion of  extracts  from  different  journals  on  this  subject,  and  incidentally  on 
newspapers.  Byers'  Centennial  State,  MS.,  40,  has  some  information  on  the 
founding  of  county  papers.  So  has  Eaton's  Gunnison  Yesterday  and  To-diy, 
MS.,  6,  and  Horn's  ScienUfie  Tour,  MS.,  5.  Different  publications  treating 
of  journalism,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  are  Farrets  Colorado,  the 
Rycky  Mount'iin  Oem,  66,  a  pamphlet  published  in  1868  in  Chicago  by  Kcd. 
B.  Farrell,  containing  an  epitome  of  the  territorial  physical  history  ami 
resources,  good  for  the  period:  Iniferaoirs  Knockinrj  around  the  Rockies,  10  II; 
Pahor's  Ooh  as  an  Agricultural  State,  783-7;  Balcii's  Mines  and  Minern,  H.'i'); 
FoiseU's  Goloraih,  158-9;  Denver  Trihune,  July  15, 1880;  U.  S.  H.  Ml-o:  A«„ 
47  th  cong.  2d  sess.,  xiii.  pt  8,  pp.  209,  170-194;  PettemjiU's  Newsptijtcr  Dine- 
twy,  183-4;  CorbeUa  Legia.  Manual,  39-43. 


CHAPTER  X. 

AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISING. 

1861-1886. 

Lanp  Surveys — An'alyses  of  Soils — Altitudes — Irrigation — Imfortancb 
OK  THE  Subject — Convention — Laws  and  Reciulations — A  Most  I'kr- 
FKCT  System — Ditching — Greeley  and  the  Union  Colony — Land- 
Investment,  Canal,  and  Irrigating  Companies — Grain-okowino 
Districts— Produci's — Horticultural  and  Agricultural  Societies 
—({ranges — Failure  of  Cooperative  Commerce— St.iTE  Board  of 
Agriculture  —  Agricultutal  College  —  SrocK-RAisiN(j  —  Nativb 
(iRAssEs — Incorporated  Cattle  Companies — Sheep  and  Horses. 


Turning  from  metala  and  mines  to  the  agricultural 
taiul  other  interests  of  Colorado,  we  will  find  fresh 
coiiirratulations  to  offer  the  occupants  of  this  favored 
land.  I  have  already  briefly  touched  upon  the  fact 
that  in  tliis  portion  of  the  elevated  regions  of  the 
mid-continent,  as  in  other  portions  which  were  wont 
to  be  represented  by  travellers  as  desert  countries, 
experiment  proved  that  moisture  only  was  required 
to  mantle  the  bare  earth  with  bloom.  Wherever 
that  was  present,  or  could  be  introduced  by  artificial 
iiitans,  farming  was  likely  to  prove  remunerative. 
The  survey  of  the  public  lands  betran  in  1861,'  the 
work  being  carried  on  first  in  the  Platte  valley,  whore 
the  lands  along  the  Cache-la-Poudre,  Big  Thonijison, 
Little  Thompson,  St  Vrain,  Boulder,  Ralston,  Clear 

'  Tlie  first  surveyor-general  of  Colorado  was  Francis  M.  Case,  who  was 
aii]i(iiiittMl  soon  after  the  establishment  of  the  district  of  Colorado,  April  5, 
l''^iil.  Tlie  salary  at  that  time  was  $3,000  a  year;  under  the  act  of  June  \'i, 
IS.SO,  it  was  reduced  to  $2,500.  Batch's  Minen,  Miners,  etc.,  RBJ);  Biieri<  Vni- 
Himnl  .State,  MS.,  27;  U.  S.  Sen.  Jour.,  400,  37,  2;  U.  S.  Sen.  Doc'.,  i.  no.  \, 
(ill),  4(U-5,  .S7,  2.  The  office  of  the  sur-gen.  was  opened  June  17,  18()l,  the 
stamltird  meridian  passing  tlirough  PueMo,  and  about  18  miles  east  of  Denver, 
ami  tho  base  line  being  ou  tlio  40th  parallel. 
(..;,3) 


wt:m 

1  •-  s!  *' 


!'.»   1 


534 


AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISING. 


creek,  Bear  creek,  and  Cherry  creek  branches  was 
nearly  all  taken  up  in  1862,  as  well  as  that  on  the 
Fontaine-qui-Bouille'  branch  of  the  Arkansas.  Tlio 
first  three  years'  experience  taught  the  farmers  to 
depend  upon  artificial  irrijifation  alone,  for  wliicli 
reason  claims  were  nearly  all  bounded  on  one  side  by 
a  stream  coming  down  from  the  highlands  extenduij^' 
some  distance  upon  their  margins  to  funush  the  facil- 
ities  for  filling  the  necessary  ditches  with  water.  Tiio 
surveyor-general  in  1866  estimated  the  quantity  of 
land  under  cultivation  to  be  100,000  acres,  and  that  one 
half  the  population  of  35,000  were  engaged  directly 
or  directly  in  agricultural  pursuits.  He  also  esti- 
mated the  area  of  arable  land  to  be  equal  to  4,000,- 
000  acres,  and  remarked  that  the  innnigration  of 
permanent  well-to-do  settlers  kept  the  farming  inter- 
est up  to  the  wants  of  the  population.*  Of  the  con- 
dition of  the  forming  interest  at  this  period  I  liiivo 
spoken  previously,  stating  that  in  1866,  for  the  first 
time,  the  agricultural  productions  began  to  exceed 
the  wants  of  the  population  of  Colorado,  and  to  ofl'er 
a  surplus  in  the  markets  of  Montana,  and  at  the  gov- 
ernment posts.  In  1867  the  surveyor-general,  refer- 
ring to  his  predecessor's  vieAVS,  gives  it  as  his  opinion 
that  there  were  10,000,000  acres  of  cultivable  land  in 
the  territory,*  showing  how  the  idea  grew  of  tlie 
agricultural  capabilities  of  the  mountain  region  out  of 

"The  report  of  the  sur-gen.  for  1862  speaks  of  the  Huerfano  and  Arkansas 
rivers  as  having  the  most  extensive  grain  growing  farms  east  of  the  iiiouii- 
taiiis.  On  the  llio  Grande  also,  and  its  tributaries,  was  a  large  population. 
mostl}^  Mexican,  engaged  in  agricutural  and  pastoral  pursuits.  U.  S.  II-  i'- 
Doc.,  ii.  no.  i.,  p.  112,  37,  3.  According  to  Batch's  Mines  ami  Miiie::%  570,  a 
local  land-office  was  established  at  Golden  City  June  2,  1862,  whicli  vas 
removed  to  Denver;  one  at  Denver  Sept.  12,  1864;  one  at  Fairjjlay  Got.  '.".I, 
1867,  removed  to  Leadville  July  1879;  one  at  Central  City  Dec.  27,  1867:  one 
a.t  I'ueMo  May  27,  1870;  one  at  Del  Norte  June  20,  1874;  and  one  at  l.ako 
City  May  5,  1877.  According  to  DeCoursey's  Okmnooil,  MS.,  2,  a  land-ntliio 
was  established  at  Glenwooil  in  1884.  Durango  has  also  a  local  land-tittko. 
These  several  offices  are  made  necessary  by  the  patenting  of  mining  claims 
since  the  act  of  July  1866. 

'  Rept  of  John  Pierce,  in  U.  S.  Mess,  and  Doc.,  Int.  Dept,  1866-7,  -,  3!'. 
371. 

*  W.  H.  Lessig,  in  Rept  See.  Int.,  1867-8,  iii.  40,  2.  In  the  followiii);  year 
he  stated  tlie  '  comuion  product '  of  wheat  to  be  from  40  to  60  busliels  per 
•ore. 


SOIL  AND  CLIMATE. 


535 


which  Colorado  was  created.  The  report  of  the 
laud  department  in  1870  estimated  the  agricultural 
productions  of  Colorado  at  $3,500,000,  while  the 
bullion  product  was  put  down  at  $4,000,000.  An 
abstract  made  in  1882  shows  that  in  the  ten  previous 
years  2,501,318.35  acres  had  been  purchased  for  cash 
or  located  with  warrants,"  besides  the  occupation  of  a 
larc^e  unknown  quantity  of  unpurchased  public  lands 
by  herdsmen. 

The  soil  of  Colorado  varies  with  position.  Its  dis- 
tinctive characteristics  are  the  large  proportion  of 
potash,  the  form  in  which  the  phosphates  exist,  being 
easily  soluble  in  a  weak  acid;  the  low  percentage  of 
ori^anic  matter  and  th')  high  proportion  of  nitrogen 
contained  in  the  organic  matter  ;  the  large  proportion 
of  lime,  and  the  generally  readily  available  form  of 
all  the  constituents.*  Climate  is  governed  by  alti- 
tude,  and  there  are  infinite  modifications.'     In  the 

» U.  S.  ir.  Ex.  Doc.,  xix.  no.  72,  p.  146,  47,  2. 

°  Upland  clay  loam  contains:  Volatile  matter,  1.31;  matter  RoluMe  in 
strong  aeiil,  6  33;  insoIuMe,  93.36.  Adobe  soil,  volatile,  2.49;  soluble 
in;itt(!r,  11.40;  in.soiul)le,  80.11.  Platte  valley  soil,  volatile  matter,  10.10; 
sohible,  2.58;  insoluble,  87.32.  Sandy  clay  loam,  volatile  matter,  4.23;  sol- 
ulil(!,  3.98;  insoluble,  92.28.  Tlie  volatile  matter  contains  nitrogen;  the  aol- 
iilile  lime,  magnesia,  potash,  iron-oxide,  alumnia,  carbon,  phosphoric,  acid, 
.sulphuric  acid,  nitric  acid,  carbonic  aciil,  chlorine,  soila,  etc.  Volonulo  Soils, 
by  T.  .lamioson,  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

'  William  E.  Pabor,  associate  editor  of  the  Colorado  Farmer,  who  has  pub. 
lisliod  a  little  book  on  Colorado  as  an  AijriritUura.l  State,  (juotcs  from  a  state- 
incut  concerning  the  soils  of  Utah,  that  they  are  not  likely  to  be  very  different 
frmn  those  of  Colorado,  and  then  gives  them  ii.  the  following  proportions: 
lUaik  loam,  7,200,  Sandy  loam  3,800,  loam  anil  gravel  8,2.")0,  loam  and  clay 
3.."i()0,  loam  an.l  alkali  1,200,  clay  and  gravel  5,000,  clay  and  plaster  3,.500, 
alkali,  iron,  and  sand  2,500,  sand,  alkali,  and  volcanic  ash  1,000.  p.  40.  But 
this  pr()portion  is  applicable  only  to  the  improved  lands,  and  not  to  the  whole 
area.  The  altitude  of  towns  and  cities  in  feet  is  as  fcdlows:  Alamo.su, 
7,4't2;  Alma,  10,254;  Animas  City,  6,622;  Baker  Mine,  11,9.56;  Bakerville, 
!t.7.")3;  Black  Hawk,  7,875;  Bouliler,  5,536;  Brcckenridge,  9,674;  Carton, 
r>,'.'S7;  Caribou,  9,905:  Central,  8,300;  Colorado  Springs,  6,023;  Conejos,  7,880; 
Dil  Norte,  7,750;  Denver,  5,197;  El  Moro,  5,886;  Empire,  8,583;  Evans, 
4,74.");  Fairi)lay,  9,964;  Fall  River,  7,719;  Fort  Collins.  4,815;  Fort  (Jarland. 
7,'.>t5;  Fort  Lupton,  5,027;  Fort  Lyon,  3,725;  Frisco,  9,500;  (Seorgetown, 
8,514;  Gold  HiU,  8,403;  Golden,  5,687;  Granite,  8,883;  Greeley,  4,779;  Gren- 
ada,  .1,434;  Gunnison,  7,743;  Hannlton,  9,743;  Hermosillo,  4.723;  Hot  Sul- 
phur .Springs,  7,725;  Howardville,  9,527;  I daho  Springs,  7,512;  Jamestown, 
<.l-'3;  Jeflferson.  9,862;  Kit  Carson,  4,.307;  Kokomo,  10,200;  La  Junta,  4,1.37; 
Lake  City,  8,550;  Las  Animas,  3,952;  liCadville,  10,247;  Longmont,  4,957; 
Lns  Pinos,  9,065;  Manitou,  6,297;  Marshall,  5,.578;  Montezuma,  10,295; 
Noderland,  8,263;  Nevadaville,  8.800;  Oro,  10,704;  Ouray.  7,640;  Pa^osa 
Springs,   7,108;  Present  Uelp  Mine,  on  Mt  Lincola,  14,000;  Piatteville, 


\<  -B 


t? 


.1.. 

! 


ii!  n  I 

in 


536 


AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISING. 


valley  of  the  Platte  the  soil  is  identical  with  that  of 
the  river-bottoms  of  the  Missouri,  while  the  uplands 
have  a  rich,  warm,  sandy  loam.  The  southern  val- 
leys are  more  sandy,  and,  of  course,  warmer  at  the 
same  elevation  than  the  northern.  The  river-bot- 
toms yield  bountiful  crops  without  irrigation,  and  the 
uplands  even  more  abundantly  with  it.  In  a  general 
sense  agriculture  in  Colorado  depends  upon  a  judi- 
cious use  of  water  supplied  to  the  thirsty  earth  by 
artificial  means ;  and  of  irrigation  I  will  give  some 
account  in  this  place.  As  early  as  1861  the  leijfisla- 
ture  passed  an  act  providing  for  the  free  use  of  the 
water  of  any  stream  on  the  margin  of  a  land  claim ; 
or  if  not  situated  upon  any  stream,  for  the  right  of 
way  of  a  ditch  through  the  land  lying  between  it  and 
the  nearest  water.  The  ditch  should  not  be  lartior 
than  necessary,  nor  should  there  be  any  waste  of 
water;*  and  where  the  stream  was  not  large  enough 
to  supply  the  continuous  wants  of  the  entire  country 
dependent  upon  it,  a  justice  of  the  peace  should 
appoint  commissioners  to  apportion  the  water  equita- 
bly, to  settle  disputes,  and  assess  damages  where  they 
were  shown  to  occur.  The  right  to  use  a  water- 
wheel  or  other  machinery  for  raising  water  to  a 
required  level  was  granted  by  law,  and  other  privi- 
leges and  restrictions  enacted.*  This  law  was  amended 
from  time  to  time  as  a  knowledge  of  the  wants  of 
the  agriculturalists  suggested,  and  in  1872  irrigating: 
ditches  were  exempted  from    taxation.     In   1876  a 

5,690;  North  Pueblo,  4,713;  South  Pueblo,  4,676;  Quartz  Hill,  9,300;  Rollins- 
ville,  8,323;  Rosita,  8,500;  Saguache,  7,723;  Saint  John,  10,807;  SaltUdrks 
in  South  Park,  8,917;  Silverton,  9,400;  Steven's  Mine,  11.943;  Terrible  Mine, 
9,243;  Trinidad,  6,032;  Uncompahgre  Agency,  6,400;  White  River  Agency, 
6,491.  From  this  list  it  M-ill  be  seen  that  only  two  towns  are  under  4,000  feet 
in  altitude;  9  are  over  4,000;  7  are  over  5,000;  6  are  over  6,000;  12  are  (ivcr 
7,000;  11  are  over  8,000;  8  are  over  9,000;  7  are  over  10,000;  2  are  over 
11,000,  and  1,  14,000.  Fossett's  Colorado,  14-15.  It  is  needless  to  remark  that 
only  mining  towns  exist  at  an  altitude  above  7,500  feet. 

*  Mcline  remarks  iii  1866,  in  Tim  Thousand  MileK  on  Horsehiek,  88,  that 
the  ditches  were  dug  too  deep,  at  too  great  an  incline,  creating  a  current 
which  washed  out  and  deepened  the  water-way,  and  that  there  was  conse- 

auently  a  waste  of  water.     Probably  experience  taught  the  owners  to  avoid 
jese  errors. 
*iSuinonikiu»,  1861,  67-9. 


IRRIGATION. 


637 


that  of 
uplands 
lern  val- 
r  at  tlic 
iver-bot- 
and  the 
k  general 
II  ajudi- 
earth  by 
ve  some 
!  leufisla- 
e  of  the 
d  claim; 
right  of 
on  it  and 
3e  larijer 
waste  of 
J  enough 
country 
should 
equita- 
ere  they 
water- 
•    to  a 
;r  privi- 
unended 
I'ants  of 
Irigating 
187G  a 

);  Rollins- 
|Salt\\'<irk3 
Irible  Mine, 
ler  Agency, 
•  4,00()  feet 
|12  are  over 
are  over 
pmark  that 

\k,  88,  that 
:  a  current 
iras  conse- 

Irs  to  avoid 


law  was  placed  on  the  statute  book  forbidding  any 
person  in  the  summer  season  to  run  through  an  irri- 
ijating  canal  any  greater  quantity  of  water  than  abso- 
lutely needful  for  domestic  purposes,  the  watering  ot' 
stock,  and  moistening  his  land."  Other  matters,  such 
as  priority  of  right  and  association  for  purposes  of 
irrigation,  came  up  and  were  discussed  and  settled  by 
statutes  from  time  to  time,  the  importance  of  the 
equal  distribution  of  water  growing  more  and  more 
apparent.  And  not  only  as  relating  to  lands  usually 
regarded  as  cultivable,  but  as  applied  to  a  large  extent 
of  country  known  as  arid  lands,  which  down  to  a 
recent  period  had  been  looked  upon  as  worthless. 

This  subject  had  engaged  the  attention  of  think- 
ing men  in  Colorado,  who  believed  that  the  whole  or 
much  of  the  great  wastes  in  the  several  states  and 
territories  west  of  the  Missouri  not  sufficiently 
watered  by  rainfall  might  be  redeemed  by  an  inter- 
state system  of  irrigation,  and  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
cussing and  bringing  the  subject  before  the  people  a 
convention  of  trans-Missouri  states  was  held  at  Den- 
ver October  15,  1873,"  at  which  was  agitated  the 
question  of  the  interest  of  the  general  government  in 
assisting  to  recover  from  sterility  so  great  a  portion  of 
the  public  domain.  Little  resulted  from  the  conven- 
tion, except  the  enlargement  of  men's  ideas  in  the 
direction  of  scientific  agriculture." 

In  1879  the  department  of  agriculture  appointed  a 
commissioner,  J.  Brisbin  Walker,  to  visit  Colorado  to 
take  observations  of  the  country  preliminary  to  mak- 
ing a  practical  test  of  the  value  of  artesian  wells  in 
furnishing  water  for  irrigation."     Government,  how- 

^'Colo  Gen.  Lam,  1877,  518;  Dow'a  Tour  in  America,  103-14. 

"  The  convention  was  addressed  by  Gov.  Elbert,  through  whose  efforts 
chiefly  it  was  brought  together.  See  Speech  of  Elhert  h^ore  the  Convention  o/ 
TfiiM- Missouri  States,  4-8. 

'^  Ripnii,  on  the  Protdemn  of  Irrigation,  by  William  Ham  Hall,  state  enei- 
-ficr  ot  California,  dealing  with  the  social,  political,  and  legal  questions;  the 
l>hy«ioal,  practical,  and  technical  obstacles  to  be  overcome,  with  the  con- 
truction,  operation,  and  maintenance  of  irrigation  works,  is  a  most  import- 
it  it  publication  exhaustive  of  a  subject  still  comparatively  novel  in  the  United 
Slates. 

^^Denver  TrOmne,  Nov.  13  and  22,  1879. 


m 


t  .i 


!        1  V 


538 


AOUICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISINd. 


■' 


!  »  I 


ever,  has  been  anticipated  in  the  application  of 
acquired  information  by  enterprising  companies,  wliich 
are  rapidly  redeeming  arid  lands,  and  filling  their 
coffers  at  the  same  time. 

The  first  canals  wore  constructed  in  Weld  countv, 
one  at  Greeley  by  the  Union  cohmy,'*  and  anothtrat 
Evans,  both  taking  water  from  the  south  Platte,  and 
conducting  it  for  six  or  eight  miles  among  farms. 

In  1877  English  capitalists  organized  the  Colorado 
Mortgage  and  Investment  company,  which,  anioii'^' 
other  things,  became  interested  in  irriuation,  on'an- 
izing  a  subordinate  branch  at  Fort  Collins  under  the 
name  of  Larimer  and  Weld  Irrigati(m  c<)inj)any, 
which  purchased  water  rights,  and  as  much  land  as 
could  be  obtained,  and  constructed  a  canal  over  fifty 
miles  in  length.  This  proved  a  profitable  investment 
Water  rights  were  sold  for  $2,  and  later  for  $1.50,  an 
acre  ;  and  the  land,  obtained  at  government  or  rail- 
road prices,  brought  from  $13  to  $15  per  acre,  with  a 
perpetual  water  right.     The  High  Line  Irrigating 


"This  canal,  Hayden  remarks,  haa  too  great  a  fall,  the  current  being  «o 
strong  th.it  it  is  with  ditficulty  forded  by  teams.  The  Union  colony  waa 
organized  in  New  York  on  the  '23d  of  Dec.  18(59,  with  ^^9  memliers,  to  which 
many  others  were  soon  added.  It  was  a  direct  outgrowth  of  tlie  a<lvt!rti»ing 
which  the  N.  Y.  Trilnine  ga"o  Colorado.  Horace  Greeley  was  its  prime 
mover  and  treasurer,  and  one  of  its  most  active  agents  was  N.  C.  Mfi-ker, 
also  of  tlie  Tri'iunt'.  It  sent  out  a  locating  committee,  consisting  of  Muekt-r, 
H.  T.  Wu-it,  and  R.  A.  Cameron,  who,  after  looking  over  the  ground,  iletcr- 
mined  upon  the  present  site  of  (Ireeley,  in  Weld  county.  They  purciiased 
12,000  acres  from  the  Denver  Pacific  liailway  co.  and  others,  ami  made 
arrangements  for  the  purchase  of  00,000  acres  of  government  and  .50,000  acres 
railroad  land  within  three  years,  at  from  $3  to  $4  per  acre,  by  paying  interest 
from  the  date  of  contract  Ciiarters  were  obtained  for  irrigating-caiials  cov- 
ering the  entire  area.  A  town  was  laid  off  at  the  delta  formed  by  the  Caciift- 
la-Poudre  and  Platte  rivers,  on  the  line  of  the  Denver  Pacific  R.  U.,  ami 
subdivided  into  520  business  lots,  25  x  100  feet  in  size;  673  residence  l<its, 
ranging  from  50  l)y  190  to  200  by  190;  and  277  lots  reserved  for  public  Imilil- 
ings,  schools,  churches,  etc.  The  adjacent  lands  were  divided  into  plats  of  from 
5  to  120  acres,  according  to  the  distance  from  the  town  centre,  and  each  mem- 
ber allowed  to  select  one,  under  his  certificate  of  membership.  A  i)ul)lic 
square  of  10  acres  was  reserved  in  the  middle  of  the  town,  artiricial  lakes 
constructed,  trees  planted,  and  by  .Tune  1870  water  was  flowing  tliroui,')!  all 
the  principal  streets  from  a  canal  fed  by  the  river.  In  1871  the  colony  con- 
tained 3.50  buildings  of  all  descriptions,  17  stores,  3  luml>er-yards.  •'<  Mack- 
smith  and  wagon  shops,  a  newspaper  office,  and  livery-stable.  The  colony 
was  not  cooperative,  ueyond  a  general  irrigating,  fencing,  and  puMic-lmila- 
ings  fund  or  funds.  Byern'  Centi-nnial  Stnte,  MS. ,  39-40;  Sautulera'  Thivwjh  the 
L'vjltt  Continent,  51-3,  London,  1879,  8vo,  409  p, 


lUllIGATION. 


510 


canjvl  of  tho  Platto  Land  company,  another  foreign 
oiyaiiizatiou's  work,  is  a  still  longer  and  larger  cuiial 
to  irii'.n»te  the  high  plains  east,  south-east,  and  north- 
east of  Denver,  hy  making  a  wide  det»mr,  in  some 
jtlaoes  constructing  tunnels,  and  in  others  flumes.  The 
rust  in  1884  had  reached  two  and  a  half  million  dol- 
lars. It  is  thirty-six  feet  wide  on  the  bottom,  and 
ptven  feet  deep  for  the  first  thirty  miles,  after  which 
it  gradually  narrows  and  shallows.  It  is  intended  to 
water  300  square  miles  of  territory'.  The  Northern 
Colorado  Irrigation  company,  which,  at  an  enormous 
outlay,  constructed  eighty  miles  of  a  main  line  of 
canal,  and  as  nmch  more  of  lateral  branches,  com- 
pli'ted  its  work  in  1883  ;  and  innned lately  commenced 
another  seventy  miles  in  length  and  sixty  feet  in 
width  at  the  bottom,  extending  from  about  Pueblo  to 
La  Junta,  in  the  neighboring  county  of  l^ent,  and 
taking  water  from  the  Arkansas  river.  Still  another 
corporation  is  tho  San  Luis  Park  Irrigating  company 
(»f  New  England  capitalists  whose  canals  will  irrigate 
500,000  acres."  The  Larimer  and  Weld  conipany 
are  also  constructing  a  dam  on  the  north  Poudre, 
wliicli  will  supply  water  to  land  a  thousand  feet  higher 
tlian  the  valley  of  the  stream.  Obviously  so  exten- 
sive a  system  of  irrigation,  involving  such  expendi- 
ture, and  affecting  so  many  rights  and  interests,  nmst 
become  the  subject  of  even  more  careful  legislation 
in  the  future  than  in  the  past.'* 

The  undulations  of  the  plains  in  Colorado  make 
irrigation  and  cultivation  easy.  The  water  supplied 
at  the  upper  side  of  th3  land  is  caused  to  flow  gently 
fntni  a  trench  or  furrow,  in  which  frequent  breaks  are 

'*It  is  estimated  that  63,000  gallons  annually  are  requireil  to  properly 
irrigate  one  acre.  Dearriptive  America,  May  18Ji4,  p.  6.  It  is  aUo  ascert^iinccl 
that  land  which  has  once  been  thoroughly  ftoaketl,  exce])t  where  very  jxirous 
aii'l  gravelly,  requires  less  water  than  at  tirst,  and  often  liecomes  so  wet  as 
to  require  drainage. 

""1  find  in  Daw's  Tour  in  Amerirn,  Melbourne,  1884,  p.  113,  some  ragges- 
tions  on  this  subject.  He  remarks  that,  '  For  want  of  such  laws  the  progress 
"f  irrigation  in  California  is  seriously  impeded.'  Dow's  book  is  a  sensible 
reoiiril  of  observations  on  the  agriculture  and  resources  of  the  U.  S.,  neither 
fulsome  nor  grudging.     He  was  a  special  commissiuuer  of  the  AiutraUuku^ 


.'Jul, 


'  :;■>' 


■m 


!    (■ 


540 


AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISINO. 


If 


made  in  the  lower  rim,  slowly  moistening  tlic  Kurfarc 
of  a  field,  which  in  two  or  three  days  is  ready  for  tlio 
plou*;h.  Cereals  require  to  be  watered  otdy  otice  or 
twice  in  a  season.  Much  has  been  said  alxtut  the 
amount  of  irrit^able  land  in  Colorado,  which  lias  Itccn 
estimated  from  1.250,000  to  3,000,000  acres,  of  \s  lii(  h 
in  1882  only  about  100,000  acres  were  in  use.''  In 
1889  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  at  least  (J.ooo 
miles  of  main  irrigating  canals,  with  lateral  braiulu s 
of  much  ^eater  length. 

The  pnncipal  gram -producing  counties  of  Colorado 
at  the  present  are  five,  Arapahoe,  Boulder,  Jctfcrsoii, 
Larimer,  and  Weld,  although  with  the  progress  of 
canals  it  is  not  safe  to  claim  priority  for  any.  J)oul)t- 
less  by  the  time  my  pages  are  in  print  some  of  the 
southern  counties  will  have  become  powerful  rivals  of 
the  northern  belt.  But  as  I  prefer  to  keep  to  tliu 
records  of  the  state  agriculturists  for  statements  litn; 
given,  what  is  unknown  is  left  to  conjecture.  The 
five  counties  here  mentioned  produced  in  1881,  1)80,- 
000  bushels  of  wheat,  and  66,000  bushels  of  com.  In 
1882  four  of  the  same  counties  produced  l,lo8,8J0 
bushels  of  wheat,  and  186,000  bushes  of  corn.  The 
crops  of  barley,  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  alfalfa,  and  vege- 
tables were  in  proportion.  The  value  of  the  yield  of 
five  counties  in  1881  was  $1,771,750;  of  four  counties 
in  1882  it  was  $3,047,750.  The  in  rease  is  without 
question  due  to  the  greater  facilities  for  irri*»ation, 
which  in  1883  had  more  than  doubled  the  cultivable 
area  of  1882."  The  total  value  of  all  the  crops  of  the 
state  in  1882  was  $8,947,500. 

''  Pabor,  in  Colormlo  as  an  Agricultural  State,  58,  after  12  years  nf  per- 
Bonal  observation,  publishes  answers  to  the  question,  Is  Colorado  an  agricul- 
tural state  ?  in  the  affirmative,  describing  the  various  farming  localities,  iiml 
giving  facts  regarding  the  culture  of  grains,  fruits,  and  vegetables,  with  an 
account  of  irrigation,  its  expense  to  the  individual,  etc. 

**  I  have  the  Agricultural  Statistics  of  the  State  of  Colorado,  pp.  16,  for  188,3, 
before  me,  a  pamphlet  issued  by  the  state  board  of  agriculture.  Vvmx  \U 
tabulated  report  I  gather  that  the  amount  of  land  in  the  whole  state  under 
irrigation  in  1883  was  416,594  acres;  the  number  of  acres  in  pasture,  \,Wi,- 
2.55;  in  oats,  .3.3,684  acres,  yielding  925,029  bushels;  in  barley.  6.171»acres 
yielding  112,761  bushels;  iu  rye,  1,628  acres,  yielding  20,343  bushels;  iu  curu, 


FUUIT  (iUOWIXO. 


541 


Tlio  natural  fruits  of  a  country  cannot  be  relied 
upon  as  indicatiuns  of  what  the  land  will  produee 
uiuJir  cultivation.  Colorado  presented  to  the  first 
cxplonrH  only  a  worthless  thorn-apple;  a  rare  but 
pleasant  flavored  plum;  small,  acid  gooseberries,  of 
littlo  value  ;  a  cherry  which  was  rather  palatable ; 
ounaiits  of  black,  yellow,  and  red  varieties;  with 
raspberries,  strawberries,  and  whortleberries  in  «]freat 
ahuiidanco  Apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  j^rapes  were 
raised  in  the  gardens  of  the  Mexican  inhabitants  of 
San  Luis  park  before  the  settlement  by  Am(>rieans 
from  tlie  United  States  These  fruits  first  appeared 
ainon;^  the  farmers  on  the  Arkansas  Strawljerries 
bciraii  to  be  cultivated  in  18(55.  The  followinij  year 
tliov  brought  $3  per  quart.  About  the  same  time 
apples,  ])ears,  and  peaches  were  being  raised  from  seed 
ill  the  Platte  valley,  and  grew  thriftily  at  first,  but 
(lied  afterwards  becaa  ,  their  roots  had  penetrated 
bt'low  the  soil  to  gravel  and  sand.  Small  fruits  were 
then  set  out,  and  flourished  '*  where  the  soil  was  moist 
at  (■(  rtaiii  seas(ms  of  the  year.  Experience  showed 
that  where  trees  were  irrigated  in  the  autumn  they 
wore  able  to  resist  winter  killing,  which  was  caused 
not  by  cold,  but  by  the  drying  up  of  the  wood  by  the 
suiishine  of  the  winter  season.  Upon  making  this 
discovery,  about  1873,  fruit  trees  began  again  to  be 
planted,  since  which  time  there  has  been  a  steady 
impvoveuient  in  horticulture.^*  Among  the  first  hor- 
tieulturaiists  were  Joseph  Wolff  of  Boulder,  whose 
Hrst  orchard  of  three  hundred  trees  was  killed  ;  J  W. 
Parker  of  the  Cache-la-Poudre  valley,  J.  S.  Flory 
of  St  Vrain  valley,  Anson  Rudd,  and  W.  A.  Helm  of 

21,7()3  iiercs,  yielding  356,478  bushels;  in  buckwheat,  7,  yielding  154  bushels; 
ill  wheat,  67,342  acres,  yielding  1,419,443  bushels.  A  few  acres  of  sorghum 
were  ^rowu  in  1873  in  Boulder,  Bent,  l)elta,  Fremont,  l^rimer,  Montrose, 
l'iiel)li>,  and  Weld  counties,  aggregating  67  acres,  and  yielding  2,3(56  gallons 
•if  syr\ip.  Omy}>f>»nVif  Colorado,  55-7;  Oalctston  News,  Dec.  1,  1874,  p.  3;  Loa 
Awiik<  Efimii'i  Exprem,  Aug  4,  1884. 

^^  I!  ,lli.4('r')t  Mint's  of  Cohrmlo,  424-5;  Denver  Mountain  UeraUl,  J  ily  2, 
186!). 

» liyaa  CeukmM  State,  MS.,  35. 


'  1 

mi 

Ui 

h 

^1    '  i' 

ii 

till. 

'    1 


I 


648 


AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISING. 


I    (j! 


Caflon  City,  and  Jesse  Frazier,  ten  miles  east  of 
Ca£ion,  in  the  Arkansas  valley.  The  state  organized 
a  horticultural  society,  of  which  I).  S.  Grimes  was 
made  president,  and  the  legislature  of  1883  passed  an 
act  to  **  encourage  horticulture  and  forestry  in  Colo- 
rado, and  to  establish  a  state  bureau  of  horticulture,"" 
appropriating  $1,000  annually  toward  its  support. 
The  amount  of  land  in  orchards  in  1882  was  given  in 
at  2,500  acres,  and  the  value  of  the  fruit  at  $1,250,000. 
An  agricultural  society  was  organized  in  1863,  and  in 
1864  a  charter  was  obtained  from  the  legislature,  with 
an  appropriation  of  $500  to  be  expended  in  ])rizis, 
the  society  assuming  the  burden  of  erecting  the  build- 
ings and  purchasing  the  land  for  a  fair  ground.' 
Granges  were  established  in  1874  throughout  tlio 
agricultural  portions  of  the  terxitory,  the  movement 
being  for  some  time  a  popular  one,  each  grange  liav- 
ing  its  hall  for  holding  meetings.  In  Denver  the 
granges  had  a  commercial  establishment  and  a  flour- 
ing mill  on  the  principle  of  cooperative  societies,  but 
they  failed  for  want  of  cohesiveness. 

In  1877  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  was  estab- 
lished, and  at  the  same  session  an  act  was  passed  to 
provide  for  the  building  and  maintenance  of  the  airri- 
cdltural  college  of  Colorado,  the  real  property  of 
which  was  vested  in  the  above  board,  whirl i  was 
given  control  of  the  college  and  farm,  and  of  all  api)ro- 
priations  for  the  support  of  the  institution  ;  the  col- 
lege to  be  built  and  maintained  by  a  direct  tax  of  one 
tenth  of  one  mill  on  every  dollar  of  real  and  personal 
property  in  the  state."  The  college  was  located  at 
Fort  Collins,  in  Larimer  county,  and  was  opened  in 
1879.     Scholarship  was  made  free  with  certain  linii- 

"'Co/o  Semon  Lawn,  1883,  210.  For  statistics  I  have  consulted  Palinr's 
book,  7?<7><  '/  suite  OeoloijUt,  1881-2,  and  Jttj>t  of  the  State  Bwtrtl  of  A'jri- 
culture,  1883. 


ColoSemon  Laim,  1864,  221;  Snpm'  Settkment  of  Drnwr,  MS.,  13. 

"Tor  the  acts  governing  these  hoards,  see  Colo  Oeru  Laws,  1877,  I'l'-  8S- 
90,  97-lOG;  C)h  Session  Laws,  1879,  0-7. 


STOCK  RAISING. 


643 


tations  as  to  age  and  previous  requirements.  Grad- 
uation confers  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science. 
Institutes  are  held  during  the  winter  at  different 
points  for  the  benefit  of  farmers  in  the  vicinity,  at 
which  valuable  papers  are  read  by  the  faculty,  who 
having  experimented  on  the  college  farm  are  able  to 
impart  the  result  of  their  investigation,  to  those  who 
have  less  time,  knowledge,  and  facilities  for  experi- 
mental work." 

Reports  are  annually  published  by  the  state  board 
of  aojriculture,  which,  with  the  several  agricultural 
journals  of  the  state,  place  Colorado  upon  an  equality 
with  the  older  agricultural  communities  in  point  of 
progressive  farming. 

Stock  raising  in  Colorado  has  attained  an  impor- 
tance second  only  to  mining,  the  estimated  total  value 
of  its  cattle,  sheep,  and  other  animals  in  1884  being 
$25,090,000.  I  have  given  so  particular  an  account 
of  cattle  raising  as  an  industry  in  my  History  of  Mon- 
tana that  it  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  it  here,  the  cus- 
toms and  laws  to  which  the  keeping  of  large  herds 
has  given  rise  being  substantially  the  same  in  both 
countries.  The  discovery  of  the  nutritive  quality  of 
the  grasses  of  the  Platte  valley  was  made  as  early  as 
1858,  when  A.  J.  Williams,  who  was  amo:^g  its  pio- 
neers, not  having  any  food  for  his  eighteen  oxen  dur- 
ing the  winter,  turned  them  out  upon  an  island  in  the 
Platte  near  old  Fort  Lupton  to  take  their  cliances  of 
living,  or  of  dying  by  starvation.  To  his  surprise,  on 
visiting  the  island  in  the  spring  of  18.59,  he  found 
them  alive,  sleek,  and  fat.  But  in  1847  St  Vrain  and 
Bent  had  driven  several  thousand  cattle  from  Texas 
and  New  Mexico  to  the  Arkansas  valley,  and  wintered 
them  near  Bent's  fort.  Subsecjuently  Maxwell  and 
others  established  cattle  ranches  on  the  streams  lead- 


anil  jiol. 


faculty  consisted  in  1885  of  C.  L.  Ingersoll.  president,  prof,  logic 
economy;  A.  E.  Blount,  prof.  aj;.  and  liotany;  Charles  F.  Davis, 
B.  S..  prnf.  chem.  and  physios:  F.  H.  Williams,  prof,  pract.  mech.  and  draw- 
wg,  PiiIh));  Colo  as  an  Agricultural  Stnti;  IH'2. 


.'f- 


6U 


AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISING. 


!,1 


iiig  out  of  the  Sierra  Mojada,  at  the  foot  of  the  Hua- 
jatoUas,  and  on  the  upper  Las  Animas.  Around 
Canon  City  stock  raising  was  begun,  in  a  small  way, 
about  1862-3.  Beckwith  brought  the  first  large  herd 
into  Wet  Mountain  valley  from  Texas  in  1872.  Two 
herds  were  driven  across  the  divide  between  the 
Arkansas  and  South  Platte  before  1866,  when  Wil- 
liams, who  had  not  lost  sight  of  the  subject,  brought 
1.500  Mexican  cattle  into  Platte  valley,  since  which 
time  the  importation  has  never  ceased,"  although  for 
a  number  of  years  the  business  was  conducted  on  a 
small  scale,  compared  with  latter  investments." 

The  principal  grasses  on  which  cattle  fatten  are  the 
gramma  and  bunch  species,  the  former  having  a  small 
seed  growing  on  one  side  at  a  right  angle  to  the  stalk. 

''^  I  find  this  statement  in  an  extract  from  Out  West,  Sept.  1873,  in  7V/« 
Di^r'w.rer  of  Pike's  Peak,  MS.  It  agrees  with  the  statement  in  \Villiaii)s' 
biography,  in  /fiit.  Denver,  627-9.  Sopria  mentions  as  the  first  inipnrttT.s  of 
cattle  from  Texas  John  VV.  Allen,  and  Reed,  whose  first  name  seems  to  liave 
been  Allen.  The  former  died  at  Denver  in  1881,  and  the  latter  returnoil  to 
L'jxington,  Mo.,  in  1870.  Thomas  W.,  William,  Andrew  Wilson,  and  Julin 
Hitsou  were  among  the  first  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  (iS'ormI 
to  make  money  by  raising  cattle.  Settlement  of  Denver,  MS.,  16.  Byevs  ir.cu- 
tions  J.  VV.  llitf.  HLit.  Colo,  MS.,  42.  Later  stock-men  were  H.  S.  Holly  & 
Co.,  Jonei  Brotherj,  Beatty  Brothers,  Lane  &  Murray,  Towers  &  Uudgell, 
Downen  Brotliers,  H.  B.  Carter,  R.  M.  Moore,  and  others. 

■^*  According  to  Wolfe  Londoner,  Texas  cattle  were  imported  for  beef  only, 
and  fattened  on  the  gra^s  of  the  plains.  Colorndo  Miniwj  Cainpn,  MS.,  10. 
This  dictation  consists  of  fifteen  pages  of  type-writing,  equal  to  30  pagts  nf 
this  volume.  Londoner  was  born  in  New  York  in  18.35,  came  to  Cal.  in  IS.VJ, 
a  boy  in  a  sailing  vessel,  and  went  to  washing  dishes  for  $oO  per  iiKHitli. 
After  a  time  the  auctioneer,  Jessell,  gave  him  employment  at  $150  a  iiKinth. 
Returning  home  in  1855,  he  was  sent  to  Dubuque,  la,  to  take  charge  of  two 
stores  owned  by  his  father.  When  the  panic  of  1857  came  on  there  was  a  fail- 
ure for  the  Londoners,  who  removed  to  St  Louis.  In  the  course  of  events  Wolfe 
fouml  employment  with  A.  Hanauer,  later  of  Salt  Lake,  and  Dold,  who  sent 
him,  in  1860,  to  Colorado  to  erect  a  business-house  in  Denver,  and  afterward 
in  Caflon  City,  where  they  put  him  in  charge  of  $50,000  worth  of  goods,  ami 
the  finest  stone  building  in  the  territory.  The  Baker  exploring  party  for  Saii 
Juan  outfitted  at  this  store.  When  business  declined  in  Caflon  City,  Lon- 
doner was  sent  to  California  gulch,  then  in  the  height  of  its  prosperity,  and 
when  that  camp  was  deserted,  in  1866.  he  went  to  Denver.  Being  now  pos- 
sessed of  means  of  his  own,  Londoner  engaged  in  merchandising  with  his 
brotlier,  and  made  money,  until  in  1884  his  sales  amounted  to  .*tl,(K».(XX) 
annually.  He  was  elected  county  commissioner  and  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  finance,  ^''hich  devolved  upon  him  the  building  of  the  Denver  court- 
house, wliich  cost  *300,000,  the  land  on  which  it  stands  being  worth  ^sT'i.lXX) 
more.  The  building  and  furniture  are  the  pride  of  Denver,  and  for  the  man- 
ner in  which  Londoner  discharijed  his  trust,  the  board,  when  ^^  left  it,  '  drew 
up  a  resolution  which  was  good  enough  to  put  on  my  grave  when  I  die, '  says 
the  recipient  of  the  testimonial. 


CATTLE. 


645 


When  not  irrigated,  it  is  only  a  few  inches  high,  but 
grows  to  two  feet  in  height  when  furnished  with 
wattr,  and  is  better  feed  than  any  native  grass  known. 
This  grows  near  the  mountains,  buffalo  grass  on  the 
j)]ains,  and  bunch  grass  on  the  niountain  sides. 
Besides  these  three  there  were  exhibited  atfhe  expo- 
sition ill  Denver,  in  1884,  over  a  hundred  varieties  of 
native  grasses,  all  having  a  seed  on  the  side,  except 
the  bunch  grasses."  Cattle  so  well  fed  will  live  a 
week  with  nothing  to  eat,  and  a  snowfall  seldom  lasts 
a  h)iiger  time.  Should  the  snow  remain,  the  cattle 
stauipede  to  the  Arkansas  valley ;  so  that,  with  the 
advantages  of  the  climate  and  the  sagacity  of  the 
animals,  the  owners  sustain  few  losses.  Still,  pru- 
dence will  more  and  more  dictate  the  saving  of  hay 
for  winter  feeding. 

With  the  growth  of  the  business  of  cattle-raising 
there  came  the  formation  of  incorporated  companies, 
and  legislative  enactments.  Among  other  laws  which 
concern  the  branding,  herding,  protection  from  dis- 
ease, and  other  necessary  regulations,  is  a  statute 
authorizing  a  commissioner  to  attend  the  annual 
round-ups,  and  to  seize  and  sell  all  unbranded  cattle 
for  the  benefit  of  the  common  school  fund."  A  state 
board  of  inspectors  exists  by  law.  The  objectionable 
feature  of  the  stock  business  would  seem  to  be  the 
absolute  control  of  immense  tracts  of  country,  with 
the  springs  and  streams,  by  conipanies  or  individuals, 
as  for  example,  the  possession  of  many  thousands  of 
acres  of  rich  bottom  land,  and  forty  miles  of  water 
front  on  the  Arkansas  river,  by  one  man,  J.  W. 
Prowers.  The  Prairie  Cattle  company  have  over 
$15,000,000  invested  in  cattle,  and  control  many  miles 
of  water  front,  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of 
fenced  pasture,  in  Bent  county.  In  northern  Colo- 
rado tlie  stock  companies  are  chiefly  in  Weld  and 
Arapahoe  counties ;  south  of  the  divide  thev  are  for 

'"S/'m,-\  General  View,  MS.,  9-10;  HnlliMers  MineH  of  Cotorndo,  426-9. 
*  liolkr's  Colorado  Skelchen,  MS.,  3;  Farrefn  Colo  a»  It  i»,  53-6, 


546 


AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK  RAISING. 


the  most  part  in  Bent,  Las  Animas,  Elbert,  and 
Pueblo.  There  are  two  stock  associations,  one  at  Doti- 
ver"  and  the  other  at  Pueblo.  Each  holds  an  annual 
meeting"  for  the  discussion  of  subjects  connected 
with  its  interests."  The  Colorado  Cattle  company 
secured  81,000  acres  near  Pueblo,  under  patent  from 
the  government,'"  and  individual  owners  control  other 
large  tracts  in  this  portion  of  the  state,  requiring  a 
separate  organization.  The  whole  number  of  cattle 
in  Colorado  in  the  spring  of  1884  was  given  at  1,005,- 
000."  The  number  of  sheep  in  the  state,  in  May  of 
that  year,  was  put  down  at  1,497,000.  Shepherding 
has  made  rapid  advancement  since  1871,  about  whieh 
time  sheep  began  to  be  imported  in  considerable  nuni- 

*  Joseph  L.  Bailey  was  an  active  org.\nizer  of  the  Colorado  Cattlc-gnmors' 
association,  with  Itu.ulquarters  at  Denver,  and  for  two  years  its  prcsidtiit. 
He  was  from  Pa,  and  arrived  at  Clierry  creek  in  June  1859.  He  made  sdino 
money  working  for  the  Pike's  Peak  Express  co.,  with  which,  and  witli  irtilit, 
he  started  in  a  meat  market,  clearing,  with  his  partner,  over  $i.SO,()0(l  in  IS 
months.  There  being  no  hanks  in  the  country,  the  money  was  dcpo.sitid  in 
the  earth  under  their  shop,  and  was  st(den  by  their  book-keeper,  Ifjiving 
them  bankrupt.  Bailey  then  took  ofKces  under  the  Denver  city  goveriiincnt 
as  street  commissioner  and  marshal;  and  was  deputy  i>rovo8t-niarslial  uinler 
Wanless,  and  deputy  U.  S.  marshal  under  A.  C.  Hunt.  He  was  also  in  tin- 
secret  service  of  the  treasury  department,  to  hunt  out  the  countcrfiitiis 
which  infested  the  territory  for  a  time.  He  was  deputy  sheriff  undiT  S(.]iris. 
Kent,  Wilson,  and  Cook  for  a  number  of  years,  and  was  twice  dicism  a 
member  of  the  city  council.  The  tire  department  of  Denver  owes  nmcli  to 
hia  exertions  during  two  years  while  he  was  chief.  He  organized  tiie  Kiic 
men's  Officers'  association,  to  consult  ui>on  matters  pertaining  to  the  dciiart- 
ment.  In  1865  he  established  Bull's  Head  corral,  the  rendezvous  of  the 
leading  stock  men  of  the  western  states. 

'•'ilie  pres.  of  the  northern  association  in  1883  was  Jacob Scherrer; vice- 
pres.,  J.  F.  Brown;  sec,  L.  R.  Tucker;  trcas.,  J.  A.  Cooper;  ex.  coniniitti'i', 
R.  G.  Webster,  W.  H.  H.  Cranmer,  Joseph  W.  Bowles,  H.  H.  Metcalf,  ,1. 
W.  Snyder;  state  inspection  commissioners,  J.  W.  Prowers  of  Bent  co.,  J.  h. 
Brush  of  Weld,  Nelson  Hallock  of  Lake,  T^.  R.  Tucker  of  Elbert,  and  (iturgc 
W.  Thompson,  Jr,  of  La  Plata.  Colo  Sfort  Lawx,  3,  a  compilation  a(.'C(iiding 
to  act  of  the  legislative  assembly  of  1883  of  all  the  acts  relating  to  stuck,  is 
a  good  authority  on  8to<:k  matters. 

''  Life  on  a  Pnnrh,  by  R.  Aldridge,  contains  an  account  of  cattle-raising 
in  Colorado,  Kansas,  and  Texas.  Hall's  Annual  Rej)t  Chamh.  Com.  contains 
statistics,  133-6.  E.  P.  Tenney's  Colo,  ami  Homes  in  the  New  Wed,  Hi  I'*, 
gives  a  condensed  acconnt  of  the  grazing  interest;  also  Hayden,  Vrmt  W'«t, 
1.34-8,  and  Tlie.  Graziwj  IntereM  and  the  Beef  Sujrply,  by  A.  T.  Babbitt,  MS., 
11,  a  dictation  from  the  manager  of  the  Standard  Cattle  company  of  \\y- 
oming. 

»'^  Helena  Independent,  Aug.  14,  1879. 

**  These  figures  are  taken  from  a  list  of  county  productions  in  Dfim}<liiy 
America,  May  4,  1884,  p.  26;  hut  a  circular  on  Lm'-ntoek  Movement,  issmd  in 
1884,  by  Wood  brothers  of  Chicago  places  the  production  of  Coloraiio  at 
991,700  cattle,  uid  1,260,000  sheep. 


SHEEP  AND  HORSES. 


647 


bers.  There  was  at  first  active  hostility  between  the 
«)\vm;rs  of  neat  cattle  and  the  sheep  graziers,  because 
tlic  ])astures  overrun  by  sheep  were  practically  de- 
stroyed for  cattle.  In  the  autumn  of  1873  the  own- 
ers of  flocks  in  Huerfano  county  complained  to  the 
governor  that  parties  liad  been  attacked  and  killed, 
or  their  animals  scattered,  with  the  avowed  purpose 
of  drivinjj  this  kind  of  stock  out  of  the  country.  But 
tlic  legislature  interposed  with  laws  for  the  protection 
of  all  stock-owners  equally,  and  sheep  raising  is  now 
the  third  industry  in  the  state,  if  it  is  separated  from 
cattle  raising  on  one  side,  and  agriculture  on  the 
other.  One-year-old  lambs  average  four  pounds, 
ewes  five  or  six,  and  rams  twelve  to  fifteen  pounds  of 
wool.  The  yearly  clip  exceeds  7,000,000  pounds, 
having  a  value  of  $1,500,000.  The  flocks  consist 
iiiaiiiiv  of  Mexican  sheep,  improved  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  thorouglibred  Merino  rams.  Money  invested 
ill  sheep  by  care  and  good  fortune  could  be  doubled 
in  three  years ;  but  as  snow  storms  and  late,  cold, 
spring  rains  have  more  power  to  harm  sheep  than 
other  stock,  some  allowance  is  made,  in  calculating 
profits,  for  these  contingencies.**  Alfalfa  ,as  it  was 
found  to  be  superior  feed  for  sheep,  as  well  as  all  kinds 
of  stock,  bcijan  to  be  cultivated  in  the  aijricultural 
counties  with  success,  although  it  was  found  difficult 
of  introduction  without  irrigation.  Horses  were 
longer  in  becoming  so  much  objects  of  the  stockmen's 
care  as  in  Nevada  and  IVIontana,  n^quiring,  as  they 
do,  more  attention  tlian  cattle,  besides  being  more 
expensive.  In  th>o  whole  state  there  were  in  1886 
ahi>nt  100,000  hci\..<i  and  mules,  and  25,000  other 
kinds  of  stock,  comprising  swine,  and  cashmere, 
anjjora,  and  common  goats. 

"l'iil)or,  Coh  (M  an  AijrimltHnil  Stole,  193-201;  Ifarpcr'n  Itftuf.,  193-210, 
•liiii.  IHSO;  Denver  Rork-y  MonnUuti  NeiM,  Nov.  29,  1870;  Colortulo  Comlfmi<l, 
\1;  Dnmr  Tiihune,  Oct.  10,  1884;  PmrftiiiwiM  Ixt  Nut.  Conv.  CtUtle-men,  12- 
l>l;  Tiiith  Census,  vol.  3,  144;  Ounnison  Sun,  ilau.  5,  1S84. 


I  ir 


I  i 


i 


i  M 


I  ! 


CHAPTER  XI. 

DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 

1859-1886. 

SunvEY — Denver  Lands — Municipal  Oroamzation— The  QrEsnos  cr 
Capital — Post-office  and  Assay  Office — Railways— Tei.kuuapiis  - 
STREETRAiLWAYH—PiKLicBuiLitiNtis— Schools  and  CiruHciiKs—Srvi.K 
OF  Akchitectire— Water  System  am>  Drainacje — Manifai  rtitKs 
Smelters — Chamber  of  Commerce— Exposition  (Jrounus  am>  Bi  ilo- 
INGS- Banking — Society  and  Culture — Biouraphy. 

Considering  the  resources  of  the  state  to  he  first 
miniiio:.  second  stock-raisinor  and  third  aiiriculturo.  a 
brief  history  of  each  of  the  counties  will  afford  an 
opportunity  to  speak  of  manufactures  where  tiny 
occur,  and  of  mineral  resources  not  yet  noted. 

Arapahoe,  first  alphabetically,  as  well  as  in  point 
o^  time,  had  an  irregular  existence  before  the  or''aiii- 
zation  of  the  territory  of  Colorado,  as  the  ri'ader  will 
remember.  In  1861  its  boundaries  were  defined  liy 
survey,  its  area  being  4,8G0  scjuare  miles  in  the  fi)rui 
of  a  parallelogram.  The  first  gold  discover}'  was 
made  in  the  western  end  of  the  country,  but  tluse 
placers  were  soon  exhausted  and  no  new  ones  discov- 
ered. The  county  was  treeless  and  arid  exvpt 
immediately  upon  the  streams,  of  which  it  had  a  ;jo»)d 
number,  and  its  prospects  in  1866,  viewed  from  almost 
any  standpoint,  were  not  flattering.  Two  things  Iiavo 
redeemed  Arapahoe  from  ]iovertv,  first  the  prosj>i'rity 
of  Denver  as  the  metropolis,  and  later  the  re<leiii|ttioti 
of  its  arid  lands  by  irrigation,  of  which  I  have  ahoiidy 
spoken  The  value  of  its  live  stock  in  1884  was  81.- 
540,000.     Of  its  agricultural  productions  hi  thu  i)ast 

(548) 


PRCXIRESS  OF  THE  CITY. 


549 


there  is  no  record,  but  that  there  will  be  none  in  the 
future  the  increasing  area  of  irrigated  land  renders 
improbable. 

Denver,  the  county  seat,  has  had  its  beginnings 
narrated.  It  was  incorporated  first  by  the  provisional 
looislature,  and  organized  a  city  government  Decem- 
ber I'J,  1851),  by  the  election  of  John  C.  Moore, 
mayor.  The  government  was  not,  however,  strong 
ciii)Utj;h  to  prevent  a  conflict  of  lot  owners  and  lot 
jum]>ers  the  following  summer,  which  had  nearly  ter- 
miuated  in  bloodshed,  the  secretary  of  the  town  com- 
pany, Whitsitt,  and  others  narrowly  escaping  being 
shot  by  the  irate  squatters.  A  committee  of  citizens 
maintained  order  until  congress,  in  May  1804,  passed 
an  aet  for  their  relief,  by  extending  to  Denver  the 
operation  of  the  act  of  May  23,  1844,  and  authorizing 
the  probate  judge  of  Arapahoe  county  to  enter  at  the 
miniiimm  price,  in  trust  for  the  righful  occupants 
according  to  their  respective  interests,  section  33,  and 
the  west  half  of  section  34,  in  township  3,  south  of 
raniife  G8,  west  of  the  6th  principal  meridian,  reserv- 
ing only  such  blocks  and  lots  for  government  purposes 
as  the  commissi(Mier  of  the  general  land  office  slumld 
(iosjonatc.'  Thus  was  the  question  of  titles  settled. 
In  the  meantime  there  had  been  a  change  of  govern- 
ment, and  Denver  was  re-incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  tlie  first  territorial  legislature,  November  7,  1861. 
The  first  mayor  was  Charles  A.  Cook,  the  first  board 
of  alderman  H.  J.  Brendlino;er,  John  A.  Nve,  L. 
Mayer,  W  W.  Barlow,  J.  E.  Vawtcr,  and  L.  Buttrick, 
P.  V.  Wilcox  was  police  magistrate,  W.  M.  Keith 
city  marshal,  J.  Bright  Smith  city  clerk  and  attor- 
ney, E.  D.  Boyd  city  surveyor,  George  W.  Brown 
tnasurer  and  collector.''  D.  D.  Palmer  street  com- 
missioner, and  George  E.  Thornton  chief  of  police.' 


^Conif.  Glohe,  1863-4,  app.  168:  U.  S.  Jfw.^.  iitid  Doc.,  1856-66,  251-2. 
-Brown  resigned  in  Dec,  and  Joseph  B.  Cans  was  elected. 
^  Tlir  Chitrtcr  and  OnliminreH  of  tlif  City  of  Dn\wr,  with  amendments  from 
1S61  to  1875,  compiled  by  Alfred  C  I'iielps,  I)enver,  1878,  cuntains  the  namua 


S50 


DENVER  AND  AKAl'AHOE  COUNTY. 


ill 


I 


The  city  authorities  had  for  a  few  years  the  same 
trouble  with  the  outlaw  class  which  every  border  ttiwii 
of  any  magnitude  has  had,  in  which  the  ordinarv 
course  of  justice  was  sometimes  accelerated  by  tliV 
viijilants  of  society.  It  suffered  by  flood  and  fire,  as 
I  have  before  mentioned*  in  its  early  history. 


Plan  of  Denver,  1862. 


It  was  a  question  with  the  early  settlers  of  Colo- 
rado whether  Denver  or  Canon  City  should  be  the 
metropolis  of  the  country.  All  depended  upon  the 
route  taken  by  the  principal  part  of  the  imniigiation 

of  the  several  boards  of  city  officers  during  that  period,  for  which  1  hinf  imt 
room.  The  town  site  of  Denver  ahsorlied  Auraria,  and  touched  upon  tlir  site 
of  Highland,  later  North  Denver. 

*The  tire  broke  out  April  19,  1803,  between  2  and  3  o'clock  in  the  ninrn- 
ing.  In  spite  of  great  exertions,  the  business  portion  of  the  city  was  alin"<t 
entirely  destroyed  in  a  few  hours.  Many  who  lost  everything  at  tii:it  tiiin' 
were  later  among  the  solid  men  of  Denver;  but  many  more  never  reiMvcrt'd 
from  the  disaster. 


ROADS  AND  RAILIiOADS. 


C51 


anil  freight.  In  1859-60  the  Platte  and  Arkansas 
routes  divided  the  travel.  Denver  was  south  of  the 
tiavilU'd  route  to  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California,  and 
was  su})i)08ed  by  its  rival  to  be  almost  hopelessly  iso- 
lated. But  fortune,  in  collusion  with  the  stage  com- 
pany, settled  that  matter.  The  Pike's  peak  company 
Iia\  ill*;  removed  its  line  from  tlie  Smoky  Hill  fork  of 
Kansas  rivor,  which  line  terminated  at  Denver  by  the 
route  since  followed  by  the  Kansas  Pacific  railway  to 
the  J'liitte  route,  was  itself  no  longer  on  the  nmin 
lint\  but  was  forced  to  accept  a  branch  from  Jules- 
Itursj;,  where  the  overland  mail  crossed  the  north  side 
of  the  Platte.  The  distance  saved  in  the  length  of 
the  line  to  San  Francisco  by  adopting  tlie  northern 
route  was  600  miles.  The  men  of  Denver  used  their 
iiithu'Mce  to  procure  a  survey  of  a  direct  route  from 
their  city  to  Salt  Lake,  and  in  1861  E.  L.  Berthoud 
was  employed  by  W,  H.  Russell  and  Ben  Holhiday, 
interested  in  transportation,  to  examine  the  country 
west  of  Denver  for  such  a  route.  The  survey  demon- 
strated that  a  road  could  be  laid  down  White  river 
and  other  streams  which  would  shorten  the  distance 
from  the  Missouri  to  the  Pacific  250  miles.  But  the 
Phitte  or  old  immigrant  route  continued  to  be  used 
until  the  railroad  era  succeeded  to  stage  lines,  and 
Denver,  although  left  aside,  was  still  nearer  to  the 
trans-continental  artery  than  any  other  town  in  Colo- 
rath),  and  with  that  advantage  had  to  be  content.* 

Denver  next  secured  the  mint,  which  although  not 
a  mint,  but  only  a  United  States  assayhig  office,  was 

'Till!  first  postmaster  of  Aurariawas  Henry  Allen,  appointed  in  the  spring 
iif  1N.")!»,  at  which  time  there  was  no  mail  route  created,  and  none  was  estali- 
lishiil  lieforo  tlie  autumn  of  18G0.  Allen  soon  resigned,  and  Park  V.'.  Mc- 
I'liiri'  was  appointed,  tiie  first  who  had  any  ottiee.  When  the  war  hegan  he 
ji>iia'ii  the  confederacy,  and  Samuel  S.  Curtii^  was  appointed;  hut  he  also  left 
till'  jilaoeto  take  a  commission  in  the  federal  army.  His  deputy  acted  aspost- 
ma<t(r  until  the  spring  of  18fi4,  when  W^illiam  N.  Byers  was  aj)pointed,  who 
lii'M  the  office  2J  years  before  resigning.  Tliis  covers  the  pioneer  period. 
Byers  was  appointed  again  in  1879.  Previous  to  the  U.  S.  apiiointnients  the 
Ct'iitr.!!  Overland  California  and  Pike's  Peak  Express  company,  which  was 
the  Leavenworth  and  Pike's  Peak  Kxpress  company  under  a  new  name,  had 
P'xtiiiaiters  of  its  own,  the  first  of  whom  was  Amoa  Steck.  Bytrs  Hist.  Coh, 
M.S.,  L>7-8. 


652 


DENVER  AND  AllAFAHUE  COUNTY. 


a  power,  besides  being  a  temptation,  the  first  ciiiIm-/. 
zlouient  of  iu)|X)rtance  occurring  in  Denver  IkIh^ 
perpetrated  by  the  pay  clerk,  who  absconded  witli 
$37,000,  most  of  which  was  recovered,  tt)gether  witli 
the  thief.  Defalcations  hatl  n«it  been  frequi^nt  in 
the  history  of  Coloratlo,  and  this  one  stirred  pro- 
foundly the  moral  sense  of  its  people.  Denver  also 
succeeded  in  retaining  the  capital,  as  has  been  before 
stated,  against  several  attem[>ts  to  locate  it  elsewhere. 
But  it  has  been  to  the  energy  with  which  the  puMic- 
spirited  men  of  Denver  have  labored  for  the  conct  ii- 
tration  of  radroads  at  this  point  that  the  contiiiutd 
ascendency  of  this  city  has  been  duo.  Originally, 
and  when  Berthoud  surveyed  the  mall  route  to  Salt 
Lake,  it  was  expected  that  the  central  line  of  Pacific 
railroad  would  come  to  Dei  ver;  but  its  engineers 
finding  a  more  feasible  route  north,  finally  passed  just 
within  the  line  of  the  territory,  injuring  rather  than 
benefitting  it.  This  hispired  the  friends  of  Colorado, 
and  particularly  the  leading  men  of  Denver,  with 
the  purpose  of  building  a  branch  road  to  the  Union 
Pacific  at  Cheyenne.  The  Kansas  Pacific  was  slowly 
making  its  way  westward,  and  was  likely  enough  at 
that  time  to  come  to  Pueblo,  the  most  formidalile 
rival  of  Denver.  Whether  to  build  a  road  towuid 
Cheyenne  or  Pueblo  was  for  a  time  a  moot  question.' 

*  Aa  early  as  18(51  a  railroad  called  the  Coloratlo  Central  was  projeotcil  to 
connect  (Joldcn  with  Denver,  and  to  l»e  extended  to  the  other  mining  towns, 
whidi  road  was  charteretl  in  18(55.  In  18(57  a  proposition  was  made  liy  tlu' 
Union  Paeitiu  to  assist  in  completing  a  hraueli  road  into  Colorado,  if  il:t' 
gnading  should  he  done  by  the  Coloradans.  The  first  meeting  to  consiili  r 
this  proposition,  and  of  building  the  Colorado  Central,  was  called  July  10, 
18(57,  at  Denver,  and  was  thinly  attended.  It  was  resolved,  however,  to  re- 
quest the  county  commissioners  to  order  an  election  for  the  piiri>ose  of  votiiij; 
on  the  projiosition  to  issue  bonds  for  $'J00,000  in  ai<l  of  the  branch  road,  ami 
such  an  election  was  ordered  for  the  (5th  of  August.  In  the  interim  it  !'<'• 
came  known  that  the  managers  of  the  Colorado  Central  were  working  in  the 
interest  of  (lolden  as  the  future  capital,  and  designed  taking  the  road  on  the 
north  and  west  side  of  the  Platte  instea<1  of  first  to  Denver,  a  movement  in 
which  they  were  supported  by  the  mountain  towns.  On  this  discovery  the 
commissioners  of  Arapahoe  county  so  changed  the  order  of  election  as  to  make 
the  issue  of  bonds  dependent  upon  the  road  being  constructed  on  the  east  siile 
of  the  Platte.  The  vote  on  this  proposition  stood  1,1(50  for  to  1.57  apainst. 
But  the  Colorado  Central  company  m  Se])tember  declined  the  conditional 
bunds.   lu  November  a  director  uf  the  Kansas  Pacific  company,  James  Archer, 


HAILIIOADS. 


«l 


ins'fi Mi;^'*  "^iw  iti-«'«i  »•»•'»   »'••    ".«   .»w«w.    %.«j    « 

'rii';;iaiili  oitiiiiaiiy  win  (ugimizetl,  with  a  ca 
li.arl  of   iliriH'torM.      Tlio  otlicurs  oleott'd  i)i 


Whil(>  tlio  claiins  of  Colormlo  were  reeeivinj;  hut 
siiiiit  recoy;iiitit>ii  t'roiii  tlio  truiisoontiiiental  line,  (ieii- 

visiti.l  Iii'iivur,  anil  inaiU)  it  known  that  only hy  the  contriliutii>uof  ^.MNJU.UIO 
III  I  Hiuitv  liiiDil.s  ciiiilil  the  l)iiihliii(;  of  thv  KaiiHO-s  I'aoitic  to  that  |hiiiit  U-  hc- 
t'ui'>.''l  As  this  proposal  was  not  to  hu  entorUuneil,  it  wa^t  ik-UTiiiinol  t4i 
nuke  aiiiitliur  utl'ort  to  Muouru  i-onnuction  witli  tliu  Union  I'ai'ilii'.  aii<l  t<>  tacih- 
tut'  iK'K'otialion!*  a  lioani  of  tratlu  wiw  organixetl  on  thv  l.tth  ot  NovciiiIht. 
On  the  tcilliiwinij  day  (ioorgu  Franuiti  Train  a<lilru.<t.t<;<l  the  iNiar-l.  ami  Ktrp.i 
M,n'  tikiii  to  organize  a  railroad  company.  On  the  ITtli  ;ui'l  l«»ih  otlur 
niK'tiii;^-!  uero  held,  and  on  the  latter  day  the  Denver  I'aiiti.   K.iilu.-iy  and 

capital  stoik  uf  «('.'.IIUII.IHM>.  and  a 
on  the  null  Were  15.  M.  Ilught-i, 
iin-i.l.iit;  Liitlier  Kmuitzo,  vice-president;  D.  H.  Motlat.  Jr.  tiva^unr:  W. 
T.  .Iiilmson,  Keenitary;  F.  .NI.  Case,  eliief  engineer;  John  I'lert.-.  ouisulting 
I'mjiiioiT.  In  tliroo  days  iti;MM),(HK)  hail  heeii  Miil>.-»eril»ed,  anil  an  attemjit  wan 
iimIi'  to  iiidiiou  tho  Colorado  Central  to  accept  the  county  IhumIs  and  join 
fiiri'i's  I'tit  witlioiit  snocess.  In  DeceinUer  tlio  comity  coiiiiiii:t.<i<>iierK  iitsued  a 
dll  I'T  another  .special  election  in  Jan.  I.SIW,  to  vote  npnn  tin-  pr<>|Hi<.itiiiii  to 
i^.ilu•  s.'iiM),OI)0  ill  bonds  to  aid  tho  railroatl.s,  for  which  thr  county  «.xs  to  re- 
aivc  tlie  same  aiiioiiiit  in  stock.  Tho  vote  stooii  l.'.'.V.I  m  lavor  of  to  47 
aiiiiHt  tho  issno  of  the  honds,  and  soon  after  an  arr.iiiKeii»-nt  wa.-«  ei.tered 
iii:<i  ulth  tlio  Union  I'acilic  liy  which  that  conipany  a^^reed  to  <-oiiiplete  the 
r.ii  I  ulii'iiever  it  shoiil.l  iio  ready  for  the  rails.  A  hill  was  iutr<~luivil  in  coii- 
f,r>:-ii  firly  in  tho  session  of  I8*>7  8  for  tlio  usual  laml  grant  to  the  IVnver 
I'ai'iti  ■;  hut  lieforo  any  action  was  taken,  the  Kansas  racitic  ri«a«l  ajjreetl  tti 
triii-l'cr  its  hind  grant  lietween  Cheyeniio  and  henver  to  the  l»en\«r  I'acilic, 
ail  I  till-  liill  was  ainoiided  to  grunt  a  siiltsidy  in  honds  to  the  latter  <-<impaiiy, 
aii'l  m  this  form  was  passed  in  the  senate  J nly  ijo,  liSlW.  Nothing  iii<>re  iiiiid- 
\n<i  iliaii  a  verl)al  agreement  had  been  jKissed  between  the  L'nion  aii'l  lleiiver 
I'loilic  com[ianies,  when  in  March  l8(>8(Jov.  Evans  and  .">urveyi>r  gen.  I'ierce, 
r.'|irc<riiting  the  latter,  met  tho  directors  of  the  Union  Pacific  i-«-  us  New  \'ork 
au  1  reduced  to  writing  tho  terms  tinally  agreed  nnoii,  whi<-h  were,  on  the 
|)irtoftlio  Denver  company,  that  the  road  should  Ih?  grailcd  and  the  ties 
ill. I:  that  tho  Dor.vor  Central  and  (!corgetowi<  Hailroail  coiiii»any  -hould  lie 
<ir_'uii/i-il;  and  that  apiilication  should  bo  made  for  a  grant  ol  land  to  the 
l»cii\cr  I'acitic  road.  A  line  having  been  ilecide<l  u|H>n,  work  was  com- 
iiuiiccil  May  18,  I8ti8,  in  the  presence  of  a  concourse  of  |H'ople.  .At  the  end 
of  three  months  tho  grailing  had  been  completed  to  Kvans.  half  the  distance, 
ami  ill  the  autumn  the  r(Ni*l-bod  was  completed  to  Cheyenne.  But  .«>  far 
till'  Union  I'aeitiu  uompany  made  no  movement  toward  completing  any  part 
of  till'  road,  and,  indeed,  the  subsidy  bill  which  had  passed  the  .senate  had 
fiili'il  ill  the  lower  h(m.so  of  congress,  all  of  which  delayed  progress.  On  the 
.'t.|  of  March,  18()!),  however,  another  bill  embodying  the  iiii|iortant  features 
of  tin;  former  one  was  passed,  and  liecame  a  law.  The  grading  and  ties  Ih-- 
ini;  ready,  the  Union  I'acitic  was  called  u))on  to  fiillil  its  contract,  which  it 
iliil  not  do,  owing  to  Hnancial  embarrassment.  AlMUit  this  time,  the  presi- 
(li-nt  of  the  Denver  Pacific  having  died,  Kvana  was  electeil  to  till  that  |»<>si- 
t.iiii,  and  he  proposeil  to  tho  Union  Pacitic  to  sell  the  iron  to  tho  Denver 
i'.iiilic,  which  would  complete  its  own  road.  The  former  contract  was 
ciikuUed,  and  an  arrangement  entered  into  with  the  Kansas  Pa<-iti>-  wliich 
took  a  certain  amnunt  of  the  stock  of  the  Denver  Pacitic.  and  pri>ceed«-<l  with 
till' coiiipletitm  of  the  road,  which  was  openetl  to  Denver  June  •_"_'.  \s~U,  tlie 
(a'.irnctown  minors  contributing  tho  silver  spike  which  wa-s  nse<l  at  the  in- 
auguration ceremonies,  when,  al.so,  the  corner-stone  of  the  deftot  at  Dt-nver 
wa<  laid,  with  imposing  rites,  masonic  and  civic.  Tlins.  after  thrw  yearn  of 
unintcrmittod  etTort,  Denver  established  itself  as  the  initial  railroad  i>oint  in 
Colorado.  In  Atigust  of  the  same  year  the  Kansas  Pai;itic  reacheil  Denver. 
ThuDeuvcr  Pauiiiu  waaaotfor  tlm  tirat  ten  yeantiiiiuuuaUy  nsuiuuentive, 


ilH'  iS 


<  ,P' 


SM 


DENVKU  AND  AIlArAHOK  COUNTY. 


oral  William  J.  Paliiior,  who,  whilo  helpinjjf  to  lnuld 
tlio  KaiiisaB  Pacific,  hud  vainly. luboied  tor  its  cxUu- 
sion  westward  by  way  of  the  j^rand  canon  of  tlir  Ai 
kansas,  conceived  the  idea  of  a  raiUvav  which,  ruiininr 
Bouthward  from  Denver  alont;  the  base  of  the  uiduu- 
tains,  should  penetrate  them  by  branches  thioiiHli 
each  availal)Io  canon  and  pass,  and  render  tribiituiv 
the  mineral  wealth  which  they  containe«l.  It  was 
due  no  less  to  his  foresight  in  the  conception  of  this 
enterprise  than  to  the  ability  and  enerj^y  whi<li  Im 
brought  to  bear  on  its  execution,  that  the  Dciivir 
and  llio  (Jrande  railway  became  the  greatest  factor 
in  the  develo[unent  of  Colorado,  and  in  many  respLits 
the  mo!4t  notable  of  North  American  railroads.  Froin 
1871,  when  constructit)n  began,  to  1878,  X\7  miles  (4' 
road  were  built,  connecting  Denver  with  Canon  City 
and  the  adjacent  coal-fields,  with  the  extensive  beds 
of  coking  coal  at  El  Moro,  and  with  the  town  of  Ala 
mosa  on  the  llio  Grande  del  Nt)rte,  to  reach  which 
point  was  made  the  then  famous  crossing  of  the 
Sangre  de  Cristo  range  at  Veta  pass.  In  the  iattir 
year  began  the  great  struggle  with  the  Atchison, 
Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  for  the  possession  of  tho 
grand  cafion  of  the  Arkansas,  a  detailed  account  of 
which  is  elsewhere  jjfivcn.  Emerging  victorious  ftoiii 
this  confiict  in  1880,  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  en- 
tered upon  a  career  of  great  prosperity,  building  dur- 
ing the  next  three  years  i)80  miles  of  mountain  road/ 

first  because  it  couM  not  be  wbile  it  hatl  no  feeders  from  the  mininj?  towns, 
ami  secondly  beciiuse  in  1877  the  Union  Pacific  comijaiiy,  failing  to  uc*  toil- 
trul  of  it,  constructed  a  parallel  roa<l  running  to  (ioldun,  and  iibsorliiiii^  tlio 
Colorado  Central,  which  had  completed  its  road  to  Denver,  and  uxtfinliil  td 
(Jeorgetown,  with  branches  to  Black  Hawk  and  several  other  miniii!.'  towii.f. 
This  company  also,  in  1881,  completed  a  cut  ofT  from  J  desburg  to  Evans  on 
the  Denver  Pacific,  which  BrSHcquently  came  under  its  control. 

'  The  achievements  of  tl  >  Denver  and  Rio  Orande  railway  in  mmintaiii 
climbini,'  and  caflon  threading  entitle  it  to  its  appellation  of  the  '  scenif  lino  nf 
the  world.'  Five  times  it  c-  sea  the  main  ranges  of  the  Rockv  moiint.iins, 
and  at  the  following  elevati  \  above  the  sea:  Veta  pass,  ^SOti;  Ciiiiilins, 
jy>l]'^!  Tennessee  pass,  10.4  ;  Marshall  pass,  10.852;  and  FrenioTit  jpass, 
1  l,.i28  feet.  To  gam  these  he  its  a  grade  of  over  200  feet  was  ncc'(!ss:irv  for 
about  100  miles  of  the  route.  jonmey  over  these  passes  abounds  in  tlirlll- 
ing  interest,  while  the  views  n  y  challenge  comparison  with  *ho  mont  iiotcil 
01  Alpine  prospects.     Two  of    'le  grandest  of  Rocky  mountain  cafloiis,  the 


THE  DKN'VKU  AND  UIO  <iUANDK. 


68S 


to  i.uild 
,  rumilii^ 

10   iMDllll- 
tlll<HI;^ll 

tril»utuiv 

It  was 

n  of  this 

vliich  111! 

Di'iivn* 
at  factor 
■  resj)t'C'ts 
i.    Front. 

mill's  of 
noil  City 
sivu  bi'ils 
i\  of  Alu- 
ch  vliii'h 

^     of    till' 

he  liittrr 
V-tcliisoll, 
of  thr 
count  of 
Dus  from 
ancle  cn- 
injf  tlar- 
in  road/ 

|ning  towns, 

to  .m;^  coll- 

jtsorliiiii,'  the 

JXtl'llilfil  t(l 

kiiiiH  tiiwiis, 
[o  Evans  on 

mountain 
fcenic  lino  of 
linoiintnins, 
Cniiilircfl, 
iioiit  pass, 
Iccssni'V  fur 
lis  ill  thrill- 
nost  noti'il 
la&oiiii,  the 


A  t('1(>|jrrnpli  lino  wuh  oHtiiMisliotl  from  Onmlia  to 
Jul(  sliiir*,',  on  its  wuy  across  tho  continent,  in  18()1, 

uritnil  canon  of  tho  ArkiiiiiuM  ami  tlio  liliurk  unAon  of  tlic  iruuiiiitoii,  to^otlicr 
v'lth  a  si'iiro  of  luMHur  oiM'M,  are  travurnol  l>y  tliiH  woii<l«rliil  roiul.  An  itlt^a 
(if  Its  ^ri'.'it  gi'iiurnl  liuiglit  altove  the  iiea  may  Ihi  ((aiiiuil  lioiiitlui  fut-t  tliat 
aliiiiil  KM)  iiiilun,  or  (iiiu  foiirtli  of  it«i  uiitiru  luiigtii,  lie  \%lioll>  aixtvu  8,(HM) 
fri't  I'Icvatioii.  Ill  IH8.'i,  <>uit.  Paliiier  rtmixiivil  tliu  prfiiiileiK'y,  ami  wan  hiiu- 
I'l'i'ilni  liy  Fruil.  W.  Lovujoy.  Varioux  truubluii,  |ii'iiiui|Hilly  i'oiii|ili('iitioiiH 
witli  till'  iK'iivdr  ami  Rio O ramie  WoHtvrn  railway  ami  tlit^  ('olonulo  Coal  ami 
Iron  ('>iiii|iaiiii's,  ciiliiiiiiatuil  ill  a  receiverNlii|<  in  July  ism,  W.  S.  .larkMoii 
iH'iiii;  apiioiiituil  recuivur.  Keory^anizatinn  wan  oSccteil  in  INH4i,  witli  <liii-kHoii 
iis  |in'Milfiit.  Among  other  railwayH  dirnctly  trilmtary  to  iH^iivrr  I  may 
nii'iiiinii  tlio  PonN'ur,  South  Park,  and  Piu;itio,  which  lia<l  itM  orgaiii/atioii  in 
pi'iivi'i',  withOov.  John  KvanHat  itti  hi^ail.  ItHtartud  up  I'latto  oafton,  aii<l  in 
IHT'.l  Ml  liatl  a  raco  for  livailvilli;  with  thu  D.  k  It.  <i-,  in  whii'li  it  wim  licati'ii, 
gaiiiiii;;  tracka^jo  privilcguM,  huwovur,  ovur  ita  rivala  lino  from  Uuuna  Viuuk 


,»*!'"%, 


^r:»«i**;*ili*«t,iiii/,L.i.vV/) 


^ 

11^ 


UVpta 

I  6,1)711  ft. 


Mai'  ok  tiik  Alignment  op  ti  k  Prnvkr  and  Uio  Grande  R.  R.  akound 

Dump  Mountain. 

to  till!  'Carbonate  Camp.'  It  was  soon  afterward  sold  to  the  Union  Pacific, 
iiiiil  I'.Ntttndtid  by  way  of  Alpine  pass  across  thu  snowy  ran^c  to  thu  (iuuiiison 
Country,  and  also  through  tho  ten-mile  region  to  Ixiadville.  It  comprises 
iiliont  'M)0  miles  of  road  with  steep  grades,  and  abounds  in  magnificent  scen- 
ery. Tiio  Uenver,  Utah,  and  Pacific  is  another  Denver  enterprise,  and  runs 
to  tlio  mouth  of  tlie  8t.  Vrain  caQon,  a  distance  of  44  miles.  Thu  Denver 
I'irdt!  railway  was  organized  November  IG,  I8*t((,  with  \V.  A.  H.  Lovclaml 
prusiili'iit.  The  design  was  to  surround  the  city,  ami  induce  Rettlcment  in 
tliu  environs,  making  it  conveuient  for  manufacturers  and  stockmeii  to  locate 
tlicir  factories  and  yards  njion  the  line.  Al)out  five  inilos  of  narrow-^auge 
roiiil  wore  constructed.  Of  railroads  outside  of  Colorado,  yet  connected 
with  the  interstate  lines,  the  first,  after  the  Kansas  Pacific,  to  extend  a  long 
arm  ti>  Denver,  was  the  Burlington  and  Colorado,  the  extension  of  the  Bur- 
lington and  Missouri  river,  itself  a  pa;'tof  the  great  Chicago,  Burlington,  and 
Uniiicy  sy.stem,  by  which  Den\'er  was  first  given  an  unbroken  connection  with 
•  'liiciiio.  The  Burlington  reached  Denver  May  28,  1882.  The  Atchison, 
Topi'ka,  and  Santa  Fe  had  previously  been  built  to  Pueblo,  from  which 
point  it  reached  Denver  over  the  rails  of  the  D.  &  R.  O.  At  La  Junta  its 
nmin  California  line  diverged  southward,  and  passing  Trinidad  climbed 
Raton  pass  on  tho  southern  border  of  the  state. 


f    t,|, 


U 


)  t 


556 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 


b.'4 


I  i 


by  the  Pacific  corapany,  the  contractors  being  Cliarlos 
M.  Stebbins  and  Edward  Creififhton.     A  proposition 

William  A.  H.  Loveland,  a  native  of  Maas.,  has  been  called  the  foundpr 
of  the  niountaiu  system  of  railroads.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  ami 
was  wounded  at  C'hapultepec.  Was  in  Cal.  3  years,  and  finally  caiiu:  tn 
Colorado  and  settled  ia  Golden.  He  obtained  the  right  of  way  u])  Cluar 
Creek  cuilon  for  a  wagon  road,  which  he  built,  and  which  became  the  ficrm  df 
the  railroad.  He  was  also  interested  in  neW8pa])ers,  having  purchased  tlio 
liorhj  Mnuiitain  News  of  its  original  owners  in  1878,  and  was  afterward  in- 
terested in  tiio  management  of  the  Leadville  Democrat. 


(J  LARAMIE 


Railroads  of  Colorado. 


Isaac  W.  Chatfield  was  a  contractor  on  the  Denver  and  Soutli  Park, 
buihling  the  principal  portion  between  Denver  and  Littleton.  He  owikmI 
720  acres  in  the  Platte  valley,  near  Littleton,  and  also  engaged  in  scllniJ! 
groceries  at  licadville  in  1879.     He  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Uii. 


TELEGRAPa  LINES. 


557 


was  made  to  the  citizens  of  Denver  to  construct  a 
l)raiirh  to  that  place  on  certain  conditions,  which  were 
rcjc'f'tod.  An  agency  was  then  estabUshed  for  for- 
ward inyj  messages  to  Julesburg,  a  distance  of  200 
juiles,  by  the  daily  coach,  from  which  point  they  were 
forwardtid  by  telegraph,  and  answers  received  in  the 
saiiK^  manner.  This  arrangement  lasted  for  two  years, 
tlio  business  being  so  important  that  in  the  spring  of 
18G3  Crcighton  made  another  proposition,  which  was 
accepted,  and  a  branch  to  Denver  completed  October 
1st.  A  branch  line  to  Central  was  soon  put  in  oper- 
ation. The  receipts  from  the  Denver  office,  B.  ¥. 
Woodward,  manager,  were  not  hifrequently  $.5,000  a 
iiioiitli,  and  the  first  year's  net  income  was  more  than 
twice  the  cost  of  tlie  line.  This  line  reached  Denver 
from  Julesburg  by  a  cut-off  to  Fort  Morgan  and  via 
Living  springs,  which  was  adopted  by  the  stage-line 
fioiii  tlie  Platte.  In  1865  the  Pacific  Telegraph 
com[»any  was  merged  in  the  Western  Union  company, 
w]ii(  Ii  extended  a  line  from  Denver  to  Salt  Lake,  via 
Fuit  Collins  and  Virginia  Dale,  abandonuig  the  old 
roiit(!  via  Laramie,  making  Denver  the  repeating  sta- 
tion f(»r  California  despatches.  In  18GG  the  United 
States  and  Mexico  Telegraph  company  was  organized, 
mainly  in  Denver,  the  directors  being  D.  H.  Moffat, 
II.  :\l.  Porter,  V.  Z.  Salomon,  W.  N.  Byers,  S.  H. 
Ellxrt,  and  B.  F.  Woodward.  Porter  was  president. 
Tlie  line  was  completed  to  Santa  Fe  in  1867,  but  the 
intention  to  continue  it  to  Mexico  was  frustrated  bv 

mile,  Kdkomo,  anil  Breckuuridge  railroaii,  and  contracted  for  the  ex;,ension 
of  tlif  Ivij^le  rivor  )>rancli  of  the  Kio  (iraude,  tlirough  Teiineiisbe  pass.  fSeo 
fuitln-T,  ljf(i<lrHle  Democrat,  Jan.  1,  1681. 

Kill-  raili'oad  matters  I  have  consulted  some  chapters  in  llixt.  Dviirer,  248- 
Cl;  //"//'.I  Aiinunl  Ifejfort,  Vhnmh.  Coin.,  1SH4,  13-1();  Desrrqitire  Aiiiirirn, 
May  ISS4,  '21;  Official  Railrotid  Uuiile  of  Volonulo:  Com/.  Ololie,  1871-2,  1400; 
iiivlrUlc  DcinocnU,  Dec.  31,  1881;  Bainelry't^  Life  ami  LaJmr  in  the  Far,  Far 
HVs/,  •.'-:{;  Denver  Trihune,  Dec.  12,  1879,  and  Nov.  18,  1880;  Ernnx"  Inter- 
f'T,  MS.,  7;  Colorado  Gazetteer,  1871,  11!)  'J^;  FailhfiiCs  Three  Visits  149; 
%jw'  Hist.  Clio,  M.S.,  22-6;  LeadriUi'  Chronide  A, nil:  Graff'it  Colo,  57-02, 
'ill  7,  7li  8;  Stnne'n  Lanil  Grants,  MS.,  0-7;  Elhert,  Piihlic  Men  ami  Measures, 
M''^.,  7;  Itrirklet)  and  Ifartioe.U'n  Southern  Colo,  01-7;  Firnt  Annual  Jfejit  Den- 
nr  /',!(■: lie  /{.  H.;  Jftn/den'n  Great  West,  101;  Denver  linchf  Mountain  Aewx, 
Miy  -JO  and  Dec.  10,  1808,  .Ian.  27,  1809.  and  Jan.  18,  21,  and  25,  June  22, 
ail  I  S,.[,t.  2.j,  1870;  Oenrer  Trilmne,  Nov.  28,  187!',  and  April  10  and  May 
H'J,  1881);  Report  State  Geoloijiot,  1881-2,  1-27. 


: 


■|  i:,„, 


.  i'  i 


658 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 


the  disorders  in  that  country.  A  contract  was  made 
with  the  Denver  Pacific  Railway  company  to  extend 
the  line  to  Cheyenne  the  same  year,  and  in  1870a 
controlling  interest  was  sold  to  the  Western  Union, 
of  which  Woodward  was  appointed  assistant  superin- 
tendent. This  company  soon  controlled  all  the  lines 
in  Colorado. 

The  first  street  railway  in  Denver  was  completed 
in  January  1872  by  a  company  incorporated  in  1807/ 
with  a  charter  for  thirty- five  years.  In  1871  a  Chi- 
cago company,  headed  by  L.  C.  Ellsworth,  purchased 
the  franchise  and  began  the  construction,  the  Cliauqia 
street  line  being  the  first  section  operated,  exteiidiiii; 
from  27th  and  Champa  to  the  station  of  the  Sciutii 
park  railroad  in  west  Denver,  a  distance  of  two  miles. 
In  1873  the  north  Denver  brancii  was  completed,  2| 
miles.  In  1874  the  Broadway  branch  was  completed, 
1^  on  16th  street  and  Broadway,  and  a  mile  between 
213d  street  and  Park  avenue.  In  1876  1^  miles  addi- 
tional were  opened  on  Larimer  street,  from  lOtli 
toward  the  fair-grounds. 

The  area  of  incorporated  Denver  is  13^  square 
miles,  but  with  its  several  additions  it  is  nearly 
twenty-one  square  miles.  Its  population  is  12r).<'i'<\ 
or  something  more,  and  it  publishes  over  twenty  jour- 
nals of  all  kinds.  It  has  500  miles  of  irriuatinjj; 
ditches  within  city  limits,  and  300,000  shade  tn  cs. 
Among  its  public  buildhigs  the  city-hall,  built  of 
stone,  cost  $190,000;  the  opera-house,  of  briek  and 
stone,  $850,000;  the  court-house,  of  stone,  $300,000. 
the  Union  Railway  station,  $450,000;  the  episcopal 
cathedral,  brick,  $100,000.  The  public  schools  of 
Denver  are  second  to  none  in  the  world.  As  a  i  ule, 
the  teachers  are  efficient,  and  in  the  boards  of  man- 
agement there  is  comparatively  little  of  the  ii;no- 
rance,  stupidity,  and  rascality  too  ofLen  found  in  such 

*The  incorporators  were  Amos  Steck  pres.,  D.  A.  Oheever,  sec..  Muses 
Hallett,  Wilson  Stinson,  David  J.  Martin,  Lewis  N.  Tappan,  Eihvinl  •'. 
tStroilo,  Robert  M.  Clark,  Alfred  H.  Miles,  Luther  Koiint/.e,  Fri'oiii.iii  H 
Crocker,  Cyrus  IL  McLaughlin,  J.  S.  Waters,  and  M.  M,  DeLaui.. 


EDUCATION. 


559 


bodies  during  these  latter  days  of  progress  and  high 
enliglitonraent.  Twenty-one  school-houses  cost ^700,- 
000,  not  one-half  of  which  amount  went  into  the 
pockets  of  aldermen,  school-directors,  or  contractors. 
A  course  in  the  high  school  fits  the  graduate  for  enter- 
ing a  college  or  university.*  Private  and  denomina- 
tional schools    find  liberal    support.     Of  the  latter 


'0.  J.  Goldrick  was  the  pioneer  of  education  in  Colorado,  opening  a 
scliiiol  ill  Denver  in  1859.  He  was  afterward  for  sevenal  years  city  editor  of 
tliu  Itni-kji  Mountain  Nt'w.%  canvasser,  and  correspondent.  From  Denver  lie 
went  to  Salt  Lake,  where  he  was  managing  editor  of  the  VitlMi:  The  Mor- 
111011 -i  not  liking  his  paper  gave  him  warning  to  leave,  and  he  returned  to  Den- 
ver ill  18(58,  where  he  published  a  paper  until  1882,  and  where  ho  died.  Bi/cru' 
dnitniwd  St(Ui;,  MS.,  18.  In  1802  private  schools  were  opened  by  Miss 
King  ami  Miss  Indiana  Hopris.  The  school  board  of  distno.  1,  of  Arapahoe 
C).,  was  organized  Oct.  23,  1862,  Amos  Steck  pres.;  Lewis  N.  Tappan  seer 
Joseph  B.  Cass  treas.  Oove,  EdiKnlion  in  Denver,  MS.,  1-6.  Goldrick  was 
cloeteil  .superintendent  of  schools  for  Arapahoe  co.  in  that  year,  and  organ- 
izeil  tlio  tir.st  public  school,  for  which  provision  had  Injen  made  by  tlie  legis- 
lature, 1)11  ground  in  the  rear  of  West  Lindell  hotel,  A.  11.  Brown  being  the 
prineipal.  He  had  two  assistants  and  140  pupils.  Previous  to  1871  the  school 
fiunl  was  applied  only  to  the  support  of  teachers  and  other  current  expenses; 
l)iit  ill  that  year  a  movement  was  made  to  acquire  school  property.  Amos 
Sieek  had,  in  1868,  presented  the  local  board  with  three  lots  on  Arapahoe 
s:ri!et.  In  1870-71,  5  more  lots  were  purchased  in  the  same  block,  for  which 
•S'},.")!)!)  was  paid.  In  1872  bonds  were  issued  for$75,000,  payable  lOjior  cent 
ill  5  years,  ami  10  per  cent  annually  thereafter,  bearing  interest  at  one  per  cent 
montlily.  In  this  year  the  Arapahoe  school  building  was  completed.  It  was 
liiiilt  of  brick  €and  stone,  three  stories  high,  containing  1 1  school-rooms  and  one 
classi'onin,  with  a  basement  fitted  up  for  tlie  residence  of  tlic  janitor,  the  wliole 
luiatod  with  hot-air  fiirnace-i,  and  well  ventilated  and  lighteil.  The  entire  cost 
was  S71).205.47.  In  \Slii-~-l  the  legislature  createil  the  city  of  Denver  a  special 
soliool  district.  Four  of  the  wards,  tiie  2d,  3d,  4th,  and  5th,  availed  tiicm- 
selves  of  the  privileges  of  the  act.  From  1872  to  187 1  the  Arapahoe  build- 
ing and  soma  rooms  in  the  methodist  academy  (discontinued)  served  for 
st'lio  >1  pnrposes;  but  it  was  found  necessary  then  to  erect  another  buihliug, 
which  was  placed  on  Stout  street,  and  cost  ^24,089.19,  containing  8  rooms. 
Previous  to  the  opening  of  this  school,  F.  C.  (tarltutt  had  been  superinteml- 
eiit,  with  a  corps  of  17  teachers.  He  was  succeeded  in  1874  by  Aaron(Jove, 
a  man  of  high  attainments  and  remarkable  educational  and  executive  ability, 
who  ('iiijiloycd  25  teachers,  and  who  established  the  9lh,  or  first  higli-.school 
grade,  to  which  108  pupils  were  admitted.  Tiirce  more  grailes  completed 
tlie  eoursc  in  the  high  scliool,  and  prepared  the  graduate  for  college.  The 
tir^t  class  graduated  in  1877.  H.  I.  Hale,  one  of  the  class,  passed  a  higlily 
erelitihlc  examination  on  entering  West  Point  as  a  cadet.  In  1875  the 
sehonis  had  again  become  so  crowded  that  relief  was  ol>taincd  by  renting, 
an  I  thi'  same  year  16  lots  were  pui'chasoil  on  Broadway,  on  which  the  tliinl 
larje  building  of  brick  and  stone  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $28,645.  But  so 
ra|iiil  was  tlio  increase  of  growth  in  the  population  of  Denver  about  this  time, 
that  in  1S76  it  became  necessary  to  rent  rooms  for  four  new  schools.  Addi- 
tion was  yearly  made  to  these  accommodations  until  1879,  when  10  lots  were 
|iuri'liasod  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city,  and  an  elegant  stone  building,  cost- 
in,'  ."<'JS,000  erected  thereon.  The  Broadway  sch(Mtl  was  also  enlarged,  and 
the  .Vrapahoc  schoid  relieved  by  renting;  the  uumberof  pupils  in  all  the  pub- 
lic schools  having  reached  2,700. 


'i       )     ) !  'J 


if  1.  ■ 


\i  h 


}.'| 


660 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 


!  :i 


there  are  several,  the  principal  of  which  belonpf  to  the 
catholics,  episcopalians,  and  niethodists.  The  uni- 
versity of  Denver,  an  outgrowth  of  the  Coloradi* 
seminary,  established  by  the  methodists  in  18(14,  is 
conducted  under  the  auspices  of  that  church,  tlioiijrh 
as  a  non-sectarian  institution.  In  character  and 
scholarahip  it  compares  favorably  with  eastern  col- 
leges. There  are  fifty-four  religious  societies"  in 
Denver,  many  of  them  owning  elegant  and  valuable 
church  jiroperty. 

"  BycM,  Ci'iitfunitil  State,  MS.,  30-1;  U tiwrxitif  of  Denwr. 

"Tlio  lirst  recordeil  religious  services  in  Denver  t.vik  place  in  1850,  wlicii 
a  methodist  preaclicr,  naine<l  Hainninnd,  l)e,'3;an  holiling  services  in  an  tinliii- 
islioil  building  on  Larimer  Htrect,  lietwecn  l.'ith  and  Kitii  streets.  In  Jun. 
18G0  the  veneralilo  J.  H.  Kelder,  an  cpiscoitalian  minister,  held  services  in 
Ooldrick's  scliool-house,  on  Mc(}aa  (later  HoUaday)  street.  Aftcrwanl  a 
room  was  scciiretl  in  Ruter's  block,  and  an  episcopalian  churcli  (ii-j;aiii/cil. 
About  the  same  time  a  southern  niethodist  church  was  organized  by  a  prcaclier 
named  Bradford,  and  a  small  brick  church  erected  at  the  corner  of  .Ariicilme 
and  14th  streets.  This  was  the  ftrst  churcli  edifice  erected  in  DtMiwr,  iind 
was  sold  to  the  episcopalian.^  in  18(51,  when  Bradford  and  many  of  his  f<ingre- 
gation  went  to  the  assistance  of  the  southern  confederacy.  Tliat  year  tlir 
missionary  bishop,  Talbot,  of  the  episcopalians,  visited  Denver,  and  bcfdru 
he  wouhl  dedicate  the  church  recpiired  it  to  be  free  of  debt;  §.">(H)  was  rai.sed 
and  the  church  dedicated.  On  the  ISth  of  Dec,  18G1,  A.  S.  Hiliingsley 
organized  the  First  Presbyterian  church  of  Denver,  under  instructions  f.-om 
the  board  of  domestic  missions,  old  school,  whicii  held  its  services  at  Interna- 
tional hall,  on  Ferry  street,  in  west  Denver,  then  known  as  Auraria.  Of  the 
18  members,  11  were  women.  In  April  18(5'2  Billingsley  left,  and  A.  U.  I)ay 
succeeded  him  in  Novemlier,  who  seems  to  have  iioon  an  active  missionary, 
for  he  «<ion  secured  the  donation  of  a  lot  from  Maj.  .lohn  S.  Fillnmrr,  pay- 
master U.  S.  A.,  on  ].")th  street,  l>etween  Arapahoe  and  l-iJiwreni'c.  Lilnial 
cimtributions  were  m.adc  by  citizens,  and  the  mission  board  gave  iJtHH),  sotliat 
in  180.1  an  edifice  of  brick  was  begun,  37.xC5  feet,  ground  area,  wliiili  wan 
completed  in  bSO'j,  when  Day  resigned,  and  J.  B.  AlcClure  of  111.  lpt'caMu:)i:is- 
tor  after  several  months,  during  which  the  pulpit  was  vacant.  Me  prracliiil 
two  years,  when  a^ain  the  church  was  left  without  a  pastor  until  KSliS,  wljiii 
A.  Y.  Moore  of  Ind.  succeeded,  but  not  being  sup|>orted  by  the  mission  Ixianl, 
resigned  the  same  year.  The  church  then  negotiated  with  the  new  si'IkihI 
board  to  be  taken  in  charge  and  connecterl  with  the  presbytery  of  ('liicai;ii,  a 
call  being  extended  to  K.  P.  Wells  to  preach  to  them.  On  the2()tli  of  Nnv., 
1808,  the  church  was  incorporated,  and  on  the  28th  Wells  was  iustalliil  pas- 
tor, who  remained  in  charge  G  years.  In  1871  the  church  became  s(lf-.s\ip- 
porting,  ami  in  l874adopteil  the  name  of  Central  Pre-sbyterian  Clinnh.  By 
tills  time  the  mcmbershiphad  outgrown  the  edifice,  ai.d  in  May  187.")  iircii"!rty 
was  purchased  at  the  corner  of  Champa  and  18th  streets  for  tho  site  of  a  lU'W 
church.  The  comer-stime  was  laitl  Jan.  6,  1876,  and  the  building  sofarcoin- 
|)leted  as  to  l)e  occupied  in  1878.  During  this  period,  Wells  having  rc^ignwl 
in  1875,  Willis  Lonl  was  pastor  for  one  year,  when  ill  health  conipclli'il  liis 
resignation,  and  I)r  Reed  officiated  until  Dec.  1878,  when  his  death  occiirreil. 
The  edifice  for  which  tliey  labored  cost  8r)t),0()0,  and  had  a  membership  of 
between  400  and  500.  The  17th  •jtrfset  presbyterian  church  was  founded  liy 
that  portion  of  the  parent  church  M'hicli  maintained  its  connection  with  tlie 
old-school  boanl,  and  solicited  the  ministrations  of  their  former  pastor,  I'ay, 
who  continued  with  tlie-n  until  April  18ul),  when  he  went  to  preach  at  Houhlur, 


RELIGION. 


561 


Tlie  material  for  substantial  building  being  conven- 
ient, the  prevailing  style  of  domestic  architecture  is 
good,  not  a  few  private  residences  costing  from 
320,000  to  $100,000,  and  a  less  number  from  1^45,000 

lie  w.n  succeeded  by  C.  M.  Campbell,  who  preached  until  April  1870,  in 
wliicli  year  the  Colorado  presbytery  waa organized.  In  Feb.  of  tliat  year  the 
name  was  changed  to  WcHtuiinster  church,  which  it  did  not  long  retain  before 
rt'siimim<  its  former  one.  In  July  1870  W.  Y.  Brown  became  pastor,  and  iu 
IST'J,  alter  several  years  of  meeting  in  rented  rooms  and  other  churches,  an 
oililici;  (if  lirick,  in  the  (iotliic  iityle  of  arcliitecture,  with  windows  of  stained 
glass,  |iroscuted  by  eastern  sunday-schools,  and  cai)able  of  seating  .S<)0  per- 
sons, was  completed  and  dedicated  March  10th.  Tlie  cost  of  this  cnurch  was 
f!|'.','-'iM).  In  1873  Krown  Wiw  succeeded  in  the  paitorato  by  R.  T.  Sample, 
who,  ill  1874,  withdrew,  and  was  followed  by  C.  H.  Hawley,  who,  in  1870, 
fiavi'  way  to  I.  \V.  Monfort,  and  he,  in  1877,  to  J.  H.  Kerr. 

Till!  butch  Reformed  church  began  with  the  organization  in  1871  of  a 
society  of  persons  of  this  belief,  who  held  meetings  every  Sundiiy.  In  the 
autiitiui  they  purchased  two  lots  on  the  corner  of  Lawrence  and  23d  streets 
for  •<*>. lO.  In  the  following  April  a  church  organization  was  effected  by  Flo- 
rain  S|i;ilti,  Casper  Gugolz,  Jolin  U.  Gabathuler,  and  William  Nordloh.  Tho 
Oliiii  synod  was  called  upon  to  extend  its  aid,  and  sent  J.  A.  Keller  to  report 
ti|iiiii  tliu  prospect.  On  his  representation  tlie  board  of  missions  sent  F. 
llat/nu'tz  to  preach.  A  church  edifice  was  commenced,  when  Ilatzmetz 
n'turnud  to  Ohio,  and  Keller  replaced  him,  the  church  being  completed  in 
1'>74.  It  was  constructed  of  brick  and  stone,  and  cost  ^,300.  The  member- 
ship i>f  this  church  was  small  iu  proportion  to  English-speaking  congrega- 
ticms. 

Till' first  methodist  preaching,  as  stated  above,  was  by  the  'church  south.' 
It  hail  no  regular  organization  until  .Inly  10,  1871,  when  A.  A.  Morrison 
ln'uaiiK!  its  pastor.  A  lot  was  purchased  on  Arapahoe  street,  and  a  church 
cructi'il.  Morrison  was  succeeded  in  1872  by  W.  H.  Warren;  in  1873  l>y  E. 
M.  Mann;  in  1874  by  W.  C.  Hearn;  in  1875  by  W.  G.  Miller;  in  1870  Iiy 
William  Harris;  and  in  1877  by  W.  J.  Phillips.  In  1874  the  church  was 
iiilinittoil  to  the  conference  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Montana,  anil  remain- 
ing until  1878,  wlien  the  Cob)rado  conference  was  formed.  In  1878-9  the 
chnnh  was  enlarged,  handsomely  iinislied,  and  refurnished. 

Hamiiioud,  the  first  niissicmary  of  the  methodist  church  in  Denver, 
roUiriKMl  to  the  Kanstis  conference,  was  reappointed  in  18(50,  and  died  before 
slarlini;.  J.  M.  Cliivington  was  made  presiding  ehler  of  the  district  of  Colo- 
railii,  and,  there  being  no  preacher,  filled  the  Denver  pulpit  until  1801,  when 
he  ctasfil  to  war  against  irreligion  and  went  out  to  light  southerners  as  major 
of  (iil|iiu's  1st  Col.  reg.  of  volunteers.  Up(m  Cliivington 's  resignation,  a  Mr 
lienni-'  iircaclied  for  a  year,  and  the  3d  year  Oliver  Willard.  Meetings  had 
lii'eii  iii'iil  wherever  room  could  be  obtained — iu  a  building  on  Larimer, 
lietween  12th  and  13th  streets,  in  the  second  story  of  the  court-house,  in  Henry 
('.  1!iiiwii'h  carpenter-sliop,  and  in  the  people's  theatre,  on  Larinior  street. 
The  lirst  methodist  conference  of  Colorado  was  heli.  at  Denver  in  1 803,  Bishop 
Ames  prc'siding,  who  urged  the  meml)ers  present  to  erect  a  cliurcli,  offering 
til  give  .^1,000  toward  it,  and  also  to  erect  a  seminary.  Tlie  conference 
aiipointed  Willard  presiding  elder,  and  George  Richardson  preacher.  A  site 
fur  a  eliurch  was  selected  on  Lawrence  street,  and  the  corner-stone  laid  iu 
IMU,  Tho  seminary  being  first  completed,  was  used  as  a  meeting-houso  until 
the  clinrcli  was  completed  in  180."),  and  William  M.  Smith  made  pastor  He 
was  sn  ■iLoiled  in  1806  by  B.  T.  Vincent;  in  1808  by  John  L.  Peck;  in  1870 
liy  Tl.oiiia  I  R.  Slicer;  in  1872  by  himself;  in  1874  by  J.  R.  F^ds;  and  in  1877 
liy  liirl  Cranston.  In  1872,  the  memljership  incre.ising  with  tiie  spread  of 
the  city,  a  liranch  church  was  built  on  California  street.  The  foUuwmg  year 
Hist.  Nev.    86 


i' 


■P' 


;  I 


i 


662 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY, 


to  $500,000.  The  Holly  system  of  water  supply  was 
introduced  and  over  sixty  artesian  wells  bored,  some 
of  which  have  a  flow  of  100,000  gallons  a  day,  and 
it  was  in  contemplation  to  erer  o  a  reservoir  on  high 

a  German  inethodist  cliurch  was  erected  at  the  suggestion  of  Conrad  Frick, 
and  Mr  Reitz,  nieinbers  of  the  parent  organization.  It  was  coustnuted  (if 
brick  and  stone,  and  cost  $14,000.  The  tirst  pastor  was  Philip  Kiilil,  also 
the  first  (Jrerman  protestant  preacher  in  Colorado.  He  was  succeeded  by  .1.  ( ;. 
Lcist  and  M.  Klaiber.  In  1874  St  James  methodiat  church,  in  the  Ninulieni 
part  of  Denver,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  §5,000.  In  1877  Ex -gov.  Evans 
erected  a  small  but  handsome  chapel  of  Morrison  stone,  in  the  soutii-wcstorn 
part  of  the  city,  which  was  intended  as  a  memorial  edifice  to  liis  daughter 
Mrs  Elbert.  The  colored  mcthodists  of  Denver  completed  a  substantial 
brick  church  on  Stout  street  in  1879,  mainly  by  the  cfi'orts  of  Seynuiur,  an 
enlightened  and  active  preacher. 

The  begniniug  made  by  Kchler  of  the  episcopal  church  has  been  men- 
tioned.    He  continued  to  hold  services  in  the  school-house,  until  during  war 
times  he  was  crowded  out  by  an  excited  public,  which  had  made  a  roadinj;- 
rooa  of  it  which  they  frequented  on  all  days  of  the  week.     He  tlieu  n  nuivcd 
to  a  building  owned   l.y  Byand,  a  vestryman,  on  the  site  of  the  American 
house,  and  thence  to  Appollo  hall,  a  log  house  in  the  rear  of  the  presont  ^Wow 
office,  thence  to  wliero  Taylor's  museum  now  stands,  and  again  to  the  district 
court-room  at  the  corner  of  18th  and  Larimer  streets,  the  rector  having  his 
residence  in  the  upper  story  of  the  court-house.     Finally,  in  18G1,  tlie  small 
brick  church  of  the  southern  mcthodists  was  purchased  and  rededicat^     .»  St 
John's  Episcopal  church,  and  the  congregation  found  a  home.    In  lS(i'2  Father 
Kehlor,  being  chosen  chaplain  of  the  Ist  Colorado  regiment,  followed  wliitlicr 
Chiving, on  had  gone,  remaining  with  the  regiment  during  its  term  of  service; 
nor  did  he  ever  return  to  church  duties,  being  well  advanced  in  years.    H. 
B.  Hitchiugs  was  the  2d  pastor  of  8t  Johns,  and  remained  until  LSti'.t,  being 
succeeded  by  Bishop  Randall,  who  atlvoeated  establishing  boys'  and  girls' 
schools.     Wolfe  hall,  a  girl's  school,  named  after  a  lady  patroness,  was  begun 
in  1867,  and  the  main  building  completed  in  1868.     It  was  enlargcil  in  IS7.'!, 
and  again  in  1879,  and  cost  about  $50,000.     The  corner-stone  of  the  hoys' 
school  was  laid  .Sept.  2,3,  1868,  at  Golden.     This  building  was  named  Jarvis 
hall,  after  George  E.  Jarvis  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  who  gave  li'  jrally  towards 
its  erection.     Before  it  was  comi)leted  it  was  blown  to  pieces  in  a  tornado. 
but  immediately  rebuilt,     A  theological  school  in  connection  with  Jarvis  hall, 
was  erected  in  1871-2  by  Nathan  Matthews  of  Boston,  and  called  Matthews 
hall,  and  which  was  formally  opened  tSejit.  19,  1872.     Jarvis  made  a  second 
contribution  of  .$10,000  to  be  invested  until  the  principal  reached  .SiiO.OtK), 
when  the  interest  should  bo  applied   to  the  education  of  young  men  for  tlie 
ministry.     In  April  1878  .larvis  .and  Matthews  halls  were  destroyed  by  tire. 
Randall,  to  whom  the  inception  of  these  educational  movements  was  due,  died 
in  1874,  beloved  and  regretted,  Raruhill,  Bio;/.,  M.S.,  1-33,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Bishop  .John  F.  Spaulding,  and  P.  Voorhees  Finch  became  rector  of  St 
John's,  who  was  succeeded  in  1879  byH.Martyn  Hart,  of  England.    Itandall 
was  a  man  of  great  self-sacrifice  and  abilities.    He  was  a  son  of  an  aide  jurist 
of  R.  I.,  in  which  state  lie  was  born  in  1809.     He  was  a  graduate  of  lirowii 
iiiiiversity  and  of  tlie  theological  seminary  of  New  York.     Trinity  Kefornicd 
Episcopal  church,  was  organized  in  Denver,  Nov.  16,  1879,  by  Tlioin|ison  L 
Smith,  J.  R.  Smith,  and  J.  W.   May,  wardens.     The  congregation  seeiircd 
a  smill  but  elegant  church  erected  by  unitarians,  at  the  corner  of  Califoniia 
and  17th  streets.     The  first  vestrymen  were  Currie  T.  Frith,  J.  Jfdiiison,  W. 
A.  Hardinbrook,  James  Creighton,  Samuel  Copping,  Thomas  L.  ^^^lod,  and 
Lewis.     In  the  same  year  the  convocation  of  Wyoming  and  Colorido  was 
formed.    lu  1875  Triaity  Memorial  chapel  was  erected.    lu  1876  Emuuuol 


WATER  SUPPLY 


5G3 


ground,  and  make  the  water  from  artesian  wells  sup- 
ply the  city  in  the  future.  The  drainage  of  the  city 
is  ij^ood,  much  attention  bein^  given  to  promote  the 
heal  til  fulness    of  the    metropolis    by    the  board    of 


cliapil  ill  West  Denver  was  built.  Connected  with  it  was  All  Saints'  mission 
(if  Nm-tli  Denver.  In  1879  Jarvis  hall  was  rebuilt  at  Denver.  The  episco- 
piil  tatlioilral  erected  since  1879  is  a  beautiful  church,  costing?  3100,000.  Tiie 
viiliii'  "f  episcopal  church  and  sciiuol  property  lu  Deuvur  in  188(i  waa 
$-J50,()00. 

Tlie  I)aj)ti8ts  sent  a  missionary,  Walter  McD.  Potter,  to  Denver  in  1802  to 
8]iy  out  tlie  ground,  and  in  the  following  year  appointed  him  missionary,  lie 
lielcl  Ills  tirat  meeting  Dec.  27,  18(>3,  having  a  congregation  of  14  persons. 
Littli;  advance  waa  made  l)efore  March  ISW,  when  a  Sunday-schooljwaa  formed 
ami  lit'ld  its  aessionsin  tlie  U.  S.  court-room,  on  Ferry  street.  On  May  2d, 
tliu  tii'st  liaptiat  church  of  Denver  was  organized,  the  mend>ers  Iniuig  Miss 
Lucy  K.  Potter,  Francis  Gallup,  Henry  B.Lciicii,  Meadames  A.  Voorliiua,  L. 
Hunis^ill,  L.  Hall.  A.  C.  Hall,  and  Miaa  E.  Tlirougliman.  The  flood  of  1864 
liiiviiig  washed  away,  soon  afterward,  their  place  of  meeting,  tliey  next 
ruscpi'tcd  to  the  People's  tlieatre,  where  they  continued  to  meet  during  tliat 
ycir,  rt'nioving  to  a  school-liouse  on  Clierry  street  in  18G.").  In  Dec.  Potter 
wuH  I'oiiiiielled  by  ill  health  to  cease  liia  pastoral  labor,  and  soon  after  died, 
lu  .May  iSliO  Ira  D.  Clark  became  pastor  for  one  year,  ]ireacliing  in  the  U.  S. 
(li-itrict  court-room  on  Larimer  street  untd  Dec.  In  tlie  meantime  a  church 
liiid  bi't'U  commenced  at  the  corner  of  Curtis  and  Kith  streets,  which,  in  an 
uiiliiiislii'd  state,  was  used  for  a  lecture-room,  but  wliich  was  never  completed. 
In  May  1808  A.  M.  Averill  became  pastor  for  a  year,  after  which  the  church 
was  without  one  until  Nov.  1870,  when  Lewis  Raymond  succeeded  to  the 
cliar,!,'!'  for  a  short  time,  followed  by  another  season  of  silence  in  the  pulpit, 
tliou^'ii  tlie  members  kept  up  their  organization.  In  1872  Winlield  Scott 
assumed  cliarge  of  thecluirch,  and  began  energetically  to  labor  for  the  erection 
of  a  suitable  edifice.  Francis  Oallup  having  received  some  lots  on  the  corner 
of  Curtis  and  ISth  streets,  in  payment  for  some  favors  done  the  Baptist  home 
mission  in  the  matter  of  land  preempted  by  Potter,  and  beiiiieathcd  to  the 
iiiissidii,  presented  these  lota  to  the  church,  and  on  tliis  site  M'as  erected  in 
lf>7-' a  church  coating  altogiither  $1."),0,,0.  In  1875  Scott  resigneil,  and  was 
succcciled  by  T.  W.  (Ireen  and  A.  J.  Frost  the  sa:i»o  year,  and  Ity  F.  M.  Ellis 
ill  \S'I\.  In  1879  the  membership  was  XV),  and  church  property  worth  .^i."),- 
(I0().  Since  that  time  a  large  and  handsome  church  has  been  erected  by  this 
ilciioiiiiiiation.  Tl>ere  were  in  1800  two  colored  baptist  churclies  in  tlie  city: 
Ziiiu  cliureh,  on  Arapahoe  street  near  20th,  and  Antioch  church,  at  tlie  cor- 
ner of  Wazee  and  2.'Jd  streets.  Samuel  Shepard  was  the  first  ])ast(ir  of 
Antioch  church.  Neither  were  so  well  otf  financially  as  the  colored  nietho- 
(list  cimrch. 

l>ciivor  had  no  congregational  organization  before  180.").  In  that  year 
Mrs  Richard  Soprisaud  dauglitera,  Irene  and  Indiana,  Mrs  Davis,  Mrs  Zolles, 
1).  (;.  I'cabody,  E.  E.  Hartv.-ell,  Samuel  Davis,  and  Mr  Haywood  formed 
tlRiusclves  into  a  church.  Mr  Crawford  preached;  Mrs  Davis  was  organist 
at  tiii'jr  meetings,  and  the  Misses  Sopris  sang  in  tlie  clioir.  At  first  tiie  meet- 
ings were  hold  ui  the  U.  S.  district  court-rooms,  and  among  tlieir  ti;niporarv 
proailu  rs  were  Norman  McLeod,  and  Mr  Blanchard  of  Wheaton  college.  111. 
In  l.silS,  lots  were  jiurchaaed  on  the  corner  of  Curtis  and  loth  streets,  and  a 
diurcli  edifice  erected  in  1809-70,  Tlie  first  pastor  was  Thomas  E.  Bliss.  In 
\S'\\  lUiss,  with  a  part  of  the  congregation  separated  from  this  church  and 
estalilislied  St  Paul's  church,  at  tlie  corner  of  Curtis  and  20th,  which  subse- 
quently became presbyterian.  After  tiio  secession  of  Bliss,  Julien  M.  Sturde- 
vaiit,  Jr,  tor)k  charge  for  4  years,  during  which  the  church  prospered.  Ho 
was  succeeded  by  Charles  C.  Salter,  who  preacheil  two  years,  and  by  S.  R. 
Dimmock.     A  congregational  chapel  was  built  at  tho  corner  of  Larimer  and 


ft 

1 

1 

J' 

i- 

'  i 

>  1  . 

)     <    n 

<  1 

M 

^  'i 


SM 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTV'. 


Iicalth,  under  the  superintendence  of  the  state  Ixniid,'- 
cstahlished  in  1877. 

Arapahoe  county,  and  more  particularly  Detivtr,  is 
the  larj^est  manufacturing  district  in  the  state.  The 
iron  and  brass  foundries  and  machine-works  tiinud 
out  in  1886  products  worth  $085,000;  the  flourin;,'- 
niills  about  .$1,738,000;  the  breweries  $938,000 ;  tlio 
wagon  and  carriage  shops  $113,000;  the  caiiiitiiis 
$35,000;  the  clothing  manufactories  $790,000 ;  tho 
furniture  factories  $195,000;  sash  and  blind  fuetoiit.s 
$280,000;  manufactories  of  iron  fences  $14,000;  i)f 
harness  and  saddles  $83,000,  besides  a  great  variety 
of  lesser  manufactures. 

The  total  product  of  Denver's  manufactures  in  188G 
was  $24,045,000,  of  which  $12,334,143  was  in  bullion 
produced  by  tiie  smelters,  of  whom  there  were  in  that 
year  three  largo  and  several  smaller  ones.     Denver 


31st  streets  in  1879,  (Joorgo  C.  L.imb  pastor.  Tiio  i)arent  church  afttTwanl 
erected  a  handsome  edifice.  These  are  all  the  early  protectant  chiirchus  di 
DenvtT  .standing  in  188(5. 

Tho  catholics  were  the  first  to  erect  a  house  of  worship  here,  as  in  must 
new  towns  in  the  west.  When  fathers  .Toseph  1'.  Machelieuf  and  J.  K.  Uav- 
erily  canu!  to  Denver  in  18G0  they  set  themselves  to  work  to  finisli  M'liat  liad 
been  l>i  ;.;un,  and  soon  they  had  raised  subscriptions  enough  to  proceed  \(  itii 
the  wciiv.  Tlieirs  was  tlie  first  bell,  and  tlie  first  pipe-organ.  This  I'arly 
church  on  Stout  street  was  the  root  of  the  present  cathedral.  It  was  but  liO 
by  .")0  fcut  in  size  at  first.  A  small  house  was  added  for  the  bishop's  res  denoc, 
which  in  1871  was  replaced  by  a  brick  residence.  The  following  yiar  tlio 
church  was  enlarged,  and  in  187.3  it  liad  grown  into  a  cathedral.  As  eai  ly  as 
18(>4  tlie  academy  of  St  Mary  was  established  on  California  street,  and  jilaced 
in  charge  of  three  sisters  of  the  oriler  of  Loretto  in  Ky.  The  bnildings  mito 
enlargccl  from  time  to  time  until  they  presented  an  imposing  appearance,  and 
acconiiiKidated  many  pupils  and  teachers.  Branch  schools  have  been  jilantnl 
in  other  towns  under  the  care  of  this  order.  There  was  in  ISSO  a  jiuri-li 
school  adjoining  the  cathedral.  A  catholic  hospital  waaopened  in  1872,  umkr 
tlie  care  of  tho  sisters  of  charity.  It  was  situated  on  Park  avenue,  and  «  a  .  a 
substantial  brick  structure,  45x75  feet,  and  tlireo  stories  high.  AcconliiiL'  tn 
their  usual  premeditated  plans  of  acquiring  valuable  property,  the  catlioLcs 
of  Denver  and  Coloraiio  have  become  j)ossesscd  of  excellent  sites  in  tliis  ainl 
all  the  towns.  Diiinr  Ilixt.,  268-84;  Denwr  Trihitiw,  Jan.  4,  1880;  Disn-iyH'y 
Aiiit'ii'-',,  May  1884,  p.  17;  Colo  GnzeUirr,  1871,  p.  13.3-40;  Corhu'a  Din'innj 
of  Miiir.i,  04-5;  Jfiirt »  Boy-EiluaUioii,  pp.  37-41;  C/imiiijton'ii  The  Pronjartur, 
SIS.,  3;  IlirwIx'H's  Iwl.  Trouhlea,  MS.,  8;  C/iMwjloiis  First  Colo  Rent,  MS.,  I. 
Another  manuscript  of  Chivington's,  Tlie  lii'tronpective,  gives  also  a  slight 
sketch  of  tile  M.  E.  church  in  tho  beginnings. 

'^  According  to  law,  the  county  commissioners  of  any  county  where  no 
other  board  exists  sliall  constitute  a  board  of  health,  with  all  the  ihities 
usually  pertaining  to  that  ofRco,  Much  interesting  matter  may  be  found  ui 
the  Jh-pt  State  Board  of  Health,  1877  and  1879-80, 


INDUSTRIES. 


6tf5 


is  tlic  leading  ore  market  of  the  state,  ami  in  1886 
its  smelters  and  sanipleio  received  and  handled 
180,173  tons  of  gold  and  silver  bearing  ores.  The 
total  business  of  the  city  in  the  same  year,  exclusive 
of  real  estate  sales,  which  aggregated  $11,000,000, 
exceeded  $56,500,000. 

As  early  as  the  spring  of  1861  a  chamber  of  com- 
merce was  organized  at  Denver,  but  was  soon  after- 
ward abandoned.  In  1867  another  attempt  in  the 
same  direction  was  made  through  the  establislnneiit 
(if  a  board  of  trade,''  which,  on  account  of  some  de- 
fect in  its  general  constitution,  was  also  less  success- 
ful than  its  promoters  desired.  This  being  recognized, 
eaily  in  1854  some  of  its  principal  members  formed  a 
pcrnuinent  and  effective  organization,  with  which  the 
okl  board  was  consolidated.  The  first  officers  of  this 
new  chamber  of  commerce  were  R.  W.  Woodbury, 
president;  M.  J.  McNamara  and  J.  F.  Mathews, 
vice-presidents;  Frank  Hall,  secretary;  and  Wil- 
liam D.  Todd,  treasurer.  Good  and  efficient  work 
has  from  the  first  been  done  1)V  this  orjjanization  in 
directing  the  enterprise  of  Denver,  while  advancing 
and  protecting  its  business  interests.  Its  annual 
reports  are  models  of  statistical  compilation,  and  to 
them  I  am  much  indebted  for  the  facts  concerning 
the  business  growth  and  development  of  Denver  and 
the  state  at  large.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  then- 
existing  board  of  trade  was  established  the  national 
mining  and  industrial  exposition,  wliich  made  its 
first  exhibit  in  1882,**  erecting  a  group  of  buildings 
which  covered  seven  acres,  situated  in  the  midst  of 

"I  find  in  Extracts  from  Early  Records,  MS.,  7,  the  namos  of  the  officers 
of  tile  Denver  Board  of  Trade.  They  are  taken  from  a  mniplilut  uublished 
liy  till-  hoard,  entitled  Colontdo.  John  W.  Smith  pres.,  XVilliain  N!  Clayton 
iui.lJoliii  Pierce  vice-pros.,  Henrv  C.  Leach  sec.,  Frank  Palmer  treas.,  Henry 
M.  l'..rter.  .T.  S.  Brown,  V.  J.  Salomon,  D.  H,  MoflFat,  Jr,  H.  H.  T.  (Jrill 
ami  .Idsiipli  E.  Bates  directors. 

''The  hoaril  of  commissioners  of  the  exposition,  appointed  by  the  hoard 
of  tiMde  in  1884,  consisted  of  W.  A.  H.  Loveland  pros.,  R.  W.  Woodbury 
vict'-pres.,  A.  K.  Pierce  treas.,  Irwin  Mahon  sec,  Joseph  C.  Wilson  supt  of 
s:^i''->,  II.  G.  Webster,  B.  P.  Broshear,  B.  F.  Womiward,  and  E.  B.  Light. 


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5G0 


DKNVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 


a  tract  of  forty  acres."  The  object  of  the  exposition 
was  primarily  to  draw  the  eyc8  of  the  world  ujmih 
Colorado  and  Denver,  iii  which  effort  the  entiTprist' 
was  successful,  the  mineral  museum,  containin*^  sjicci- 
mens  from  every  mine  in  Colorado  and  many  cainjis 
in  the  adjacent  states,  being  of  itself  sufficient  to  entitle 
the  exposition  to  particular  notice.  The  design  coii- 
templated  an  annual  exhibit,  but  after  the  third  lia<l 
been  held  in  1884  the  project  fell  to  the  ground  In' 
reason  of  an  unfortunate  conflict  of  interests  amoii<^r 
its  managers  and  supporters. 

At  the  first  session  of  the  forty-seventh  congress  a 
bill  was  passed  making  Denver  a  port  of  delivery  f<>r 
dutiable  merchandise;^*  and  another  bill  at  the  saiiit- 
session,  admitting  articles  to  the  Denver  exposition 
free  of  duty,  provided  that  none  of  these  articles 
should  be  sold  or  consumed  without  paying  revenue. 
A  bill  was  also  passed  making  provision  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  y:overnment  buildiny;  in  Denver  for  tlie 
accommodation  of  the  United  States  district  and  eii- 


'•'  The  main  building  was  a  substantial  and  handsome  cruciform  struc- 
ture of  brick,  500  feet  long  by  .310  in  width.  The  floor,  with  its  tnwirf 
and  angles,  contained  nearly  100,000  square  feet  of  space,  and  thi-  gnlliriiH 
half  as  nuici)  more.  The  exhibit  in  the  hall  of  arts  in  1882  was  estiinatr.l  hi 
bo  worth  §200,000.  The  departments  which  offer  premiums  are,  first,  iniii'-nlH 
and  metals,  and  their  protiucts,  including  ores  of  gold,  silver,  copi>tT.  l<;i'l, 
and  iron;  coal,  anthracite,  bituminous,  cannel,  and  lignite;  cabinets  of  imii- 
erals  of  all  kinds;  fire-clay,  manufactured;  porcelain  ware;  hydraulic  ceiiieiit; 
lime,  brick,  etc.;  marble,  lithographic  stone,  soapstone,  gypsum,  pnoii'iH 
stones,  native  chemicals;  bullion,  gold,  silver;  pig-lea<l,  pig-iron,  stet-l-raiU; 
iron-rails,  nails,  bar-iron,  sheet-lead,  and  lead  pipu.  The  second  di-partiiiuiit 
comprises  73  kinds  of  machinery  used  in  mining  and  agriculture;  tliinl  ile- 
partinent,  18  kinds  of  vehicles;  fourth  department,  34  kinds  of  leather  go<i<!s 
and  leather,  and  8  kinds  of  furriers'  goods;  fifth  ilepartnient,  miscelUiifimi 
manufactures,  comprising  t)3  articles.  The  sixth  department  includtnl  li<ir.--ea 
of  10  classes;  the  seventh,  cattle,  in  13  classes;  the  eighth,  sheep,  in .')  clisses; 
the  ninth,  swine,  in  7  classes;  the  tenth,  poultry;  the  eleventh,  grain,  vege- 
tables, and  miscellaneous  farm  i)ro<lucts;  the  twelfth,  fruits;  the  thirteenth, 
dairy  products,  and  domestic  or  pantry  articles;  the  fourteentli,  niiiariii 
products;  after  which  followed  the  art  and  floral  departments,  attaclied  ta 
wiiich,  as  a  sign  of  progress,  there  was  also  considerable  interest.  Exit  jit  in 
San  Francisco,  which  lias  the  advantage  of  being  a  seaport  town,  no  other 
city  of  the  United  States,  at  the  age  of  little  more  than  twenty  years  has 
been  able  to  make  a  similar  exhibit.  Catnlo;jtie  National  Mining  awl  /inln*- 
tiial  ExpoaitioH,  1884 

'«fr.  s.  Stat.,  13,  47th  cong.,  Ist  seas.;  U.  S.  H.  Jour.,  217,  590,  659, 
720,  730,  753,  47th  cong.,  1st  sess. 


BANKING. 


567 


cuit  courts,  post-office,  land-office,  and  other  federal 
otticcs,  the  cost  not  to  exceed  $300,000. 

lliuiking  has  always  been  a  profitaMe  business  in 
Denver.  There  is  no  usury  law,  borrowt-r  and  lender 
fixiiiLf  such  rates  of  interest  as  they  af^ret?  upon.  In 
tiims  of  excitement  three  per  cent  a  mo'ith  might 
bo  asked  and  given.  Twelve  per  cent  |»er  annum  was 
thi-  usual  bank  rate  in  1886,  but  real  estate  loans 
niuld  be  Jiad  for  eight  or  ten  per  cent.  The  first 
hank  building  of  any  pretensions  was  a  part  (»f 
National  block,  on  the  corner  of  15th  and  Blake 
streets,  and  was  occupied  by  the  First  Xational  bank, 
(tfixanized  by  Jerome  B.  Chaffee,  and  of  which  he 
was  ])resident  until  1880."  Various  banking  in.stitu- 
titiiis  which,  calling  themselves  savings  banks,  seques- 
tering the  savings  of  the  people  to  their  own  uses, 
rose  and  flourished  for  a  time.  In  1885  there  were 
six  banks  in  Denver,  five  of  which  were  national,  their 
eoinhined  capital  amounting  to  $1,708,000;  deposits 
$8,000,000;  cash  and  exchange  $3,963,000;  loans 
and  over-drafts  $4,034,000.'^ 

Until  the  erection  of  the  Tabor  opera-house  in 
1880  Denver  had  nothing  at  all  elegant  in  the  wav 
of  a  theatre.'''     It  had  then  one  unsur|)as>st;d  in  any 


1    I 


"  The  business  was  purchased  from  Clark  &,  Co.,  private  lianker.  George 
T.  Clark  was  cashier  in  1805,  and  was  elected  mayor  the  «aine  year.  D.  H. 
Moffat,  Jr,  became  cashier  iu  18GC.  /list.  Denver,  213. 

^'Descriptive  Americn,  May,  1884.  In  1881  David  H.  Moffat,  Jr,  waa 
presiiluiit  of  the  First  National  bank,  Samuel  N.  Wootl  cashier;  of  the  City 
Xatiou.d  bank  William  Barth  was  president,  John  B.  Hanna  cashier;  of  the 
I'liliinidu  National  bank  Charles  B.  Kountze  was  president,  William  B.  Berger 
taisliiur;  of  the  German  National  Bank  (reorge  Tritch  was  pr*»ident,  \V.  J. 
Jfukiiis  cashier;  of  the  Merchants'  National  bank  Henry  R.  Wolcott  was 
]iresiclont,  Samuel  N.  Wood  cashier.  Compt.  of  Currenry  I'rpt,  1881-2,  709- 
II.  Tlie  State  National  bank  took  the  place  of  the  Merchants'  bank.  The 
Uiiidii  bank  comiiletes  the  list. 

"Anollo  theater,  erected  in  October,  18.59,  by  Charles  R.  Thome,  was 
situateil  on  Larimei  street,  between  14th  and  15th  streets.  Thome  had  a 
travtllina  company  on  the  plains,  which  was  giving  entertainment*  at  mili- 
tary ]>osts— at  Leavenworth,  Keamy,  and  Laramie,  and  thence  he  came  to 
Deliver.  Platte  Valley  theater,  at  the  r«oraer  of  16th  and  Lawrence  street*, 
wa*  tlie  next.  It  was  opened  in  'SGO.  Both  were  bnmed.  The  next  was 
a  Imilding  erected  by  the  Governor's  Guards  as  an  armory  Iniildmg.  at  the 
int^Tspction  of  Curtis  and  15th  stre-^ts.  It  wa?  called  Governor's  Guard 
hall,  and  was  used  until   Sept.,  1880,  when  the  Tabor  opera-house  was 


4i- 


iM 


66S 


DENVER  AND  ARAFAHOE  COUNTY. 


of  the  states  for  tasteful  decoration  ami  comfort,  the 
tle.sigii.s  being  entirely  original  and  Auitable.  In  1M82 
the  academy  of  music  was  completed. 

It  seems  tautological  to  remark,  after  recountin^r 
what  the  people  of  Denver  have  accomplished  in  less 
than  a  third  of  a  lifetime,  that  they  are  as  a  piit|(lt' 
above  the  average  in  intellectual  force  and  supi'iiuiitv 
of  culture.  How  much  is  due  to  the  8tinml;itiii(f 
influences  of  their  high  and  dry  climate  it  would  lie  a 
nice  point  to  determine,  seeing  that  there  is  a  slidiip^ 
scale  of  altitudes  in  Colora'^'o,  and  that  everywiuro 
in  the  state  prevails  great  mental  and  physical  activ- 
ity.  That  there  was  a  good  class  of  settlers  to  Inuciii 
with  is  undoubted,  and  upon  this  tree  has  been  grafted 
all  the  choicest  fruits  of  an  age  of  progress.-"     Yet 


opened.  There  is  still  a  small  theater  opposite  this  called  the  Wallitlla. 
Bj/ern'  Hint.  Colo,  MS.,  73-4.  Turner  half,  on  UoUaday  street,  i.>j  tln'  (iir- 
man  temple  of  art,  and  a  commodious  one. 

'■"'  Free-masonry  was  active  in  1358-1),  when  memlnsrs  of  the  onli'i-  met 
informally  in  a  cabin  of  Auraria,  that  they  might  know  and  ansist  cauli  iiilitr. 
They  had  in  1881  10  UxlgeH,  representing  every  degree,  and  for  many  umm 
had  met  at  the  corner  of  HoUaday  and  15th  streets.  The  Knights  of  j'vtliiaj 
had  3  lodges.  The  Odd  Fellows  had  9  Imlges,  and  a  hiill  on  Liiwreiici;  stnit. 
The  Gootl  Templars  had  two  lodges,  and  there  wore  two  of  the  Red  Cioss, 
There  were  twelve  benevolent  societies  of  various  names,  and  18  otliur  (ii;,'aiu- 
zations,  such  as  medical  and  historical  societies,  and  industrial  ii-ul  ntlier 
associations.  CroflFutt,  Grip-sark  Gnule,  32;  Tntnu.  Med.  Si»\,  188H.  TIutu 
were  37  hotels  and  public  boarding-houses  in  1884.  The  iSt  James,  Wiiidsur, 
New  Albany,  American,  and  Inter-Ocean,  can  each  shelter  anil  fi'cd  (iOO 
guests;  the  Alvord,  Lindell,  and  New  Markham,  each  200;  the  New  York, 
150;  and  the  Brunswick  and  Charpiot's,  100  each.  Ctifnlo>iHe  NntioiKtl  Mining 
and  fnduntnal  Expositwn,  15.  There  were,  Ijcsides,  60  restaurants,  47  l)iik- 
eries,  6  breweries,  6  flouring-mills.  The  quality  of  the  flour  made  in  1  'cnvor  i.s 
excellent,  and  since  the  first  shipment  in  1874  to  the  east,  has  been  in  iIimi.uuI 
in  Boston,  New  York,  Buffalo,  and  Chicago,  and  also  Richmond,  Va.  I>iyt 
of  Agriculture,  1872,  449.  The  names  of  the  principal  mills  are  the  Hiuii;ii- 
rian.  Crescent,  Davis,  and  White  Rock.  Wheat  is  brougiit  here  frniu  Utali 
to  be  made  into  flour.  The  first  millers  had  difficulty  in  separating  the  liniii, 
but  the  true  process  was  discovered  by  Luiher  A.  Cole  of  Watertowii,  Wis., 
who  engaged  in  milling  here  in  1870.  The  seer  r5  was  in  moistening;  tlic  hull 
before  grinding  the  wheat,  which  prevented  criimbling,  and  enabled  him  to 
part  the  bran  from  the  flour.  It  was  done  ^.y  a  system  of  spraymg  lifforo 
the  wheat  went  to  the  hopper.  Byem'  Coil-nt  inl  State,  MS.,  21.  The  J)i  iivcr 
City  Steam  Heating  company  was  incorporated  Dec.  15,  1879,  to  supply  stiam 
by  the  Holly  system,  or  any  other,  to  factories,  shops,  stores,  public  or  pri- 
vate buildings,  for  mechanical  or  heating  purposes.  Steam  was  turiucl  (u 
Nov.  5,  1880,  and  was  found  to  be  a  saving  in  many  ways.  The  compiMy  s 
capital  was  9^00,000.  Among  the  incorporators  were  the  pioneers  K.  F.  Hal- 
lack,  J.  W.  Smith,  and  Creorge  Tritch.  There  was  a  movement  inailc  \<>  nr- 
ganize  a  fire  department  July  15,  1862,  butthe  difficilty  of  procuring  iiiaihiiies 
stood  iu  the  way  for  a  time,  during  which  several  tires  occurred.     Hook  aiiJ 


8(X;iETY. 


Denver  has  not  been  without  its  vices,  its  vioious  class, 
of  its  unpleasant  episodes.'*'  Gambling  has  been  from 
the  first  a  prominent  evil.  The  city  council  in  L8GI 
j)r<»liil>ited  three-card  monte,  but  no  otlu^  oamos. 
Tlic  territorial  letrislature  in  1804  passed  an  act  pro- 
liihitiiiij;  gambling-houses,  and  making  it  the  duty  of 
slierilik  and  constables  to  arrest  tiie  keepers  and 
(k'stroy  the  furniture  of  such  places.  But  the  next 
Icijfisliiture  yielded  to  the  arguments  of  those  who 
lived  off  the  gain  of  games  of  cliance ;  and  after  enact- 
iiifj^  tliat  no  persou  known  to  be  a  professional  gambler 
or  kisepor  of  a  gambling-house  should  be  eligible  as  a 
juror,  repealed  so  much  of  the  former  act  as  att'octed 
Denver,  and  permitted  that  city  to  control  this  mat- 

Lidilor  Company  No.  1,  organized  in  March,  186fi,  was  for  several  years  the 
only  tire  eomjiany  in  the  city.  Its  first  ottiucrs  were  <!tMirgo  W.  McCluro, 
fiireiiiiiii;  Frank  \V.  Cram,  asst  foreman;  V.  C.  Ifcivis,  2(1  asMt;  H.  L.  Hock- 
uill,  ltd  asst;  Hyat  Hussey,  treasure.-.  A  truck  and  ai>i>aratu.s  was  ordered 
fniiii  (.'inciunati,  and  arrived  in  the  autumu  across  the  plains.  A  Urick  build- 
ing '.4  liy  ()0  was  erected  on  a  lot  purchased  I»y  the  city  •-•ouncil,  the  same 
ocuupieil  later  by  Central  station,  which  was  then  called  Pioneer  station. 
No  (itliur  company  was  organized  until  the  spring  of  187*2,  when  the  James 
ArcliiT  Hose  company  was  organized,  named  after  the  presiilent  of  the  Den- 
ver Water  company,  and  located  on  Curtis  street.  Soon  after  the  Joseph  E, 
K:iti'.s  Fire  and  Hose  company  wa^  organized,  named  in  acknowledgment  of 
tliu  aid  rendered  the  department  by  Bates.  In  July  of  the  same  year  the 
Woodie  Fisher  Hose  Company  No.  1  also  organized,  named  after  a  member 
(if  tliu  Hook  and  Ladder  Company  No.  1,  killed  in  attempting  to  stop  a  run- 
away team.  In  March,  1874,  the  Denver  Hook  and  L;idder  company  was 
fdniied,  having  their  station  at  the  corner  of  Curtis  and  2()th  streets.  Tabor 
Hiisu  < 'oinpany  No.  5  was  organized  and  stationed  on  15th  street,  north  Den- 
ver. It  was  namod  iu  honor  of  Lieut-gov.  Tabor.  Of  militarj'  companies 
Denver  had  three  in  1880.  The  Governor's  Guard  organized  in  April,  1872, 
tliu  t'haflfee  Light  Artillery  in  January,  1878,  and  the  Mitchell  (ruards,  an 
iiulepeii'lent  Irish  company,  which  was  formed  iu  1873.  The  National  Guard 
«as  created  by  the  legislature  of  1879,  and  (supported  by  a  direct  tax.  Deu- 
vt;r  had  to  make  application  to  congress  to  be  permitted  to  purchase  land  for 
cemtteiy  purposes.  Coii;f.  Ololie,  1871-2,  pp.  220«,  2949,  331.3,  3338,  3G82. 
Tiieru  wtirc  thi-ee  burial  places,  the  latest  and  only  one  to  which  mucii  atton- 
tidu  lias  been  given  up  to  188(i  lieing  Riverside  cemetery,  three  miles  down 
the  Platte,  which  has  a  beautiful  site. 

"  On  Sunday,  the  last  day  of  October,  1880,  there  was  a  riot  in  l>enver, 
the  object  of  which  was  to  affect  the  presidential  election,  and  prevent  the 
Usual  republican  majority.  The  disturbmce  began  with  the  interference  of 
a  few  of  our  drunken  Irish  patriots  in  a  game  of  pool  played  between  a  white 
man  and  a  Chinaman  at  a  public  resort  on  Wazee  street.  Having  forced  the 
Chine.sc  to  defend  themselves,  they  then  treated  them  as  the  offending  party, 
assailed  them  without  m<!rcy,  driving  them  into  hiding,  hanging  one  of  them 
to  a  lamp-post,  and  destroying  their  property.  The  mob  increasing,  a  Com- 
mittee of  Control,  consisting  of  500  citizens,  was  formed;  the  city  council 
gave  the  chief  of  police  authority  to  muster  a  special  force  of  100  to  patrol 


~  iVim 


.  ): 


670 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 


ter  by  its  own  ordinances. ^^  The  revised  ordinances 
of  Denver,  passed  in  1881,  prohibit  both  gambliiKr 
games  and  houses  of  ill-fame,  the  law-makers  apj»ur- 
ently  forgetting  that  these  excrescences  of  society 
have  existed  from  time  immemorial,  and  probably  will 
continue  till  the  millennial  day;  also,  that  it  is  the 
people  who  make  the  gamblers  and  prostitutes,  and 
not  they  who  make  the  people.  The  urban  popula- 
tion of  Arapahoe  county  is  nearly  all  in  and  about 
Denver.  Littleton,  twelve  miles  south,  is  consid- 
ered as  a  suburb.  Porter's  sulpho-chalybeate  sprint>, 
in  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  is  also  a  popular  resort.-' 


the  streets  and  guard  the  polls  on  Monday,  and  the  fire  department  was  kept 
in  readiness  all  day  to  Hy  at  the  tap  of  the  bell.  Every  saloon  was  oldstil, 
and  the  city  guarded  at  every  point.  A  number  of  the  rioters,  liaviiiy  lietn 
arrested  and  sent  to  jail,  were  promptly  bailed  out  by  Ex-delegate  Patter- 
son's hench-men,  and  allowed  to  vote.  The  district  attorney  liad  a  part  of 
them  rearrested  on  a  charge  i,f  murder,  and  so  the  struggle  went  on  all  day; 
but  the  law-and-order  men  triumphed,  and  the  election  was  finally  ius  ([iiiet 
as  the  faces  of  the  guardians  of  the  peace  were  stern  and  set  with  deteniiiu- 
ation.  Denwr  Trihunc,  Nov.  2,  1880. 

'"  The  city  attorney  elected  in  188.3  was  Mason  B.  Carpenter,  a  native  «i 
Vt.,  born  in  1845.  He  served  two  years  in  the  union  army  when  between  IG 
and  eighteen  years  of  age,  being  mustered  out  as  acting  sergeant-major.  He 
graduated  at  the  university  of  Vermont,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  tii 
practice  at  St  All>ans;  was  ofiicial  reporter  of  the  house  of  representative.s  in 
18G7,  and  secretary  of  the  senate  from  180!)  to  187.3.  In  1874  he  married 
Fannie  M.  Rrainard,  and  removed  to  Colorado  in  1875.  Ho  w.as  elected  from 
Arapahoe,  to  the  house  of  representatives  in  1881,  and  a  member  of  the  sicii- 
ate  in  1884.  The  Hinlonf  of  Denver,  from  which  I  have  frequently  (jiioted, 
is  a  quarto  volume  of  ()52  pages.  Its  authorship  is  mixed,  and  tiie  greattr 
portion  anonymous,  but  bears  evi<lenco  of  liaving  been  the  performance  of 
local  writers  well  acqU3int<?4l  with  their  topics.  It  contains  articles  on  a 
great  variety  of  subjects,  and  many  biographical  sketches.  It  is  on  the  same 
plan  as  Clear  Creek  and  rioulder  Valletj  llUtnnj  and  the  Hintory  of  Ark(inm.< 
Vallei/.  Other  autlior'.ties  consulted  are  Firxt  Annual  Rejiort  of  Dennr 
Cliainlter  of  Commerce,  by  Frank  Hall,  containing  tables,  etc.,  showing  gen- 
eral condition  of  the  state;  Porter  n  West  Cenx:i>,  of  1S80;  Colorado  }\ol(*, 
MS.;  Oriiff's  Colonuto:  Pitkin's  Political  View/i.  M.S.;  Dijconn  New  A  me  rim, 
as  seen  through  English  eyes  in  1866;  McKenney'n  Business  Directory,  I8SL'  3; 
Afeline's  Tiro  Tliomaml  Milenon  Horselxick;  FaithfnCa  Three  Visitj<to  Aniciini: 
Leadinij  fnduxtriea  of  the  We^it,  August,  1883;  WilUa.ms'  Pacifc  Tourist  ami 
Guide;  Denrer  Rocl-y  Mountain  News,  June  6,  1870;  Denver  Tribune- Hi fuUi- 
can,  Oct.  10,  1884;  Early  Days  in  Denver,  by  .John  C.  Moore,  he  was  bom 
in  Tenn.  in  1835,  and  came  to  Color.ado  in  1859.  He  describes  Denvir  and 
also  Pueblo  in  the  early  days.  Sopr's'  Settlement  qf  Denver,  MS.,  is  another 
excellent  authority  treating  of  first  things. 

-^  Argo  is  the  seat  of  Hdl's  reduction  works.  Other  settlements  in  I88ti 
were  Bear  Creek  Junction,  Bennett,  Bird,  Big  Timber,  Box  Elder,  Hri.litoii, 
Burnham,  Byers,  Cherry  Creek,  Deer  Trail,  Henderson  Isle,  Hughes.  <iriivcl 
Switch,  Island  Station,  Jersey,  Junction,  Kiowa,  Living  Spring,  Matrnolia, 
Melvin,  Petersburg,  Platte  Summit,  Pooler's  Kaacho,  Poverty  Flat,  llattle- 


BIOGRAPHY. 


571 


snnlif',  Tledaction  Works,  Schuyler,  Vasquez,  and  Watkins.  One  of  the  pio- 
ueeiN  III  Arapahoe  county  whoxe  name  ia  found  in  the  public  prints  is  Caleb 
B.  L'lciiiouts,  who  came  to  Colorado  in  1859,  and  was  from  the  first  identified 
with  Denver,  au  a<lditiou  to  which  bears  his  name.  He  was  receiver  of  the 
laiit  olHce  when  Chilcott  was  register.  He  died  March  24,  1880.  Denver 
IVihiim;  March  25,  J880. 

C.  J.  (iross,  who  also  came  in  18r)9,  was  born  in  Vt  in  1821.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  business  in  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.,  for  several  years,  and  helped  to  lay 
out  the  town  of  Boulder  in  Colorado,  after  which  he  settled  in  Denver,  and 
was  elected  from  Arapahoe  co.  to  the  legislature  in  ISGli.  He  formed  the 
Baltiiniire  Mining  company,  one  of  the  most  substantial  in  the  state,  au<l 
owned  l.")OD  acres  south-east  of  Denver.  He  married,  in  1841,  a  daughter 
of  H.  T.  Shepherd  of  N.  Y.,  who  died  at  Boulder  in  1804.  The  following 
year  lie  married  Harriet  Beeuher  of  New  Haven,  Ct. 

David  A.  Cheever  was  a  midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1842.  At 
the  close  of  the  Mexican  war  he  resigned,  and  also  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  but 
returned  to  Wis.  in  ]8r>4,  and  from  there  migrated  to  Colorado  in  1859,  en- 
yiiging  in  real  estate  business.  He  was  elected  to  the  lower  bouse  of  the 
loijislatiire  in  1864,   county  commissioner  in  1873,  and  was  postmaster  in 

isr.vti. 

Cyrus  H.  McLaughlin,  born  in  Pa  in  1827,  and  by  trade  a  printer,  came 
from  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  to  Colorado  in  1859  as  a  messenger  for  Jones 
ami  Cartwright'a  express",  and  to  learn  the  truth  of  the  reports  concerning 
gold  iliscoveries.  On  returning  to  Leavenworth  he  carried  440,0(H)  worth  of 
the  precious  ilust.  In  18(50  he  removed  ''o  Denver  and  worked  on  the  Xews 
for  a  time;  then  tried  agriculture  and  cattle  raising,  but  the  tlcMid  of  18()4  so 
dainaiii^d  his  farm  that  he  gave  it  up  and  took  a  situation  in  the  quarter- 
jnajter'.s  department,  wliich  he  held  for  two  years.  In  18G7  he  was  elected 
to  the  k'gislatuie,  which  met  at  Golden,  and  used  hia  influence  to  remove  the 
capital  to  Denver.  In  18(58  he  was  reelected  and  chosen  speaker.  He  was 
afturward  receiver  in  the  land  office,  clerk  in  the  post  otfice,  and  alderman. 
The  rule  of  the  Pioneer  Association  is  that  those  who  arrived  before  18(i'0 
may  l)ecome  members.  Dyers'  Vvnteimial  State,  MS.,  38.  Among  these  were 
William  Z.  Cozzens,  deputy -sheriff  of  Arapahoe  district  in  18(50;  David  K. 
Willi,  ineiuber  of  the  provisional  legislature;  T.  P.  Boyd,  associate  justice 
iif  the  supreme  court;  N.  J.  Curtis,  W.  F.  Holman;  Charles  C.  Post,  member 
ol  constitutional  convention  of  1859;  Nelson  Sargent,  who  was  in  charge  of 
the  first  express  line  across  the  plains,  known  as  the  Leavenworth  and  Pike's 
I'eak  Kxpress  company,  as  before  mentioned;  Philo  M.  Weston,  built  the 
lirst  house  in  Granite;  John  Uothrock,  built  the  'eleven  cabins,'  16  miles 
iielow  LVuver,  on  the  Platte,  in  1858,  ami  Wfis  one  of  the  discoverers  of  (iold 
Run,  in  Boulder  co.;  Joseph  M.  Brown,  miner  and  cattle  raiser,  built 
hrown's  bridge  over  the  Platte,  elected  county  commissioner  in  1863  for  3 
term";  .Sanmel  W.  Brown,  miner,  merchant,  farmer;  '"'aTnuel  Brantner,  farm- 
er; his  daughter  was  the  first  chilil  of  the  settlers  .  f  Arapali  >o,  born  four 
miles  from  Denver;  Caleb  S.  Burdsall,  miner,  sme'.*^  .•,  surgeon  of  tiie  3d 
<'olo  rug.,  discovered  tlie  soda  lakes  near  Morrison,  named  afttu-  him;  Joseph 
\\.  Bowles,  miner,  sheriff  of  Nevatla  mining  disi";ct  in  18'3()-1,  farmer  near 
Littleton,  twice  elected  ccmnty  commissioner;  li ir.vm  J.  Brendlinger,  tobacco 
merchant,  membar  of  the  city  council  1861-3,  mayor  in  18(54,  member  of  the 
legislature  18(55;  .Tohn  W.  Cline,  miner,  farmer;  Henry  Crow,  miner,  organ- 
ized tho  City  National  bank  in  1870  and  was  president  six  years,  afterward 
II  ^tock  raising  and  mining;  A.  B.  Danitds,  vice-president  of  Denver  and 
N'W  Orl'iaui  railroad,  died  April  9,  1881;  Daniel  .1.  Fnlton,  miner,  farmer; 
'iMrgeC.  Griffin,  farmer  and  stock  raiser;  G.  W.  Hiizzanl,  miner,  farmer, 
liiiikiT,  stock  grower,  owned  20,000  acres  of  piisture  lands,  died  Feb.  9,  1878, 
I'l^'ini^  a  wife  and  four  f"  .'  '  en;  Alfred  H.  Miles,  farmer;  John  McHroom, 
firmer,  elected  to  the  statu  legislature  in  1876;  John  Milheim,  banker  and 
•  ipitalist;  John  H.  Morrison,  lumber  merchunt,  miller,  collector  of  internal 
revenu",  agriculturist,  died  July  21,  187(5;  Jaaper  P.  Sea^rs,  merchant  with 


h^ 


l\i 


:::Ui 


572 


DENVER  AND  ARAPAHOE  COUNTY. 


C.  A.  Cook,  banker,  government  contractor,  and  real  estate  dealer;  Tlionua 
Skerritt,  miner,  farmer;  L.  A.  Williams,  lumber  mauufacturer,  farmer, 
stock  raiser. 

Uiram  .T.  Brondlinger,  a  native  of  Pa,  came  with  a  stock  of  cigars  to  L)uii. 
ver  in  1859,  opening  a  store  ou  Blake  street  in  a  log  cabin  in  June  1850.  la 
13(51  he  erected  a  two-story  frame  building,  which  w,.  burned  in  Aj^iril  1SG3. 
Six  months  previous  ho  had  erected  a  brick  warehouse,  iu  which  a  Iar;.'e  jmit 
of  his  stock  was  saved,  with  which  he  started  business  again,  with  a  lirunoii 
at  Central  City.  In  18(54  he  established  a  branch  at  Virginia,  Moiit;tiia,  ii 
18G6  at  Cheyenne,  in  Wyoming,  and  in  1877  at  Deadwoo.l,  iu  D:ik(>t;:i.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  city  council,  mayor,  and  member  of  tlio  legislature. 

Daniel  Witter,  born  ia  lud.,  became  a  miner  in  Tarryall  district,  South 
park,  where  ho  worked  in  1859-(50,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  house 
from  his  district  the  following  year.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  postuiiisttT 
at  Hamilton,  and  soon  after  asst  int.  rev.  collector  and  afterwanl  wa»  re- 
ceiver in  the  land  office,  dealer  in  real  estate  and  stock  raiser.  He  orij^iii- 
ated  the  Denver  Safe  Deposit  and  Saving^  bank,  of  which  he  was  treasurer 
until  1877.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  Denver  Water  company  from  its 
organization  for  many  years. 

David  H.  Moffat  was  born  in  N.  Y.  in  18.19,  and  came  to  Colorado  ia 
18G9.  He  started  a  book  and  stationery  business  at  Denver,  iu  coiiipany 
with  C.  C.  Woolworth,  which  becauje  large  and  proKtable,  and  from  wliieii 
ho  retired  at  the  end  of  six  years  to  take  the  position  of  cashier  of  the  1st 
National  bank  of  Denver,  of  which  he  was  elected  president  iu  ISSO,  and 
which  owes  much  to  his  administrative  ability.  He  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  D.  &  R.  0.  R.  in  1887,  and  has  been  prominently  connected 
with  all  the  leading  railroad  enterprises  since  18G9,  when  he  with  ( Jov.  Mvaui 
built  the  Denver  Pacific  to  Cheyenne.  Ho  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  t'.ie 
syndicate  which  built  the  D.  &  S.  P.  R.  R.,  and  helped  to  build  the  1).  t 
N.  O.  R.  R.  He  is  also  interested  iu  mines  in  nearly  every  county  in  t'olii- 
rado,  and  justly  ranks  as  one  of  the  mining  kings  of  the  centenniil  state.  He 
paid  Tabor  $1,(500,000  for  his  interest  in  the  Little  Pittsburg  at  Leadville, 
even  then  making  money  out  of  the  investment.  His  residence  in  Denver 
cost  over  $80,000.  .V.  Y.  Financier,  Oct.  17,  1885;  MofftU's  Sketch  on  Bank- 
ing, MS. 

Bela  M.  Hughes,  a  native  of  Nicholas  co.,  Ky,  was  born  in  1817,  and  re- 
moved to  Clay  CO.,  Mo.,  in  18.14.  He  studied  for  the  law,  and  was  ailniitted 
to  practice  iu  1841,  and  in  1845  was  appointed  receiver  of  public  moneys  for 
his  district,  which  position  he  held  four  years,  when  he  removed  to  St  .losejih, 
where  ho  remained  until  he  came  to  Colorado  in  18(51,  aa  president  of  tlie 
Overland  Mail  company,  whicli  office  ho  filled  for  two  years,  and  for  six  yeart 
afterward  that  of  solicitor  of  the  same  company.  In  18(59  he  began  tlie  gen 
eral  practice  of  law  in  Denver.  He  was  democratic  candidate  for  governor 
in  187(5,  though  not  elected. 

Frederick  Jones  Bancroft,  M.  D.,  born  May  25,  18.14,  at  Enfield,  dmn. 
On  the  paternal  side  he  came  from  the  Bancrofts  aiul  Heaths  of  Coiim.,  anl 
o'l  the  meternal  side  from  the  Bissells  and  Walcotts,  prominent  New  Kni^jlaid 
families.  He  was  educated  at  Westfiehl  academy,  Mass.,  and  Charlotteville 
seminary,  N.  Y.,  and  studied  medicine  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
university  of  Buffalo,  graduating  in  18til.  His  first  practice  was  in  IVtin. 
Then  he  entered  the  army,  and  after  the  war  attended  lectures  in  I'hil.,  re- 
moving to  Colorailo  in  1800,  and  practised  medicine  in  Denv  sr,  where  he  lie- 
came  medical  refers  for  several  insurance  companies,  and  surgeon  of  three 
different  railroad  companies,  as  well  as  member  of  the  Denver  Medieal  so- 
ciety, of  which  he  was  president  in  18(58,  of  the  Colorado  Medical  nssociatimi. 
and  American  Medical  association,  and  president  of  the  state  hoard  of 
hciilth.  He  was  also  an  early  and  active  member  of  the  (.'olorado  Hi-torii  d 
society,  and  has  been  an  officer  in  many  societies,  particularly  'i^ncational, 
and  is  authority  upon  such  topics.  He  married  a  daughter  of  lieorgc  A. 
Jarvis,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


BIOGRAPHY. 


573 


ier;  Tlioniaa 
■er,   farmer, 

i^ars  to  Den- 
le  ISiVJ.  Ill 
April  1803. 
a  lar;.'e  i);iit 
ith  a  branoli 
Montana,  i.i 
(akotii.  Ho 
{islature. 
itriut,  Sdiitli 
af  till!  limise 

I  postlllilsttT 

ran  I  was  re- 
He  (irijrin- 
rus  treasurer 
any  from  iti 

Colorado  ia 
in  coiiijKiiiy 
,  from  wliieli 
er  of  tliu  1st 
ill  ISSO,  ami 
[  to  tiie  presi- 
,Iy  coiniecteil 
H  (lov.  Evuiu 
iuizer.s  of  t'.ie 
liia  tliu  I).  & 
iinty  ill  (.'iilo- 
il  statu.  He 
it  LcadviUe, 
;e  ia  Denver 
trh  Oil  Bank- 

1817,  and  re- 

ras  ailiiiitteil 

u  moneys  fur 

St  .losepli, 

liiUmt  of  tlw 

for  six  yeari 

;aii  tlie  gen- 

or  goveriiur 

^fiold,  C'liiin. 

Con'i.,  an  I 

few  Knglail 

liarliittevillo 

hient  of  the 

in  IViin. 
|in  riiil.,  re- 
flieri'  111!  Il"- 
ton  of  tlirt'O 
liMi'dical  sii- 
lassociatiiiii. 
\e  lioard  "t 

Histiirii'il 

JilUlMtioIliil, 

( Jeorge  A. 


Jamos  Moynahan  was  born  in  Wayne  co.,  Mich.,  in  1842.  He  entered 
the  army  asi  a  private  in  18(i2,  remaining  in  it  tlirough  the  war,  being  twice 
WDUUiloil,  anil  made  a  captain  in  1803.  In  1866  he  married  Mary  Moynahan, 
<ii  Detroit,  and  set  out  for  Colorado  with  an  ox-teani,  leaving  his  wife,  who 
folkiwud  iiini  in  1867.  Ho  residod  in  Park  co.  until  1884  when  he  removed 
ti)  Denver  to  educate  his  children.  In  merchandising,  mining,  and  stock 
raising,  he  faut  accumulated  property.  He  w»  t  elected  to  the  state  senate  in 
ISili,  and  again  in  1882. 

C'liariea  Hallack,  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1828,  came  to  Colorado  in  1867  from 
Kansas,  and  settled  in  Denver  in  the  Imsiuesj  of  a  lumber  dealer.  In  1884 
he  M-as  elected  president  of  the  State  National  bank,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  i)rj,'ani/ers. 

Jol)  A.  Cooper,  born  in  111.  in  1843,  removed  to  Denver  in  1872,  where  he 
practiced  law  for  four  years,  and  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  German 
tiiiik.  In  1877  tlio  bank  was  reorganized  under  the  name  of  the  (iennan 
Xational  Bank,  when  he  was  elected  cishier.  In  1877  he  purchased  300  head 
(ifeattli',  on  a  range  near  the  Neb.  state  line,  but  sold  them  and  bought  15,000 
acres  of  land  in  Weld  co.,  onwhich  ho  had  in  1886-7,  50^  head  of  cattle.  Ho 
v.-  H  iiresident  of  the  Colorado  Cattle-grower's  association,  a  wealthy  organi- 
zaticm. 

D,  M.  Dougan,  born  in  Niles,  Mich.,  in  1845,  removed  to  Ind.  at  the  age 
of  ].')  J .  uv,  ind  became  a  clerk  in  a  bank  at  Richmond,  studying  medicine  in 
h.iieisnr  'i<i!rs.  He  subsequently  studied  at  Rush  medical  college,  Chicago, 
.  '1,!  at  bi  J  '  •  hospital,  New  York,  graduating  in  1874,  and  coming  to  Colo- 
ri'^ot  II,  i,!ii-  \mg  ycixr.  He  residod  in  several  parts  of  the  state  temporarily 
uatil  1'>7S  -vl'on  ho  wont  to  Leadville,  where  he  became  mayor  in  1881  and 
ISSi',  lie  \va<  the  first  president  of  Carbonate  bank,  and  remained  a  director 
while  living  in  Denver. 

John  (.'.  8tallcup,  born  in  Ohio  in  1841,  came  to  Colorado  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health  in  187/,  and  remained.  Ho  was  nominee  of  the  denu)eratic  party 
fir  state  .senator  in  1878,  and  was  iigain  nominated  for  attorney-general  of 
the  statu  in  LSSO.  He  was  elected  city-attorney  of  Denver  in  1881,  and  was 
retained  as  city  counsel  afterwards  in  cases  then  pending.  In  1884  he  sold 
most  of  his  city  property,  and  invested  in  land  in  Arapahoo  co.,  17  miles 
from  Denver,  which  was  being  stocked  with  cattle. 

.Steiihen  H.  Standart,  born  in  Ohio  in  1833,  and  brought  up  on  a  farm, 
came  to  Colorado  in  1879  to  engage  in  cattle-raising.  He  started  in  business 
with  l.'JiH)  head,  about  60  miles  fro.n  Denver.  He  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  tin'.  Western  Livo  stock  co.  in  1880,  and  of  the  American  Cattle  com- 
lany  in  1883,  of  401)  members,  the  two  companies  owning  over  20,000  head 
i  1  isSo. 

For  eongressional  a'^'!  'ivri^ dative  references  I  have  found  matter  in  P:jc. 
n.  /,'.  /,'';i/,'^i.  17-1!);  '  .  .'^'.  Srii.  Jour.,  808,  .38th  cong.,  Ist  sess.;  U.  S.  //. 
■lour.,  -11,  38th  CMU^.  "Jd  sc .  i.;  Jiahrid'ie't  Land  Lmr/t,  sup.  1877,  49;  IIol- 
/.-/./•'s  Mnirs  of  C--'o, '?'-:-<.  Cr.Mj.  Oln',,;  1S64~"),  316,  7r)3,  1404;  (T.  S.  If. 
I'r.  Ihr.,  i,,p.  !^ti  4<;'. i;.'  r\  .,  Lst  soss.,  vol.  16,  pt  2,  184,227;  46th  cong., 
'M  sess..  and  xxv.,  ')t  1,  1''";  46i.h  cong.,  21  sess.;  U.  S.  1!.  Misc.  J>o<:,  xiii., 
lit  4.  11.  .')(;  9,  124-&1,  46ti  cone  -M  sess.;  U.  S.  Er.  Doc,  XXV.,  .364,  47th 
eimjr..-Jd  .ses,,.;  (h'n.  Law-,  .\  „,  ?86.'),  108^11,  117-18,  127,  132,  13.-),  141, 
14'J;  /./.,  1S77,  180  94,  738;  AV/i.  Jour.  Colo,  IS8I,  62!)  :«;  ClmrUr  and  Ordi- 
uMCis  of  City  qf'  Denver,  287-309;  Corporations,  Jiev.  ShittUai,  1883. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 

1859-1886. 

Bknt  County— Isppstries,  Towns,  and  Peoplk — Boclukr  CoiNTr— 
Early  Seti-lep  >  -  (^dartz  Mining— Coal  and  Iron — Chaffkk  ("(hmv 
— Discoveries  ■  /  "  •  ^lopment — Clear  Creek  County— Earliest 
Smeltino — Stamp  -Conejos  County — Costilla — CusTKit  Men 

AND  Towns— MINI^^^  ^lta,  Dolores,  Douolas,  Eagle,  Elukkv,  El 
Paso,  and  Fremont  Counties — The  Great  Railroad  War— CaSon 
Crry  and  its  Insttitutions. 

Bent  county,  separated  from  Arapahoe  by  Elljcrt 
county,  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Arkansas  river,  and 
occupies  the  country  of  which  Bent's  fort  was  in 
ante- mining  days  the  seat  of  such  civiUzation  as  was 
found  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  It 
was  organized  in  1870,  and  named  after  the  Bent  fam- 
ily. It  occupies  an  extent  of  territory  larger  than 
the  state  of  Massachusetts,  but  is  comparatively  unin- 
habited, being  almost  entirely  appropriated  to  the 
uses  of  the  great  cattle  companies  and  owners,  a  sin- 
gle one  of  whom  owns  forty  miles  fronting  on  the 
river.'  Boggsville  was  the  first  county  seat,  which 
later  was  west  Las  Animas,  the  rendezvous  of  rattle 
owners  and  purchasers.  East  Las  Animas,  a  few 
miles  below,  is  another  similar  point.  Both  n\v  on 
the  railroad.  La  Junta,  at  the  junction  of  the  Puehlo 
branch,    is  a  pros[)erous  town.     Besides  these  there 

*  J.  W.  Prowers  liefore  mentioned.  He  came  to  Colorado  in  1858  .-i  j*' r 
young  man,  made  his  first  money  cutting  tlie  native  grasses  for  hay,  .'im<1  si  II- 


mg  it  to  the  government  at  Fort  Lyoa. 
banker,  and  owner  of  20,000  cattle. 
(674) 


He  finally  became  a  merchant  aul 


BENT  AND  BOULDER. 


678 


CtirsTT— 

FKK  ("(UNTY 

' — Eakliest 

LTSTKI!  -MkN 

Elivrut,  El 
'^AB— CaSos 


J  Ell)crt 
ivcr,  and 
i   was  ill 
1  as  was 
lins.     It 
lent  fain- 
ter than 
3ly  unin- 
to  the 
rs,  a  sill- 
on  the 
wliich 
i)f  cattle 
,   a  few 
art'  on 
l>iiehlo 
ISC  there 

llS'iS  a  ix'^r 
ly,  nii'l  sill- 
Irchi.ut  ami 


are  few  worthy  of  note."  The  Arkansas  valley  ia 
adapted  to  agriculture,  but  the  population  of  about 
2,  QUO  is  devoted  to  the  grazing  interest  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  fanning.  The  county  of  Greenwood  was  cre- 
ated at  the  same  time  that  Bent  was  established,  and 
occupied  a  part  of  its  present  territory,  with  Kit  Car- 
son for  the  county  seat ;  but  it  was  abolished  in  1874, 
and  the  present  boundaries  decreed,  at  which  time 
the  county  of  Elbert  was  set  off. 

Boulder,  one  of  the  original  seventeen  counties 
established  by  the  first  legislative  body  of  Colorado 
territory,  contains  794  square  miles,  and  combines 
mining  with  agriculture  in  a  proportion  which  ren- 
ders it  a  peculiarly  favored  i^'^tion  of  the  state.  It 
was  first  settled  by  a  portion  ot  a  train  whicli  arrived 
in  1858  by  the  Platte  route,  which  on  coming  to  the 
contiuence  of  the  St  Vrain,  determined  to  take  a 
course  directly  leading  to  tlie  mountains.  Among 
thein  were  Thomas  Aikins  and  son,  S.  J.  Aikins,  a 
nephew,  A.  A.  Brookfield  and  wife,  Charles  Clouser, 
Yount,  Moore,  Dickens,  Daniel  Gordon  and  brother, 
Theod<jre  Squires,  Thomas  Lorton,  Wheelock  broth- 
ers, and  John  Rothrock.  They  pitched  their  tents 
on  tlio  17th  of  October  at  Red  rock,  at  the  mouth  of 
Boulder  canon.  They  were  joiiied  by  others  in  the 
course  of  the  autumn.  On  the  15th  of  January, 
1859,  the  first  gold  was  discovered  at  Gold  Run  by  a 
jiarty  consisting  of  Charles  Clouser,  John  Rothrock, 
I.  S.  Bull,  William  Huey,  W.  W.  Jones,  James 
Aikins,  and  David  Wooley.  Out  of  tliis  gulcii  was 
taken  by  the  hand-rocker  that  season  8100,000.  The 
second  discovery,  on  south  Boulder,  was  the  Dead- 
wood  diggings,  by  B.  F.  Langley,  about  the  last  of 

'Alkali,  Apishapa Station,  Arapahoe,  Benton,  Bent's  Fort,  Blaciiwcll,  t'ad- 
dna,  Curl  ton,  Catliu,  C'lieyonne  vVells,  Dowlings,  First  View,  Fort  l^yon, 
(iiaiiailii,  Hilton,  HoUey,  Iron  Springs,  King's  Ferry,  Kiowa  Springs,  Kit 
t'iir.siiii,  Main  Rancbo,  Meadows,  Monotony,  Nine-mile  Bottom,  Point  of 
Riioks,  Prowers,  Red  Rock,  Robinson,  Rocky  Ford,  Rush  Creek,  Salt 
^•piini,'^.  Sand  Creek,  The  Meadows,  Tattle's,  Well  No.  1,  and  Wild  Horae, 
are  tlm  aottleueuta  in  Buut  co, 


■1 


676 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


January ;  and  the  third  at  Gold  Hill,*  in  Februarv. 
Soon  after  David  Horsfal  discovered  his  fainuus 
mine. 

In  February  the  town  of  Boulder  was  laid  otf,  ton 
miles  from  the  gold  diggings,  by  H.  Chiles,  Alfred 
A.  Brooktield  being  })rcsident  of  the  town  conipaiiy.' 
The  first  seventy  houses  on  Pearl  street  were  of  lotrs. 
It  soon  had  a  population  of  2,000,  which  so  exalted 
the  expectations  of  its  shareholders  that  they  turned 
away  customers  by  their  high  prices.  Efforts  were 
made  by  bridging  the  Platte,  and  by  other  means,  to 
draw  immigration  to  that  point,  but  without  marked 
success.' 


'Some  of  the  pioneers  of  Gold  Tfill  were  P.  M.  Honsel  and  wife,  George 
W.  Chambers  and  wife,  Charles  Daliney  and  wife,  Charles  F.  Holly,  Miles 
Jain,  Jolni  Wigginton,  William  FuIIowm,  .lames  Smith,  E.  H.  N.  I'attersun, 
W.  G.  Pell,  .lamea  A.  Carr,  W.  A.Corson,  Henry  (treen,  I..  M.  McC.-islin, 
and  family,  Riuhard  iJlore,  John  Mahoney,  C'ary  Culver,  Hiram  Buok,  iinmyi! 
Zweck,  Aliih.  Cushman,  Mrs  Samuel  Hays,  William  and  John  IJrerly  ami 
families.  The  tii'i-t  child  Ixirn  in(>old  Hill  was  Mamie  McCaslin,  wlii>  liv- 
came  Mrs  J.  C.  Cmilehan   <f  lionlder. 

*  Brooktield  was  horn  in  Morristowii,  N.  J.,  in  18.10.  His  father  was  a 
merchant,  and  ho  was  his  partner.  Ho  was  afterward  mayor  of  Mehraska 
City.  He  came  to  Coloracfo  in  1X58.  Henry  Wilson  Ciiiles  was  horn  in  Va 
in  1S"28,  and  came  to  Colo  from  Nel).  in  1858.  He  served  iu  the  civil  war, 
and  returned  to  Ccdo  at  its  close.' 

'Some  of  the  men  of  Boulder  were:  Thomas  A.  Aiken,  l)oni  in  Md,  1 808. 
He  came  to  Colorado  in  1838,  and  settled  four  miles  from  Btmlder  City.  He 
died  in  1878. 

Samuel  J.  Aikins,  horn  in  111.  in  18.15,  came  to  Colorado  iu  ISoS,  and 
settled  on  a  farm  on  l>ry  cr>  3k,  live  miles e.  from  Boulder  City.  A.J.  Macky, 
wlio  erected  tlie  first  frame  house  iu  Boulder,  was  horn  in  N.  Y.  in  I.SiU. 
He  came  to  Colorado  iu  1859,  in  company  with  Hiram  Buck.  He  mined, 
worked  at  his  triule  of  carpentry,  and  kept  a  meat  market  iu  company  \t  ith 
Buck.  He  erected  the  first  hrick  house  m  Boulder,  and  the  tirst  luiiMing 
with  an  iron  front.  He  wjis  postmaster,  county  treasurer,  justice  of  tlie 
peace,  niemlier  of  the  schotd  lioanl,  clerk  of  the  dist  court,  and  deputy  int. 
rev.  collector.  For  eight  years  he  held  the  office  of  sec.  Boulder  County  In- 
dustrial association.  In  1872  ho  was  elected  town  clerk  and  trcaf-urer, 
which  oflice  ho  retained  for  about  ten  years.  He  at  one  time  kept  the  Houl. 
dcr  house.  In  1805,  in  company  with  Daniel  Pound  and  others,  he  con- 
structed the  Black  Hawk  and  Central  City  wagon  road,  and  the  following 
year  built  the  Caribou  and  Central  City  road.  Ho  was  influential  in  sccur- 
nig  the  state  university  for  Boulder,  and  aided  all  worthy  enterprises. 

Alpheus  Wright,  born  iu  N.  V.  and  educated  for  the  law,  came  to  Colo- 
rado in  18.^9.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1805,  and  was  cU^ctid 
county  attorney.     Ho  niiide  a  comfortable  fortune  at  mining  oiterations. 

Samuel  Arbuthnot  was  born  in  Pittslmrg  in  18;i0,  and  cauie  to  Colorado 
in  1859.  He  mined  at  Gold  Hill,  at  iiussell  gulch,  and  in  California  ^iiicli. 
In  180.1  he  settled  on  a  farm  on  Left  Han  1  creek,  Boulder  co.,  and  lR'l|njilto 
organize  the  Left  Hand  Ditch  company,  of  which  he  has  been  presiQcnl.  Ho 
was  also  clerk  of  the  school  board. 


HOULDKU. 


877 


About  this  time  men  went  wild  over  quartz,  until 
they  found,  upon  protractod  trial,  that  they  could  not 
extract  the  gold  I  liave  already  spokt>n  of  that  era, 
and  its  effect  on  the  country.  Then  they  were  driven 
to  other  jmrsuits,  especially  fanning  Boulder  organ- 
ized the  first  county  agricultural  society  in  IS(;7. 
(hist-niills  were  t'rected,  and  a  fanning  connnunity 
iffcw  up  at  the  confluence  of  the  north  and  south 
HouMer  creeks,  with  a  thriving  centre  called  Va]- 
moiit."  Boulder  hecaine  the  grain-milling  as  well  as 
(rraiii-orowing  countrv '  of  tli(?  tt!rritorv.  In  time, 
also,  its  mines  were  devclojied,  until  its  annual  pro- 
duction of  the  precious  mcitals  reached  half  a  million. 


(icorgc  F.  ChaHe  was  one  of  thn  (^ciitral  City  and  IJouldcr  valley  toll- 
riiiul  iiuiitlcrit,  county  coniinissionor.  town  trustee,  farmer,  and  stoek  raiser, 
(ii'iir^je  \V.  Chaniltera  was  a  miner,  farmer,  county  connnissioner,  and  justice 
(if  tlii^  jieace.  An<lrew  Douty  erected  on  South  IJoultler  creek  the  lirst  grist- 
iiiill  I'onijdetod  in  Colorado.  }{oalsohuilt  a  mill  at  lied  liock,  near  Hoidder 
City,  in  18GG.  In  18(57  he  erected  tin;  lirst  (louring  mills  at  St  Louis,  in  Lai- 
iiniTCo..  where  he  died  in  1874.      Douty  was  from  Pa. 

Tarhox  &  Donnelly  erected  the  (irst  saw  mill  in  Houlder  in  18«iO,  using  the 
water  power  at  the  mouth  of  the  caAon.  .F.  P.  Lee  Imilt  the  second  the 
same  8ea.sou  a  few  miles  from  (iold  Hill;  'I'ourtjilotte  and  S(|uires  a  third  in 
Bimld(;r  City  in  180*2.  Sanniel  Copeland  erected  the  (irst  steam  saw  mill  in 
Fiiiir-iiiile  caflou  in  1 8(1.'). 

Kdward  W.  Henderson  was  the  inirchaser  of  the  (Jregory  mine,  and  had 
many  vicissitudes  of  fortune.  He  was  connected  with  the  Western  Smelting 
oiiiiiiany,  in  charge  «)f  affairs;  was  treasurer  of  <  Ji^iin  co. ;  an<l  receiver  m 
tlic  U.  S.  lan.l  ofHce  at  CJentral  City  187:V-5». 

T.  .T.  Graham  hrcnight  the  .'{-stamp  mill  in  18.5H  which  was  set  up  on  Left 
Hand  crcok,  near  (toUl  Hill.     He  continued  to  reside  at  Boulder. 

Other  men  of  Boulder  in  early  times  were  William  Arlmthnot,  miner  and 
fanner;  August  Burk,  baker  and  farmer;  Norman  H.  Howard,  miner  and 
farmer;  Thomas  J.  Jones,  miner,  merchant,  and  farmer,  huilt  the  largo  hotel 
;it(iold  Dirt  in  18(50;  Henry  B.  Ludl(»w,  miner  and  farmer;  Holden  R.  Kl« 
dred,  freighter  and  merchant;  William  liaker,  farmer;  Thomas  Brainard, 
frcighttfr  and  farmer;  ilohn  Koeae,  carptmter,  miner,  and  farmer,  elected 
iissosHor  of  Boulder  co.  in  1871;  ilay  Sternberg,  miller  and  ]>r()i)rictor  of  tho 
iVmlder  City  flouring  mills;  William  H.  Howell,  twice  elected  sheriff  of 
Boulder  CO. 

"The  lirst  clieeae  factory  was  established  at  Vabnont.  This  town  was 
laid  off  by  A.  P.  Allen,  his  sons,  (i.  S.  and  W.  11.  Allen,  and  liis  son-in-law, 
Hdlden  Kblred.  Near  Valmont  were  settled,  with  their  famili«!s,  W.  B. 
ilowell,  onco  sheriff,  now  a  largo  land  owner,  .lohn  Hothrock,  Henry  Buck, 
I'.  A.  Lyner,  William  A.  Davidson,  H.  B.  Ludlow,  .1.  .1.  Bt^asley,  projector 
aiul  iiiiijder  of  the  Beasley  irrigating  canal;  Jeremiah  I^^ggett,  Kdgar  Saw- 
liey.  Minim  Prince,  E.  Leeds,  J.  C  Bailey,  Stephen  H.  (trccn,  andOoorgo 
I'.  (Jreen,  his  son. 

'  A.  and  J,  W.  Smith  of  Denver,  erected  a  grist-mill  at  White  Rock 
niffs,  on  Boulder  creek,  six  miles  from  the  mountains;  I'.  M.  Housel  and 
John  |).  Baker  built  one  near  Valmont.  Housel  was  twice  elected  county 
judgv, 

IIJST.  Nkv.    37 


ml 


Si     "■  n 


:-rnr 


578 


COUNTIES  OF  COLOR A1K>. 


I 


cliiefly  in  silver,  and  tlie  assessable  valuation  of  tlip 
♦•ounty  is  considerably  over  four  and  a  half  niillions.' 
The  coal  [)roduction  of  the  comity  in  !8S;{  was 
45,500  tons.'  Iron  is  one  of  the  valuable  productions 
of  this  county ;'"  and  also  stone  for  i)uil<ling  |)ui- 
poses,  and  lime  manufacture.  Boulder  county  in 
1870  received  tlie  addition  to  its  early  po[)ulatioii  of 
a  company  of  persons  orij;anized  in  Chicago,  indu 
the  name  of  the  Cliicago-Colorado  colony,  of  wliicji 
Robert  Collyer  was  t)resident,  C  N.  l*ratt  secretary, 
and  William  Bross  treasurer.  With  so  nnu'h  ability 
at  the  head  it  should  have  nuide  itself  a  history.  Tlu' 
land,  selected  bv  W.   N.    Bvers,   consisted  of  fiO.OOO 


'  TIio  {irinoipal  mining  districts  of  Boulder  are  Cariltou,  in  wliieli  arc  sit- 
uated the  well-known  mines  of  Native  Silver,  Seven-Tliirty,  Ten-Koity, 
I'iMirnian,  Sherman,  No  Name,  and  the  Caribou,  wliicli  sliipped  in  IHSl 
$'227, '.W?. 88  in  silver  bricks.  Ward  district  contained  tlio  Ni  Wot,  Nelson, 
Stongliton,  Coleatial,  Humboldt,  and  Mornina  Star,  free-milling  gold  iiiiiios. 
In  Central  district  were  the  smuggler,  John  Jay,  J^ast  Chance,  Longfi^llmv. 
and  (iolden  Age.  Tiie  (Johl  Hill,  (!rand  Island,  Sunshine,  Sugar  Loaf,  ainl 
Magnolia  districts  had  good  nnnes,  which  up  to  ISSlJ  workeil  up  to  tlirir 
greatest  point  of  productiveness.  IMacer  mines  were  neglected.  Sinitli's  It'jt 
Cm  J}iirl(q)iiii lit  nj' <\)lor(ulo,  lSSl-2,  .SO,  being  the  annual  report  of  the  sUt- 
geologist.  Tiiere  were,  in  f  1880, '.)  mills,  running  185  .stamps,  at  work  m 
Uouliler  county,    /''os-irff,  Colonulo,  '2(>0. 

"The  coal  of  IJouhler  county  is  a  free-burning  lignite,  of  jet  black  color  aipi 
high  lustre.  Coal  was  tirst  developed  here  in  IStiO.  Li  I8t'>4  Jo.seph  W.  Mar- 
shall, one  of  the  owners,  after  whom  the  coal-mining  town  of  Marshall  was 
named,  William  L.  Lee.  Mylo  Lee,  and  A.  (I.  Langfonl  erected  a  small  lila.-it- 
furnace  at  this  place,  and  made  '20t)  tons  of  pig-iron  from  the  red  hematite  ok* 
wiiicli  abound  in  the  locality.  The  Marshall  mine  was  worked  for  scvor.il 
years  on  ii  small  scale;  but  when  the  (iolden,  Boulder,  and  Caribou  railrnail 
was  completed,  in  1S78,  the  output  immediately  increased  to  .")0.(K)l)  tons 
annu-illy.  7Vc('.<  Onr  /he  Plains,  8t>-7;  Jiorh/  iMoiaitniii  AV»w,  May  (i,  IStW: 
Oleiir  ('nil:  nwl  lioiililir  Vul.  IJist.,  4'2\.  Louisville  is  another  coal-niiiiinp 
town  on  the  Cohu-ado  Central  railroad,  12  miles  from  Boulder.  C.  C.  Wcli'li 
of  ilolilen  conceived  tlie  idea  of  boring  for  coal  at  this  place,  where  itisfoiiml 
200  fetit  bcliiw  the  surlacc.  '1  he  town  was  named  after  Louis  Niwataiiy,  a 
Polandcr,  who  luid  charge  of  the  e.\])Iorati(ms.  This  mine  was  sold  to  .lay 
<}ould,  of  the  I'nion  Pacitic  R.  Jl.,  in  187'.),  with  all  its  equipments,  Louisvilli' 
has  a  population  of  about  000.  Among  the  i)ernianent  settlers  in  (?oal  Cnik 
valley  are  the  pioneer  families  of  David  Kerr,  Robert  Niver,  W.  t\  liaki'. 
tirst  president  of  the  South  Boulder  and  Coal  Creek  Ditch  company,  C.  \\. 
Kggleston,  A.  .M.  Wylani,  ami  James  Minks.  Niver,  who  is  a  well  t.i-d.i 
farmer,  was  the  projector  of  the  .South  Boulder  and  Coal  Creek  Diti'li  cm- 
pany,  of  which  ho  was  superintendent  and  stockhohler,  the  beneht  of  which 
to  the  valley  has  been  great. 

'••Tlu'  Davidson  Coal  and  Iron  Mining  company  was  incorporat«Ml  in  IS?.*!, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $I(>0,0(.0,  <irgani/.ed  by  William  A.  l)avidson,  .bm.a 
tlian  S.  Smith,  (loorgo  W.  Smiley,  Charles  B.  Kount/.e,  and  \Villiaiii  H 
Berger.  The  company  owned  8,000  acres  on  the  line  of  the  Colorado  Cintnil 
railroad,  8  miles  from  Boulder. 


BOULDRR. 


&79 


am  s  in  the  valloyaof  Boulder,  St  Vrain,"  Left  Hand, 
and  I  iittle  Thompson  crooks,  including  foot-hill  lands 
witli  timber,  building  stono,  water,  iron,  and  coal  coii- 
vciiiciit  to  railroad  transportation.  A  location  was 
cliostii  for  a  town  about  thirty  milos  duo  oast  from 
jjoiij;  s  p«'ak,  the  viow  of  which  gave  it  tlio  namo  of 
Ijoiiuuiont.  Tho  founders  of  the  colony  did  not  find 
it  ;iii  Arcadia,  but  taking  it  all  in  all,  it  proved  agoo<l 
iiivcstiiiont.  The  town,  which  was  incorporated  in 
ls7o.  liad  in  1880  1,800  iidiabitants,  excellent  schools, 
Incil  journals,  several  churclu^s,  important  agricul- 
tural and  milling  interests,  and  a  railroad  c«)nnocting 
it  witli  the  Krie  and  CanHold 'Noal  banks,  and  was 
nil  tlic  line  i)f  tlio  l'(»lorado  (\Mitral  railroad. 

Hdiildcr  C'ity,  tlu>  county  scat  of  Roulder  county, 
was  iticorporatod  in  iSlovenduT  1871,"  and  had  in 
1SS(!  ;i  population  of  (J, 000,  railroa<l  conununication 
witl;  DonvtM-  "  and  the  other  pi'incipal  towns  of  north- 
rni  Colorado  and  the  main  liiK^  of  tho  Union  Pacific, 
s;iiin>rmg   and     smelting  works,  and    flouring    mills,'^ 

"111  St,  \'rain  valloy  still  reside  some  of  the  .settlers  of  IS;")'.*,  iiaiiioly: 
Ciilliiiiiii,  rt'iino'-'k,  Allen,  Hainliii,  Atfalter,  Peek,  Isaae  Hiniyon.  B.  F. 
Fr.iiikiiii.  .loliii  <'.  (^irter,  Lymaii  Stneail,  Havitl  T'lylor,  llarrisoii  (iooilwiii, 
iVrn  \Vl\ite,  Uieliard  Hlore,  NN'eese  i)rotiiers  Tiiopias  MeClain.  ('.  V.  Tnie. 
r„,.rj!r  \V,  Wei)ster,  Fred,  (Jeorgc  C,  and  Lawson  Heekwitli,  Alf.  and  Wash. 
t'iksliniiin,  .lohii  Hagar,  I'owell,  Kipley.  Mason    ManniTs,  and   hieksnn. 

''Caiitii'ld  is  another  eoal-niining  town  on  tiie  Henver  and  Boulder  Valley 
nilriiad.  I'J  miles  from  Boulder.  'Hiere  were  three  mines,  two  owned  by  the 
.■^tar  Cinisolidated  Coal-mining  eompany,  and  ain>ther,  oi)ened  in  1879,  called 
tlie  .liuksoii. 

'^Its  mayors  have  heen  James  Fillison,  .lames  1*.  Maxwell,  Charles  (}. 
Van  Fleet,  and  .lolin  A.  KUet.  Maxwi-ll  was  horn  in  Wis.  in  I8.'U>,  anil  eanm 
tnColnniilo  in  18(10,  settling  lirst  in  (Jilpin  co.  at  mining  anil  hnnher  dealing. 
He  niiiiwcil  to  Boulder  in  1S7'2,  and  engaged  in  farming  and  stoek-raising. 
He  wa'*  clci'ted  to  the  territorial  legislature  in  187'-' and  1874,  to  the  st;ite 
L'ltienil  as:  I'mltly  ill  IS7(>  as  senator,  and  in  1878  was  ehosen  [tresidcnt  of  the 
.-liiati' pro  tern.  He  was  also  eleeteil  eo.  trea-s.  in  1880.  Charles  (\  Braee, 
ilcrti'il  Ml  IS8r>,  eame  to  Coh)rado  in  I87(>  from  (Jrand  Uapids,  Mieli.,  where 
tie  wa- liorii  in  1840.  Ho  studied  modiiine  in  tlie  llaluieniann  medieal  eol- 
liiic  (if  Cliicago,  ooniing  <lireet  to  Itoulder  after  graduating,  lie  was  chosen 
pnsiilunt  of  tlie  Colorado  State  llo:!ieoi>atliie  Medieal  society. 

"While  the  population  was  only  a  few  linndrtMl  tho  citizens  fuKscrihed 
S4fi.()(Mt  to  seeurc  a  hraneh  from  the  Denver  and  Bmddcr  Valley  R.  R.  Be- 
iiTi  it  was  completed  the  Colorado  Central  had  reached  them. 

'•"riie  sampling-works  were  erected  by  N.  P.  Hill,  manager  of  the  Boston 
^hiK'iilorado  Smelting  co..  the  smolting-worka  l>y  .1.  H.  Boyd,  in  1874.  The 
ii<ml(i(  r  City  llouring-niill  was  erected  in  I87'2  by  Jay  and  I).  K.  Steraberg; 
tlie  Colorado  ttUte  mill  in  1877  by  Mrs  E,  B.  Yount. 


"i 


V    i!^ 


680 


COUNTIES  OF  COLOHAIX). 


I 


I 


ill  l 


which  purchased  most  of  the  wheat  grown  in  the 
county.  The  business  of  the  town  and  vicinity  sup. 
ported  several  banks.'*  It  had  a  got)d  system  uf 
water-works,  erected  in  1874  at  a  cost  of  ^50,00(i.  a 
fire  department  organized  in  1875,  excellent  i»ulilir 
schools,"  newspapersjcliurches,'"  various  benev(»ltiit  so- 
cieties, a  public  library,"  and  the  state  university.  Tins 
last  distinction  was  obtained  from  the  lejjfislature*  if  Isci 
and  the  corner-«tone  laid  September  17,  1875.  Tlit|irf- 
paratory  and  noinuil  departments  were  opened  in  1  ^77. 
since  which  period  it  has  increased  and  pro-sju  ivd. ' 
Then;  are  few  towns  of  importance  in  the  county.  ' 

"The  HouMer  Imiik  win  estaUliMlied  in  1871  by  < Senrge  ( '.  ('oniiii;;  ..• 
Ohio;  diHcoiitiiiucil  in  1877.  The  National  State  i>ank  was  foiiiKliil  in  \\'j 
Ity  Charle.i  (r.  antl  W.  .\.  Vuckingliain  of  Oliio,  Init  ilitl  not  take  tin-  ;ir<«4^M 
name  until  1877.  The  First  National  bunk  of  Boulder  was  oijened  in  l>77  I'V 
Louin  Cheney. 

"  Boulder  built  the  first  suhool-house  in  Colorado  in  I8<i<),  ccwting  .^tl.'.IK). 
It  was  occupied  until  187*2,  when  a  large  public  Hcluud  edifice  was  i-rfiteij. 
costing  ^ir),0()lt,  and  the  graded  system  w.as  adopted.  Since  that  pi-n."l  a  i- 
ditions  have  been  made  as  required. 

"The  churclies  of  lioidder  were  founded  as  follows:  metluMlist  in  \^<i'. 
by  Jacob  Adriancc;  congregational  in  18W,  by  William  Crawford;  proi.y- 
terian  in  1872,  by  J.  E.  Anderson;  protcstant  episcopal,  I87''<,  by  Hcnry 
Baum;  reformed  episcopal,  1874,  by  James  C.  Pratt;  catiiolic,  lS7t>,  by  A.  .1. 
Abel;  Itaptist,  1872,  by  J.  G.  Maver.  After  these  came  the  christian  un<i 
adventist  churches,  liberalists,  and  spiritualists. 

'•  The  library  was  founded  by  Charles  (}.  Buckingham. 

'^Roliert  Culver  and  Charles  F.  Holly  were  active  in  influencing  tlie  {.na- 
tion. The  first  board  appointed  consisted  of  D.  P.  Walling,  J.  Feld.  A.  U. 
Patterson,  A.  A.  Bradford,  William  Gilpin,  Edwin  Scuilder,  C.  Doniiiiguc/, 
Bryon  M.  Sanford,  William  Hammin(l,  J.  B.  Chaffee,  B.  F.  Hall.  .\ni«j 
Steck,  Jesse  M.  Barela,  G.  F.  Crocker,  J.  S.  Jones,  and  M.  Goss.  Cdo.  S"v. 
fjatm,  1861,  144-8.  The  first  meeting  of  the  board  was  held  in  Jan.  ISTO. 
when  it  was  duly  organized.  The  citizens  had  donated  GI  acres  of  land,  value<i 
at  $10,000,  but  there  was  as  yet  no  cash  found  available.  Application  «-a.i 
made  to  the  legislature,  which  not  until  1874  appropriated  ^15,000.  coikIi 
tional  npon  an  equal  amount  being  subscribed  in  Boulder,  and  Shi.&Vi.O*! 
being  raised,  the  contract  was  immediately  let  to  MoPhee  and  Keiting  uf 
Denver.  A  second  appropriation  by  the  legislature  was  sufficient  to  fiirnisli 
and  start  the  institution.  Provision  was  made  for  the  permanent  su|i|Hirt  "f 
the  university  by  the  annual  assessment  of  one  fifth  of  one  mill  on  tlif  vain 
ation  of  the  state,  and  also  for  the  election  of  regents  by  vote  cf  the  *UkU. 
The  first  board  elected  were  L.  W.  Dolloff  and  •Junius  Berkley  of  Buidiier, 
George  Tritch  and  F.  J.  Ebert  of  Denver,  W.  H.  Van  Geisen  of  Del  .N'irt.. 
and  C.  Valdez  of  Conejos.  They  chose  Joseph  A.  Sewall  president  •>:'  tb*- 
university.  Tlie  regular  collegiate  course  began  in  1878,  and  in  18^)  tlierr 
were  121  pupils  in  attendance.  The  college  edifice  was  placed  on  high  ground 
overlooking  the  city,  and  surrounded  by  well  cultivated  and  ornainentfl 
grounds.  It  was  built  of  brick,  three  stories  high,  and  surmounted  by  ani>!'- 
servatory.  The  library,  furnishing,  and  finishing  were  all  that  could  l>e  ei- 
pected  of  a  university  school  while  in  its  infancy,  and  shows  that  I><iiiKlrr 
baa  done  well  in  selecting  this  one  of  the  state  institutions  for  its  own. 

'''1  The  towns  and  settlements  of  Boulder  county  not  meutioued  arc  Altoiu. 


IHAFFKK 


081 


Ohaffee  county  was  created  out  of  the  southern 
porfiou  of  Lake  in  Fel)ruary  1879."  Its  area  is 
alx'Ut  1,189  sijuare  miles,  situated  Ijetween  the  Mus- 
quito  ran^c  and  Arkansas  hills  on  tin-  east,  and  the 
mi  ;it  <livide  on  the  west.  It  is  i>ei-uliarlv  a  nunin<jf 
n-^ioii.  Tiie  districts  of  as  yet  conijKiratively  undi*- 
viln|i('(l  Chalk  creek,  one  of  the  earliest  discoveries 
oil  tlu'  east  side  <»f  the  ranj^c,  (Jraniti-,'*  Monarch, 
south  Arkansas,  Cottonwood,  and  Ho|k'  are  the 
most  cxtensivelv  developed.  The  <li.s<-«»Vfrits  at  Lt-ad- 
vill' .  iiiid  conse  uent  railroati  buildin;^.  w«re  the  first 
caiisis  of  tlie  re  ont  developments  in  ChaffiT  <ounty, 
us  tliov  were  of  ts  orijanization.  The  Monarch  tlis- 
trict,  lyini^  twenty -six  miles  west  from  the  town  of 
Salida,  contains  some  of  the  most  remarkaWh-  mines 
ill  Colorado.  They  are  lead  carlx»nates  Krap^entifer- 
(lus  ;,'aleiia  ores,  and  yield  from  20  to  l.,")0«>  ounces  of 
silver,  and  fortv  to  sixtv  piT  cent  of  leaii  to  the  ton." 

lUl.iiat,  liliu!  liinl,  Brownsvillt),  Biirliiitftun,  ('amjiTelhiriuin,  (^'.-tnliiial.  Cove 
('nik.  Ciismaii,  hiividson,  I<Wlu  |{o»ik,  Krir,  Fmir-inile  «'rt-«.-k.  liighlain). 
.I,inii'sti)\vii,  •liiii  ('ruck,  l^alvcsiau,  haiigforil.  I^-t°t  Kami,  I»gan  Mine,  Miig- 
M.4i..  Miirshall.  Mit.h.!ll,  Modoc,  N.-.l.Tlaii.l.  Ncrkirk  Mill.  Ni  W..t,  Nortli 
|{oiilil(  1,  Orodolfaii,  O.sltorii,  Pella,  ricanant  Valley, «^een  t'ity  Mills.  Koik- 
villi'.  Salina,  Springdale,  Sugar  Loaf,  Suiiiiiervillc,  SiinW-am  (Julcli,  Siiiiiiy- 
-uif.  Siiii.sliinc,  'rolleriiiiii,  Ward  District,  White  IVak,  Williainshura;. 
Cli.'irli's  Dalmuy  settled  in  Houlder  in  ltS<SOat  ininin;^  and  Klacksniitliing.  Me 
v,i>  ijipstinaster  in  1801-2,  justice  of  the  peace,  and  in  l-XCl  county  coiinnis- 
>iMM>'r.  lu  1K7H  he  engaged  in  mining  and  hrokcragc.  and  addeti  real  estate 
aihl  liiinliering.  Joliii  <I.  Kllinghani,  miner,  cattle-dealer,  and  owner  of  a 
i|iiart/.-iiiill,  .settled  .saino  year.  Also  William  H.  I>ickens,  farmer;  and  I'or- 
tiT  T.  liinmau,  hou  of  Anson  Hinman,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  V.,  of  which  he 
uiis  iii<lg(\  He  resided  in  Ohio  and  Iowa  heforc  coming  to  (.'nlorailo,  and  waa 
:i-i^Nt:iiit  in  the  U.  S.  land  otKce  at  Des  Moines.  He  .-wcureil  a  fann  of  '.i'M 
,KTts  (111  Ijcft  Hand  creek. 

-  It  was  first  allowed  to  retain  the  name  of  Lake,  that  |>nrtion  of  the  ori- 
ginal iirj^anizatioii  north  of  it,  and  containing  Lcailville.  Iieing  named  Carhoii- 
lU'.  Hut  the  Leadville  jieople  protested — they  wert?  i>ermitt«.tl  to  retain  their 
ciiiiMty  name  of  Lake,  Carbonate  was  ahandoncil.  and  the  new  organization 
was  called  after  a  favorite  senator.   (Wo  S'ms.  Loirn,  \S~*f,  4. 

•'Stciilien  B.  Kellogg,  a  pioneer  of  ISoJ),  and  who  was  one  of  tli<?  discov- 
iTPrs  iif  Chalk  (,'reek  .'nines  in  18()0,  was  boni  in  Vt  in  IHIt;.  He  had  l>c«n  in 
Siuitli  .\iiierioa  and  Cal.  before  coming  to  Colonnlo.  He  changed  lii»  re.si- 
ili-iu'p  iiften  afterward,  but  without  leaving  the  state.  He  waH  a  meinl>er  of 
tlic  jiriivisional  legislature,  has  been  police  justice,  and  hast  held  oeveral  other 
iirticial  positions.  ArkanHW  VaL  IfiM.,  5'M.  ()f  (iranite  and  its  early  history 
I  liavi-  alreaily  spoken. 

-'  'I'lie  large-paying  mines  of  Monarch  <listrict  were  Maiionna,  .Silent  Friend, 

'  i>ii,  Oshkosh,  Fair  Play,  Monarch,  Eclipse,  Kainlmw.  Little  <;em,  Den- 


Wils 


vi T.  Wonder,  Michigan,  and  Silver  King,   hfirriplrr^  Amrrini,  May  4,  IS84. 
Ill  <  'iidlk  Creek  district  the  Murphy  mine  yielded  SOor  more  Utaa  of  ore  daily 


i' 


k  'I 

o»|h 

rife 

•i"' 

'^^^11 

ft!  II 

1 

b»2 


(.•OUNTIK.S  OK  COLORADO. 


The  Madonna  mine,  discovered  by  the  Boon  brotli 
er8,  had  cut  300  feet,  in  May  IH84,  througli  Holid  or. 
of  this  description  without  Hndin«r  the  rnd  of  tin 
deposit.  Other  districts  contain  copper  and  silver. 
some  gold  and  silver,  and  sonje  free-milling  gold.  Tlir 
bullion  product  of  the  county  in  1883  was  uhout 
$300,000,  nearly  half  of  which  was  in  gold. 

The  Calumet  iron  mine,  the  most  valuable  in  tin 
state,  was  a  deposit  of  magnetic  and  hematite  ore  con 
taining  between  seventy  and  eighty  per  cent  pure 
iron.  Ten  car-loads  daily  were  taken  by  railroad  tti 
Pueblo,  where  it  was  smelte<l  and  manufactured  ])v 
the  Colorado  Coal  and  Iron  company,  who  owned  it. 
The  other  mineral  resources  of  the  <'ounty  are  nuim  r- 
ouM.  Poncho  hot  springs  and  Wellsville  hot  sj)riiig.s 
are  extensively  known  for  their  medicinal  qualitiis 
Charcoal-burning  Is  an  important  industry.  I'eiii'j 
made  from  the  p.nion  which  covi-r.s  th(»  foot-liilU 
Lime,  alst)  made  in  largi"  (juantities,  is  used  as  a  Hu\ 
at  the  smelting  works  of  Leadville  and  I'uelilo. 
twenty-six  car-loads  daily  going  to  those  ])Ia<'es. ' 
Marble  is  also  quarried  near  Salida,  black,  wliitc,  ami 
colored,  of  excellent  (juality,  and  granite  as  tin.'  as 
that  of  New  England.  Coal  deposits  just  heiiiL; 
opened   in  1885   promised   well.     Agriculture,   while 

worth  $()()  per  ton,  net  value.  Tlie  Coluinhii.s,  in  the  .South  Arkansas  ilJHtrict. 
was  one  of  tlic  largest  silver  mines  in  the  state,  and  yieUle<l  100  ounce.-i  to  tlu' 
ton.  These  are  only  named  a,A  samples  of  tlie  hcst  mines  in  khe  eouiity  Tlio 
llortense  mine,  on  Mt  Princeton,  though  of  low  grade  ore,  was  one  nf  thf  'wst 
developed  and  most  pnnluetive. 

'^  Poncho  Hot  sprnigs  are  G  miles  southwe  from  .Salida.  They  an^  Hi  in 
number.    Alongside  of  them  are  cohl  springs.  '-hur  and  siv.ia  predoiniiiatf. 

although  it  is  said  that  GO  different  niintiral  wat)»-  are  tlowing  constantly  t'rom 
the.se  fountains,  with  wonderful  curative  qualities.  At  Cottonwood  citek, 
north  of  Salida,  are  similar  springs.  Horn's  Itept  on  Mineral  Springs  oi  (olii. 
iu  SUUc  Board  of  Umltli  Hfpt,  for  1870,  p.  (i2. 

'"These  statements  are  furnislied  by  VV.  W.  IWler  of  .Salida,  wIm  lias 
contributed  hia  Colonulo  Sketc/ie/i,  M.S.,  to  my  library.  He  was  born  at  I'lina- 
wanda,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  184'2,  and  came  to  Colorado  in  1877.  After  j^ptinl 
ing  two  years  at  Colorado  Springs  as  a  furniture-dealer.  lie  removed  to  ■■^aliiLi 
and  went  into  tlie  more  remunerative  business  of  cattle-dealing.  HcH't  h 
supplemented  by  K  If.  Welifi's  Salida  nmf  Us  Surroiindinijn,  MS.,  whicli  tl^'ft'-' 
more  particularly  with  the  town.  Webb  was  Iwrn  in  N.  Y.  in  1844.  H'' 
came  to  Cleora,  Colorado,  in  1878  to  engage  in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  re 
moved  to  Salida  when  it  was  founded,  and  oprncd  business  there  iu  HHI),  -.a 
the  pioneer  merchant. 


CHAKFKK. 


583 


brotl) 
lolid  on 

I  of   tllr 

I  silver, 
Id.  Tli<. 
8   uhout 

V  iit  till' 
orr  cori- 
iiit  j)uro 
Iroad  to 
unci  by 
Avnt'ii  it. 
\  nuiiit  r- 
s))riiii];s' 
|U!ilitiis. 
\,-,   liriiii: 
,><)t-iiill>. 
iis  a  Hux 
I'url.lo, 
])lac'os. ' 
lite,  ami 
fill--  as 
t     l)riiii;' 
Nvliilo 

Isiis  (iHtncl, 

lllU'tiSld  tilt' 

I  unity    Tlio 

(.1    till'  '>l'St 

juy  am  Hi  ni 
icdoiiiiiiati'. 
lutly  from 

llgS  III  ('"111. 

wli"  lias 

[•11   ilt    I'llMU- 

Iftor  i-iioiiii- 

|,|  to  Salidii 

H.iller  IS 

yhirli  •i'^al-' 

1844.     Hi' 

jits,  bill  re 

111  IHKO,  ;i- 


still  unrccoofuizod  ub  «»f  importance,  exists  and  in- 
croiisos,  the  soil  being  rich  aud  warm  in  the  valleys." 
The  great  San  Luis  valley  in  the  adja(;ent  county  of 
Sat^uache  furnished  in  1886  a  convenient  grazing 
•'round  for  cattle. 

"  In  IMilt,  when  I'li.tffee  was  part  uf  Lake  county,  Frank  Mayol  took 
litiiil  claiiii  8  niiloH  north  of  Buena  Vista,  where  ho  raised  potatotm  at  50  c. 
[K  r  iMiuiul,  roaliieinff  l|5,U0O  from  5  acres.  He  soon  accumulated  a  fortuiiu. 
liuorgo  Ijconhardy  Teased  tlie  farm  in  1871,  and  purchased  it  the  foll.m'in^ 
your,  paying  183,750.  Ho  also  opened  a  'cut-off'  into  South  jwrk,  which  became 
tliu  mail  route.  A  post-oflico  wau  estahlislied  at  his  place  called  Kiversidu. 
licoiilianly  added  to  hi:*  land  from  time  to  time,  and  i)eing  engaged  in  other 
liusiiit!.H.s  liecamu  wealthy.  In  1804  Andrew  Bard  and  Frank  I..<mn  took  up 
laud  uoar  where  Buena  Vista  now  stands,  which  they  watered  from  Cotton- 
wood creek,  and  which  produced  large  crops  of  hay  and  vegetahloM,  all  of  which 
found  a  ready  market.  The  next  settlers  were  Benj.  Schwandcr,  William 
Balu,  afterward  slieritf,  John  McPherson,  and  J.  K.  (ioncll,  who  took  chiiiii.H 
nil  tlio  creek,  and  in  I8(>u  CottonwiKNl  was  made  an  rlcction  precinct,  ainl 
Kiih,  lUrd,  and  (ionell  were  appointed  judges  of  election.  The  samu  year 
(lalatia  Spraguo,  R.  Mat.  John.son,  Matthew  Rule,  and  John  (iilliland  settlod 
at  Brown  creek,  where  the  agricultural  and  mining  town  of  Brownsville  grew 
up.  Oiltiland,  John  Wcldon,  and  <S.  M.  Hunt/ickcr  were  a])|)ointed  judges 
of  election  in  that  precinct,  which  extended  from  Chalk  creek  to  the  south 
end  uf  the  county,  in  I8(>(j  John  Burnett,  with  Nat.  Rich  and  others,  settled 
near  the  present  town  of  Poncho  Springs.  Soon  another  eh^ction  precin.'t  was 
ileclared,  embracing  the  county  south  of  Sand  creek,  and  Burnett,  It  h,  and 
W.  (Jliristison  were  appointed  judges  of  election.  At  the  election  lliia  year 
tlio  county  seat  was  removed  from  Oroto  Uayton,  near  the  upper  Twin  lake, 
licoiihardy,  Bale,  and  I'eter  Caruth  were  county  comniissioiiers.  At  tln'ir 
lirst  meeting  in  Dayton  the  Trout  creek  road  was  declared  a  pulilie  hi^;liway, 
ami  the  following  year  a  road  was  opened  from  the  xtininiit  of  the  divide  at 
Ponclio  pass  to  the  Arkansas  river  above  Trout  creek,  via  the  claim  of 
(ieorgo  Hendricks  and  Brown  creek.  This  gave  communication  between  the 
north  and  south  porticms  of  the  county,  and  was  a  difficult  piece  of  work,  as 
the  road  passed  through  the  narrow  defiles  of  the  Arkansas  river,  (iranite 
wa^  made  an  election  precinct  in  18G7.  In  IS08  R.  B.  Newitt  took  a  claim  on 
the  (hvide,  since  known  as  Chubb 's  rancho,  which  became  the  centre  of  a  min- 
ing camp,  and  Charles  Nachtrieb  erected  a  grist-mill  on  Chalk  creek,  which 
was  proof  of  the  grain  capabilities  of  this  region,  although  when  transportation 
from  Denver  and  other  business  centres  beeanie  easier,  wheat-raising  was 
altandoned  for  other  cereals.  In  18fi8<Sranite  was  made  the  county  seat,  and 
ooutiaued  such  until  after  the  separation  of  the  northern  portion  from  M'liat 
lieuame  Chaffue.  Cache  creek,  where  jdaeer  mining  had  been  carried  on  since 
I8(i0,  ItOO  persons  being  gathered  at  that  camp  previous  to  the  rise  of  Oranitc, 
became  again  in  1805  active,  the  claims  having  In-en  jmrchased  bya  company 
with  means  to  work  them  by  hydraulic  process.  Tin-  company  obtained  gov- 
Brnraont  patents  to  1,100  acres  of  placer  grouml,  from  which  they  have  taken 
oyer  $1,000,000.  Lost  Caflon  placer  mines,  owned  by  J.  C.  Iliij,'lie.s,  were 
iliscovered  ia  1860,  and  lie  in  the  mountains  of  that  name  at  an  elevation  of 
'roin  11,009  to  1*2,000  feet.  Red  Mountain  district,  on  the  head  waters  of 
Like  creek,  was  discovered  in  1864,  and  created  a  great  excitement,  the 
mineral  belt  beinp  very  extensive,  although  the  ore  was  f  a  low  grade.  It 
took  its  name  from  the  color  given  to  the  quart/  by  the  decomposition  of  the 
sulphnrets  of  iron.  Other  richer  districts  soon  drew  away  the  mining  popu- 
lation. La  Plata  district,  discovered  in  18(57,  embraced  the  country  on  the 
head  waters  of  Clear  creek,  and  all  the  territory  between  the  Arkansas  river 
and  the  heights  along  the  stream.    Finding  leas  gold  than  lead  and  other 


n 


I      .5 


1     t.'f 

an 


584 


COUP.TIES  OK  rOLORADO. 


Salida,  that  is  to  say  junction,  twenty-eight  miles 
south  of  Buena  Vista,  was  laid  out  in  May  1880  by 
Ex-govornor  Hunt,  who  owned  the  land,  and  was  at 
that  time  connected  with  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grandi' 
railroad.'"  When  it  was  three  months  old  it  had  1 ,000 
inhabitants.  It  was  for  a  short  time  the  terminus  of 
the  railroad,  which  was  being  extended  to  Leadvillc, 
and  was  the  shipping-})ohit  <>f  freight  and  passengtis 
for  the  Gunnison  country,  and  points  beyond.  With 
the  completion   of  the  road  to  these  points  much  of 

inotals  for  wliieli  they  were  not  8oarcliitig,  the  tlistrict  was  aliaiuloiiol  iiy  it-i 
illscoverers.  In  18(i()  a  revival  of  interest  took  place,  the  town  of  Vicksliiiin 
was  laid  off  on  Clear  creek  at  the  entrance  to  the  caAon,  and  several  farms 
located.  Cottonwood  district,  on  Cottonwood  creek,  isi  a  silvcr-j)ri>diu'ini; 
resion  of  more  recent  development,  with  sonic  rich  mines  on  the  nortli-o;i.st 
8i(Tc  of  Mt  Princeton,  and  on  Jonea  and  Fox  mountains.  Trout  creek  dis- 
trict was  discovered  after  the  Leadville  mines,  and  includes  Chubh's  settlf- 
inent  hefore  mentioned.  It  contains  both  gold  and  silver  mines.  Buena  V^ista, 
the  county-seat,  founded  i>y  tJiO  Buena  Vista  I^and  company,  at  the  juiiLtiim 
of  the  Railroads,  is  (m  Cottonwood  creek,  six  miles  cast  of  Mt  I'rincotoii,  in 
the  midst  of  a  plain  surrounded  l>y  lofty  peaks,  and  having  a  tinsly  tciiiiicrcd 
climate.  The  company  has  made  many  inn;:ovements  in  the  way  of  piirks 
and  irrigating  ditches,  and  has  d(>:'.<tlcd  land  for  school  purposes.  The  tnu  ji 
was  incorporate  I  in  187!t.  The  population  in  1884  was  ."{,000.  Tiiei;-  wiic 
gord  schools,  several  cliurchcM,  an(f  two  newspapers,  with  a  ctmsideraliif -mil 
growing  husiness.  Cleora  was  founded  in  the  interest  of  the  Atcliisoii,  'li. 
peka,  and  Santa  Fe  railroad,  wlien  it  was  expected  that  this  road  wnilil  liavc 
secured  the  right  of  way  tlirough  the  (irand  cafton  of  the  Arkan.s<i.'<  livur, 
which  was  finally  granted  to  the  Denver  and  Rio(irande  company.  Ha'  i'l^ 
refused  any  patronage  to  the  hantling  of  its  rival,  the  latter  company  laid  ni  t 
the  town  of  Sali.la,  two  miles  above  Cleora,  to  which  the  inhabitants  ami 
business  of  the  abandoned  town  immediately  removed.  Smith,  in  his  Slut'  ■ 
mi'iit;  MS.,  says:  'When  Cl'.'ora  was  deserted,  two  brothers  called  K."ijiiin 
went  to  Oriental,  where  they  distov^red  a  mine,  near  where  Villa  (Imvc 
now  is .  .  Fletcher  Taylor  went  to  Bonanza,  i:i  Saguache  co.  Dr  Brim  went 
to  the  Monarch  district ...  Judge  Hawkins  built  a  hotel  (at  Cleora)  whidi 
prosperetl  until  the  town  was  abandoned ...  1  n  1879  Capt.  Blake  was  one 
of  the  prominent  merchants  in  Cleora.  Tliere  were  tliree  lunibiT  yards 
in  Cleora,  one  l)elonging  to  Allen  &  Mack,  who  afterward  moved  to  Sahda.' 

^^  Miss  Millie  Ohmertz,  in  her  Fnmile  Pionffriiii/,  MS.,  states  tliat  slie 
went  to  the  Arkansas  valley,  0  miles  above  Salida,  in  1878,  and  for  tiinc 
years  lived  on  a  farm;  but  in  1881  moved  to  Salida  to  take  charge  of  (iov. 
Hunt's  real  estate,  he  having  left  the  Rio  (iraiido  company  to  undert.iko  tlio 
development  of  extensive  coal  mines  neat  Laredo  in  Texas,  ami  to  assist  in 
the  Mexican  National  railroad  enterprise.  In  1884  (reorge  .Sjtckett,  from 
Ohio,  came  to  Salida  and  invested  in  real  estate  in  and  about  the  town,  all  of 
which  he  placed  in  Miss  Ohmertz'  hands  as  his  agent.  She  is  also  niaiiiigir 
of  the  lauded  interest  of  several  Denver  owners. 

J.  VV.  O'Connor,  ciunty  physician  of  Chiffee  co.,  was  born  in  I'.l.  in  IS.')'.'. 
and  educated  at  the  Rush  medical  "ollege,  Chicago,  graduating  in  1 87'.).  H« 
came  immediately  to  Denrer,  where  he  was  appointed  resident  physic-iari 
the  Arapahoe  co.  hospital.  In  1880  he  removed  to  Chaffee  co.,  and  the  fol 
lowing  year  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  railway.  He  suiierintemUJ  tlie 
construction  of  the  railroad  hospital  at  Salida. 


of 


the  1 
wa.-^ 

ua.s 
cliuril 


\ 


CHAFFEE. 


686 


the  business  of  the  place  was  removea,  and  its  growth 
was  thenceforth  slower.  The  railroad  company  in 
issd  liad  extensive  buildings  and  works;  the  town 
was  well  watered,  and  had  a  bank,  an  opera-house, 
clumhes,  schools,  good  hotels,  a  public  reading-room, 


Saliha  ani>  Vicinity. 

pleasant  drives,  and  was  generally  prosperous,  being 
in  tiu'  centre  not  only  of  rich  nuning  districts,  but  of 
a  good  fiirming  region,  which  was  being  rapidlv  set- 

'*  in  Oluncrtz'  Female  Pionrei'tnn,  MS.,  2,  it  is  said  that  a  Urge  nat-ineal 
mil!  ivDuld  Ih!  ereotetl  in  1865  by  M.  Sackett,  and  that  a  large  amolter  wait 
talked  of  by  other  capitalists.  A  coal  mine,  0  miles  below  Halida,  owned  bv 
Davis,  Ctrstarphan,  and  Craig  Brothers,  was  about  to  bo  oj^ieued.   J.  U.  Stead, 


f    ( 


1 


ft8(i 


('t)lINTIRS  OF  COLOKAIM). 


Clear  reek  county,  not  largo,  but  important,  was 
the  scene  of  some  of  the  earliest  mining  discovorics 
after  the  slight  indications  of  Cherry  creek,  and  one 
of  the  original  seventeen  counties  organized  by  the 
first  legislature.  The  early  history  of  this  p.*rti(>ii  of 
Colorado  has  been  quite  fully  given,"  Its  name  was 
taken  from  the  creek  which  flows  through  it,  the  lii^r],. 
lands  along  which  for  thirty-seven  miles  are  filled 
with  veins  of  silver.  Another  silver  belt  extfiids 
from  Idaho  springs  up  Chicago  creek  to  Argentine 


bom  Li  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1827,  came  to  Colorado  from  Cliicago  in  i88(), 
locating  at  Maysville,  and  remaining  there  for  4  years,  when  he  runidvcti  to 
Salida.  He  waa  engaged  in  mining  and  uieruhandising.  Ina  maniiMcriptliy 
him  entitled  Towu-lnMiwf  are  the  following  notes  on  Chafi'ee  co.  and  Salida; 
'  Near  Salida  is  the  Mcdalia  copper  mine,  producing  silver  and  coppur,  a  very 
valuable  mine.  In  Clialk  creek  district,  15  mUua  from  Salida,  is  the  Mary 
Murphy  mine,  valued  at  $:),0UO,000,  besides  several  others  of  pr()s|iective 

§reat  value.'  On  Monarch  hill  he  mentions  the  M'>uarch,  the  Madoiin.i,  pro- 
ucing  100  tons  per  day,  owned  by  the  Pueblo  and  t'oloratlo  Minini,' aiii 
Smelting  company  at  Pueblo,  the  Magenta,  the  Eclipse,  Paymastit,  .Sileut 
Friend,  Robert  Wilscm,  Fairulay,  ami  Lexington.  He  represents  tlie  Arkin- 
sas  valley  between  Salida  ami  Maysville  as  being  a  tine  agricultural  rcgiun, 
with  many  valuable  farms  growing  all  kinds  of  grain,  apples,  and  Hinall  fruits, 
while  the  mesas  or  tablelands  north  of  them  are  also  productive  lAiiVfi  tlic 
streaiiis,  which  means  that  they  only  need  irrigation  to  become  ferti!>'.  ^ee 
also  Frank  Eiirlea  Hntiila,  ita  Miwral,  AijriruUurtil,  Mnnn/drturin;/,  /.'v'/mia', 
ReaoureeA,  Loration,  Soriety,  CUiinUe,  Btixiuem,  etc.,  a  pamplilct  coiit.mim,' 
a  map  and  a  directory:  Colonuh,  The  Press  ami  Pfopl",  MS.,  a  <1; -tati"!! 
taken  from  M.  R.  Moore,  pctstiiiaster  of  Salida  in  18S4.  Moore  was  luini  m 
Indiana,  in  184(3,  and  came  to  Cob)  from  Kansas  in  187r>,  locating  hinix  If  in 
Sun  .liiaii  eii.,  wlience  he  removed  to  Salida  in  1880.  Hepubli.sliedamiiiilur 
of  new.ipapors  whii-ii  will  be  mentioned  elsewhere,  and  estaMislinl  thu 
AfoHiiUuii  Mail  at  Salida.  L.  W.  Craig  came  to  Salida  in  1S80  an!  cucaiu'Fil 
in  merchandising  for  live  years.  In  1885  ho  sold  out  and  opened  a  ]>iivat« 
bank,  known  as  Mie  Continental  Divide  bank.  He  had  previously  i!,i'le» 
fortune  in  the  cattle  business  in  Montana,  and  was  owner  in  soiiie  I  'iHri.li) 
mines.  There  were  several  other  aspiring  new  towns  in  Cliatlee  coiiii!\,  in 
i88(>,  all  owing  their  existence  primarily  to  mining,  but  gradually  <levi  lop- 
ing other  resources  of  the  country.  These  were  Alpine,  ArborvilU',  .\im'ri- 
ens,  Arkansas,  Columbus,  Chafi'ee,  Carnicl,  Cascade,  Ceutreville.  Chalk  Mills, 
Cove  Rock,  Creei  Camp,  Crazy  Camp,  Hiviile,  Foose'a  Camp,  Forrr^t,  C'lty, 
Free  Gold,  (larfield,  Cn^on  Gulch,  llaiu-iK-k,  Herring's  Park,  Ilclcrr*,  Ilor 
tense.  Junction  City,  Knoxville,  Kraft,  I^ke  Fork,  Mc(!ee,  Maiiirivillf, 
Mears,  Midway,  Nathrop,  North  Yot\l,  I'ine  Crock,  Sharano,  Sihonlalc, 
Spaulding,  St  Klmo,  Taylor  Oulcli,  Trout  Creek,  Wellsville,  Wintiili.  The 
pop-ilation  of  the  county  in  1884  waa  10,000. 

""O.  K.  Lohow  Wi\s  discoverer  of  the  Spanish  bar  divings,  and  soil  In 
mine  for  $4,000,  receiving  his  pay  in  cattle  and  horses  with  which  lie  li<'^» ' 
Htock-farming  (m  Cherry  creek.  In  1800  he  locate<l  with  his  brothi-  t 
L.  IjoIiow,  a  rancho  att'latte  cafion  where  he  resided  until  1870,  seruiii);  in 
the  mean  time  1,000  acres  in  San  Luis  valley,  which  he  fenced  Miid  stiuikdl 
with  cattle.  Then  he  iMJcame  a  resident  of  Denver,  with  an  interest  iu  iiiiinj 
at  Silver  Oliff,  in  Custer  county. 


CLEAR  CRKEK. 


fi87 


pass.  The  principal  gold  district  was  immediately 
siirroundint?  Empire,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  there 
wcro  also  some  rich  silverniinos.  Clear  Creek  county 
was  the  scene  of  the  first  successful  milling  and 
smelting  of  silver  ores,  as  well  as  of  the  manufacture 
of  the  first  silver  brick  by   (iarrett,  Martine,  &  Co." 

"Among  the  Btainp-inillH  mo  freely  introduced  from  I8(i0to  \iUH  was  the 
What  (.'hecr  mill  at  (icorgetowu,  arranged  at  fir»t  for  the  crushing  and  amal- 
giiinating  of  auriferoiu  ({uartz.  When  it  was  ascertained  that  no  Mup|ily  of 
treu-inilling  ores  were  to  be  found  in  that  district,  the  mill  was  leased  to 
(iarrctt,  Martine  &.  Co.  for  5  years,  who  introduced  Bruckner  cylinders  for 
rnastirig  and  revolving  barrels  for  amalgamating  silver  ores.  In  spite  of  the 
ijuuiy  ditHuulties  to  l>e  overcome,  this  firm  saved  80  to8.')i>ercentof  the  silver 
treated.  Tliis  was  in  18G7.  In  18(58  they  sold  to  Hueiieden  &  Co.,  but  the 
biiperititendent,  embezzling  the  funds  of  the  firm.  I'almer  Si  Nichols  next 
atine  into  possession  of  the  mill,  and  failed.  In  IS7H  the  Pelican  company 
{lurciiasud  the  pro^ierty,  and  having  renovated  and  addt^l  to  its  machinery, 
iiiaile  several  thousand  bars  of  silver  from  tho  ores  of  the  Pelican  mine,  in 
ifi'tl  tiie  mill  was  leased  to  Ballon,  Napheys  &  iUt.,  who  oporatud  it  for  10 
luiiDths  at  a  loss,  after  which  it  was  used  as  sampling-works  by  the  Boston 
aud  Colorado  Smelting  co.  The  next  exT)erinient,  by  Prof.  Frank  Dibdin  of 
the  International  Minmg  Co.,  began  in  18<>8,  at  Hunt  Arfrentinc,  8  miles  from 
I  leorf;ctown,  and  has  already  been  spoken  of.  This  mill  ran  for  4  years  on 
the  couipany's  ore,  mixed  with  the  lighter  ore  from  tho  Belmont  and  Harris 
iiiiaos,  under  the  superintcntlence  of  P.  McC'ann.  At  tliesanie  time  tlio  linker 
Silver  Mining  Co.,  Jiiseph  W.  Watson,  Buperintendeut,  erectt^la  mill  at  W^est 
Argentine,  which  was  destroyetl  by  fire.  Meanwhile,  J.  0«car  Ntewart,  of 
licorgctown,  was  experimenting  M'ilh  a  small  reverboratory  furnace,  and  two 
:inial>;:iinating  pans,  erected  in  1S(>7,  and  achieved  snlKcient  success  to  induce 
rastcrti  capitalists  to  furnish  money  to  erect  a  ^100,000  mill,  v\iiii'h  wasniod- 
dcil  alter  his  experimental  works.  But  the  ores  that  could  bo  nul need  soon 
Ixraiiio  scarce,  and  wliilc  ho  had  thousands  of  tons  of  tailings  on  the  dump, 
niiiUiiriing  40  ounces  of  silver  each,  he  could  not  extract  this  without  loss. 
N'uit  tlio  Arey  and  JStetefeldt  furnaces  were  tried,  which  gave  too  little  tinm 
for  thorough  .>asting,  tlien  a  smelting  ff.rnace  for  gc^tting  ridof  thelea<l,  and 
many  variations  and  ailaptations  of  tho  rcverberatory  furnace,  p.n<l  of  the 
limit  A.  I>iiuglas  lea<-hing  process,  but  all  in  vain.  In  the  meantime  the  mill 
was  twice  burned,  aud  a  total  failure  was  the  result.  In  1870-71  a  mill  was 
eructcil  at  Masonville,  4  miles  below  Idaho  springs,  which  also  failed  after  a 
sliHrttiiuo.  A  mill  WM  started  in.  1872  at  Georgetown  by  Judd  &  C'rosl)y, 
who  Bonn  a1>andoncd  the  attempt  at  making  it  pay.  J.  V.  Karwcll  imrcbascil 
It,  took  down  the  patent  furna-.c,  i'"'  nhu-ed  in  their  stead  IJruckiKT  cylin 
dnrs  ami  amalgamating  pans,  tvhich,  amlcr  the  management  of  S.  J.  ]^earnf<>l, 
savol  a  high  percentage  of  the  ores  treated.  The  Clear  (  ret^k  comiiany,  by 
iiMiiga  inodihcationofthoHunt,  Douglas,  ft  Stewart  leaching  process,  madoa 
mcecssful  specialty  of  treating  low-grade  ores.  In  this  cimtly  school  was  tlm 
tiiowlcdge  aci|uirod  which  was  to  henclit  the  future  miner. 

Among  the  early  experiments  was  that  of  smelting  for  lead.  Tho  first 
effort  was  maile  by  Bowman  &  Co.,  negroes  from  Missouri,  who  knew  soinc- 
tliinfi;  about  lead-mining  in  that  8t.ttc,  and  thought  to  put  their  knowleilge  t  > 
practical  use.  They  erected  a  nmall  smelter  a  mile  altove  fJeorgetown,  on 
Lcavonworth  fork.  It  consisted  of  a  rndo  water-wheel,  a  l)clIows,  and  a  10- 
fiiotHtack.  It  wa.s  charged  a  few  times  with  antimonial  galena  from  their 
mine,  the  .Argentine,  but  this  class  of  ore  soon  gave  out,  and  their  smelter 
Iwcaino  worthless.  Caleb  8.  Stnwel  tried  tho  Scotch  hearth  with  no  Initter 
ti*i\i\u,    lu  18(37  the  Georgetown  Smelting  compauy  erected  a  lead  smelter 


ii 


588 


COUXT1E.S  OF  COLOEADO. 


Although  the  county  had  produced  between  1804  and 
1884  bullion  to  the  amount  of  ^28,447,400,   few  of 

with  a  large  stock,  and  the  most  approved  roasters,  which  produced  a  few 
bars  of  ba.se  bullion,  and  suspended.  Tlie  Brown  iSilver  Mining  comitaiiv, 
which  owned  two  pro<luctive  mines,  the  Brown  and  Coin,  also  erecte<l,  a1>c>ut 
the  same  time,  a  mill  and  snielting-M-orks  at  Brownsville.  By  tlu-  aiil  ui 
galena,  iron  pyrites,  and  Muxes  secured  from  other  districts,  tlie  ciiinpaiiv 
wera  enabled  to  keep  their  mill  goiii^  for  a  year,  wlien  it  was  closed.  In  tin 
course  of  their  exiicriments  they  shipped  a  large  amount  of  silvf^r  to  P'nl . 
one  mass  weighing  1,8(K)  pounds.  Suiiscquently  the  mill  M'as  leased  in  tlim 
different  parties,  each  of  w)iich  realized  a  profit  from  working  over  the  rtfiisp 
slag.  Lead-smelting  in  Clear  Creek  co.  has  been  abandrtned,  tlic  galiMia  orts 
l)eing  sent  to  Golden  or  Pueblo  in  Colorailo,  or  to  Omaha,  Cliiengo,  St  Loui^i. 
AVyandotte,  Pittsburgh,  or  Newark  for  reduction.  Kichanl  I'earee.  .Saiiiinl 
Wann,  and  Hiram  Williams  attemittcd  the  smelting  of  gold  and  sihcr  <ir<"> 
with  the  same  residta  as  al>ove,  the  refractory  nature  of  the  silver  oivs  jin- 
venting  their  success.  But  n-hat  can  be  done  in  other  places  can  certainly  In; 
done  here  as  well,  when  the  facilities  are  provided.  l1ie  first  concentratini; 
mill  was  intro<luced  in  IS70  by  theWashington  Mining  association  whivli  hail 
Jirst  tried  Bmcltiiig  unsucce.ssfnlly.  The  Kroni  machines  for  dry  concen- 
tration were  trieil.  but  the  mill  wa.i  burned  before  a  fair  test  was  made.  Tin- 
Clear  Creek  co.  had  in  1886  a  fifty -ton  mill  which  u.sed  Kiom's  iniiudvcl 
dry  concentrators  with  profit,  on  low-grade  ores.  Bude  Cornisli  hand-jigs 
and  buddies  had  het-n  in  u.se  from  tlie  discovery  of  silver;  but  (ieorge  Tec! 
first  systematized  their  working  in  1873,  when,  as  sup'tof  theTeriible  mine. 
he  induced  the  company  to  ereet  a<!5-ton  mill  using  the  Hartz  jigs,  Kettlinj;- 
tanks,  and  slime-table.s.  Teel,  Foster,  and  Kddy  erected  the  Silver  I'lunif  null 
in  1875,  which  finally  failed  and  was  sohl  to  Franklin  Ballou.  W.  \V.  Knsi 
&  Co.,  in  1875,  builta  concentrating  mill  to  reduce  the  ores  of  the  Now  lii>»t<iii 
mine  on  l>cm(K.'rat  mountain,  which  failed  on  account  of  poor  ore.  Joim 
Collom,  after  10  years  of  experimenting,  had  a  mill  buut  from  <l(;.sii.'n-i 
of  his  own,  at  Idalio.  The  l>underbcrg  co,  erected  at  their  mine,  in  ISTS-'J, 
a  conccntrating-mill  of  40  tons  capacity,  with  5H"rtz  jigs,  and  iin|iiov('il 
machinery;  and  A.  P.  Stevens  erected  a  20-ton  niiil  at  Lawson.  .Seviial 
inventions  have  been  intrtMluccdfrom  time  to  time,  but  none  that  have  Ixon 
able  to  save  all  the  silver,  and  some  of  which  have  failed  entirely.  Tlic 
Frecland  Mining  co.  erected  at  Idaho  springs,  in  1879,  the  best  apixiintol 
concentrating-mill  in  the  state  at  that  time,  with  acapacity  of  1 15  tons  daily. 
It  used  12  Hartz  jigs  for  seiiarating  the  worthless  rock  from  the  ore,  aini  a 
rotary  circular  buddle  for  dividing  the  latter  into  pure  ore,  seeond'i,  and  tail- 
ings, and  savetl  by  means  of  a  second  stamp-mill  all  that  the  rock  containc-il; 
but  the  ore  of  their  mine  ran  two  thirds  gidd  to  one  third  of  copper,  silver, 
iron,  sulphur,  and  arsenic.  Tlicn  there  were  the  Farwell  reduction-works, 
and  Pelican  rciluction-worksat  Creorgetown;  the  Colora<lo  United  Mining 
company,  the  Hnkill  com]>any  of  Spanish  liar,  the  Miles  company  of  Idaho, 
wet  concentrating-milN;  the  Sunshine  of  Idaho,  the  Pioneer,  Knickerlmcker, 
and  Bay  State  of  Empire,  raw  gold  ore  amalgamators.  The  ore-.saiiipIiiiB. 
buying,  and  shipping  firms  were:  at  Georgetown,  Uocky  Mountain  mill, 
Matthews,  Moms  &  Co.,  established  in  IS'ii,  burned,  and  rebuilt  in  1877: 
Washington  mill,  Olmstead  &  Ballou,  1872;  O.  W.  Hall  &  Co.,  1871-'::  Clear 
Creek  com|>any,  1876;  J.  B.  Church,  1871;  P.  McCann,  Georgetown  and 
Lawson,  1877-^;  Silver  Plume,  Ballon  &  Co.,  1875;  Harry  Montg'unery, 
Idaho  Springs,  1876.  The  mnnlter  of  men  directly  employed  in  niining, 
milling,  and  handling  ore  in  Clear  Creek  co.  was  estimated  by  Fossett  to  le 
2,000.  The  mines  have  returned  an  average  of  $.1  per  day  for  the  men  thun 
employed,  and  have  at  tlie  same  time  l)een  advancer!  nearly  or  quite  an  wi" '! 
amount  in  value  by  each  day's  Ialx>r,  the  mining  property  of  Clear  (  'ifik  c  > 
being  estimatc<l  at  $20,000,000,  which  was  wliat  the  county  bad  jTiiduri'l 
in  gold,  silver,  lead,  an<l  copper  down  to  1880. 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


589 


tlio  iniiics  were  down  to  any  great  depth.  The  Ter- 
riblo,  situated  on  Brown  mountain,  three  miles  from 
Georgetown,  had  reached  a  depth  of  1,300  feet.  The 
ore  at  this  depth  yieUled  200  ounces  of  silver  to  the 
toij.  Twenty-five  or  thirty  othcT  large  mines  in  Sil- 
ver Plume  district  were  the  producing  mines  of  the 
county,  though  the  Dumont,  Idaho  springs,  Fall 
river,  Chicago  crefjk,  Atlantic,  and  Daily  districts 
Wire  promising,  and  some  yielding  well.  Not  more 
than  half  a  dozen  mines  used  pumps.  The  deeper 
miius  were  growing  richer.  Hence  the  inference 
that  tills  country  has  before  it  a  long  and  prosperous 
career  at  mining.  The  population  in  1880  was  about 
8.000.  (Georgetown,  the  county  si-at,  is  situated  at 
tin;  licad  of  a  level  vallev,  with  mountains  towering 
above  it  covered  with  pine  and  veined  with  silver. 
It  lias  apopulation  of  3,500.  Higher,  and  at  the  foot 
of  Republican,  Sherman,  and  Leavenworth  mountains, 
are  the  ininiuij  towns  of  Silver  Plume  and  Brown- 
ville,  with  1,800  and  1,000  hdiabitants  respectively. 
Xotwithstauding  the  altitude  of  Georgetown,  8,504 
feet,  the  mountains  rise  so  much  above  it  that  half 
the  day's  sunshine  is  cut  off  except  in  midsummer." 

^'Thntnaa  Coo{)er,  born  in  Kent,  Eng.,  migrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1852,  and 
after  several  removes  and  a  visit  to  his  native  laml  came  to  Colorado  in  185!), 
engaging  ia  placer  mining  with  success,  making  some  valuahle  diHcoveries. 
He  became  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Chamui<m. 

Prank  J.  Woml,  another  of  the  men  of  1859,  was  born  in  Ohio  in  18:{9, 
iiiid  came  to  Colorado  from  Iowa.  His  first  location  was  at  Cuntral,  where 
'■M  remained  at  mining  for  five  years,  making  considerable  money  which  he 
lost  ill  »i>oculation.  He  then  set  himself  up  in  merchandising  at  Kmpiro,  but 
in  I8()7  removed  to  Georgetown,  where  he  opened  a  drug  store.  After  a 
time  lio  sold  out  an<l  wen*^  into  the  book  and  stationery  trade. 

F.  .1.  Marshall,  nh(»  urganixed  the  Marshall  Silver  Mining  company, 
which  sold  its  property  to  tne  Colorado  Central  Consolidated  fining  com- 
luny,  and  iias  lieen  connected  with  some  of  the  most  celebrated  minus  in  the 
eciunty  and  state,  was  bom  in  Va  in  181fi.  He  foundwl  Marysville,  on  the 
Big  Blue  river,  Kansas.  He  was  a  mcml)er  of  the  first  and  second  logisla- 
tiiresof  Kansas.  In  the  struggle  of  1855  he  was  elected  by  the  legislature 
'irigidu'r-general  of  militia,  ami  afterward  promoted  t<>  lie  major-general  and 
I'tirnniaiider -in -chief  of  the  Kansas  militia.  In  IS.'ifi  he  was  elected  governor 
iiiiihT  tlie  Lecompton  constitution,  but  retired  to  private  life  in  18.57.  Two 
years  afterward  he  came  to  Colormlo,  and  after  a  few  years  settled  himself 
at  (tcorgetown. 

Hiarles  P.  Baldwin,  a  mining  man  of  fleorgetown,  was  bom  in  Maine  in 
ISKf).  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  reltellion  he  raised  a  company  and  enlisted 
in  Hirvicu  of  hits  cuuutry,  being  promoted  until  he  reached  the  raDd  of  briga- 


;i 


li 


i| 


MO 


f'OUNTlKS  OP  C!<)U)RAI)0. 


The  only  other  towns  of  any  note  in  the  county  are 
Idaho  springs,"  B^reehmd,  Empire  City,  Bakervilio, 
Dunjont,  and  Red  Elephant. 

<lier-gencral.  llo  was  president  of  the  board  appointed  to  auilit  war  clainu 
at  Richmond  after  Lee  s surrender.  On  lieing  mustered  out  in  \HCAi  hu  uiiiie 
to  Colorado,  selecting  (rcorgctown  for  a  residence  on  account  of  the  silver 
mines.  After  prospecting  and  mining  for  a  time  ho  purchased  the  Comt't 
lode,  which  in  a  few  months  yieldeil  $IU,UOO,  but  could  never  be  made  to  re- 
peat  this  production.  In  1871)  he  came  into  ownership  of  the  Magnet,  winch 
tor  a  long  time  was  a  rich  and  productive  property.  In  1S84  he  wa»  aii. 
pointed  manager  of  the  Terrible  group  of  miners.  Ho  was  a  man  of  gtxnl 
ability  and  commantled  the  respect  of  all. 

Russell  J.  Collins,  who  eamo  to  Oeorgetown  in  ISOtifre.ih  from  the  annv, 
in  ',v!sich  he  had  served  as  surgeon  of  an  111.  regiment  during  the  war.  Hi 
was  born  iu  N.  U.  in  IS'28,  and  graduated  from  Berkshire  oollogo  in  is.'ii, 
afterward  practising  inUrand  R24)ids,  Mich.,  and  in  111. 

Cicorge  >V.  Hall,  born  in  N.  \ .  in  IS'J,"),  came  to  Colorailo  in  IfStiO,  fiiiiai;- 
ing  in  luml>er  dealing  at  Central  and  at  Empire,  but  removing  liu.iliy  r 
(ieorgetown  in  18(58.  In  1878  he  engaged  actively  in  mining,  and  Ki'au:.' 
manager  of  the  Colorado  Central  Consoliilated  Mining  company's  mints, 
which  i)rotluced  $500, (KX)  in  one  year. 

^'Itlaho  .Springs  was  the  lir.st  settled  town  in  the  county.  It  was  willaii 
its  limits  that  the  first  mining  was  begun  in  IS.'ti)  on  Chicagt>  bar.  AUoiit  'JOii 
miners  were  attracted  thither,  many  of  whom  remained  over  winter,  aiul  u\ 
18(10  the  town  was  perceived  to  be  a  lixed  entity.  .\  hotel  was  opened  mi  ;i 
log  cabin,  kept  by  I*.  W.  Beebe,  which  was  the  precursor  of  the  present  bed'.' 
house.  Amoi\g  the  pioneers  of  1859  who  still  remained  in  18S0  were  Wilhaiii 
Hobbs,  JohnNeedam,  and  A.  V.  Smith.  A.  M.  N(»xon,  E.  F.  Hollaml.  R.  H 
(Jriswold,  John  JSilvertooth,  M.  B.  Graeff,  John  W.  I]dwards,  and  others,  .set- 
tled in  1S()0.  In  1801  religious  services  began  to  bo  held  by  an  itinerant 
j)re.-vcher  nicknamed  the  Arkansas  Traveller,  who.se  real  name  was  HiukIi, 
mtA>rmitted  with  sermons  by  another  preacher  named  Potts.  In  IStiOtlio 
llukill  quartz  mine  was  discovered,  and  in  18(il  the  Seaton  quartz  mine  an<i 
the  first  stamp  mill  erected.  And  in  this  year  the  county  was  orijaniwil, 
and  the  county  seat  located  at  Idaho  Springs.  It  was  not  until  ISdH  tliat 
any  attention  was  given  to  improving  the  hot  soda  8j)rinK.s,  when  l!.  S. 
Cummings  erected  a  small  bathing  house.  In  iS66  Harrison  Alonta^m;  iiur 
chased  tliem  and  began  to  jirepare  for  the  reception  of  visitors  and  imatiils. 
Their  medicinal  qualities  and  nearness  to  Denver  have  made  them  a  |iii[inl  ir 
resort  and  tiie  chosen  residence  of  anumborof  wealthy  families.  Tiie  tern 
peraturo  ranges  from  70"  to  110"  Fahr.  iu  the  several  springs,  which  isteiniit'rtil 
to  use  by  water  from  Sodacreck.  The  altitude  of  the  springs  is  8.000  feet,  the 
Hcenery  attractive,  and  the  elimato  agreeable.  In  187S  a  government  jiatdU 
was  obtaineil  for  the  town-site,  and  a  board  of  trustees  organised,  with  li.  H 
(Iriswold  presiilent.  It  was  not  until  railroad  facilities  reached  it  that  tlio 
town  began  to  make  any  rapid  progress.  The  population  in  1S84  was  between 
8(W  and  SHKT. 

This  history  oi'  Idaho  Springs  is  only  a  projier  introduction  to  the  histury 
of  the  present  county  seat  and  metropolis,  (ieorgetown.  In  18,")!)  (lenrge  ••". 
(Jritlith  and  I).  T.  (Irillith,  his  brother,  while  prospecting  for  gold,  folinwvi 
the  windings  of  South  Clear  creek  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains.  wIuti- 
(ieorgetown  now  stands,  and  discovered  the  (Iriffitii  lode,  which  rum  iiiti' 
the  town-site.  Like  most  of  the  silver  lissure  mines,  it  showed  golil  at  the 
toj),  .and  was  rich.  (Jritfith  mining  district  was  organized  June  W.  IS'.iO.  after 
a  number  of  discoveries  hiid  been  made  in  the  neighborliood  of  th''  first 
(leorge  F.  (irittith  was  the  first  recorder,  and  James  Burrell  lirst  president 
About  the  same  time  the  town  was  laid  off,  and  named  Klizabethtown,  after 
a  water  of  the  UrilfiUis.     A  rude  water  mill,  with  12  woodou,   iriiu-«liutl 


CONKJOS. 


.-i!)l 


leiTi!' 


Conejos  founty,   firat    named    Guadaloupe  by  the 
ature  of 


1 80 1,  and  changed  during  tlio  same  sos- 


i>v  H  iiimcs, 


siaiii)';-.  piiuiuled  out  the  gold  from  the  <irit{ith,  Kiirrell,  rorisaiinic,  ami 
\,in,y  Idiles,  which  siMin,  howev  r,  UHrayetl  that  rofraotory  eharactor  which 
ii,ir.ily/i'tl  mining  for  a  time.  I'or  two  weeks  in  18l>3  John  T.  Harris  was  the 
MiloilViiizen  of  tno  town,  tiie  population  having  run  after  the  hetter  |>aving 
(li.-ifKMrii's  at  lilaho,  Spanish  bar,  and  Kmpirc,  leaving  lieorgetown  to  deso- 
latidii  I n  I  S«U"(i5  a  company  ft)rmed  in  the  ca^t  erected  a  mill,  which,  on 
tri;il.  «;i.<  a  failure,  and  the  discovery  tliat  this  was  really  a  silver  district 
.(miiiii:  a'lKUt  the  sanie  time,  started  on  again  the  car  of  progress.  Iii  Sep- 
tinilicr  IStVi  Kx-provisioiial  tiovernor  It.  \V.  Steele,  James  Huff,  and  Rohert 
Lavti'ii  <lir<('i)vered  the  Itolmoiit  lode,  in  East  Argentine  tlistrict,  which,  ou 
luiiiw' ■•■'''''ycd,  as  I  have  related,  estalilished  tiio  argentiferous  character  of 
tlu' rii.'i<in  ahout  (teorgetown.  From  this  time  its  pros|H'rity  was  assured, 
111  iM'iT  it  was  resurveyed  and  platted  hy  Charles  Hoyt,  under  direction  of 
till'  oiti/fiis,  and  the  iiatiiei'lianned  totJeorgetown,  by  vote  at  a  mass  meeting 
lu'lil  a  the  corner  of  Hose  and  Mary  streets.  At  the  general  election  t)f  this 
vi'.ir  It  ln'camo  the  county  seat,  and  was  incorporated  in  ilan.  IStiS.  Under 
Its  miiiiic'ii>al  organization  its  tirst  police  judge  was  Frank  Dilxiin.  The  se- 
liitiiii'ii  of  tlie  1st  ward  were  \V.  W.  Ware  and  Charles  Whitner;  of  the  2d 
wiinl.  11.  K.  IVarson  and  John  Scott.  The  Colortiili}  .Vim  r  newspaper  was 
1  -t.iMislied  the  same  year,  l>y  .1.  F..  Wharton  ami  A.  W.  itaniiird,  the  ofiico 
ItiiiL'  in  a  I'ihy  14  Imilding  in  the  lower  town.  About  the  same  time  the  pub- 
lic mIiooI  was  organized.  Miss  h.  II.  l.«inder  being  t lie  lirst  teaciier.  She  was 
Ironiifd  in  Clear  creek  about  tlio  last  of  June,  KStiT,  slipping  from  the  foot- 
1  .i<  ticiil  as  a  bridge.  In  lS7l)  tiie  mining  camp  of  Silver  I'lunie,  twt>  njiles 
iliiivo  (ieorgetown,  was  first  settled,  and  named  after  the  mine,  which,  has 
since  liecomo  famous  and  given  its  name  to  the  district,  which  contains  many 
.>f  tlif  most  important  mines  in  tiie  couiity.  The  riclmess  of  tiie  iJives.  I'eli- 
(•an,  and  other  mines  provoked  cupidity,  and  consetiiient  litigation,  which  for 
}(;irs  netted  a  rich  prolit  to  tlie  leiial  I'raternity.  '1  he  Terriole  was  at  leniith 
s.ilil  to  an  Knglish  company,  which  has  )ii>eraily  aided  its  devcloument. 
<Murg(t(iwn  receives  the  beiietit  of  the  immediate  neigldiorliood  of  these 
iiiiiu's.  Iicsitles  being  the  seat  of  most  of  the  reduction-works  of  the  county. 
I'lilike  the  more  modern  towns  of  Colorado,  little  care  was  bestowed  u|M>n 
<trii  t>  or  liuildiiigs,  although  the  character  of  the  latter  soon  improved.  It 
li.ui  ail  t  Ncellent  puldic  school,  and  several  ciiurches.  Tlie  nictluxlists  ori;an- 
i/cil  111  ISti4,  R  T.  Vincent,  preacher  at  Central  City,  otticiating.  They 
trtrttil  a  I  liurch,  costing  §8,000,  in  ISO!*.  The  prosbyterian  church  organized 
n  lMi',1.  ami  erect^'tl  a  stone  edifice  in  1874.  The  eoiscopalians  tir.st  organ- 
/I'li  ill  IS(i7.  F.  W.  Winslow  rector,  and  built  a  small  church  in  IStiJI,  which 
wa.x  iltstroyed  by  a  hurricane  soon  after  its  completion.  It  was  rebuilt,  and 
Ml  1S77  received  a  large  jiipe-organ,  tlie  lirst  in  tieorgetown.  The  catholics, 
:is  nMi.il,  sicured  a  valuable  block  of  land  wiicn  tlie  town  was  tirst  laid  out, 
'niuiii:is  Foley  being  their  lirst  pastor.  In  187-  they  built  a  small  wooden 
liiunli,  uiid  in  I87">a  brick  edilice,  costing  SI'J.OOO.  tieorgetown  posses.ses  a 
toiiil  system  of  waterworks.  The  company  was  tirganized  in  1874.  The 
l"»iili,is  also  a  lire  department,  consisting  of  several  comi)anies.  At  a  tour- 
iiitiuiil,  litKl  under  the  auspices  of  the  state  association,  at  tieorgetown,  the 
.MiHiu'  licise  company  won  the  tirst  prize,  consisting  of  a  silver  tea-set  and  a 
'■rass  c;imioii.  In  a  contest  with  a  Penver  company  the  same  year,  the  Dates 
tiosc  ((iiiiiiany  of  (Georgetown  were  victorious.  In  187!',  with  the  other 
'iiorgftdwn  companies,  they  took  the  tirst  prize  of  iflrtOat  both  the  hose  and 
tiiKikaiiil-l.idder  race.*,  and  laterinthe  year,  at  the  state  tournament  in  Pen- 
''T.  .iijain  took  the  tirst  jiri/.e  in  the  hose  race.  The  Star  book-and-ladder 
'"ni|iaiiy  lias  aLsowon  a  long  list  of  ]irizes.  Among  them  area  silk  Hag,  pre- 
•vntiil  liy  the  women  of  (Jeorgetowii,  and  two  silver  trumiMits.  At  the  state 
touriuuiuut  at  Ueorgetowu,  iu  1877,  they  were  victorious,  oud  at  » tuurna- 


:l 


r- 


592 


cou^^IEs  of  coloraikj. 


sion  to  Conejos,  was  until  the  advent  of  tlie  railwav 
inhabited  ahuost  exclusively  by  a  Spanish- Auk  tic  an 


\  i-.'ir 


iiiuiit  at  t'lieyenne,  iii  July  1878,  they  won  IfSO.  lii  August  nf  tlie  k;iiii. 
they  t<M>k  t'lo  champion  l)elt  at  the  state  tournainunt  lielrl  at  I'ut-lilo,  aixj  ji^T.'i 
in  goltl.  (teorgetown  liaa  a  public  hospital,  and  a  nuiiilicr  of  Hei-ret  and  U. 
iievolcnt  orders  and  societies.  The  man  wlio  sawed  tlie  lumlier  to  linl.i  t),,. 
first  frame  liouses  in  Idaho  Springs  was  Williiini  F.  l)<ilicrty.  He  u-k  lidru 
in  Me  in  1837.  He  learned  the  traile  of  an  iron-moulder,  working  tlnnai. 
and  making  occasional  voyages  to  sea.  In  18ti'J  he  enlisted  in  the  Nt  K.  \. 
cavalry,  was  in  several  important  engagements,  and  carried  the  rulnrs  m 
Sheridan's  fiimoua  ride,  in  Oct.  1864.  He  was  mustered  out  in  Ftl).  isd.'i, 
and  came  to  Colorado  in  May  following.  After  mining  at  Black  11,'iuk  ciie 
year  he  settled  at  Idaho  Springs,  where,  as  miner  andluml>ernian,  he  rv-iiii^il 
continuously.     In  1884  he  puroliased  the  Spa  hotel. 

F.  F.  Ohiston,  horn  in  England  iu  1843,  came  to  the  U.  S.  as  seint  iry  of 
the  Washoe  Mining  company  of  Ileno,  Nev.,  in  18<i4,  where  he  reiiiiiiiHiliwo 
years.  He  was  aft irward  supt  of  different  mines  on  the  Cimstock,  iind  i  ame 
to  Colo  iu  1879,  when  lie  purchased,  in  company  with  J.  W.  Ma«k:i},  ilp 
Freeland  mine,  which  proiluced,  in  the  ti  years  following,  .«?'J,()(H),()0(l!  He 
also  purchased,  with  Mai-kay,  the  I'lutus,  auolhcr  valual)le  mine.  T!il-  two 
mines  together  produced  $'J0,000  per  month.  The  Freeland  ;iiiiie.  iii  Is.").', 
had  two  miles  of  tunnelling.  The  ^iroperty  ia  over  a  mile  in  length,  ami  is 
situated  on  South  Clear  creek,  4  miles  from  Idaho  springs,  an<l  twn  unkn 
from  the  Colorado  Central  raildroad. 

B.  D.  Allen,  horn  in  Ohio  in  1845  came  to  Colorado  in  1880.  He  w.i-^ 
auditor  of  the  express  company  until  1884,  when  he  purchased,  with  Mat- 
thews &  Weill)  of  Denver,  the  sampling-works  at  Iilaho  Springs,  of  wliicii 
he  became  manager,  doing  a  bu8ine.4S  of  J$10(),0(X),  and  handling  L.'iiK)  tuns 
of  ore  per  month,  or  about  three  fourths  of  all  the  output  of  the  district. 

The  only  other  town  in  Clear  Creek  county  in  188(5,  with  a  history,  was 
Empire.  In  the  spring  of  lH&i  a  few  prospectors  from  Spanish  bar,  a  small 
district  contiguous  to  Idaho  springs,  namely,  <  ieorge  Merrill,  Joseph  Musstr. 
Oeorge  L.  Nicholls,  and  l>.  C.  Skinner,  temporarily  organized  Union  liistru't 
for  putcer  mining,  and  founded  a  settlement,  Merrill  and  Musser  erecting  thi' 
first  cabin.  Dr  Bard,  after  whom  Bard  creek  is  named,  drove  the  tirst  wagmi 
into  the  new  town.  About  August  1st  Edgar  Freeman  and  H.  <'.  Cdwlei^ 
came  across  the  mountains  from  Central.  Prospecting  on  Eureka  inoiintain, 
they  picked  up  some  bits  of  wire  gold,  and,  stimulated  by  tiiis  discuviTy, 
continued  with  others  to  search  for  mines  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  district. 
In  Sept.  D.  C.  Dailey  &  Co.  discovered  a  l<Mle  which  they  l)elieveil  tn  lie  sil- 
ver, namiug  the  mountain  where  it  was  found  Silver  mountain,  and  the  lode 
Empire.  Ihe  Keystone  lo<le  was  discovered  almut  the  same  time.  The  min- 
ers at  once  prm^eeded  to  complete  the  organization  of  the  district,  electing, 
in  Dec,  Henry  Hill  prcs.,  H.  C.  Cowles  miners'  judge,  D.  J.  Hall  clerk  ami 
recorder,  James  Ross  sheriff,  and  George  L.  Nicholls  surveyor,  all  of  wIkhii 
remained  in  office  until  the  organization  of  the  territory.  Some  further  ik- 
velopment  of  the  mines  in  Union  district  showed  them  to  be  auriferous,  an<l 
population  flowed  in  from  the  adjoining  districts.  The  settlement  tuok  the 
name  of  Empire  City,  and  was  surveyed  and  laid  off  in  lots  and  Mocks  hy 
(t.  L.  Nicholls,  H.  C.  Cowles,  1).  J.  Ball,  and  Ed.  Freeman.  The  euthiisiaMii 
of  the  tirst  set-to  at  quartz-mining  received  a  check  when  the  owners  of  Imlt'.s 
had  come  down  to  pyrites,  and  the  flush  times  of  Empire  were  over  in  IMi.'i; 
but  ever  since  the  art  of  mining  properly  and  profltably  liegan  tn  1'f  mas- 
tered, the  mines  about  Empire  have  steadily  yielded  a  golden  retiun.  The 
town,  albeit  it  is  a  prettily  situated  spot,  has  never  returneil  to  the  -tnima- 
tion  of  its  first  days,  and  remains  but  a  miners'  camp. 

Lawson,  a  mining  camp  six  miles  l)elow  Georgetown,  nameil  after  Alex- 
ander Lawson,  owes  its  existence  to  the  Red  Elephant  group  of  inin^js,  d^ 
covered  iu  187('.     Dumout,  two  miles  below,  was  formerly  known  as  Mill 


COSTILLA. 

or  .Aiexlcan  population,  which  whlln  iu 
bers  t..  the  general  assemiwl    ,     •  !  ^^""^  ^^"*  "^em- 
mnnU-ation  tith  the  Ur    fc  ^^^^lo  com. 

north  of  them."  """^  ^^*^«  Americans  to  the 

Jl'V'i™  Re  cou.ur'"Tj"a  ^P'' '°  '"»»'»•  «f  John  M  n„„„„, 
Ti.Miul,  ({ear  Creek    K ia  n       »    °^''''''  settlementa  are  »Lt    ^  ',""?*>  ""e  of 
"o»,.,.,ville,  DryTiiS^St^'^'"^^  ^'*1«.  J^uSh  Tu^„''?''y!"«'  Baltimore 

♦reck.  Silver  Dale  ^SoutT/M  ^^''r,'  ''"'^'"'  ^o  th^f„'' "'"•/•"r'^'liJ.  «il8on'; 
-'An  exception  to  fl.o      1         ^"'■^'li'ver.  t""'"*»'»"e,  Stevens 

to  act  a.  c lorK  hU'^''?r°  '.'°  remainecl  4  years  whiJ.?^*"  ''^"*  *«  T'enver  in 

'larifs  of  tiio  county  1  av.  I  '  *"'' '"  ^^84  to  tie  8tat«?"  .  *?"  «''<'^"'e<l 
'till  contains  a  aS  ar.'.  '''"^" .^^'^/ral  times  chanced  ^^  ??**?•  •  ^'''«  '^""n* 
'n.epri„cipaH„,lSrS  t'r''?'  ^'"'-'''  "««  X^e;  ie'i!"'"'^''-'.  ''"tit 
«-«'"«.  and  cattle  raisi.^*''n^"*r''^'!'-«^l  Period  were  iat'L-""  "*"^>'- 
"'  tlic  Nan  Juan  minnrVl*^;!  '**  '^^nnng  production,  f,.,  "^**-'^a'«"»g,  wool- 
■Mevioans  that  when  tJ.e  a^'  "^'f '  ''"*  «"^h  S t  e  Z'^  "  """l?^  •"^'•'"^t 

r^K'"".  "-"'y  abandoned  it     Th'^'"*'''^''^"  Populatkn  En''?^"''"^","^  *''« 
frc ij^lit:  IS.     r,,  ifi-o"       ,"•     Those  who  were  l..fr«  ?*"  *"  "ivade  tliis 

--1  and  tl  ese  wdl Vro  11^  "^^^""'">ns  settled  at  M.n"*'^^  *^"'P'°>'«d  as 
favor.il,ly.     Anim„;Jl  .•''^'^/^''''*  the  aKriculturnl      .  *''**^'  «"  <''"n^J08 

^s^-^  wi.iohj  l'STf^f^r^^*^*»'^'«avifns  w^^^^^^^^^  "^  ^^'^  «y 

".KlercnltivaldeeoStion  T**''*^  '"'»'''>  ^^i"  bS  a  1..  ""?"*;  ^"'K'-^*- 
^ngMialcnnty  seat  was  a i  ( •,!  7^'"'^' ^«*»'h  is  vS' litt^^^l  ^''^  "/  '*"•! 
McMian  town   an.I  1.  <'Uadaloupita,  but  w,7    i      ^.''*'''*-''"M-  The 

^Hto„„  havin'i  ''^^''^^"''altride  Alan.  ''""l^^''  *«  Omejos.  a 
^"••"try.    i    s     LtoT'^V,""  ^'"^  Santa  f1    Kin''  '"'r^'"'-'  *''e  pr  n! 

f-na  of  mountain  viewl'lS'  ^*.,*"  ''^^'^t'o'^  of  7  49'>  f.S  ^^ "1^  *''""«* 
J''e  situat.oa  it  i.,  a  Sitin  J^  I  "^  *''*V  P^*'"  «"  every  , id.  ^i  ^'"' »  I'ano- 
("^^t  six  n.onths  the  sah  «  '<F ^'''*";-     ^^  ^'as  founded  in    Tn       .I!-*"  ^'■""'  '*» 

;^.t'.Mo..e„ta.lva„inf7con'^?''"''''''  «^^-«'  -l^o  tthl  a  r«*V'  *° 

'-'-  'i-  thl  Smt'^Ssa'^^^  MeSani  t"  "thSl^*^  -"'^toti;;' 
'•''>»«alo,,uaccountnf  ♦i*^^**'P""««'sagov;rnmenf  J  ^  ^""^"^  «f  the 
""""'  '"ro  The  "*  °  *  '^  ^'••''at  hot  basin  of  ,no.l?  •  '^^,««'"^ation  withheld 
"■^-  .^u.  .ruan  r:.;'^"^;^  -'^ted  west  fr^ AkntTlr*'"'  .r'»'^'»t 
",""'try  about  it  is  Z^;i  '*^  headwaters.  Its  altrtmL  •  *'iV'"*''  ^'^e  of 
aidant,.,..,  which  «n^^  "'  -^f*^  "'"  «l''nate  LrS  L  "  '-0**  f«et.  the 
'"■'•^e  tins  a  noted  J  .^'^'*''  «enic  and  othfr  !?.  '  *  combination  of 
"''^  '■"•-■n.n.^Fatl  7*  :^}l^nover  the  required  in„t*'*'""^'  ?«•""»««"  to 

H.i"^- .^- l^"-uc,  Lo.  SerribS;  ^^0^^^^^^^^^^ 


t',. 


HHi 


ir'f' 


Dv4 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


P 


Costilla  county  was  originally  larger  than  at  [jrcg. 
ent.'*  Its  characteristics  and  history  are  similar  tu 
those  of  Conejos,  having  a  Mexican  population,  and 
embracing  a  portion  of  the  San  Luis  valley  or  park. 
A  part,  also,  of  the  county  is  claimed  as  belongintf  to 
the  Sangre  de  Cristo,  or  Beaubien  grant,  and  is 
unsurveyed." 

Rincones,  Rio  Granile,  Rivane,  San  Antonio,  San  Jose,  San  Kufacl,  .St-rro 
Largo  Servilleta,  Sheldon,  tShultze  Rauuho,  and  Spring  Creek. 

''For  earlier  county  boundaries,  see  Oeii.  Laws,  Colo,    18G1,  52-7;  Id 
1864.  68-9;  Id.,  1877, 186-216. 

'*Tlio  history  of  this  grant  is  given  in  a  manuscript  by  Cutler,  of  the  Den- 
ver JotirmU  of  Commerce,  in  my  possession,  as  follows:  A  few  years  l>«fi.ri 
the  Mexican  war  two  Canadians,  Charles  lieaubleu  and  Miranda,  t-fttlitl  at 
Taos,  then  a  state  of  tho  republic  of  New  Mexico,  under  the  dictatorship  <  i 
Santa  Anna.  The  local  governor  of  Taos  wa«  Armijo,  a  Mexican  of  culture 
and  liberal  i<lcaa.  He  had  for  a  secretary  and  conBdential  adviser  I'ljarlts 
Bent,  the  same  who  was  made  military  governor  of  New  Mexico  l>y  (ieu. 
Kearny  when  the  U.  8.  acquired  that  territory,  and  who  woo  kilUif  lu  the 
massacre  of  Taos  not  long  after.  The  Frenchmen  above  named  odtaineii  l.y 
purchase  a  large  tract  of  desert  countrv,  lying  north  of  Red  river,  tlje  chiu' 
consideration  being  their  promise  to  induce  an  imniigratio»  from  Canaiiaau'l 
France,  an  obligation  which  they  never  fultilled,  although  the  grant  ua^a]'- 

E roved  by  the  Mexican  government,  and  signed  and  scaled  by  .'>iaiita  .\niia. 
lUcien  Maxwell  married  the  dauglitcr  of  Beaubien,  and  purchaM-il  i.f  his 
father-in-law  for  a  small  sum  all  that  part  of  the  grant  lymg  north  of  I'.ed 
river,  and  l)etween  that  stream  and  the  Baton  mountains.  He  crecte<l  a  fine 
house  on  the  Cim<irron,  where  he  entertained  in  good  old  feudal  style,  cur- 
rounded  by  his  dependents,  and  owning  immense  herds  of  cattle.  she<  p.  anJ 
blooded  horses,  employing  as  herders  aU  the  Cimarrons.  About  IMi'J  Wil-.u 
Waddington,  Jerome  B.  Chaffee,  and  George  M.  Chilcott  purcha*e<l  tlie  Mai- 
well  grant  for  an  English  syndicate,  each  of  them  making  a  fortune  out  of  ii. 
The  hlnglish  company  bonded  the  land  in  Holland  as  security  for  a  large 
amount  of  money,  and  when  the  loan  became  due  allowed  it  to  be  hold.  Bu: 
the  Dutch  proprietors  in  a  few  years  tired  of  their  useless  pos'fesMou^,  and 
the  land  was  sold  year  after  year  for  taxes.  Their  agent  in  New  Yirk  wa- 
Frank  Shen»'in,  who  bought  in  the  shares  of  the  Hmland  firm  as  he  coul.i 
obtain  them  until  he  iKscame  proprietor,  and  then  he  laid  claim  to  a  uuieltit 
of  land  on  the  north-west  bonier  of  the  grant,  extending  over  th<  Katou 
mountains  into  Costilla  county,  Colorado.  Mining  in  this  county  i:i  c 
late  beginning,  but  promises  well.  Its  iron  mines  include  et  me  of  tl.e 
largest  bmlies  of  that  melal  yet  found  in  the  state,  the  ore  taken  'nUi 
here  lieing  smelted  at  Pueblo  and  Denver.  Tlie  first  county  teat  wa:?  >aii 
Miguel,  changed  to  San  Luis,  the  principal  town  in  the  county,  lliecii) 
other  town  of  any  note  is  Placer.  Antonio  A.  Salaza,  l)om  at  Alii<iuiu,  N- 
M,,  in  1848,  began  herding  sheep  at  10  years  of  age,  remaining  at  tliat  occa- 
nation  6  years,  when  he  went  to  work  in  a  general  store  in  San  Luis,  l*c('ffi- 
ing  clerk,  then  treasurer  of  the  county  for  two  years,  next,  a  stoik  raiser  an'i 
a  merchant.  He  was  elected  to  the  general  assembly  in  1880,  ami  to  tlic  stau 
senate  in  1882.  He  never  spent  a  day  in  school,  and  acquired  his  e.lucatiin 
by  night  study.  The  following  are  the  settlements  in  the  county  :  lii)!  BeO''- 
Big  Hill,  Charmer,  Conlon's  Ferry,  Costilla,  Elkhom,  Fort  Oarlaml.  l-arlaui 
City,  Grayback,  La  Trinchera,  I^ojeta,  Medano  Springs,  Mountain  Hinif. 
Orean,  Russell,  San  Accacio,  Sangre  de  Cristo,  San  Pedro,  SpalJiug,  Undtr- 
hill,  Upper  Culebra,  Valles,  Wayside,  Wilcox,  WiUi&nu* 


CUSTER,  DELTA. 


8W 


Ciister,  formerly  a  portion  of  Fremont,  from  which 
it  was  cut  off  in  1877,  is  a  small  county,  lying  on  the 
t'iist  slope  of  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range.  It  con- 
tains  the  El  Mojada  or  Wet  mountain  valley,  an  ele- 
vatL«l  Imsin  with  an  undulating  surface,  sentineled  by 
lofty  peaks,  and  offering  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in 
tlie  state.  The  extent  of  the  valley,  which  is  watered 
l»y  (irape  creek,  a  tributar}'  of  the  Arkansas  river,  \s 
tsvL'iity-five  miles  in  length  by  ten  in  width.  Its  ele- 
vation, from  6,500  to  7,000  feet,  d«»es  not  prevent  it 
beiu*;  a  good  farming  region,  although  the  lower  and 
smallor  Hardacrabble  valley,  twenty  miles  east,  is 
more  productive,  with  a  shorter  and  les-s  severe  win- 
ter season.  Wet  mountain  valley  was  for  s;>nie  years 
overlooked  or  neglected,  owing  to  the  difficulty,  or 
ratluT,  impossibility,  of  taking  wagons  through  the 
(anons  of  Oak  and  Hardscrabble  creeks  leading  into 
it;  and  although  it  was  prospected  for  minerals  in 
180;},  it  had  not  a  single  settler  before  1869.  It  was 
seleeted  about  this  time  for  the  seat  of  a  German  col- 
ony numbering  367  souls,  who  settled  there  in  1870.*' 

"Tlie  firstiirospectors  in  the  valley  were  S.  Smith,  Melrow,  and  Wetmore, 
of  I'iu'IpIo.  Tlie  hrst  settlers,  in  I8G!),  were  Vi.ris,  Hi>ni<r,  and  Taylor,  wlio 
t'hik  huiil  claims  that  year.  Brinrklew  <t  Ilartirtll,  S'ltdhrm  Colo,  JK).  The 
liUtory  of  the  Colfax  Agricultural  ami  Industrial  C'oionizati'>n  company  i.s  as 
fitllowK :  I'rof.  Carl  Wulsten,  impelled  1>y  a  desire  to  ameliorate  tlie  condition 
of  [Kirsims  of  his  own  nationality,  'condemned  l»y  a  cruel  fate  to  work  in 
greasy,  ill-ventilated,  and  nerve-destroying  factories  of  the  j;reat  city  of  Clii- 
cig.),  formed  a  colony  of  about  100  families,  and  hr'iogiit  them  to  Vet 
Mountain  valley,  in  his  eyes  a  paradise  of  l>cauty,  fertility,  and  health-giving 
air.  But  the  colonists,  used  to  city  haliits,  and  at  a  loss  what  to  do  in  a  naked 
CDuntrv,  however  beautiful,  proved  ungrateful  for  the  favor  eonferre<l,  and  in 
0  iiiontlis  tlie  organization  liad  collapsed,  every  man  fwllowing  his  own  tlevioes. 
It  wai  doubtlc.'ts  best  so,  for  every  one  of  the  colonist*  was  in  a  few  years  in 
p*n\  circii instances,  and  the  benefit  aimed  at  was  achieve<l  inde|tcndently  of 
organi/ation.  About  30  families  took  land  claims,  which  sjieealily  In-came 
limdnctivo  farms;  the  others  went  to  different  parta  of  the  ttrritorj'.  but  all 
reinainiiij5  ''i  it-  William  Ackelliein,  John  anil  William  Knuth.  O.  Oroo^ke, 
earaon  kuarath,  William  Shultz,  Ruester,  father  and  son,  Dietz,  Menzel, 
Klose,  John  and  Frederick  Piorth,  Kettler,  Philips,  Katzenjrtein,  Henjes, 
Filkciilierg,  and  others  were  among  those  who  remained.  Al»«tract  of  an  ac- 
"■mutof  the  colony,  by  its  founder,  in  BrinekUif  and  H-trturWi  Coin,  lOfi-T. 
Koads  were  ma<lc,  farms  opened,  and  the  colonists,  lieing  joined  by  others, 
!oon  made  this  portion  of  Fremont  county  blossom  aa  the  mae.  But  hail  it 
remained  purely  an  agricultural  community,  its  separate  organization  as  Cmh. 
tcr  county  might  not  Iiave  occurred.  Tlie  ubiquitous  pr^wijectfjr.  in  the  jMir- 
sou  of  Daniel  Iktker  and  C,  M.  Grimeg,  froia  ffiack  Hawk,  lUscuverea  a 


%, 


I    t 


fi 


t'!! 


W' 


'M 


fiOft 


COUNTIES  OF  COLOllADO. 


Dolta  is  a  now  county,  cut  off  from  Gunnison  in 
February  188  3,  lyin<jf  on  both  siih's  of  tlie  north  fork 
of  (^lunnison  rivor.  Wiiat  has  boon  8ai«l  of  tlif  Kiul- 
ing  foatures  of  the  (jrunnisou  country  in  a  jtnviDus 

provico  containing  metal  in  IS71.  fJriines  was  a  pioneer,  and  liad  Imi  u  a  Ua.!- 
iiifC  man  in  (iilpin  oo.  nn  Hlieritranil  tiTritorial  rupreHcntativu.  Me  wa^  ni  that 
gonial,  lilit'i'al,  nu^rry  making  iliaixisition  wiiich  Mi-cunil  for  liiiu  tliuiiili  riii>ii. 
ate  appc'llatiiiii  of  'oliKirinie.t,'  accoi-illng  to  mountain  eu.itoiii.  Wiilstcii.  ;u 
IW>!»,  took  to  t'liioago  pieces  of  roek  from  tiie  vicinity  of  later  diricovcnii  ;it 
(■old  Hill,  which  assayed  \l  ounces  in  gold,  and  'M  ounces  in  filvcr.  )u'i'  tun. 
The  Black  Hawk  mine,  later  called  the  Senator,  hegan  to  pay  in  {."sTil;  the 
I'licaiioiitas  and  Huml>oI<lt  in  1>S74.  These  were  tiie  initial  point  in  the  iiiiiiiii;^ 
district  named  llardscraUlilc,  in  which  more  than  C(M)  locations  wcic  miuIi 
previous  to  1874.  Mining  was  ear/icd  on,  amlHomu  small  smelters  iiitriiiiiin.l, 
liut  no  excitement  was  created  for  some  years.  Meantime,  tlx;  iiiiiiin^  town 
of  Uosita  had  grown  up,  overshadowing  the  pioneer  settlement  nt'  I'hi,  ^!tll■ 
ttted  on  (Jrape  creek,  in  a  location  thought  favoralde  to  future  ^jici'ih". 
Joseph  A.  Davis  was  the  first  settler  at  Ula,  in  Sept.  1871.  Somi  after  li. 
erected  the  Ula  hottd,  antl  kept  a  store  in  it.  The  town  grew,  and  the  |ii.. 
i)le  having  petitioned  for  a  post-ofKce,  it  was  cstahlished,  under  the  iiaine  ei 
Ula,  at  navis'  store.  The  Wet  Mountain  Valley  Library  c-^ssociiitieii  wi- 
founiled  in  1874  by  R.  S.  Swcctland  and  |)r  Kii'hter,  who  was  one  of  the  en- 
ginal  colonists.  The  interests  of  the  district  and  valley  seeming  to  ih'iri^iiiil 
it,  the  legislature  created  the  county  of  Custer  in  Maruh  1877,  and  thi^  i  "in 
niissioncrs,  \i.  S.  Sweetland,  H.  E.  Austin,  and  T.  W.  Hull,  naincil  I'li  :i> 
the  county  seat,  hut  it  was  renkoved  soon  after,  hy  election,  to  liusita.  Thu 
step  in  advance  was  greatly  hastened  l>y  the  remarkable  discoveiy  of  the 
Maine  gold  and  silver  mine,  by  Edmimd  C.  Ilassick,  who  nanu'd  it  ,il"ter  his 
native  state.  This  wan  in  many  respects  a  phenomenal  mine,  consist iii;.' el  ii 
chimney  of  circular  form,  tilled  witli  lunililei  ,  and  from  six  to  -"•  feet  iii 
diameter.  The  ores,  both  of  gi'ld  and  silver,  were  new  to  miiH'r;iie),'i-ts 
They  consisted  of  a  true  conglomerate,  the  kernels  of  which  wen;  tr.ieliv  ti' . 
propliyry,  and  ((uartz,  encased  iu  a  cement  of  a  telluride  of  goM  .uiil  silver. 
cxceeedingly  ricli.  For  instance,  a  lump  12  inches  long  and  wide  and  six  iikhi> 
in  tiiiekiiess  weighed  43  pounds,  and  assayed  87, (KX)  per  ton.  Eii'jiinrriwi '' "' 
Mluhi'j  Jourwtl  in  Ynnki'e  Fork  J/nnl'l,  Oct.  18,  1879.  The  pmportleii  e 
gold  and  silver  was  70  per  cent  of  the  former  to  30  of  the  latttT.  Seine  "i 
these  nodules  had  the  telluride  coating  covered  with  crystallized  Ijlemh' aii'i 
copiwr  pyrites.  Altogether,  the  liassickmine  was  a  discover^  of  imieh  iiitu- 
est  to  tlie  scientific  worhl,  as  it  was  of  prolit  to  its  tinder,  for  it  ;'nl<l  fur  ev.  r 
81  ,(KX),000  when  it  was  down  nearly  3<10  feet.  Its  yearly  yield  after  ISSO  wiis 
nearly  .SLO.lO.lMM).  The  liassick  mine,  as  it  is  now  called,  was  situated  eii 
the  top  of  a  conical  hill,  two  miles  and  a  half  n<  :tli-west  from  Kesita:  aii'i 
it  appeared  a»  if  it  might  have  been  at  some  jKiriodof  the  earth 'j  iiist'iry  a).'i.^- 
ser  which  hai'  built  this  nunind.  The  suggestion  led  to  prospecting;  in  1 1- 
direction  of  rtlicr  similar  eminences,  and  the  discovery,  three  miles  westeily 
fron;  Rosita,  of  the  Oolden  Ea<;le,  a  true  fissure  vein  in  black  g'-;uiite,  carry- 
ing from  two  tor  five  ounces  of  free  cold  per  ton. 

In  1878  a  miner  named  Edwards,  while  passing  by  a  long  sloping  liilj 
which  from  its  abrupt  termination  at  one  end  wa»  called  the  clili',  kumki'i 
otf  a  piece  of  rock,  which  he  had  assaye<I,  and  wh'ch  returned  meiity-seviii 
ounces  in  silver  per  ton,  not  enough  to  pay  the  expense  of  smelting.  Hi 
thought  no  more  of  it  for  several  months,  when,  weary  of  unfruitful  iini*l«'ii- 
ing,  ho  returned  with  his  partner,  Powell,  to  the  cliff,  and  soon  fmnnl  reil> 
■which  assayed  .*1,700  jwr  ton.  Taking  in  another  partner.  Sp.il'anl,  th'> 
mide  further  investigations,  and  located  the  mines  later  ccleluitiil  :i8  the 
Racine  Boy,  Horn  Silver  and  Plata  Ver.lc  situated  ou  the  luouutaiu  mIik'' 


DOLORES,  I>UU(iLAS. 


an 


chapti  r  |x>rtaina  alao  t<»  this  division.  The  town  of 
Diltii  is  tho  county  seat.  EMcalunte  and  Dominguez 
an-  two  othei  new  towns. 

I )..!( ties  county  waH  ostahlishid   in  1H81.     It  con- 
tains ill  its  eastern   part  the  great  carhonate   district 

they  callcil  Silver  Cliff.  Tliiadistrift  soon  bailo  fair  to  rival  I.,  .ulvillo,  the  (ires 
liiiii.'  (iiliirick'.s,  which  neuilutl  iin  roasting.  In  ISTD  thu  (liwcuvfry  iiiiiif  wan 
M>lil  III  Ni'W  Viirk  to  Senator  .Toiie!4,of  Nuv.idn.aiul  .lanii's  Ivofut!,  iiiul  slot  '.(t-il 
i.ir ''^III,IHH>,<M)0.  The  otlior  two  hoIiI  ei|ually  well.  Othur  c-hloriilo  minus 
ucruMimii  aftordiHOovfrc'il,  ami  more  reci'Utly  aHccond  niiiic,  like  the  lljisNick, 
lalluil  tliL'  liiiU  Poniin^o.  I  have  not  spat'e  to  mention  tlio  many  important 
iMiiural  (iisi'ovuriuM  wliicli  have  m.nle  the  new  ami  Hmall  county  of  Cn.strr 
iiiiUMu  ''iiiil  proMpernus  among  itx  oliler  nei^hlioM.  It8  most  imjiortaul  tow  11.4 
are  Ucisita  iiml  .Silver  Clitl,  lie  tide:*  which  there  are  ^<everal  hiiHy  iiiiniiig 
aiiiiis.  Iiosita.  that  ia  to  Hay,  little  rose,  wan  founded  early  in  Is7-'t,  as  the 
liiiiiitl  of  the  mining  district  of  IlardscraliMe,  organised  Nov.  I*>tli  of  tho 
yea.  I'l'cvious.  The  miners  gathered  in  the  diHtrict  at  this  time  were  tlio 
hriiiiiif  lirnthera  from  CentralCity  .Iar\'i.<  and  son  from  <  Jeorgetown,  Schonl- 
tiild  liiiithir.'*  from  Mill  City,  .la.iper  Bro«ii  from  Fort  <tarlaml.  JledgcM,  V. 
li.  llovl,  James  Pringlo,  William  .1.  Uohinsun,  Charlex  Kagnan,  Nicholas 
M;i«t,  'riiiiinas  Barrett,  and  John  Palmer.  When  the  town  was  Liiil  otf 
Frmk  S.  Koif  was  the  first  Macksmith — he  w.-vs  afterward  niayor  of  Silver 
1  lill'  Kiiiiik  Kirkham  and  Lewis  Herfort,  storekeeiters,  James  Duncan  and 
I'iiiirk's  Nelson,  cariMinters,  James  A.  JJiHK'h,  afterwanl  jiostma.ster,  (leorj^o 
>  Ailam-,  the  first  lawyer,  J.  M.  Holison,  Woodruff  hrothers,  Alexander  and 
Thiiiiias  'I'liornton,  Charles  Fisher,  heeiier  of  the  tintt  meat  market,  and  livery 
-lil'lc,  VAC.  Smith,  saloon  keeper,  John  flahncnkratt,  hoaniing  honso  keeper 
: 'F  tlic  ll'iy;  Mining  company,  wlio  afterwanl  Imilt  the  Grand  View  hotel, 
X.  V.  Tuiu]  e,  wlio  surveyed  tho  town  site,  Malcolm  C.  Duncan,  and  others. 
Inli  '  -'lit  inn  of  1874  the  town  consisted  of  44>U  houses,  with  over  1,UU() 
mlia1)it<Uit!<.  It  had  hy  this  time  several  stores  and  hotels,  a  newspaper,  tho 
l!'<ilii  Jhili'x,  owned  by  Charles  Baker,  and  edited  l>y  Lane  Po.sey,  and  a 
',>»iik,  iiwiied  l*y  Boyd  and  Stewart.  These  Ixinkers  claimed  to  have  secured 
au  Hittrcst  in  the  Pocahontas  mine,  which  was  in  posse8si<in  of  Merr  hroth- 
t)^.  a!iil,  iiidcd  l>y  tho  suiterinteudent,  Topping,  assumed  tne  management, 
T.'l'liiiig  retaining  most  of  the  miners,  and  keeping  a  reserve  of  rougli  char- 
icWn  til  li{^ht,  if  fighting  it  came  tn,  in  the  struggle  for  mastery.  The 
Riiiler  <if  this  gang  was  one  Graham,  an  ex-convict.  James  Pringle  having 
:iiii  wiiiiiiiied  hy  one  of  Graham's  men,  without  provocation,  a  committco 
"!  .lafety  was  organized,  the  roads  gnarded  to  prevent  escape,  and  the  mine 
surnmnilcil.  Graham  appearing,  armed,  wa.s  ordered  to  surrender.  Itut  turn- 
iij;  to  lly  was  shot  down.  The  remainder  of  the  gang  attempted  to  escape 
'.iiahocly,  liui  were  intercepted,  and  l>eing  much  friglitencni  at  tlie  attitu<le 
citizens,  displaved  a  white  Hag.  and  were  finally  j)crmitteil  to  leave 
Hiiyd,  who  had  l>eeu  seized  and  conlined,  was  also  permitted  t-)  depart. 


■f  tlie 
tuwn 


Miwart  liuii  already  fled.  It  was  later  discovered  that  he  was  a  fori;er,  he- 
"ig  sought  hy  the  police  of  New  York,  having  served  a  20  years'  term  in  tho 
>mg  Sing  state  prison.  Thus  ended  an  attempt  at  the  piracy  of  a  mine. 
I!ii.'!<aiiie  ]iroperty  was  emitarrasscd  I>y  litigation,  in  w-hich  Ballard  of  Ky 
ik'nail,  liut  ultimately  emerged  from  its  trouhles  to  l»e  a  g<K)d  projterty. 
There  Were  the  usual  unsuccessful  attempts  at  the  rcductioa  of  ores,  hut  the 
IVim.  wcirks  situated  in  the  town,  erected  to  treat  the  Hundioldt  ores,  per- 
I'lrmeil  tho  same  for  othei  mines.  The  richer  ores  were  sent  to  Caflon  City 
T  Puohlo.  The  Denver  and  KioGrandc  exteude«l  a  branch  to  Silver  Cliff  in 
'"'^l.  wlii 'h  facilitated  their  transportation.  The  population  in  1660  was 
1 W.    Elevation  of  the  town  8,200, 


-  i 


\A 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


of  the  San  Juan  country  already  described,  and  in  its 
western  part  good  grazing  grounds,  which,  if  irrigated, 
would  be  cultivable.  Rico  is  the  county  seat,  and  the 
seat  of  the  smelters  erected  to  reduce  the  rich  ores  of 
the  district  to  bullion.  The  population  in  1883  was 
2,000,  of  which  750  were  at  Rico.  Bowen,  Xarra- 
quinep  Spring,  and  Dolores  are  rising  towns.  The 
assessed  valuation  was  $552,310,  and  the  bulli<jii  pro- 
duction $200,000.  Besides  silver  and  gold  mines, 
sonio  of  the  best  coal  in  the  state  is  found  here. 

Douglas  county  was  organized  by  the  first  terri- 
torial legislature,  since  which  time  it  has  lost  the 
larger  portion  of  its  area.  It  resembles  Arapahoe, 
which  it  adjoins,  and  is  principally  occupied  by  a  graz- 
ing and  farming  population,  witli  dealers  in  lumber 
and  building  stone,  which  find  a  ready  market  in  Den- 


Silver  Cliff  took  root  with  the  erection  of  the  first  house  in  Sept.  1878  liy 
Mcllhenuey  and  Wilson,  and  grew  so  surprisingly  that  when  it  was  a  year 
old  it  had  1,200  inhalutants  and  liouses  for  their  accommodation,  with  all  tlie 
usual  concomitants  of  comfortable  living,  and  some  of  the  luxuries  nf  olilcr 
communities.     The  town  site  was  patented  Dec.  8,  1879.     The  popuLitimi 
was  at  one  time  4,000,  but  since  the  rush  has  passed  has  settled  baclc  to  1 , 'KM. 
Mills  and  reduction  works  are  being  intrmluoed.     In  1882  the  Silver  t'lilf 
mines  wore  under  a  cloud  from  the  difficulty  of  finding  the  exact  processes 
for  the  deepsr  ores,  none,  however,  except  one,  being  down  more  than  7itO 
feet,  the  Humboldt  being  1,800.     At  this  time  there  was  a  40-stair.p  mill  in 
operation  on  the  property  of  the  Silver  Cliff  Mills  company,  treating  1(W 
torn  daily  of  the  Racine  Boy  ore.      The  sampling  establiMhmeiit  of  tlie 
Milling  company,  with  a  capacity  of  50  tons  daily,  adjoined  the  mill.    The 
Plata  Verde  also  had  a  40-stamp  mill  near  the  town,  which  was  the  base  of 
supplies  for  these  works.     The  town   was  incorporated  in  IST'J.    lU  tir.tt 
mayor,  elected  in  Feb.,  was  J.  J.  Smith;  recorder,  (i.  B.  McAulay;  trustees, 
Frank  S.  Roff,  Walter  B.  Janness,  Mark  W.  Atkins,  Samuel  Baeden.    In 
April  Roff  was  chosen  mayor;  Webb  L.  Allen,  Samuel  Baeden,  Samuel  Wat- 
son, and  O.  E.   Henry,  trustees.     In  April  1880  S.  A.  Squire  w^ts  ciio»en 
mayor;  C  D.  Wright,  recorder;  O.  E.  Henry,  John  Pietz,  William  Fremli, 
anil  Alfred  Wood,  trustees.     In  1881  H.  H.  Buckwalter  was  electeil  iiiny»r; 
George  W.  Hinkel,  recorder;  R.  Rounds,  W.  T,  Ulman,  William  F(  iglc  anil 
E.  Meyers,  trustees.     In  1882  Oney  Carstarphen  was  elected  mayor,  auiln- 
elected  in  18vO  and  1884.     Carstarphen  was  born  in  Mo.  in  1844.  came  l> 
Colorado  in  1870,  and  settled  at  Silver  Cliff.     He  was  elected  to  tlie  Htate 
legislature  in  1H84,   and  became    interested   in  various  mining  |iriijK>rtit'j. 
Querida  is  a   town  which  has   grown  up  aliout   the  Passick  mine,  with  a 
population  of  400.     Dora  is  another  little  place  built  'ip  aOout  Clianilur*' 
concentrator,  6  miles  N.  B.  from  Silver  Cliff,  which  has  a  cajKicity  of  "JO 
tons  daily.     Blackburn  is  12  miles  from  Silver  Cliff.     Westcliff  ail  Ris.iick 
villo  are  also  mining  eamr\     Other  settlements   are  Benton,    liluiiieiiau, 
Colfax,  Comargo,  OovetoWi.,  Hard'icrabblo  Caflon,  Holtan  Sprint;^.  Miihille, 
Round  Mountain,   Silver  (,'irclo,   Silver  Creek,  .Silver  Park,  South   Hard- 
scrabble,  VVutmure,  Wet  Mountain  Valley,  Wixon  Piirk. 


EAGLE,  ELBERT,  EL  FASO. 


ver.  Castle  Rock  is  the  county  seat.  Sedalia  wa» 
founded  and  fostered  by  the  railway  corporation.  The 
settlements  in  Douglas  county  not  named  above  are 
Acfjquia,  Bear  Canon,  Divide,  Douglas,  Franktown, 
Glen  Grove,  Greenland,  Huntsville,  Keystone,  Lark- 
spur, Mill  No.  1,  Mill  No.  2,  Parker,  Perry  Park, 
Pino  Grove,  Platte  cafion,  Plum,  Rock  ridge,  Spring 
valley,  Stevens  Gulch,  and  Virginia  Rancho. 

Eagle  county,  organized  'n  1883,  was  cut  off  from 
Suiiunit,  and  contains  a  rich  mineral  district,  of  which 
Red  Cliff  is  the  n^etropolis  and  the  county  seat.  It 
is  broken  by  high  mountains  and  lofty  peaks.  The 
population  in  1884  was  2,00C,  confined  to  the  South- 
east [)ortion.  The  assessed  valuation  of  the  county 
in  1883  was  .$338,454;  the  yield  of  the  minjs — one 
group — was  $940,000.  Besides  Red  Cliff,  which  had 
at  this  time  500  inhabitants,  there  were  t]>c  towns  of 
Gold  Park,  wit) .  400  population.  Holy  Cross,  Cleve- 
land, Lake,  Mlochell,  Rock  Creek,  Taylor,  and  Eagle. 

Elbert,  organizod  in  1874,  and  large  enough  for  a 
kinti^dom,  is  one  of  the  great  stock-raising  counties  of 
Colorado.  The  western  portion,  which  joins  Doug- 
las, is  well  watered,  and  considerably  cultivated." 

El  Paso,  one  of  the  original  seventeen  counties,  is 
reckoned  among  the  agricultural  divisions,  and,  as 
such,  is  one  as  yet  unrivalled  for  resources.  Its 
assessable  property    in    1885  was  nearly  $5,000,000, 


'^•1 


"There  is  also  a  larse  supply  of  pine  timlier  in  this  end  of  the  county. 
But  the  principal  capital  of  its  buaineas  men  is  in  stock  cattle.  The  popula- 
tint),  at  the  census  ot  1880,  was  2,500,  and  the  valuation  of  assessable  prni  - 
erty  $l,l>02,052.  This  gives  alraut  double  the  usual  amount  of  property  (Mir 
capita  in  farming  districts.  The  county  seat  is  at  Kiowa.  Moses  K.  (.'hap- 
ma'.,  Iiorn  i^  N.  Y.  city  in  1844,  was  brought  up  in  111.  In  1859  he  came  to 
Hu^aeU's  gulch,  and  was  afterward  almut  Central  City.  Becoming  discour- 
aged, he  borrowed  money  enough  in  1805  to  take  him  to  Elliert  co. ,  where  he 
cngagHrl  himself  as  a  herder,  and  gradually  worked  himself  into  the  stocl: 
Im^tiiii'SK  In  1874  he  married  Laura  A.  Danks.  In  1882  ho  was  elected  t.> 
the  (jciieral  assembly,  having  Iwen  county  commissioner  for  14  years.  Ho 
0T7iii'il.  in  188G,  a  large  farm  and  over  1,000  head  of  cattle.  The  towns  and 
wttleiiieiits  of  Elbert  county  are  Agate,  Arroyo,  Bellevue,  Boyoro,  Brown  A 
h»U,  Buzzards  &  Sharretts,  Cameron,  Ceilar  Point,  Clermont,  Ccxihran's 
Ikiiclio,  El'tert,  Ell>ert  Station,  FHizalieth,  Pork-in-Creek,  Gebhard,  (Sodfrey, 
(iiiimr'H  Mills,  Muj(o,  Lake,  Lake  Station.  Lonn  Branch,  Middle  Kiowa, 
MuuattV  Millj,  Kaucli,  Uivur  Ikud,  Kock  Butte,  Buoaiug  Crevk. 


*t 


«00 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


divided  between  farm  improvements,  cattle,  and  otlier 
stock,  and  tA)\vn  property.  Immense  coal  dopusits 
exist  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  country.  J 'ike's 
peak,  by  which  Colorado  was  long  known,  is  situaticl 
ni  this  county.  In  an  earlier  chapter  I  have  tfivtna 
narrative  of  its  first  exploration  and  settlement,  when 
Colorado  Citv  aspired  to  be  the  leading  town  of  tlie 
territory,  anJ  of  the  causes  of  its  failure.  The  |ti  inci- 
pal  city  of  El  Paso  is  now  Colorado  Springs,  ahoudy 
world-famous  as  a  health  resort.^ 

"When  Gen.  William  J.  Palmer  in  1870  orgaiiizeil  the  Denver  ami  Uio 
Graiiilti  railway  coinpany,  he  likewise  projected  a  number  of  auxiliary  or^.m- 
iMitioua  to  develop  tow.i-sitea,  uoal  land:*,  and  other  resources  of  tliu  n  f^iuti 
thr  uyh  which  the  railway  was  expected  to  pass.  Among  these  was  the  I'ul.i. 
rado  Spring!!  co.,  which  acquired  al)out  1U,0UU  acres  of  laud  ne.ir  tiie  l^se  ni 
Pike's  peak  and  on  both  sides  of  Colorado  City,  including  a  liii^e  li vl 
tract  tlirough  wliich  tliu  railroad  would  mn,  and  wiiero  it  was  pioinKoil  t'l 
1)uild  the  princii>al  city  of  this  region.  On  .'uly  31,  1871,  the  hrst  .staki  wm 
<lriveii,  and  the  city  named  Colorado  Springs  because  of  its  proximity  t<>  tliu 
fanioiissoda  springs  at  the  entrance  to  Uto  pass,  which  were  alto  owiu.ii  l.y 
tlie  company.  Tlie  region  developed  more  rapidly  than  was  expecliil,  and 
early  in  187'2,  a  hotel  had  been  erected  at  the  springs  and  a  little  villa^u 
there  starteil,  named  at  Hrst  La  Font,  but  soon  ehangecl  to  Maiiiti/u,  tlii^ 
Indian  name  of  one  of  the  springs.  The  president  of  the  Colorado  S[ii'iiil''< 
CO.  was  William  J.  Palmer.  Its  executive  director  was  Henry  M<Allistii', 
Jr,  who  was  born  in  Wilmington,  Delaware,  in  18.'t(),  and  woii  tlut  title  i>f 
major  by  his  servicer  in  the  army  during  the  reltellion.  At  the  clote  ui  tl. ) 
war  lie  was  elected  secretary  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  (ifisdciatiiiii, 
wliieh  position  he  resigned  after  seven  years'  service.  Ho  was  :it  mno 
elected  presiilent  of  the  National  Lantl  Improvement  co.,  orgaui/ed  ti  'I  ■ 
velop  the  lands  lying  along  th)  Denver  and  Uio  (irande  railway.  Ileuai 
also  ride  executive  director  of  tlie  Colorado  Springs  co.  At  the  time  i'ol'- 
rado  Springs  was  st'arted,  the  success  of  the  Union  and  other  colonies  in  (  nlc. 
rado  had  popularized  this  method  of  town  building,  and  hence  was  i'>iiiic  I 
the  Fountain  colony,  which  b'ulno  legal  existence,  but  was  simply  an  instni- 
munt  of  the  Colorado  >Springs  co.  in  the  development  of  its  property.  Irn'ii 
the  beginning  this  company  and  its  associate  colony  nursued  a  hbiral  awl 
far-sighted  policy  The  profits  accruing  from  the  nale  of  two  tliinis  of  its 
property  wore  eonatituteda  fuml  for  general  and  f.alilic  improvements.  Kirly 
fxpenilitures  from  this  fund  were  imI.OIK)  for  an  irrigating  canal,  aii<l  sl.'i.iNM 
for  the  purchase  ami  x>lanting  of  7,<KH)  trees  upon  the  town-site.  I  »imii;;  tin' 
first  five  years  of  the  coT'ipany's  history,  about  ^J7'i,(KI0  were  thu.s  e\|prMiinl. 
A  lot  was  pre8onte<l  by  the  company  f;oeach  of  the  Christian  <lenoiiiiiiatiiiii'<, 
and  ample  reservations  were  also  m.ide  for  a  public  schiNtl  and  for  a  collii!''. 
The  otKcers  of  the  colony  were  Uoliert  A.  Cameron  vice  nresideiit,  W  illiuii 
K.  I'abor  secretary,  R  S.  Nettleton  chiei  onginecr,  uilliani  I'.  .Millin 
troiuinrer,  aii<l  .Maurico  Kingsley  assistant  treasurer.  The  trustees  «rn; 
William  .).  Piilmar,  Koliert  H.  Lamborn,  Jusiah  C.  Ueitf,  UoImtI  .\  <'iiii- 
eron,  W.  II.  (ircdiiwood,  William  P.  Mullen.  The  temperance  i|uestinii  «.n 
given  proininer>ce  in  the  organization  nf  the  colony  by  tlie  insertion  in  >  very 
Heed  given  by  the  comiMui^  of  a  clause  forever  pmliibiting  the  niamifa.  tinin.', 
giving,  or  lelliug  of  iutoxicatiug  liquom  aa  a  beverage  iu  any  place .'!  puMio 


FRfiMONT. 


601 


'  Fremont  county,  a  portion  of  whose  early  history 
li.is  been  given,  has  remained  in  a  backward  condition 

rciiirt.  As  might  be  exiiccted,  this  claune  was  sonii  and  rupeatedly  vio- 
lite  1;  I'Ut  thu  cases  were  docidud  in  favor  of  thu  uotiipanv  iu  tlie  state 
!tii|ip'iiii.  crmrt  iu  1870,  and  tliu  lantls  forfeited.  On  appt  <  n  the  U.  S, 
dii|ii'i;iiu  cuurt  in  I87i>,  tliis  judgment  was  atiirmcd.  Tiku  pu  ,c  sentiment 
lit'  til'  t  ity  has  always  sustained  prohibition,  fo.mtniii  ('ohiiij  of  L'olnnuh, 
l'ivs<i>i'i''m:  IJeni'er  'J'lihiiue,  Juno  '2i),  1871;  FiuU^J'hI'h  Tltiff  VUiU,  I4U  '><); 
drifj"''  ('iiloriido,  41-0;  Buckimina  Volorinio SjiriiKjM;  /{nliertx'  I'nloritilo Sprinijn 
(iiii  M inilitu;  C'olonuto  SpriiiriM,  hy  H.  H.;  RiifHtr  il:  C'o.'m  Dircctori/ oj  Colo- 
fill  Vj)/7"«/'i,"   StUrJ.ioM J'roin  tin:  EiirlifcojH'iliil  q/' l/ie  AViw   ll'rMt,  5. 

('i)l.)riid(>  Spr!ii;.'  became  tlio  iileal  city  of  the  Arkansas  vaMcy,  if  not  of 
th  '  I'  itirt!  llouky  mountain  region,  l>y  reason  of  its  wonderful  and  beautiful 
Hiirr  >iiiidin){i,  its  healthfulness  and  ord  *rliness,  its  temneranue,  education, 
nil  I  ntliiiomunt.  Its  growth  from  the  first  was  healthful  and  uniform.  At 
tl'i!  <  liMo  of  tlie  tirst  year  of  its  history,  '211  town  lots  had  been  tlisposcd  of 
at  a  v.iliiatioii  of  ?24.70,),  15!)  houses  erected,  and  the  population  was  esti- 
iiiit".l  at  8i);).  The  value  of  the  buildiiigi  erected  by  private  imlividuals  was 
|ilii' :  I  at  ^ItiD.OIK).  Two  church  edirtcei  were  built,  and  a  weekly  newspaper 
wu  I'-tt  iblishod.  Avi  enterprise  most  fruitful  in  benefit  to  the  new  city  was 
til '  liiillilin^  in  1871  of  a  good  wagon  road  through  the  Uto  pass  to  tlie  min- 
in;  n^^ioii  of  South  pirk.  The  tradis  of  a  growing  section  was  tints  securi'd. 
(' iiitril>:itiiig  from  tln!  begiiininij  no  little  to  the  commercial  importance  of 
Ciilii'ido  Springs.  Wiieii  Luadvillo  arose  in  IS7S,  tiiis  roail  liecame  one  of 
♦!i';  cliii^f  highw.iys  to  thit  great  cam[>,  and  made  I'olorado  Spriiinx  a  jiriii- 
(■i[iil  ■;;!!>p!y  point.  When  the  railroad  reached  Leadvillo  in  IHSlI,  this  trido 
("Mul,  out  it  ha  I  sutiice  I  to  establish  tlu  commercial  iiiteriists  of  Colorado 
S|ii'iii'.(4  on  a  soiial  basis.  At  orii;  time  during  the  palmy  days  of  Leadvillc 
ft'i:i;j'iliiig,  l'i,Ol)()  horses  an<l  mules  Witre  employed  in  transportation  over 
till?  mil.  During  1S7<»  7,  the  city  suffered  from  the  depression  then  gi-n- 
cimI  tl'ronghijut  the  country,  and  iilso  from  a  visitation  of  gi'assbop|H;i-s, 
wliii'ii  ciiised  gre:it  devastitioii  to  the  Rocky  mountain  region.  Prosperity 
WH  fully  restored  in  1878,  in  which  year  a  complete  system  of  water  works 
WM  (11  i.structed,  the  su|i]ily  being  taken  from  one  of  the  sparkling  streams 
lliwiiig  down  the  sides  of  Pike's  peak,  at  a  distance  of  seven  miles  from  the 
iitv,  .iiid  at  a  point  1,200  feet  aiiove  its  level,  (las  works  costing  !j."><),(HK> 
wor  ■  liiiilt  in  187'.),  in  which  year  also  new  buildings  to  the  value  of  .^ilKMHXl 
w.'r-i'  iTi'cted.  The  growth  of  the  city  his  since  been  continuous,  and  with 
fli.llit  exceptions  uniformly  rapid,  till  in  18Kti  it  had  attaineil  a  ]io|iulatioii 
of  ;ili.)iit  7,501),  the  assessed  valuation  of  its  property  was  ?'*J.'J4H,H(H),  and  its 
liiniru'ss,  exclusive  of  real  estate  sales,  aggregated  nearly  .*.'). (N(i),(K(0.  Acees- 
aliris  to  the  population  were  largely  of  health  seekers,  to  nci'omniodate  a 
pnrtiiiii  of  whom  was  begun  in  IH8I  the  Antler's  hotel,  a  handsonie  (jiieeii 
.\iiiii?  structure  costing  .<|l'J0.),(K)0,  and  ranking  a  noiig  the  most  noted  of 
Ki''ky  mountain  hostleries.  The  iiublic!  spirit  .>f  three  citi/.eiis,  Irving 
H'lwIiiTt,  II.  P.  (Jrowell,  and  J.  F.  llumphrey,  gav;  to  ('nlorado  Springs  a 
Ipuitifiil  opera  house,  seating  7.')0,  and  costing  1(1(80,000,  which  was  opened 
.\lirii  18,   1881. 

Tim  public  schools  of  Colorado  Springs  have  always  lieon  adeipiate  and 
nf  iii^^li  grade.  In  1871,  Mrs  tlen.  Paliii'M'  established  the  tirst  school,  giving 
hi'i'  services  voluntarily  and  without  compensation.  In  1874,  a  haiiilsonie 
xi^'lixil  budding  was  erected  costing  J^J.'^INN).  Hy  1870,  this  had  become 
iTiiW'li'd,  and  two  frame  buildings  were  added.  In  1884,  a  large  modern 
lirii'k  scijiooldiouso  was  built  at  a  cost  of  9'<2*),000,  and  in  1880  two  others 
weri!  (•(iiiiiilotod.  Colorado  Springs  is  the  Hoat  of  Colorado  college,  fimiidiMl 
'»>•  til.'  Cilorado  association  of  congregational  churi'bes,  on  the  general  plan 
lit  N'  w  Kngland  eollenos,  but  with  modifleations.  T.  N.  Haskell,  formerly  of 
the  ttatu  univorsity  of  Wisconsin,  won  selected  as  tinaDcial  agout.  The  prepar* 


602 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


for  reasons  which  will  appear  hereafter.     In  natural 
resources  it  is  rich,  especially  in  an  excellent  (quality 

atory  department  was  opened  in  May,  1874,  with  Jonathan  Edwanls,  grail- 
late  of  Vale,  as  principal.  A  fraiiiu  biiildiu);  was  temporarily  eri'ctt'il,  in 
wliich  the  school  remained  until  1880.  A  department  of  mining  and  nu'tal- 
lurgy  was  estaltlisbetl  aljout  1877,  of  which  in  1880  William  Striuby,  n  gratl- 
u ate  of  Cohunhia  college,  was  in  charge.  This  department  met  witli  sucli 
snccess  that  for  its  Itetter  accommodation  a  wing  M'as  erected  on  tliu  iiortli 
side,  cimtrihuted  hy  William  J.  Palmer,  who  also  offered  to  add  a  south  wing 
if  the  college  were  Hrst  freed  from  debt.     This  promise  inspired  the  frit'iid^ 


VuiNrrv  or  Colok.vik)  Si-kinii.s. 

of  the  college  to  make  the  requisite  effort,  and  the  building  now  presents  a 
handsome  front  of  over  100  It'i-t.  The  lilirary  embraces  O.OOJ  vuluines,  in 
chiding  1,000  contributeti  by  the  El  Paso  county  library  iis.soi'iatioii.  A 
collection  of  natural  science  s)H.!cimens  and  an  herl)ariuin  of  native  iilaii:." 
has  made  a  promising  beginning.  President  Tunney  did  much  by  his  writ- 
ings ami  personal  efforts,  to  make  Imtii  the  city  and  college  kixiM  ii  in  tin/ 
cast.  Friunds  came  t4>  tlie  rescue,  and  in  ]S8(>  it  was  in  a  fair  way  ti>  I'v 
extricated.  Ituolfieers  in  1880  were:  William  Strieby  chairman  i<f  t'.ieiilty, 
W.  F.  Wihier  vice-prcsi«lent,  <J.  H.  Parsons  secretary,  J.  H.  Harl'iw  treas- 
urer, and  (icorge  \.  Mardeii  financial  agent.  The  .Scrritorial  leuislatiire  "i 
1874  located  an  institute  for  the  education  of  deaf  mutes  at  t'oloraili'  S|irinj!N 
appropriating  $r>,000  for  immediate  applicatiim  to  that  uurposu,  ainl  pru- 
VKling  a  {terinauent  fund  by  instituting  a  tax  of  half  a  mill  on  all  tlie  axst.'*- 
sable  iiroiierty  in  the  territory.  A  house  was  rented  and  the  institiitinn 
openea  with  a  liitzen  pupils.  To  this,  also,  the  Colorado  Springs  >'c>ni|iaiiy 
donated  1*2  acres  of  laiul,  title  to  Im  given  whenever  suitable  buil^^ill^;•^  sIh'IiI'I 
be  erected  thereon.  Thus  prompted,  the  trustees  raiseil  ^'»,()00,  an>l  startrl 
the  building.  At  its  next  session  the  legislature  appropriated  .*7."<i,i.  imli 
pendent  of  the  tax,  ^»nd  additions  were  made.  SuliMMuiently  tliit  '""v 
adiled  to  the  institution  a  department  fur  the  blind,  S'io.OOO  more  Wing 


COLORADO  SPRINGS. 


603 


of  coal,  of  which  the  amount  is  practically  unlimited. 
IVtroleum  has  also  been  found.     It  has  gold  and  sil- 

a|>iirii|>rintc(l  for  improvements.     The  institntion  is  in  a  prosiHirous  comli- 
tioii  aixl  tloing  a  noble  work. 

Tlu!  tirst  religious  services  were  h**l(l  in  the  winter  of  1871,  by  t'ne  Rev. 
KihV'inU,  rector  of  the  episcoiHtl  church  at  Pueblo.  From  this  time  till  187.^ 
Hoivices  were  held  at  irregular  intervals,  coniluctvd  by  Bishop  Randall  or  by 
J.  K.  Killer  us  lay  reader.  In  1873,  (iraoe  church  parish  was  organized,  and 
sddu  afterward  a  church  built  at  a  cost  of  |ll2,U00.  The  First  pre^byterian 
cliiirch  was  organized  in  187*2,  previous  to  which  time  services  had  been  held 
ii)  various  places.  The  M.  E.  church,  which  was  organized  in  Colorado  City 
veiy  early  in  the  history  of  that  place,  was  in  1873  transferred  to  Colorado 
SpriiiLis.  In  1881,  an  edifice  costing  $12,000  wiis  built  in  a  central  location. 
Till.'  First  baptist  church  was  organized  in  1872.  The  con^Tegationalists, 
(.'iiiiiliurland  presbyterians,  Roman  catholics,  christians,  and  African  mcth- 
oilista  u»tablished  congregations  at  later  dates.  Of  the  various  secret  and 
lioiu'voleiit  organizations,  the  masons  and  od<l  fellows  early  establishetl  lodges 
ill  Colorado  Springs,  and  were  followed  by  the  knights  of  pythias,  bimmJ 
toinpliirs,  knights  of  honor,  united  workmen,  and  others.  In  188(),  tliere 
won'  20  lodges  and  encampments  of  the  various  organizations. 

I'revioHs  to  1878,  there  was  no  fire  department  worthy  of  the  name,  the 
only  protection  against  fire  being  a  ho<iK  and  ladder  company,  a  liabcock 
engine,  and  the  water  from  a  few  wells.  When  in  that  year  the  system  of 
water  works  was  introduced,  the  organization  was  Ix'gun  of  a  volunteer  fire 
ili'liartnient  that  for  efliciency  liaa  no  superior  in  the  country.  The  first 
bank  was  establisiivd  in  1873  by  William  S.  Jackson,  C.  H.  White,  and  J.  S. 
Wiilfe,  and  calletl  the  HI  J'iiso.  Soon  afterward  J.  H.  Barlow  became  con- 
ni^'ctod  with  it.  This  was  followed  the  next  year  by  the  First  National,  organ- 
i  .  (1  Ijy  W.  B.  Young,  B.  F.  Crowell,  V.  B.  tJreenough.  (i.  H.  Stewart,  F.  L. 
Martin,  and  others,  and  two  years  later  James  H.  B.  McFerran  started  the 
rciiple's  bank.  All  are  sound  and  prosperous  institutions,  and  in  1884)  had 
il'liiisits  of  $r)00,000.  The  history  of  journalism  in  Kl  Paso  county  began  in 
i'<(il  witii  the  publication  of  T/n'  Journnl  at  Colorado  City.  It  was  edited 
liy  K.  F.  Crowell,  and  was  issued  weekly  for  about  a  year,  'when  publication 
wasilisi'ontinued. 

when  tlie  first  number  ot  Out  »  etit  was  issueil  i>y  . 
sann  lUie,  Judge  Kliphalet  Price  began  the  publication  i>f  the  /'/•'■('  /'/•('.■m. 
lu  .lijiuary,  18*3,  Out  IVent  liecanjc  the  Colorndo  Sjiriiii/s  diizt'ttf,  and  about 
a  vi'ar  later  the  Fire  PirHn  was  merged  into  the  MouiiUiinrer.  In  1878,  the 
liti-ifif  lii'oame  a  daily,  as  <liil  also  the  MounUtiwtr  in  1 88 1  under  the  name 
lit'  till'  Hcyuhlir.  The  (lazrtte  and  Ui-pHhlic  continue  the  leading  newspapers 
111  tin'  county.  Various  weeklies  aiipcared  from  time  to  time,  ]irominent 
ainiing  which  was  the  /four,  started  in  1885.  Monument,  a  town  in  the 
iiurtiu'rn  part  of  the  county,  has  had  at  times  a  weekly  paper  since  1878. 

William  J.  Palmer,  to  whom  Colorado  Springs  owes  its  existence,  and 
till'  state  in  large  measure  its  present  cmtdition  of  development,  was  born 
in  I'liiladelphia  in  I8:W,  Receiving  a  fair  education,  he  early  bi^canie  coiifi- 
ilintial  Kec.'ntary  to  J.  Edgar  Tliompsoii,  then  president  of  the  Pennsylvania 
r.i  Iroad.  in  which  position  ho  evinced  marked  ability,  and  at  one  time  was 
>i'nt  to  Europe  to  study  methixls  of  iron  manufacture  and  railroad  maiiago- 
iiirnt.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  he  raised  the  Anderson  cavalry, 
iif  wiiich  he  was,  till  the  close  of  the  war,  the  contmander.  Meantime  Thoiiip- 
!>||||  ami  his  assiHiiates  had  lM3Come  interested  in  the  Kansas  Pacific  railroad, 
anil  on  Palmer's  return  from  the  war  be  was  made  managing  director  of  chat 
I'Mt.  I'piiHc,  andsupetiiiteiidentof  eonstrnetion.  While  thus  engaged,  he  made 
till'  lainoiis  survey  of  transcontinental  routes  along  the  '"?d  and  Soth  paral- 
li'N.  Failing  to  induce  the  Kansas  Pacific  managemt^nt  i..  adopt  one  of  them-, 
aii'i  impressed  with  the  resources  of  the  Rocky  inouiitain  region,  in  1870,  as- 


After  that  the  county  possessed  no  newspaper  until  1872, 
nber  of  Out  Wetil  was  issued  by  ,1.  E.  Liller.     About  the 


604 


C'OUNTIKS   OF   (OIOKADO. 


vor  mines,  nofc  yet  mueli  tUivelopcd,  also  copper,  lead, 
zinc,  ininei'iil  paint,  marble,  alabaster,  valual>le  hiiiid- 
iiijj^  .stone,  j)otters'  elay,  and  one  of  the  few  jet  mines 
ill  the  work!.*" 

snoiatctl  with  Willinm  A.  n<ll  nml  otlinrfi,  tie  orcnnizod  tlie  Donvcr  ami  Kin 
(iraiitlo  railwiiy  CKiiipiiiiy.  In  tlio  face  dl'  ilitKciiUieH,  {tliyiticul  itiiil  liti.tuci.tl, 
lie  ixihIiuiI  tliis  ^i'(!at  uaturprixu  t<>c()in|>letiuii,  alti'r  tirrtt  liiiililing  tlu;  !)i'ii\ir 
aiul  llio  (ii'iiiiilt!  Wusturii,  of  wliivli  lio  wiiri  iiri'aiduut  luitit  IM'.\.  he  wai  at 
tlio  liuiul  of  a  majority  of  tliu  coin|>uiiicH  orguiiizud  for  tliu  (ii!V('lii|iiiiriit  i<t 
soiitlu'rii  Oilorailo,  tlie  iiitmt  proiiiinuat  aiiioiig  whicii  wax  tlio  Coloi-ailn  Cu.il 
uiiil  Iron  coiiipaiiy.  A  fuw  years  later  liu  retireil  from  tlie  proxiileiu-y  ot  ili>' 
Mexieaii  National,  tiiou);li  Htill  remaining  at  tiiu  liea<l  of  the  coii.striii'tiini 
oompaiiy.  lie  ix  alxo  invHiileiit  of  the  reorgani/eil  heiiver  ami  Hio  (irandi' 
Wexturn  railway  company,  which  is  lieeoining  a  very  iinportuiit  faettir  in  tin' 
railroad  HyNteiii  of  tliu  Kooky  mountains. 

|)octor  William  A.  lU^ll,  prominently  aHsociated  with  (Seiieral  rainier  in 
the  liuilditix  of  tliu  l>unver  and  Uio  (iramlu  railway,  was  lM)rn  in  CIdiiiiu  I, 
Irolaiid,  ill  1S4I.  Hu  Mtildied  at  the  London  hospital,  am!  took  a  incdnal 
du^ruu  at  t'ainUriilgti  in  IS(Wi.  In  IMUi  7  ho  visited  the  United  .Sl.ili.s,  aii<l 
ill  the  latter  year  joiiio<l  tliu  H.'ith  parallel  surveyinjr  expedition,  whuli 
liroiight  him  into  eloso  pursoiial  and  Imsiness  relations  with  I'aimer.  lU- 
turning  in  IS70  froiii  a  visit  to  Ku^land,  ho  joined  him  in  the  orj^ani/.atiou  kI 
thu  Denver  and  UioOrando  railway  company,  and  was  its  first  vice  iinsidiiit. 

M.  L.  Do  t 'oiirsey,  who  had  liiueli  to  do  with  tlui  building  tip  ot  Cnlura.l,) 
S[)rings,  ^\as  horn  in  I'iiiladulnhia  in  \H4'2,  and  served  in  tln^  eivii  war  in 
which  he  was  ^'aiitain.  In  18vl  ho  joined  his  fiirmer  cavalry  eominaiidi'r, 
(■eiieral  I'aliner,  in  ( 'olonulo,  aitd  held  prominent  positions  in  the  iialniMal 
land  ami  iniprovc'iient  and  other  coin^iauios.  Ho  aftorwanU  engaged  in  tlic 
real  estittu  iMwiness. 

'I'iie  growth  and  pcriimncnt  prosperity  of  ('olora<lo  Spring:^  has  hem  very 
markeil.  Among  the  puhlieations  that  have  mado  known  to  tiie  world  its 
scenic  wonders  and  famous  climatti,  as  well  as  the  merits  of  its  mineral  watrrs, 

arc  Charles  Deiinison's  Uttrky  Mountain  Jlenllh  h'ctoiijt,  a  treatise  on  piili iry 

disuasesund  their  cure;  Colonulo  Sprinijn,  a  descriptive  ami  historical  piiri|.li- 
lot  relating  to  the  city  of  that  name  and  its  vicinity,  l>y  (tcorgi!  Ucx  llii.  K- 
iiiiiii;  l/iiilt/i,  Wnitt/i,  tniil  /'It'iisim;  a  treatise  .■  i  the  ht^alth  resorts  of  (uln- 
ratloaiiil  New  Mexico;  f>7r'/>i'vio</ ,S'})W/(i/i,  a  descriiitivc  pamphlet;  Mrs  Sinn  mi 
J.  |)uiil>ar's  llvuUh  lliaiirl*  of  ('olornilo  Sjiriii'jM  unit  MoiiiloK,  de.scri|itivi  ; 
fc>.  Anna  liordon's  Cni.iyiiiij  in  Coloi'tiilo,  descriptive  and  narrative,  hr  S 
Kilwiii  Solly,  of  i'olorado  iSprings,  has  doiiu  much  hy  liis  pamiihli  ts  tn  >  ill 
attention  to  the  ciirativo  value  of  Colorailo's  climate  and  mineral  wat(  i>. 
Ho  gridiiatcil  in  London  in  ISOy,  ami  in  1S74  camo  to  Colorado  S|inii..:s, 
where  ho  has  since  lieeii  ungaged  ill  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Ih'  m  a 
memhorof  the  royal  college  of  surgeons,  Kiigland,  and  of  various  other  niidi- 
cal  and  scientitio  sm-ieties,  Initli  in  Knglaiid  and  America. 

Tlio  villages  and  settleinentts  in  Kl  I'aso  county  aro  Arowtiya,  Hissott's 
Hill,  Itierstadt,  Big  .Sandy,  Bijou  Itasin,  Cheyenno  I'eak,  Chieo  HiHiii,  <'<'l<>- 
rado  House,  Costello's  Itaiicho,  Crystal  I'eak  I'ark,  Easton,  Kdgciloii,  I'.l 
I'aso,  Florissant,  F'ountain,  Foiir-mih'  Creek,  Francevillu,  Francevill.' .Inn  •• 
tion,  tiranger,  Owillemville,  Highlam'  Itancho,  Hurslcy's  Ilaiicho,  lliistcd, 
.lininiy  Camp,  Like  .SUition,  Little  Biiiiis.  McCoiiiiellsville,  Monuin<  ni.  *>. 
Z.,  I'etrilied  .Stumps,  Quarry,  .Sidney,  South  Water,  Suffolk,  Summit  l'"!^' 
Tahlo  U  >ck,  Turkey  Creek,  Twin  llocks,  Wuisspt-rt,  Wheatland,  WiddiiM, 
Wigwam,  Wintiold. 

'•It  has  ranked  mainly  with  the  agricultural  nnnntios,  but  it  is  md  nn 
iieiit  in  that  cla.ss,  although  its  altitude  of  loss  than  li.OOl)  feet  giv^  '*  ' 
climatu  butter  united  to  cum  than  most  other  cuuuticti  iii  the  state,     in  '^  ^ 


T 

with 


it  rii^ 

aiiiiii. 

IDS  n 

Tins  1 

liatiir; 

uaiit 

til 

awMi 

Ix'ing 

To  >.' 

MlniLii 

the  .■' 

!i(in 


1 


r. 

Tl 
of  ISliT 


caSon  city. 


000 


The  chief  town  and  county  seat  is  Carton  City, 
uith  a  p()i)ulatit>n  of  about  a  000  iit  1884.     The  Col- 


it  raismi  cnnaidiTiililo  grain,  ami  Imd  iri.CXX)  head  of  cattle,  InmiilcH  .'),()00  other 
^iiiiiiiiiU,  produced  $<)1!<>,(MM)  worth  of  imuiI,  and  ^J(t,(NN)  in  hidlioii.  It  hail 
los  iiiilcM  of  railroad  within  itM  hoiinditrieH,  and  its  iMi|iulatioii  wuh  4,7>)0. 
Tins  wa.i  not  a  llattoring  exhibit  for  one  of  tlie  olde.st  eoiintieM  with  tlieMO 
iiutiir.d  rtrHoiirco.s.  lint  tlio  liindrancu  to  d<<velo[)nieiit  Imd  Itecn,  tirst,  thu 
wnnl  of  railroad.s,  and  .secondly,  a  war  lietwtren  railroads  for  ]io!«He.HHioii  of 
tliiliraiid  i-anoii  pass  through  the  Hoeky  niountjiin.s.  This  wnnderfnl  and 
au  Mil  liclil"  of  tlu!  Arkansas  was  tiie  gate  of  the  nioniitains,  its  eastern  en<I 
I'l'iii^  situated  in  the  iieighhorhood  of  Canon  <'ity,  named  in  reference  to  it- 
Til  -iiMire  the  exclusive  right  of  way  through  this  |);iss;ige  involve-d  a  long 
MtniUf^le  between  two  tMiniimnies,  first  in  jiersonal  encounter,  and  lastly  in 
till'  ciiiirts,  where  the  |)enverand  it io  (irande  prevailed  against  the  Atchi- 
»ipii.  'I'oiK^ka,  and  iSanta  F«  eoinpany. 

'I'lii^  lirst  organi/.ed  ell'ort  to  secure  a  railroad  M'as  made  in  the  autumn 
of  |sii7.  This  was  done  l>y  a  eoiiiniittec  consisting  of  It.  M.  Adams,  It.  V. 
Ilcickifi'lliiw,  and  Thomas  Alacon,  who  appointeil  .\.  (!.  lt>ione,  alioiit  to  visit 
\V.i>liiii>;ton,  a  special  commissioner  to  confer  with  .lnhn  l>.  I'erry,  president 
111  the  Kan.sas  I'acilie  railroad,  in  reference  to  the  Arkansas  valley  transiMin- 
tiiiriital  route.  I'erry  pronii.scd  that  his  enginei^'s  should  look  into  the  mat- 
tir,  and  the  Fremont  county  pi-ople  wi.'re  hopeful.  At  that  time  (i(>neral 
I'aliiii'r  was  managing  director  of  the  Kansas  Pacific,  and  had  cliarge  of  itit 
iiiinli'iictiou,  and  \V.  II.  <ireeiiwood  was  its  chief  engineer.  I'almer  organ- 
i/iii  :iiii|  coininandod  an  exptMlition  which  surveyed  the  projiosed  rmite.  Mis 
ripurt,  which  was  maile  in  ISllS,  recommended  that  the  route  from  Klls- 
Muitli,  Kansas,  westw.ird  should  deflect  to  the  south  of  its  former  survey, 
,i:iil  I'ullow  the  one  liy  the  Arkan.sas  river  to  its  headwaters,  and  thence  via 
tlir  .S.in  Luis  valley  to  inti-rsect  thu  thirty-fifth  parallel  transcontinental 
iiiiitc.  This  road,  had  it  heen  Imilt,  woidd  nave  given  an  outlet  eastward  to 
tlir  richest  mineral  and  some  of  the  hest  agricultural  country  in  Colorado. 
liiil  tlie  eastern  managers  dci'ided  to  hiiild  to  hcnver,  a  derision  which  fin- 
.ill\  tiii'i'W  them  into  the  hands  of  the  rnion  Pacific.  When  the  KansaH 
I'li'ilii'  was  aliout  eompleted,  Palmer,  rememlicring  what  he  had  seen  on  hiit 
siUM'ys.  iiriginatcd  the  plan  of  a  narrow-gauge  railw.iy,  which  should  run 
sMiilliward  from  l>enver  along  the  liasi!  of  the  mountains.  Disapiiointed  in 
til'  ir  c\[iectations  of  a  direi't  road  to  the  east,  the  people  of  Fremi'Ut  county 
Mi'li'iiiiied  the  thought  of  cointiiunication  with  Iteiiverand  eonneetion  with 
till'  I'liion' Pacific,  and  voted  the  l>eiivi'r  and  Uio  (irande  company  tho 
iiai'iiiw  ;;auge  line  ,'jC>l),(MIII  in  county  honils,  the  first  eontriliution  of  tho 
kind  recciveil  liy  them,  and  wiiicli  throui;h  some  teclinicilify  was  finally  lost 
ill  the  eoiirts.  In  the  mean  time  the  I'eiiver  ami  l!io<  iraiel-  li.id  construeted 
itx  I'li.td  to  Pueblo,  with  a  branch  to  tlu;  coal  mines  at  i/ibran,  ci^ht  miles 

fr Canon  City,  which  was  eompleted  in  October,  IMT'J,  and  without  going 

fii  C.ifiDii  City,  as  was  expected,  was  ])ushing  south  with  the  design  of  reacli- 
iii;,'  the  ivxtensive  fields  of  coking  coal  at  Kl  Moro,  near  Triniclad,  and  of 
iiliiiiiate  extension  to  the  city  of  .Mexico,  via  Santa  Fu  and  Kl  Pa.so,  wiiich 
l.ittrr  was,  of  Course,  regarded  as  an  achievenient  of  the  somi'wii.il  remoto 
l'i:tiirc.  Thenmpon,  there  was  a  movement  made  inviting  tie-  Ateliiscm, 
'i'lipika,  and  Santa  Fi^  to  eoine  to  <'afton  City  and  occupy  the  route  formerly 
.siiiinested  to  the  Kansas  Pacific.  For  this  pnriMi.su  a  ptdilie  meeting  was 
lull  it  i'lnon  Cify  in  .Ian.,  ]S':\.  Itnt  the  A.,  T.,  fc  S.  F.  co.  proving  slow 
tii.Kt,  and  the  people  being  impatient,  the  county  again  votf^d  its  bond-i  to 
till'  !».  ,V  R.  (J.  CO.,  this  time  for  ?(MH»,(MM>.  after  an  exciting  canvass,  there 
!"iiig  .1  majority  of  only  two  in  favor  of  the  gift,  nnd  the  eonntv  eommis- 
Miiiii  IS  refusing  to  issue  the  bonds.  In  IS74,  howevi'r,  on  ilcmanif  of  the  D. 
A  I!  <!.  CO.,  Cafton  City  voted  ^')(),0(M>  in  bonds,  and  in  addition  gave  deeds 
ti)  .'"^•J.'i.iMH)  worth  of  property,  ami  thu  road  was  soon  ufturward  completeil  to 


n4 


;^^ 


M 


60G 


COUXTIUS  OP  COLORADO. 


orado  penitentiary  is  located  liere,  and  was  Iti  c'liai<j:c 
of  the  general  government  until   1874,  when  tin-  Ui- 

that  place.  The  next  movement  in  the  way  of  increased  railway  focilitifM 
wait  ill  Ful*.,  1877,  when  tliu  CitAoii  Citv  uiitl  San  Juun  railway  en.  wiu  nruan- 
izetl,  witii  C.  T.  Ailing  pruMident,  B.  F.  HockufoUow  necretary,  Jaiiits  (1,1. 
liuiil  treaiiurur,  and  H.  U.  iluUmiok  cliii-f  engineer.  Ailing  Mion  rcNit{tu<l, 
and  wiXH  succeeded  by  Frederick  A.  Reynoldo.  Meantime  the  new  IankIx  illv 
mining  region  Legiin  to  attract  attention,  and  was  seen  to  offer  a  iiroiniHing 
field  for  railroad  enterprise.  Stimulated  by  this,  and  it  may  Im;  also  l>y  tlic 
appearance  of  a  rival  in  the  Held,  the  I).  &  R.  O.  co.  proceeded,  on  A|iril 
\v,  1878,  to  resume  work  on  its  line  fromC'aAon  City  westwanl  and  towanln 
the  Leatlvillo  region,  and  on  that  day  t(Kik  possession  by  its  agentx  ot  the 
narrow  portion  of  the  grand  canon,  known  as  the  Royal  gorge,  with  tin- 
avowed  intention  of  constructing  its  road  upon  the  lino  of  the  Mirvcys  iii.ulu 
in  1871-2,  right  of  way  over  which  ha«l,  as  it  claimed,  been  secured  to  it  l>y 
acts  of  congress  of  June  8,  187*2,  and  ^larcll !),  1875.  But  during  the  uiLilit 
of  April  10,  1878,  the  luiard  of  directors  of  the  C  C.  &  S.  J.  co.  witc  ii. li- 
vened, and  elected  William  B.  Strong  and  A.  A.  Robinson  rcMpcrtivcly 
general  manager  and  chief  engineer  of  the  A.,  T.,  it  S.  F.  co.,  to  Miiiiil.ir 
{Mmitions  in  tTie  C.  V.  &  S.  J.  co.,  giving  conclusive  evidence  thiit  the 
great  Santa  Fe  co.  was  behind  the  local  enterprise.  These  olKci.il.t  made 
preparations  to  take  immediate  possession  of  the  grand  cafloii  on  'H'lialf  oi 
their  ciuiipany,  which  was  done  as  early  au  juroclock  on  the  lllorllill^  of 
April  tMHh,  at  whicli  time  a  small  party  of  men,  under  the  cliargu  <il  nii 
a-4si!<taiit  engineer,  swam  the  Arkansas  river,  and  in  tiie  name  of  their  ruiii. 

{>aiiy  t(M>k  posHcssion  of  the  cafton.  That  party  was  fidlowed  tlie  kjimk'  ilay 
>y  a  large  force  of  workmen  under  the  control  of  Chief  Kugineer  Ui.liiiisoii. 
Tlic  war  WiUi  now  commenced.  Each  side  ha<l  from  500  to  ittO  men  at  work. 
Fortiticatioiis  were  erected  h\  i';u;h,  beyond  which  the  other  was  imt  jxt- 
mitted  to  pass,  and  for  a  tune  the  spilling  of  blo<Ml  seemeil  iiievitaMi'. 
These  movements  were  succeeded  by  a  suit  nistituted  the  same  <l.iy  in  tlic 
state  court  in  the  name  of  the  C.  O.  &,  S.  tF.  co.  against  the  D.  «t  K.  i'<.  n>., 
in  which  an  injunction  was  olttaiiied,  afterward  sustained  by  .Iml^r  Hal- 
lett  of  the  U.  S.  district  court,  restraining  the  latter  company  froiu  mrii- 
pying  or  attempting  to  occupy  the  caAon  for  railriNid  purposoN,  ami  Inuii 
uiterYering  with  the  C  C  &  S.  J.  co.  in  the  construction  of  its  own  ri>.iil 
therein.  By  virtue  of  this  decision  the  C  C.  &  S.  J.  co.  procfeilcil  witli 
the  Work  or  construction  through  the  grand  cadon,  and  conipletcd  iliinn^ 
the  following  ten  months  the  *J0  miles  from  CaAon  City,  being  a-s  'ar  as  it 
was  )>erinitted  under  its  charter  to  build.  The  work  in  the  grand  caMo!!  wa- 
ditticult,  re)|uiriiig  engineering  skill  of  the  highest  order.  In  plao  >  tl.c 
blasting  could  bo  carried  on  <iiily  by  Bus|HMidiiig  men  by  ropes  <Iohm  tlif 
rocky  walls  2,000  feet  in  height;  in  othera  the  chasm  was  so  coiitiai.'tnl 
that  the  road  itself  was  suspended  over  the  river  by  a  hanging  britlgi-.  ^ii|>- 
]Hirt<>d  from  above  by  braces  ti.\ed  in  the  rock  and  raised  in  tiic  iiii<i.llr  cii 
the  principle  of  an  arch.  AlHiut  the  time  the  C.  C.  &  8.  J.  co.  Iia>l  tin- 
isheii  its  20  miles  of  road,  the  I).  It,  R.  G.  co.,  under  stress  of  the  <l('('i>ii'ii 
against  it  and  the  financial  trembles  whicli  this  had  served  to  hriiii;  to  a 
climax,  executed  a  30  years'  lease  of  its  entire  completed  line  to  tlu'  .\  ,  T . 
k  S.  F.  c«i.,  which  tiH>k  possession  in  Dec,  1878.  The  right  of  way  tlin|ii>[li 
the  grand  cnAon  was  expressly  excluded  from  this  lease,  the  A.,  T.,  f<  S.  K. 
CO.  tiking  the  ground  that  this  was  the  proiierty  of  the  C.  C.  *  S.  .1.  co., 
and  that  a  lease  thereof  from  the  D.  &  R.  (t.  co.  would  l»e  of  no  ctfii  t. 

In  April,  1879,  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  to  which  the  case  h.is  Ihcii  a])- 
pealed  ny  the  D.  &  R.  O.  co,,  reverse«l  the  decision  of  the  lower  coiiri,  iii'l 
confirmed  to  the  D.  h  R.  O.  co.  its  prior  right  to  the  grand  cafton.  Tliu 
possession  of  this  prior  right,  however,  waa  not  to  lie  understooil  n^  pn- 
venting  the  C.  C.  &  S.  J.  co.  from  afterward  building  a  parallel  nail  of  lU 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 


007 


rltory  assumed  its  support.  In  1877  it  consisted  of 
(iiio  ci;!!  building  witli  forty -two  cells.  The  state  now 
owns  tliirty-six  acres,  five  of  which  arc  enclosed  by  a 
Willi  of  stone  twenty  feet  in  height  and  four  in  thick- 
ness, with  good  buildings,  and  cell-room  for  over  400 
iimiivtt'S,*'  a  boot  and  shoe  factory,  lime-kilns,  stone- 


fi 


o«  11  thrnugli  the  caflnn,  where  the  latter  was  M'iile  enough  to  admit  of  two, 
iiiir  fi'Kiii  UMiiig  the  I).  &  H.  (!.  tmukii  in  cdiiiiiioii  with  that  ooinpany,  in 
till'  narrow  itliiuu.i  where  but  one  tikkI  unuhl  Ihj  built,  thexe  rights  having 
lit't'u  goiiurally  n>uferre<l  liy  act  of  congress  of  Marcli  .%  187o.  Coniplica- 
tidiis  thou  arose  in  the  atfairs  of  the  A.,  T.,  h  8.  K.  aixl  D.  ft  R.  O.  coniian- 
itM  which  kept  tliuni  in  conHUint  litigation.  The  latter  company,  now  that  its 
rights  in  the  grand  caAon  had  Imcn  restored  to  it,  and  in  view  of  tiie  great 
Iniaincss  revival,  due  to  the  discovery  of  new  and  ricli  mining  regions,  natu- 
rally ilosirvd  to  regain  possession  of  its  road.  It  uhar){ed  the  lessee  with 
noii-dli.scrvance  of  contract  in  eiirtain  [Mirticulars;  hut  the  case  turned  on 
tlio  |)oiut  that  there  was  no  Colorado  law  which  wonld  permit  a  foreign  cor- 
iioratioa  to  operate  a  railroad  within  the  state.  Tiie  prayer  of  the  I).  &, 
K.  (i.  CO.  was  cranted,  antl  a  writ  issued  by  the  court,  copies  of  which  were 
pliu'cd  in  tlie  lioiids  of  siieritfs  in  tlie  principal  places  along  the  lino,  tiie 
vtlVt't  of  which  was  to  restore  the  roail  to  the  J>.  &  K.  (>.  co.  Tiicso  were 
siTvi'il  simultaneously  at  Denver,  Colonuio  Springs,  Pueblo,  CaAon  City,  El 
Mni'ci,  and  Alamosa,  and  possession  titken  in  each  place  by  the  ollicers  and 
at;uiit.s  of  the  D.  &  K.  (r.  co.  Immediately  after  possession  had  Ikjcu 
;aiiii'(l,  on  Juno  IT),  1879,  Judge  Bowen,  on  application  of  several  of  the 
I.  I't  11.  (>.  bonil-holders,  appointed  one  of  the  company's  solicitors,  Hanson 
A.  liisley,  its  receiver.  He  took  possession  of  the  road  and  o^Ksrated  it  for 
(iiio  month,  during  which  time  his  receivership  was  attacked  in  several 
courts  and  linally  terminated  by  Chief  Justice  Miller,  who  ordered  the  dio- 
diargo  of  tiie  receiver,  and  enjoined  him  to  restore  the  road  to  the  I),  it  R. 
(>.  CO.,  and  ihat  company  in  turn  was  directed  to  restore  it  to  the  A.,  T.,  & 
N.  K.  CO.,  iu  accordance  with  a  writ  previ<msly  issued  by  Judge  Hallett  and 
n<it  at  tiiat  time  obeyed.  When  all  this  had  lieiin  done,  Judi;e  Hallett  fur- 
tliiT  ordered  that,  till  the  equities  of  the  several  parties  coulil  be  determined, 
Ixitli  coMipaities  bo  restrained  from  further  work  in  the  grand  caAon,  and 
aiipoiiited  L.  C.  Ellsworth  as  receiver,  to  take  possession  of  the  property  of 
tho  I),  it  U.  (!.  CO.,  an<l  operate  it  under  the  directiim  of  the  court.  While 
till!*  warring  had  l>ecn  going  on,  the  Pueblo  and  Arkansits  valley  railroad 
('inii|ia'iy,  a  local  corporation  of  the  A.,  T.,  k  S.  F.  system,  had  bc^un  to 
l>uil<l  westward  from  the  'J<)-mile  point  where  the  CaAon  City  and  San  Juan 
c'niii|iany  had  stojipcd,  and  had  succeeded  in  complotini;  about  two  miles, 
whfii  the  \).  &  R.  (}.  CO.  arrested  further  progress  by  erecting  stone  en- 
filailiiig  forts  and  keeping  them  manned,  besides  mining  the  posltiim  in 
readiness  to  send  the  enemy  skywanl  at  a  moment's  notice.  Meantime 
Ju(Il;i>  Hallett  had  appointed  a  commission  to  determine  what  parts  of  the 
graiiil  caAou  would  admit  of  the  construction  of  but  <me  liue  of  railway.  In 
aiviirilance  with  the  report  of  this  commission,  the  court,  on  January  2. 
1SH(I,  issued  a  decree  giving  to  the  D.  &  R.  <•.  <!o.  the  exclusive  right  of 
Way  through  the  grand  caAoii  from  l^aAon  City  to  Smith  Arkansas— the 
l>ri'si'iit  town  of  Salida — and  to  the  Pueblo  and  Arkansas  valley  railroad 
tile  ri;;ht  of  way  from  South  Arkansas  to  liOadville,  either  company  having 
till  ri;;|it  to  build  a  separate  road  between  the  latter  points.  This  practi< 
cally  ended  the  war,  and  the  two  companies,  after  having  spent  9<>00,000  in 
carrying  on  the  fight  both  in  and  out  of  the  courts,  concluded  a  treaty  of 
|«'aii'.  In  acconlanee  with  an  agreement  entered  into,  all  suits  were  with- 
urawii,  and  the  A.,  T.,  &  8.  F.  co.  bound  itself  for  a  term  of  tea  years 


i'" 


1 


•    l\ 


(      {iVt 


li 


I  ml 


.«! 


COUNTIES  OF   COLORADO. 


quarries,  and  brick-yards,  in  which  the  convicts  ar.^ 
employed.  The  Colorado  collegiate  and  military 
institute  is  located  here.  It  was  established  hy  a 
st(M'k  company  of  citizeas  in  1881,  under  the  ku|m  i- 
vision  of  K.  H.  Sawyer.*"  There  is  also  a  lan'c  nW- 
ver  smelter,  and  a  copi»er  smelter.  The  Arkanisai; 
river  oilers  abundant  water  jxiwer;  the  town  is  sup- 
j)lied  with  water  works;  there  arc  cold  and  hot  miii- 
crul  sprin«jfs,  and  other  scenic  attractions,  all  «»f  wlii.h 
promist;  a  not  unimportant  future  for  this  place  w  hen 
the  surroundinj'  country  shall  be  made  to  yield  it.< 
c»>rn  and  wine,  its  coal,  gold,  silver,  and  cop|K'r, 

iKit  to  l)uil«l  either  t<»  Lcadville  or  Denver,  wliilo  the  D.  k  R.  O.  c««.  fi.r  a 
likt!  jicriiNl  waa  to  bo  rcNtraiiietl  from  hiiihiiiig  within  a  BiM-eitie«l  tliHt  inir 
from  Siiiita  Ft*.  The  D.  ft  R.  <•.  co.  {lurehaaud  the  20  tnilt^  of  riMil  loti- 
Htructol  through  tho  grontl  caAon  hy  tlie  C.  C.  k  S.  J.  Co.,  |>a) m^'  tlitrt- 
for,  nironliiig  to  tho  Dniver  Trihiiie,  of  April  2,  1880,  the  Bum  of  J!<l,4Ui.«» 
lit  the  Miiio  month  Receiver  KIlMWorth  w-m  tliiichargetl  liy  the  <<>iirt.  aii<l 
tho  |iroiH.'rty  turned  over  to  tlio  D.  k  R.  (i,  co.  Coniitniction  Iml  inian' 
V liiU)  Iteeii  ])U!ilioil  witli  all  Hiieeil,  ami  in  July,  1880,  Lvmlville  wax  rtiul.t-i, 
and  the  golden  Htrcani  of  wealth  utarted  which  luui  ever  Hineo  coiitiniiKi  t<> 
tliiw.  ThiiH  ended  Colorado's  moat  suriona  railnuul  war,  and  one  wa(:t-«l  ti>r 
the  |>o<lNel«^«ioll  of  a  prizo  well  worth  the  Htruuglo. 

William  H.  (Jreenwootl,  ho  coiiatiicnoua  in  railroad  aflTaim  in  ('(ili>r«<lo. 
M'a><  horn  at  Marll»oro,  N,  H.  Holiad  |)ureha8cd  projierty  in  Caiinii  City 
when  ho  made  hia  anrvey  of  tho  graiitl  caAon.  After  the  railr<>;id  war  woj- 
ended,  111!  Mettled  there  with  his  family.  In  tho  uninmcr  of  188U  h<  u'i>  tui- 
liloye<i  hy  tho  l>.  &  R.  G.  to  go  to  \>oxi('o,  and  while  near  Rio  Hemli  va« 
asxasMinated  hy  an  unknown  jieraon.  Tho  Mexican  government  c'\l;il>it*il 
niueh  feeling,  and  inotlo  every  endeavor  for  the  appreheuaion  of  tin  mur' 
derer,  hut  in  viiiii. 

*'  New  liiiilding!<  were  added  for  the  seoond  time  in  1883.  Fnwlir  re- 
marks that  there  are  over  400  convicta  contiiicd  hero,  'and  more  liiVj.ri»on- 
era  among  them,  in  ])ro|iortion,  than  elaewhcre  in  tho  wtirld.'  Tlii>i  may  1* 
aeeounted  for  hy  tlio  further  statement  that  there  arc  throughout  the  A3\e 
drinking.aahioiiM  in  tho  proportion  of  ono  to  every  67  inhabiUints— oiily  a 
little  behind  Nevada,  which  has  ono  to  every  5U— and  tho  prevaliuct^  oi 
gambling. 

"Tho  Itoiird  of  truatceii  conaiated  of  F.  A.  Reynolds  prea.;  TV  0.  Pea- 
body  viee-pro«. ;  W.  R.  Fowler  aec. ;  .1.  F.  Campliell  freaa. ;  E.  II.  Siwyt-r. 
.?.  L.  I'reiitiee,  A.  Ru<ld,  Samuel  Bra<lbury.  and  .7  .1  Phelps  It  had  '«• 
Hides  a  'eollegiato  committi'o,'  and  a  'military  committee  E.  H.  Sawj<r 
w.m  preaiileiit,  commandant,  and  professor  of  moral,  mental,  and  nrliiary 
81'ienen  and  ''Mgiui-priiig.  Tlie  otiier  iiistructora  wore  U.  S.  Weatgate,  Fnnt 
IVeutiaa,  J.  .M.  Willard,  auJ  C.  Utterinochlom. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


COUNTIKS  Ol'  rOLOUADO  »  ON'»LUI>ED. 

I.AKKIKI.D    CoiTNTY — Ith  KKEAT   ritSSiniLITIE.*-   ItltPIH     I'oiJiTY     AM>    I'KN- 

iKAi,  City — Kxritr.^s.  Tk.i.khkai'h,   XrwHp^pKkH.  B%\kk.  S  iiiMti.s,  ank 
CiiruciiKs,  Ijiikakv,  Fiiik  Mki-aktmkM'*.  Militakv    ,»m»   Bknkvoi.knt 

IsslTI'l'TIONS — Hl(Milt\l'IIV       CllAMi    TiHVrT  —  IJlWI^iv      ANK     IllKlt- 

lAMi  i'oi'NriKs  -Vaimkiy  ok  |'Koi>i-i-r<t  i<s.5riTr.itM>\  I'i.intv     <!oi.|iK.n, 
l,AKK.  AM)  La  Pi.aia  IVm'ntiks     ItioiiitAriiv     LtiiiMfi:.  Las  Ammas, 

Mksa,  MoNTIUtSK,  OlRAY,    pAKK,    I'lTKIN.   rtr.liU".  Klo  <  Jl:  tMiK.   Ut>l- IT, 

SAfiiAciiK,    San  .Iitan,  San   Miurr.!.,  Siimir,  .»m»  WeluCoimiiw — 

SiH  IKIY      RKTKOSrRrr. 

(lAiJKiKLi)  c«»uuty  ,.as  orijaiiiz*'«l  in  Fel»niary  18853 
lilt  of  Suiuinit,  one  of  the  original  divisions  of  18(51. 
At  tlmt  time  tlie  county  seat  was  teniiH»rarily  located 
at  Parkville,  hut  removed  soon  after  to  lire«kenridge. 
(Ill  the  or<;anization  of  Garfield  and  F^»«;le  counties 
littlo  (if  Summit  remained,  and  tin*  county  seat  of  the 
ftiriiur  was  locateil  at  CarlnMiate.  near  the  eastern 
Ixjiiiulary.  It  lies  wholly  on  the  western  sh)|K!  »»i'  the 
llocky  mountains,  and  is  chiefly  an  a<;ricultural  and 
.'laziiiLj  region,  but  has  mines  of  silver  and  enormous 
It'posits  of  coal.  It  was  vacate<l  hy  tlie  Utes  as  late 
iis  IHS2,  and   has  little  history.     CarlxMiate  was  one 

f  the  earliest  settlements,  and  (ik-nwo^xl  springs, 
Uateil  at  the  junction  of  lioaring  fork  and  (Iran<l 
liver,  with  its  mineral  waters  and  rich  tributary  re- 
:\m,  is  becoming  the  commercial  centre  of  north- 
wistcin  Colorado. 


■A 


m 


'  M.  L.  |>t!  I'uuraey,  who  fiinuHhuii  nio  a  iiiantiacnpt  on  tUfmuvoil,  iii  1884, 
<>iil  wlioso  liiography  in  l>n«t1y  rolaUiil  on  |t.  tMM  of  tnis  vol.,  u  niaiumiT  for 
'*>t'  Uwii  iMimpony,  in  connectiou  witli  <  ilenwtMMl  aitringa.  Thout:h  i^<mtainin^' 
■»w\\  that  in  of  iiitereat,  it  is  impucsiljiu  tu  d«vut«  to  it  in  tiirae  page*  the 

illHT.    NKV.      3S  <(W 


li*--^;-^--^ 


(UO 


COUNTIES   OF  COU)RAD<). 


The  population  is  between  .100  aiul  400.  Tlieoth.r 
towns  are  Axial,  (ireshani,  Barlow,  and  Ferji^uHoM. 
Tlie  valuation   of  the  eoiintv   in    its  first   ytar  was 

Gilpin,  named  after  the  first  j^ovornor  has  an  aha 
of  twelve  hy  fifteen   miles.      It  is  purely  a  iniiiiii' 
rej^ion,    and    not   exceeded     in    mineral     prodictions 
except  hy   the   county  of  Lake.      Within  its    lltnits 
muiui>;  has  been  carried  on  for  twentv-four  vcurs.  dm 
ing  which  time  it  has  produced  !!^4;{,'208,0HH  in  Itulliun, 
of  which  $;{S. 500,000  was  in  ijold,  being  about  oin 
fourth  of  the  production  of  tlie  state  in  j)reci()us  imt 
als.      In    a    previous    chapter    I   have    sketciicil    th. 
beginnint^  of  (rilpin's  history,  when.Fohn  H.  (ir('<;orv 
tii(!re  dis<'overed  gold,  and  was  foll<>wed  by  a  rush  ..t 
miners,  who  soon  exhausted  the  surface  tlejiosit,  uiid 
after  impoverishing  themselves  in  milling  i!\|»ciiiiu:iit.s 
abandoned   mining   or  sought  new  fields  oi' cxploita- 
tion.   The  gold-bearing  lodes  occupy  an  ana  one  iiiili 
wide  and  four  miles  long,  in  the  midst  «)f  wliirli  an 
the  closely  allied  t')wns  of  Black  Hawk,  Centrai,  and 
Nevailaville.     The  silver  belt  extends  across  north 
(^lear  creek  and  other  hills  frofn  Y<irk  jjulch  to  J)(»r\' 
hill.     It  was  not  discovered  until  1878. 

The  first  improvement  of  the  gold  district  was  l)y 
the  construction  t)f  the  Consolidated  ditcli  in  IS(i(). 
More  than  100  small  mills  were  taken  to  Gilpin  coiintv 
in  its  early  vears.     In  18G8  there   were  over  tliirtv 

spjiCL-  that  the  miliject  might  seem  fairly  to  tU'maiid.  Surtioo  it  to  say  thai 
l»y  many  fxoclleiit  authoriticti  thi-re  are  elaimuil  for  tho  w.itoi-:<  of  tln'^' 
Hi>riu^s  proportius  as  valual>le  as  any  in  tlio  state.  (Ireat  stress  is  l.iiii  by 
all  tho  local  writers,  anil  by  many  transient  r.u'n,  on  tho  merits  of  tlic  vari- 
ous mineral  waters  of  C'oloraclo,  their  variety  ami  exeellence,  especially  as  t.' 
their  curative  properties.  To  tliscuss  the  statements  of  each  one,  or  iniii'i'i 
to  make  other  thau  passing  mention  of  tho  various  pamphlets  an<l  treatise-, 
would  Ite  altogether  apart  from  the  nurposesof  this  work.  Amoim  fitlirr.«,  m 
addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  arc  T.  O.  Horn's  Scicittitic  Tijin;  MS., 
descriptive  ami  liistorieal,  concerning  the  varirms  springs  of  tin'  cmnitry; 
Miiieml  Spritiijn  of  Colorado  i<  a  pamphlet  hy  tho  same  authority.  Hum 
came  to  Colorado  in  1874,  being  a  gracfuate  of  medi<;ino  in  St  Louis,  anii  :> 
native  of  Va,  born  iu  1S32.  lie  is  a  member  of  the  state  board  of  lic.ilth,  t. 
which  he  made  a  report  at  considerable  length  on  the  \niueral  spriu^s  of  tlu' 
state  iu  1SS2. 


(iARKIELU,  OILl'lN. 


Oil 


mills  ut  work  oiicratiiiir  700  Htaiiip.s.  In  1874  mining 
was  (lull.  Soon  after  Tar^c  o|MjratorH  bejjjan  purchan- 
iihj:  small  niinoH  and  coiiHolidating,  hy  which  means  a 
II.  w  impulse  w»is  j^iven  to  this  industry.  The  j;old 
ons  (tf  (lilpin  are  »)f  a  low  jjjrade,  and  do  not  pay  ior 
aiiv  other  treatmi'iit  than  oy  8tamp-:uill  or  smeltin;^. 
Tilt  re  are  fewer  mills  of  lander  capacity  than  f«)rmerly, 
ami  aIthoujj;h  the  increasing  depth  of  the  mines  makes 
ih»  rxtraction  of  the  ore  more  exptuisive,  the  returns 
art  satisfactory.  The  entin'  bullion  «mtput  of  1883, 
t'ni  instance,  was  S'J,"J().S,9H3.  The  asscsMi>d  valuation 
if  tiio  county  for  that  year  was  $1,871,244,  and  its 
ji(>|iiiliiti(»n  7,000.' 

Central  City,*  which,  next  to  Deliver,  has  been  the 
seat  of  money,  political   inHuoiu-e,   ami   brain  power, 

''Some  acoouiit  of  tliv  (tarlifraiiil  later  ii|H?ratioiiM  in  thiti  county  huuuihim). 
{icrauvf,  ulthcugli  it  hIkuiIiI  Imt  r<!|M;at  the  vxporieiicvH  of  others.  In  lyiiU 
-<  viTii  araMtras  vteru  t  oiiHtructetl  t4>  |>ulvcrixe  (|uarty..  A  miner  named  Ueil 
M<i  .1  trip  liaiiiiiifr,  pivotetl  on  a  xtiimp,  tliu  liaiuiiier  noumling  ({uartz.  in  a 
iimigli.  Mis  invention  wa^  ealleil  the  \Vo<Hl|H.'(:ker  Mill.  i'iiarleH  (liluM,  of 
tialliji,  Oliio,  niaile  a  (>-staiiiii  wotnUin  mill,  nm  1)}'  water  power,  in  Chase 
pilcli.  uliic'h;  lumleil  out  $(i,<M)Oin  a  Neason.  T.  T.  I'rosaer  imported  the  first 
null  not  home  made.  U  wa.s  a  H-Htamp  affair,  ind  wat<  net  to  work  in  ProHxer 
;:iiK'h  in  Sept.  1>S,*><).  ('oleman  k  Le  Kt-vrc  hroaght  in  a<>-Htanip  mill  theHame 
•(■a.sdu,  which  was  inn  with  the  I'nM.ser  ni'li  on  <innnell  iptart/,  saving  front 
^  to.*l(H)  per  ton.  Uiilgeway  next  .set  np  a  ti-Htanip  mill  on  Clear  ereek, 
itlnw  HIaek  Hawk,  and  .sixin  after  Clark,  Vandewator,  t^  Co.  im))orted  a 
viTiiiilile  foundry  made,  i^-stamp  mill  at  tho  junction  of  Kureka  and  Spring 
i;iililir>,  where  now  is  the  centre  of  T'entral  City.  This  was  all  acconiplishetl 
II  I").')'.).  The  (iregory  lode  has  maintained  its  preeniinenee.  The  Holttail 
u.k<  rcc  koued  secontl;  the  (lunnell  third.  There  arc  several  mines  on  each  of 
■.iiisc.  They  all  have  a  history,  but  for  which  I  have  not  8])ace.  Few  of  the 
:iiiiK's  :;re  ilnwn  more  than  l,.')00  feet;  hut  this  tiepth  recpiires  tunnelling,  of 
which  a  ^ood  deal  ha.s  Iteen  done.  The  Itritish- American  tunnel,  beginning 
I'liMiiitli  ( 'h^ar  creek  below  F.ill  river,  i-xtcnds  4  miles  northerly,  through 
1,'iiiirt/  hill  to  tho  silver  district,  and  is  not  yet  Hnished.  The  Union  tunnel 
'■•■i:<  tliioiigli  Maryland  nu>nntain.  The  Kurfipean-American  tunnel  begins  a 
iii'.le  Im'Iow  Black  Hawk  and  runs  wt-sterly,  lading  incomplete.  There  are 
imiiuToiis  other  shorter  tnunels.  The  lir.-*t  iron-works  setup  in  Coloratlo  wan 
■  v  buiuford  A,  Co.  of  Denver,  in  May  iNil,  who  inannfactured  iron  from  tho 
'"j:  oil' found  10  miles  north-west  of  iK-nver.  After  making  the  trial  they 
r'liiiivtMl  their  works  to  Itlack  Hawk,  where  they  continued  to  make  iron  and 
iii;iniif.icturc  mining  machinery. 

■■.Mthough  early  settleil.  Central  City  was  not  surveyed  into  lota  until 
l*»*)t'i.  wlien  George  H.  Hill  laid  it  otF.  The  town-site  act  of  congress  author- 
/iii  tho  location  of  1,280  acres  where  there  were  over  1.000  inhabitants,  and 
I  tDtrnl  lieing  entitled  by  population  to  half  that  amount,  obtained  it,  less  a 
nttlf  oviT  50  acres  already  patented  tn  mines.  The  question  of  superior 
riglits  necessarily  arose  for  settlement,  the  town  being  upon  mining  ground. 
TlieiMlcirc  H.  Booker  contested  the  claim  of  the  city  to  a  strip  of  surface 
ground  50  feet  wide  lyiug  through  th«  centre  of  town,  on  the  mppoutioa 


Ki''i;» 


61-2 


COUNTIKS  OK  a)LOKAlKJ. 


K 


wliioh  was  ut  oim  tiiiu;  tlu;  rapital  ot*  the  territory,  ai;<l 
iH  the  county  Hvat,  m  the  princiiuil  of  tli(3  tliree  t(»wiis 

that  th«  prior  rocunlof  IiIh  mine  woulil  Heciiro  him  in  his  cUini.  The  Hcoiv- 
Ury  of  the  interior  ilecidoti  advorHcly  to  Itttsker,  hut  niferred  the  vunv  t<>  tli< 
ooiirtH.  The  city  olitained  itM  {Miti-nt  witlioiit  rosiorvution  of  the  ^'iuiiiki 
t'liiiniiHl  by  ik-ckur,  hut  with  a  itroviMo  a^uni  refernnij  the  quention  to  t-M.) 
nig  lawn.  Tlio i-xiKtiii^  lawH  griiiitol  milling  patentH  in  tt>WiiM,  i-xctntin^'  ^,|| 
riulitM  t<i  the  Hurfui'c,  or  anything  ujmmi  it,  which  diicitiion  wai-  tiiuills  ikUiI 
hidied  ami  order  ri'storcd.  lUiuk  Hawk  wa.s  iiicorjioraUMl  in  1S04.  tl.t.  (in.t 
iimt-otlicc  in  the  iim-ky  moiiiitJtiiii  wax  located  licrc,  in  ItSlM),  and  il('>i)^iiati<i 
Nlouiiti'iin  t'ity,  to  (hHtiii^^iiixh  it  from  anotlicr  Central  City  in  K;iii~a.s.  ..: 
H'hidi  Coliirado  was  then  a  uart.  Tlic  iiaiiie  was  dro^tpcd  when  the  triiitoi\ 
wati  <ii'(;aiii/.<'d.  The  hcci>ii(i  land  olliro  in  Colorado  wan  opciu'd  atlVntr.il 
City  in  |.S(»S,  for  the  diNtrict  ciniiiM'scd  of  Cli'ar  creek,  (iiliiin,  and  |..irt.v  m 
.leticrHon  ami  Hiiuldcr  enmities,  Irviii)?  Staiit.iii  re^ii-iler,  and  (miv  M  Kiili'lt 
receiver.  'I'lu:  liisl  a|i|ilii'atioii  for  a  patent  w:is  fdp  Iho  Com[ia.Ms  and  .S(|uan 
lode,  in  (iritlilh  niiniii)^  district.  Clear  Creek  c>>,  'i'lie  first  ox|iress  C'<iii|riii\ 
wliieh  extended  its  line  ti>  Ceiitr.il  City  Mas  the  Central  Overland  ainl  I'lki  ~ 
I'eak  express,  in  the  spring  of  hSIiO.  Itcatiic  iiit>>  tiie  posm^ssion  of  l!Mllailu\ 
in  IStil,  and  in  l^do  was  transferrecl  to  Wells,  Far^o,  tt  Co.,  after  whuli  r 
paHNcd  into  the  hands  of  thi?  Kiiiisas  I'aei'ic  Hailroad  company  in  InTI.  whiii 

that  road  was  « phted  to  Ucnver.      1;  was  tlien  known  as  '.lie  Kaii>.ii  I'l 

citie  Jijiilroad  Kxpress  company,  hut  later  liccaim!  tlie   I'aoilic  iv<pre->  ci'ii 
paiiv. 

The  tt  lenraph  lint  was  eompleted  to  Central  City  Nov.  7-  isii:;,  I  j  il;, 
I'acilic  'rcle^{iiipli  com|>any,  whieli  two  years  later  wan  nier^'cd  in  lli.-  \\  c.-t 
ern  liiiioii  company. 

'I'lie  lirst  newspaper  starteil  in  the  county  was  the  Hm'kii  Jlininliin,  liw. 
/{i]K>rfi  r  iiiit/  Mdiiiiliiiit  f'ilii  llntdil,  pnhlisiied  in  iSoH,  liy  I'liomar.  (.iI.mui 
at  0-c}{ory  point.  It  suspended  the  Kaiiie  year.  Tiie  Miiiiii'/friii^t,,^"^ 
liHlied  hy  Alfred  'rhoiniison,  wa.s  the  N(>coiid,  in  l.Sti'J,  which  went  throin;! 
several  cliaii){(!M,  ami  Hiispcnded  in  1S73.  In  iHTOtlu-  /'<W,  democrats  M».t 
lirst  isHued  at  Klark  Hawk,  hy  Wiiliam  McLaughlin  and  \\  .  W.  i>'iill:v.iii 
It  yoon  came  into  the  haiuls  of  James  K.  Oliver. 

The  lirist  liaiikiii^  in  Central  City  was  ihiiie  hy  the  privHie  tirm  el'  Kciint. 
Ilrothers.  In  IH<!<!  the  Kocky  Mountain  National  hank  was  or;.:aiii/t''i 
JoHhua  .S.  Iteyiiolds  iiresident.  In  IS74  Uie  First  National  liank  ot  Ci'iitr.'il 
City  Mas  oiyani/ed,  which  Hiic.'eeilcd  the  ]irivate  lianking  hoiHe  of  'i'li.ilrh  i 
Staiiill"V,  &  Co.,  Hiieeessor-i  of  Warren,  lliissey,  iV  Co.  Ilanin^toii  A  MiIIm 
or).Miii/ed  a  hanking  house  in  Central  City  ill  lS7r).  There  is  also  at  lllaii 
Hawk  a  prjvatc  hanking  tX'Ufij,  owned  hy  Sam  Smith  k  Co.,  estalihsliccl  v 
l.SN(>. 

riihiic  Mciiools  Were  or^aiii/cd  in  Ct^ntral  City  in  ISd'J,  l)anicl  C.  (  mIIm' 
Mupcrint<iident;  first  teachers,  'llioinoM  J.  Caiiilil>eil  and   Klieii   F.    Kniihill 
Schools  Were    •rjfaiiized  tiie  saiiui  year  in  Itlack  flawk  and  Nevadavillr     Ti 
first  puhlit:  scliool  house  ereclod  l»y  Mie  county  was  completed  in    I**"",  a'  ■ 
cost  of  ^Itf.lHNI,  at  that  tiiin^  the  h.^st  scheol  hiiddinu;  in  '. 'olorado. 

Kdigioiis  scrvii'cs  were  held  iiitlio  open  air  in  IH.V.I,  i.tCregory  I 'i.;i:iii^:- 
liy  Lewis  Hamilton.  rcsiiltin){  in  the  formation  of  a  uni m  ciinrch,  c<iiri|K><(-<i 
of  all  deiiomjnatioiir'.  The  iiall  over  the  jiost-oflice  at  Central  ( 'ity  >*ii»  ihoi 
.»s  ,1  meeting  hoiiR(>.  In  IHtVi  Hamilton  went  as  chaplain  to  li.  Coh>i"iilii  rt')!i 
nu'iit,  and  the  n-cords  of  the  church  were  lost.  Ki.  W.  Fisher,  im  iIiihIi»i. 
also  field  open-air  ineetiiiKH  in  IS.W,  and  organi/eil  a  church  in  IHtiO,  afur**''' 
holding  meetings  in  a  |inhlie  hall.  A  lot  wax  piirchiiHed  in  IHti'J,  liiit  noi'liiinl 
edifice  was  coniplet^id  hefoie  IH('0.  when  the  first  methtslist  chiin  /'  it  (V'li 
tral  wiis  dedicated  hy  Misliop  Calvin  Kingsley.  The  society  i'  iIim'  tmi' 
had  a  church,  costing  t'J(),(NN>,  and  ii  iiiemherNhip  of  over  W i.  It«  tir<' 
Huttlutl  pMtor  wav  Mr  Adriuuov.     A  muthudnit  uhuruh  wuu  ..inu  uiu'auti!r<l 


JlKLUJUms  ANI>  BKNKVOI.KNT  OKCAM/ATIONS. 


<ii:{ 


iHt'itn'  m«MitiofHMl  as  <Mi(}Upyinjj;  tli."  luart  <»f  t\\v  jjjoKI 
(iisrrict       It    was    naiiu'ti   in    n'fiircnct'   t<»   itH  contnil 


ai  iil.i'k  Hawk  ill  li%'J,  luitl  a  Niiiiill  cliiirch  utliliuu  ttroctoiL  Tho  lirnt  ttot- 
tli'.i  |i,k<tiir  wiiit  \K  II.  I'utliHii.  It  wiH  not  until  aftvr  1H72  tliat  a  cliuirli 
u;i4  limit  fur  tlio   MiitliiMliitt  Hociuty  at   Nuvti  iaviUe,     Tliu  tirxt  wimiuii   ti» 


.irrivi'  III 
Willi. nil 


the  golil  <li)ttri(-t  of  4<iliiiii  cDuiKy  \»iiK  Mary  York,  aftcrwanl 
/,.  ('0//.0118,  ill  |S,')1>.     iSfiu  wiM  A  i':ktliolic.     'llicro  weru  iiloiitv  < 


Ml 

]il<iiity  of  Ik 


faitli  III  tlio  iiiiiii'M,  ami  MervicoM  l>L';L;aii  to  i.-.<  licld  in  tliu  following  yoitr  in  a 
milil;.'  h.illliyJ.  1'.  Miicli«lH!iif,  aftiTwanU  'lirtliop  of  Coloratlo.  In  IMiU  n 
miil'iiii>(  wait  {iiircliii.si-il  uml  vonvcrlcil  into  a  cliuroli,  wliioli  coiitiiinvil  to  lh> 
u<im|  until  tlu)  jiri'Ki'nt  lar)i»oe<lilii't'  win  orrrted,  tiio  eornt'r-Htonuof  H'liit-h  wa.i 
liiil  Iiy  itinliop  Marlii'licuf  in  1S7'2.     It  wan  liint  ii»i'<lfor  n'lij^ii  1 ;  sfurviciwin 


•iM'iKMi  on 


1^71,  iliiiiicli  Htill  iiii-iiiiipletu.  |)iiring  this  year  an  ucinli^iiiy  w.i^  <i| 
iliii:'!'  II  liill  l>y  tlio  ca  liolic.i,  uinli-r  tliooliar>;iM>f  tliOHistorMof  cii.irity.  Tin- 
iiri'^l's  tiTiai  li  were  01  {.-ini/t'il  into  u  clnircli  in  ISlil!  hy  ].«-wiK  liainiltoii, 
Intiii'i:  iii*'iitioiu'>l,  iiikI  r  tliu  naiiiu  of  Firrtt  I'l-cshytfriaii  cliiircli  of  <'<!iitral 


t'lly.  licorm'  \V.  Wanii  r,    iiMisiiniary,  iiciii(j  it(»  first  jta^tor,  unrrcciinl  liy 
William  Crawforil,  Tli»'iMloroj>.  Marsh,  Shi'l 


ilii 


.lacks 


.!.«;.  i^i 


II.  H 


i.i;;,,  .1.  1*.  KhImtI,  \V.  L.  i^iUilli,  K.  M.  IWown,  .1.  \V.  .lolin.tti.iie,  .1.  II. 
Itiiiini.,  ami  Otto  Sriinlt/,  covining  a  jhtIoiI  of  al>ont  'Jrt  years.  Tlu!  <'liiir'ti 
iiiiMiM>;  wa.sj'ruotnl  in  IsTH.  Tim  Kiist  rnsliyterian  cliiiri'li  of  Hlru'k  Hawk 
wilt  mn.iiii/fil  ill  l.Sl'i.'l  liy  t  !corj{0  W.  Wariu-r.  A  c'lurrli  wasfrri'tnl  the  hhum 
yi".r  .iistinj^  !|<7,."><H>,  ami  ileilicati'il  Anj;.  'J^lh,  Wiiriirr]>astnr.  Hu  n-si^neti  111 
V.iv.,  ami  'V.i.ssufi-ci'ilfil  hy'l".  I».  Marsh,  l>r  Krinl.il,  A.  .M.  Kri/.i-r,  Alln-rt  F. 
;.>li',  <i.S.  .\ilaiiis,  ami  W.  K.  Haiiiilliin.  'I  huchiii  <'li  wast'losnl  in  IST'J,  aii<l 
~iil>v  <|iii'iitly  rclitcil  to  tho  iiirtlioilists.  Tliu  cotijji'c^MtionalistM  oiyaiii/t'd  in 
lMi:t.  liii.lur  William  I 'i.twlui'il'M  iiiiiiiHtrutinns,  rnt  tho  First  < '<>iiui'i'i;atioii,il 
•  iiui'li  of  Colorado,  lii'ing  whatitH  iiaiiu)  imlicati'd  in  n>ality,  and  ui.shiiii'  to 
..<•  jfi'inral  ill  its  fll'orls  to  do  ^(iiid.  It  was  iiicoriiciratitd  in  I.S4iti,  liowuvcr, 
14  till'  Fir.--t  l'on){rt'gatioiial  cluu\-li  of  ('ciitral  City,  in  that  year  a  chnri'li 
.  iiiii.'  i'ci.stin>{  .'<II,7<K>  Mas  cfiftid.  < 'raw  lord  rriiialin'd  with  tho  Hocirty 
until  lM>7,  wln'ii  Im  losifjind,  and  wa.sHiU'i'i'cdiMlliy  K.  I'.  'I'l'iint-y,  aftiT  m1i 
<';>iii'' S.  F.  Hickiiison,  11.  ('.  Ilickiii.soii,  'riioiMlorel'.  Jfroini',  andSammd 


•I  K. 

jtii k.      riu!  cliuri'li  vas  closed  in  |n7(>.      A  haptist  ehiireh  mms  or^ani/ed 

III  lM>t  hy  ..Inioiid  Itarielle,  a  iiiissioiiaiy  from  the  Ainenean  Baptist  Homo 
\|l^^  oil  soeii'ty,  and  a  lioiiseef  Mi>r.^lii]i  enilnl,  wliieli  in  I.S7I  was  repaired, 
111  I  III  |S7'.I  elosed,  lieiii^  riiliee  o<-eU|iied  as  a  slmo  ami  dueiiint;.  The  epi>- 
■"|i.il  I'liiirehes  also  liavo  closi'd  their  si.  's.  Why  •'intiMl  <'ily  no  often 
•  ■|ll»l•^  its  ehiiiehei  seems  to  reipiiro  t  ipiai,.  I  imi.  I'roli.ilily  tho  attempt  to 
~ii!i|>iirt  t<Hi  many  in  till)  three  eoiitlKtioMs  iiiiiiiieipalilies  ri'>idereil  ahortixti 
'lir<-i!iirt  to  support  any.  In  tliir!  ni<i'ter  tho  protostaiit  clinrcliL*ii  would  do 
>>i'l.  ti>  imitalo  their  e.illiolio  hr.  1  iren. 

1.'  ISIiti  w.as   or^aiii/ed   the    Miiu  is  and    Miihaiiies'    Institute  of  tidpiii 


>1. 


Il  a 


ssoeiatliili    V.is    ell.ll'ti'ied    III    I'^li',     lillt   did   Hot 


llll     permanent,        ilie    lihraiy   of    l.tHKI   vol*    Mlilell  it    eullerted    was   siild 


III  till'  r  iv  of  ( 'eiitral  at  a  ■>'  miiial  pr 


!-iee,   lt>r    II 


\    tlio   plllilie  Ml 


I100I1 


llll'  >i  III,  i|  lio.'ird  Hooil   Oilili'd   aniiMnr   l.llitt  volumes  to  llio  piililie   ki'IiouI 
lilir.iiA.      ''he  ealtinet  of  minerals  and  etU- r  v. iliiaMu   matter  wis  loirind  in 

i'lii'  lin  department  of  Tentral  City  was  or>{anized  in  ISti'.t,  when  the"  eii- 
"  re  e  nipany  No.  I  was  formed,  with  7Hnieml>ers,  M.  H.  Koot  loreman. 


tril  F 


ity  <  as  •  lit  then  Nnp)ilied   with  water  for  e\tint{nishiiii{  tir 


d   tIr 


till' 


l«rtiiu'i  I,  w.'ks  otherwise  wanting.    After  the  )in>  of  May  l>»7J,  w  hull  luinied 
LTi-at  r  part  of  the  husiness  portion  of  the  town,  it  wiis  reorn;iiii/ed      Thn 

V  No.  I  was  tirsf   formed.  N.  H.  Met  all  fore. 


i.i'Hcllr 


K 


d  111 


i|uin 


"itn.     Ill  IH7.')  the  Koii^'h  and  Heady  Hook  and  Ladder  eom|Niny  No    I  was 
■•'•i;  I  111 /I'd.  M.  H.  Koot  foreman       In  IH7S  the  Alert  Fire  and  Host in-aiiy 


Thuiuiiii  liauihly  furuiuau.     lu  lti7'J  Ihu  iiUck  Hawk  Firu 


auU  111 


•     S.l   I 


014 


COUNTIKS  OK  COLOR AliO. 


poBition  between  Black  Hawk  and  Ncvadavillo.  Tiic 
other  towns  are  but  its  suburbs,  and  toj^otlier  mckc  a 

coiii]>iuiy  N«i.  1  wuHorgaiii/ed,  W.  O.  I^ogitu  foiviiiaii.  'I'Iktu  was  hdhh  in  eili- 
«-iuiit  firo  (leiHw'tmuiit,  wiili  liyilraittM  at  coiiveiiiont  iliHtiiiu'eH,  uiul  rt-KcrvoiM 
at  a  Hulliuiciit  cluvation  ti>  throw  water  dvlt  any  Iniililiiig  in  thi;  town.  'I'licrt' 
watt  niUMtcrud  into  HiTvicu  a.s  Ciiloradii  militia  a  military  c-ompaiiy,  known  an 
tlie  Knimut  (juards  of  Oilpin  county,  in  Nov.  IS7'>,  JamcM  Noonan  ca|it.iiii, 
.latnos  Dulalianty  Ist  lieut,  T.  V.  VVolcli  *.M  liiiit. 

Of  Hccrot  anil  hnicvolcnt  onlora  there  are  a  inimhttr  in  (iiliun  cnutitv. 
Nevada  l^odgo  No.  I.  of  Vroe  and  Aecitptt.'il  Masons,  was  granted  a  (hsiii'iisa. 
tion  liy  tlio  grand  lodge  of  Kansas   Dee. 'J*J,  I  MM),  and   fortiiully  o|irii>'.i  i.ir 
IiiiHinesM  Jan.  I-,  IS<il.      Its  lodge-room  li.'iiig  hurned  in  tin;  uiitiniiii,  str|i.i 
wore  t;ik<'n  to  reliiiild,  an<l  80  fe(>t  of  grouml  fronting  on   Main  street  pur- 
ehased.     Nevaiia  lodgo  wan  the  tirst  organi/i^l  in  Culorado,  Imt  latiT  in  tin' 
samo  year  Joh^t  M.  (hivington,  aiipoinled  l>y  tlie  grind  master  of  Ni^ln.iskt, 
iiiHtitnted  lodges  as  follows:  (iolden  No.  I,  at  <<oldeii  City;  lUw'ky  Moun- 
tain No.  '2,  at  (odd   liill;  and   Park  No.  :<,  at  J'arkville,  in  the  eouiili-'.s  <!' 
Jefferson,  Itoulder,  and  Snmmit  n^speetively.      lie  then  called  a  ci'nvi'ntiiii 
at  Ooldcn,    ti:  institutu  a  grand  lodge,   Aug.    'A,  l.SOI.     This  iietion  ni  tlir 
Nebraska  grand  Itidgo  was  ri'','arili'd  hy  the  Nevada  lodge  as  an  infnnL;"ini  m 
of  the  j>rivilegt!»  t>f  the  Kansas  grand  lodge,  iinder  who.so   jurisdictmn  ('.!.,. 
ra4lo,  it  waselaimed,  jiropi'i'ly  came.     The  Kan^.is  grand  lodge,  jiowever,  ri . - 
ogiii/ing  tliu  Colorado  grand  lodge,  reiioved  the  dilllonlty,  and  N('\'ada  lud^i- 
Hiirreudering  its  fir^t  ehartiT,  was  recliarti  red   hy  the  ( 'olorad.)  grand  Imiiii! 
as  Nevatia  lodge  N,i.  4.      Its  Imilding  \v  is  of  tstotie,  lirick,  and  irun.  and  cimI 
ST.OOO.     Chivihgton  lodge  was  diarterid  I>ee.  II,  ISiil.     Central  ( 'ity  CI,  ,|. 
ler  No.  1,  IJoyal   Arih   Masons,  received  its  charter  from   the  gi'and  rii\il 
anil  chapter  of  the  United  iStales,  Si'pt.  5",  IS(».">.     Central  Ciiy  Coiinell  Nd. 
51,  Uoyal  and  Select  Masters,  was  ehartcreil  liy  the  grand  enuiu  il  of   III  . 
Oct. '-!.'{,  IST'J.    Central  City  Cominandcry  No.  "J,  Knights  Temi>lar,  ua-.  in.-t' 
tutcd   Nov.  S,  |.S<U»,  ami  receivcil  its  cliarter  from  the  grand  eiic  ain|iniiiit 
of  the  United  States  Oct.  '24,  ISCN.      lilack   Hawk  hnlgo  No.  II,  A.  K.  A  A 
M.,  was  iustituteii  Feh.  17,  IStJd.     Tin'   llocky  Monntaiu  h>di,'e  No.  '2,  Imii- 
icndent    Ordi  r    of  Odd    Fellows,  was    chai-tired   Juno  14,    IMm.     Cnliiriii.i 
lticani|Mnciit  No.  1,  ].  O.  O.  1''.,  was  instituted  May  tl-,  iSi'',.    Coloiid.i  Inii.x' 
No.  ;<,  of  Hlack  Hawk,  institnteil  Miiy  l(>,  IWki.      Nevada  loilgc  .No.  ti  w.i.h 
« liartcred  Sept.  '2'.\,  iStkS,      liahl  Mountain  Kncampnient  No.  I(  was  inNlitiitril 
ut  Ni;vaila  Man  h    IS,  IH~\.     The  tir.^t  lodge  of  Cood  Teinolars  in  Ciljiiii 
county  wasinstitutecl  at  Nevada  in  .August  I.SIM),  l>y  A.  <!.  <iili,  coMnnis.iiinn  •! 
l>y  tiie  grand  lodgt!  of  Kansas.      Tlie  lire  of  I.Stil  havingdi'stroyed  thcjr  loiit"' ■ 
room,  th((  order  w.is  reorganized  at  Central  umler  tlu;  name  of  Ci  ntra!  (  itv 
lodge  No.  '2'.\.  of  Kansas,  and  prospered  until  Iho  (ir»'  of  IS74  again  destmyi'l 
its  property.      The  loiigu  did   not  ilishand,  hut  continued    to   meet  in   liin  <l 
rooms.     Tho  lirst  grand  lodge  of  this  order  was  instituted  in  \Va>liiii^;tMii 
hall.  Central  City,  Manh    17,  l^tiH,  w  itli  7SH  iiiciiiImis  and   II  l.Nl^'.■s.     Ni 
vada    loil^^e  No.  ."I'J  vas   instituted   liy  tlie   uraml   lodge   of   K.'in.>as  m  .\|iril 
IHtMi;  hnt  in  March  iHtW  it  apiiliid   tli  the  Colorailo  ^raiid   lod^'o  lor  a  mw 
charter,  and  n  ciivcd  the  nanmof  Nevada  lodge  No.  :!.      It  owiisn  l.iiiMiiif;. 
and  is  in  good  circu'iislances.     The  Knights  of   lloimr.  Knighls  of  l'ytliiii.«. 
Knijjlils  of  the  New  World,  Koresters,  and  l!eil  Men  Imvc  their  ori;  itii/atiim« 
III  (lilpiii  county,  as  well  as  the  Scamlinavian  and  other  lieiievolent  serii'ii>- 
Not  to  he  iMhiiidthe  re-t  of  the  world    in  amu-emi.nts.  Central   i-^  pmvi.lcl 
with  an  ojiera  house  of  s{-one.  ri.'i  hy  ll.">  fe  ■(.  which  will  seat  r»(M)  )H'r>"in«  in 
the  dress-circle  ami  |iarquette,  and  'J.">()  in  the  gallery.      It  is  wariind  hv  lint 
air  furmu-es.  is   tincly  frescoed,  lighted   with   gas.  and   i-ost  altogctlu  i   .*J.'i. 
(UN),      It  was  hegun  in  1877.  and  completed  in   1878,  and   furnisliiw    i     irmiL 
contrast  to  Hiidliy  Hall,  the  large  log  Imilding,  still  stiuiding.  in    the  ei'l"'^ 
Htory  of  wliicli.  in  earlier  tinics,  theatrical   reprcHentationM  were  went  t.i  !• 
given. 


1' 


(JKANU. 


im 


|)()|)ulatiun  of  5,500.  It  has  excellent  Hchools,  and  a 
.^c  IK  Tally  projtjfn'ssive  aiul  refiiuHl  soeiety.  The  other 
lnwiKS  aiuleainps  in  the  country  an-  Kollinsville,  Hus- 
st'il's  gulch,  Black's  eain[»,    Cottonwooil,    and  Smith 

hill/ 

*  Aiiioug  the  pioiioerrt  ol'  (filpin  county  are  tliu  fullowitig:  Corliit  Idtcnn, 
will)  citiiit!  til  i'oltiraili)  from  Pontiitf,  Micli.,  in  IS't.S  with  a  Hniall  ]iiirtv  niu- 
<isliii>!  of  Jaineu  A.  Wuuks,  Willmr  !•'.  I'iirkir,  ainl  Alversoii  uml  mm. 
Arriving  latuin  thu  yearhu  enfaniix'tl  llOniiii's  al>ovo  llciivcr,  ami  tliu  toliow- 
ing  spring  1ic)j;iin  mining  on  (^uart/  hill,  lit'  has  coiitiitiiuil  in  thti  lnixinvHS 
111  «'iil|iin  county  evur  sincf.  .1.  M.  lU-vcrly,  liorn  in  \'a,  in  IH-IH,  canii-  to 
(\il.ir:iih>  from  111.  iu  I.S.VJ  ni  conii>any  with  ,1.  U.  Ik-vcrly,  his  I.iiIut.  They 
went  lit  «im.'o  to  (in-gory  gulch,  uml  tlieucu  to  NdVinlavillc,  where  they 
irrcleil  till!  first  cahiii.  .1.  M.  IJoverly  wa.i  electetl  reconler,  8heriU,  uml  jus- 
ti(i!  of  thu  |ieacu  ill  the  autiinni  of  iK.V.I.  During  tho  \\  inter  ho  ihNcovereil  a 
iiii.ic,  naiiieil  after  him,  on  the  llurrough.s  lode,  which  he  sohl  in  iMti-t.  lie 
liiiill  tlic  Keverly  mill  in  Nevaila  guli'h  in  iNfrJ,  wlii<'h  he  Mold  alter  running 
it,')  years,  and  liiiilt  another.  Having  accumulated  a  fortune,  he  returned  to 
('liic.ij^d,  hut  suH'ei-ed  a  Iosh  of  hi.s  property  in  the  great  lire  of  1^7I.  and 
l'r;^.iii  ilic  stmly  and  pructieu  r>f  thu  law  iu  thiit  city.  Late;  he  uuested  lu 
iiciic:' in  l.aku  and  (lilpin  counties.  Chase  Withrou,  horn  in  111.,  in  \KW. 
,:iinc  to  Ciilori'lo  in  I. St M),  and  nettled  at  Central  City,  wlict.-  he  followed 
iiiiiiitiL;  for  two  years,  after  \thich  he  engaged  in  lumher-tlcaliiig  for  <!  years, 
lie  then  returned  to  thu  study  of  the  law,  coiiniienceil  liefove  leaving  111., 
wi.-i  ailmittcd  to  the  har,  and  pr.ietised  until  I.S7.'>,  when  he  was  elected  clerk 
111  llic  district  court,  which  {losition  he  held  for  G  years,  vshen  he  returned  to 
[In;  jiiacti.^e  of  his  profession.  .S.  ion  after  he  wasilcctcd  city  uttornc;, .  W  il- 
ii.ir;  ii  i.'verly,  his  hrother,  eame  to  Culnrado  in  iMiO,  and  settled  at  Neva- 
il;tv;  !  ^';igh  A.  CamphcU,  horn  in  Pa,  in  IS'Jii,  \\:^n  hroiight  up  in  Ohio. 
Ill  IS.^;;  ...  joined  u  party  of  udvcnturerii  going  to  (  ilil'ornia,  iiiid  iiiiued  ii 
Nrvaila  «'o.  8  year.'«.  Ilu  hail  no  simner  returned  to  t)liio  than  the  rush  to 
I'lkcV  |ieak  liegan,  which  he  immediately  joined,  an  iving  in  Central  City  in 
.hiiie  IS.V.t,  win  rt- hi;  opened  a  store  with  .Jesse  'I'rotti  r,  in  u  liru.-.h  tent, 
I'miiij;  llie  snmiiuT  they  erected  a  log  ciilnn,  on  what  is  now  l.au  rein  e  stieel, 
itiiil  n  moved  their  L'oods  to  it.  Tin  y  [Uit  a  sign  over  their  dom  «  itli  ( 'iiitral 
I'lly  nil  it,  and  HO  li\ed  the  name,  imt  rceogni/ed  hy  tlie  I'.  ().  lU  |iaitnient. 
(iin|ihell  discovered  tho  Cilicinii:it i  lode  (Jii  ('a..to  hill;  owned  lit  acn  s  of 
{'Licit  gl'oUIld  oil  tho  south  siile  of  (,lii.iit/.  hill;  ^10  airc-i  ii||  I'llii  iliek; 
tlir  (ilohe,  I'rof^rcssive,  niiil  Ccntciini.'il  lodes  on  Ciiiinell  lull;  Cn  luluiik 
inile  nil  Casto  hill;  Inter-ocuan  and  (Icttysliurg  on  i^uart/.  hill,  and  other 
uiiiiiiig  properly. 

1>.  I>.  Slclivoy.  horn  iu  Ky,  in  ISiM,  was  tho  sun  of  a  farmer.  Me 
'riiH.sed  the  jdaiiis  to  C.il.  in  IK.'iO.  lle)oiiiid  a  militia  i  ompaiiy  dilnii;^  the 
I'lili  l.'te  oiilhreak,  and  was  eommis.siohi  il  a  liciilinant  liy(io\.  Milioiigal. 
ill  hV'd  he  returned  liomi!  hy  >ea,  meeting  .It  llali;iiia  with  the  tilihiisii  ring 
army  if  Lope/,  reeruited  at  Ni  « Orleans,  witnessing  the  shooting  of  Ciipt 
Critti'iidcii  and  ftt)  men  hy  Loiie/,  for  iiisul'ordiiiatiou  and  desertion.  In 
IS.IK  Ml  llvoy  came  to  Colorado  w  itii  his  f.imily,  and  settled  on  Missouri  llats 
lu'ar  Ciiitral  City.  .Soon  after  In-  di-ioveri  d  Lake  gulch,  and  eiigagi  d  in 
iiiiiiiiiU  and  larmillg,  having  lti((  acres  of  land  mi  the  tiats. 

M.ivid  |).  .Stroclt,  horn  in»)liio,  in  ls:t'J.  rnsid  a  f.irmer,  and  ediuatcd  at 
Ihraiii,  eaino  to  <\ilorado  in  IN.'»it,  mining  a'  (ircgory  gulch  that  -iiiiinier. 
hIiiii  he  retnrned  to  Kaiisati.  huf  linally  settled  at  HIack  Hawk,  in  fhisstati  . 
Ill  ISCi'l,  as  I  millwright  ami  c.ir|K'iiter.  lie  owi  d  M  feet  on  the  tJuhinll 
Imli .  which  lie  leased  to  the  tliinnell  eonipauy. 

Anthony  \V  Tucker,  horn  in  I'a.  in  ISHT.  reared  in  Ohio,  a  machinist  hy 
tnule,  eumt.  tuCulunulu  lu  lt>.'>U,  uud  iniueil  at  (iregoiyaml  IIiihhlII  diggiugb, 


t:!:" 


6ie 


tOUNTIKS  OF  fOUJKAIK). 


Grand  county,  organiztjd  in  1874,  included  the 
North  i>ark,  and  most  of  the  Middle  park,  and  all  of 

He  act  up  and  n|ierate4l  the  tint  ciigiiia  in  CViltirado,  in  Ktmtluy  &  liayaril  t 
MW-inill  at  Central  City.  In  186'J  liu  worked  on  J.  L.  Pritulmrd  h  (|uartit-iiiill 
at  Nevailaville.  Afterwards  lie  HUiierintended  ditferent  iiiillH— I).  I*.  (  .iniv  ^ 
in  Chaxc  gulch,  Opiiir  mill,  Clayton  mill,  Truman  \Vhiteoiii1>  null,  an  i 
Whuek-r  k  Sullivan  mill.  In  1877  he  leaned  the  Tucker  mill  in  KuMmll  giili  L, 
which  wa-s  burned  in  1870,  after  which  he  purchaned  an  iiitcrcNt  in  tin;  New 
York  ijuartz-mill  at  Black  HaM'k.  Me  wan  elected  county  couinuHNiiiiur  in 
1877.  Henry  Paul,  Uirn  in  Ky  in  1841,  and  brought  up  to  fitriulifc  in  Ky 
ami  Mo.,  came  to  Colorado  in  18.'>0,  but  rtitunicd  to  Mo.  the  haiiic  yiMr,  un'l 
Htudietl  medicine  until  ISThi,  when  he  Kcttled  in  (iilpin  co.,  wliun;  lu;  ciigiigtM 
in  mining  and  farming,  varying  thcHO  purHuita  M'itii  ini'dtciil  Htinlii'M.  TIh 
mining  diHooverien  are  the  Hazclton,  Hclmer,  PowerH,  and  Scarlo  linlcs  m 
Williii  gulch  in  < iilpin  county,  an«l  .Security  lode,  on  Mt  Mnw.s,  in  j'ark  C'.,, 
and  many  f>therii  in  neveral  counties.  Ho  was  clectt.'d  to  the  legiHlatim^  :ii 
]87<t,  and  wax  chairman  of  the  conimitteo  which  <lraftcd  the  mining  law  .i' 
Cobtrado.  He  waa  a  delegate  to  the  National  1)enio('ratic  convnitinn  .tt 
Cincinnati  in  1H.S0.     He  engaged  in  mining  and  nmrcliiindiHing. 

Joseph  S.  Beanuin,  iMirn  in  ])fi<len,  (icrniany,  in  ]S.'t4,  M-ii8  apiirmtici-il  lit 
a  brewer.     He  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  18.'i!,  and  learned  carpentry  at  l.uuisvilli'. 
Ky,  after  which  he  attended  school  two  years.    In  IS.V.>  he  came  to  ( 'olnra'l 
locating  at  Central  <'ity,  where,  after  mining  a  few  years,  lie  wmlicd  at  li  - 
tra<le,  and  linally  extabliHbed  hiinxelf  as  a  bottler  of  soda  water  iirnl  lic|Uui- 

I^M-is  W.  B»'rry,  Iiorii  in  Brooklyn,  N.  V.,  in  IS'Jv',  was  the  sioi  of  a  ^lll|i■ 
cari>entt'r,  and  barned  the  trade  of  painter.  Ho  was  in  New  Orleanjt  iu  hit;, 
where  ho  riiiscd  a  coiii|>iiny  for  the  Mexican  war,  ami  fought  iiinlcrii.i' 
Scott,  a4 'captain.  Returning  to  Brooklyn,  he  remained  tliere  iiiitil  IS,V<, 
when  he  came  to  Colorado,  mining  at  Central  City  for  4  years,  wlieii  li>'  ■'|uii! 
two  years  in  Montana,  living  later  at  Idaho  S[)rings. 

•Samuel  ('o|M.-land,  iMtrii  in  Me  in  IHI!),  after  a  youth  s|)ciit  on  a  t'arni  in ' 
tft  acadeuiies  in  St  Allian.s  and  Charleston,  embarked  in  mercantile  |iiii'Miit< 
at  several  iNiint«  in  Me,  K.  B.,  and  Mich.,  and  travelled  for  ln'illli  .u>^ 
pleasure.  In  ISfiO  he  caiiu;  toCnlorado,  having  invested  his  menus  in  a  ti'iii 
of  II  wagons,  'JS  yokes  of  oxen,  and  4  liorses,  the  wagons  lieiiii.'  trei^'htt' i 
with  ma<'hinery  for  a  i|iiart/-iiiill,  saw-mill,  aiul  shingie-inill.  'Die  ipiart/- 
mill  proved  a  lo!«),  Imt  the  others  were  set  ui»  ami  piolitJibly  (iii.iati'il  in 
Michigan  gulch  until  bS4>.'t,  when  he  riMiioved  them  to  Bouliler,  Inini,'  ilv 
principal  lumber  merchant  there  until  1870,  and  engaged  also  in  iiiiiiiii^  ina 
merchandising.      His  energetic  course  ivsult<>d  in  a  fortune. 

James  B.  •Jonid,  iMirn  in  N.  V.  in  ISIMi,  was  reared  in  Pa  and  Iowa  as :» 
farmer.      He  caino  to  Black  Hawk  in  \S(V\  engaging  in  freiu;htiiig  aluuit  tl 
mines  for  two  years,  and  afterwards  for  7  years  between  tlu^  .Mi-<-.iiii  rivM 


1  years 
anil  Henver.  He  tlien  sold  his  teams,  and  iinrehased  a  far'u  in  Hniiiiin- c.i, 
where  ho  secun-d  444)  acn's  tif  iniiiroved  land  near  \\'liit»f  Uock.  1  li  ive  .ilp- 
Htractcd  these  biographical  Hketeties  fmm  Cli'n-  Ci-irkiiint  /imili/i  r  I'ni.  IU''- 
The  names  of  <J.  A.  Uols-rts  and  <'harle:i  Peek  occur  in  eonnectidii^itli  min- 
ing regulations  in  18.V.I,  Imt  Ihavu  no  further  information  of  tlieiii.  Ilnlu'in-^ 
Minex  of  Coin,  78.  Some  f:icts  concerning  Central  I'ity  and  <  Iilpin  in.  li.ivi' 
been  ilrawn  from  N  T.  Bond's  Eiirlfi  Hiittoi-ij  of  <  'nlonvln,  Mniihiiin,  nini  AAi/i  . 
M.S.,  cont<tini>:f(  narratives  of  discovery  ami  early  government. 

I'lara  Brown,  a  colored  woman,  born  near  Froderickslmrg,  Va,  in  l."*W. 
after  an  eventful  life  as  a  slave,  was  liU^ratcil  in  Ky.  In  her  ''Tlli  yar  slif 
reinovetl  to  St  l»uis,  an.  again  to  lAMvenworth,  joining  in  the  .sjn  uitcof  K'i' 
a  party  Imnnd  for  Pike's  i>e..k,  and  paying  for  her  traiLsportation  by  icinkMu 
for  a  mess  of  2r>  men.  She  had  the  first  laundry  in  (iilpin  eo.,  iin<l  in  a  li"' 
vears  accumulkt<-il  I^IO.OIIU.  After  the  eloxi-  of  the  war  .^lie  wei\t  i.i  Ky  i' : 
n«r  relatives,  and  «stablisht:d  thcui  iu  Uulurado,  huraulf  auttliug  iu  Denver ui 


<ji:nm.sox.  hinshalk. 


fir 


wliiit  is  now  Routt  countv.  It  now  (MiibracoM  tlic 
Mi<l(ll«'  |>ark  ami  inoKtof  tho  sottleinents  t>f  itn  former 
tonitorv.'' 

(!uiinis<»n  county,  whone  oarly  liiHtory  ha.s  boon 
iriviii,  was  »»r«;anized  in  ISHO.  Its  (lovt'lo)unent  lias 
Ik'i  II  rapid.  Over  100,000  tons  of  coal  wire  taken 
out  of  this  county  in  188.'}.  It  is  hcgiiuiing  to  bccul- 
tivati  (I  for  its  agricultural  wcjiltli ;  its  grazing  inter- 
est i^  largi"  anil  increasing  ;  but  its  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, lead,  coal,  and  iron  mines  are  still  the  chief 
iiict  iitivo  to  settlement.  The  bullion  output  in  1883 
was  .5f».')0,000,  and  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  county 
.Ji:{/j;U.41)0.* 


,1  nrii  I'littiige  of  hur  own,  ami  l>viiig  a  iiu-mlHir  in  ^chA  Htaiuling  of  tho  prcit- 
'lytcriiiii  oliurcli.   ('Irtir  Cn-ik  oml  Jioiili/i r  I'al.  /^■/<^,  44.'i. 

'It  I'oiitiiiim  aralilu  ami  grazing  laixls,  licaiititiil  n:  uiiitain  Iaku«i,  aixl  im  n. 
>|iiiriiJKiirs  i)araiUKC.  Tliu  larkof  facililion  fur  traiiMporiatioii  havu  iiiturfereil 
wjtii  its  (k'VL'liipiueiit.  The  i)<>inilati«>u  in  ISiSOvas  hut  littl'j  (ivor  400,  Init 
li;i.l  iui  iia.seil  ill  l.S.s;i  to 'J,00<).  Oiio  of  the  attraotionn  of  the  park  are  tliti 
hot  .Mil|i!iur  Niirings  on  (iraml  rivor  ami  at  (iraml  lako.  I'htcur  Fainiuu  li'i» 
'"  III  carrieil  on  in  this  county  for  twenty  years,  and  c<mi1  of  good  (|uality  H 
iiiie  of  its  ltent  known  rtfiources.  Tho  later  mineral  dis('ov<;riet,  liave  revoalu<i 
U"M  and  ."ilver  lodes  of  jjreat  value.  I'etroleum  is  anotliei  ■•atural  j>rodui'- 
liiiii  .ixMiiting  railroads  to  Ite  made  availalile.  Tlie  asst-sstneiit  valuation  in 
|v>|{  u.is  ;C);{,it08.  Ciraiid  l*ike,  w  ith  a  ]Mi]>ulati<>n  of  .'flX),  '.viis  the  county 
•111.  iint  Nulnliur  Springs  had  .'lOO  inhaliitjtnts,  TelhT  ."><',(),  while  Frartcr, 
(i.t.>i<ill,  l.idu,  TrotilileHome,  C'nlorow,  Hand,  Hennitage,  and  Canadian  had 
liN)..r  1,  ,.s. 

'')  .iiunisoii  City,  tho  county  Heat,  had  in  Ifi^^ii  (>,IMM>  inhahiUuitH,  and  tho 
oimiitv  !iot  lutiH  than  14, (MM),  distriituted  among  otiier  towns  as  follows:  I'lt- 
km  l.'.VKI,  Created  B'ltte  1,(MM),  Cotiiio  5HM>,  IrwiiitiOO,  Tin  Cup  r)0(),  West 
i>iiiiiu<i'ii  4(M).  and  the  remainder  among  mining  ''amps  and  Hettlemeiits. 
Tlioro  WiTit  numerous  settlements  helnngini;  to(  luiinison  at  that  tini'-,  namely, 
MU:i[,  Alinont,  Anthraeile,  Auren,  liiiniiin,  Itelleviie,  Kuwmnii,  Camp 
Kiiiuniirrry,  Ciiipeta,  Cidoride,  Clouil  City,  ( 'oppn- Creek,  Crook.sville,  Cur- 
lui,  l»>lta,  iKiylevilli',  l»rak«',  Klko,  Klktoii,  Kmiiia.  l  iaieii.i,  llavi'rly.  Hiller- 
:<Mi.  li'iw'eville,  Incliaii  Creek,  .lacks  Caliiii.  Maroni,  .Mmitrose.  Ohio,  Paradox 
Villi  \,  I'arliiiH,  IVtersliurji,  I'ittslniigii,  l'ciwilerlioiii,l^iiart/\  ille,  Red  Moun- 
'nil.  Kii'liard.son,  Roaring'  Rock.  Rixk  Creek.  Riili;  ('My,  Rustler  Ciileh, 
Sii;i',  S.ipiiiuro,  .Seolield,  Silver  Nigiit,  .Spring,  Stevens,  Toll  ( i.ile,  Toliiii'lii, 
riiiiiii,  Uiicompahgre,  Virginia,  \\'aller  s  Camp,  Washingtuii  Ciil.'h,  White 
Kirtli,  While  I'liie,  White  Sulphur  Springs,  aiiil  Wooilstcuk.  Some  lew  ot 
;k'.«'  hive  iHsen  ellt  oil'  hy  the  divisliiu  ii>  tlie  eoiinty  in    |S.s;t. 

riic  l>enveraiid  RioCrandu  railroad  now  p;u«He.H.ii'rciss  theeoiinty  from  east 
'■'West,  with  a  hraiieh  toCn'steil  Riitti',  where  eoiisideraMi'  progresM  is  lieiiljk; 
'iiaili'  III  the  development  oi  extensive  and  valii.iliie  deposits  >il  antlirai'ite, 
I'ltiiiiiiiioiiN,  and  coking  coal,  lint  there  is  less  popiilatinn  iii  the  towns,  imta- 
111)  li'^s  111  (iiiniuHon  City,  than  for  the  lirst  twoor  tlin-i'  years  of  growth,  and 
wln'iitliiswiirt  tho  terminus  of  the  railway.  The  seeoiidary  e|  oeh  of  all  mining 
iMii  r.ohoad  towns  is  upon  it,  Inuii  wlinh  the  healthy  growth  of  the  eoiintry, 
•»liiili  umies  latttr,  alone  will  redeem  it.     There  arc  some  interesting  and 


6lf) 


l-OUNTIUS  OK  COLOUADO. 


llinwlalt^  ctmiity.  named  aft(!r  (ieorgo  A.  Ilinsdali . 
WUH  ()rgaiiizi;(l  in  1874,  on  the  tliscnvoiy  of  tho  niiiics 
of  tlic  8an  Juun  <rountry.  Owinj^  to  its  niountiin- 
oUH  olianu'tor:    uiui    luck   of  tranH|N)rtatioM,   it    iiuult 


I 


iuHtruj'tivt  fiu'lH  n'^'""  •'» ''^'''""' "'""'"'""  YrHliTtlnii  anil  Toilmi,  MS.  •\S|, 
liuvu  JilMiiyH,'  lif  NiiyN,  *  liv(!i|  on  ciiHlrrii  r:i|iitiil,' and  itroct-cilH  tn  rcluti-  that 
11  St  liOUiH  ciiiii{Hiiiy  Uiiil  gaM  nml  wiitcr  iijih-h,  vxpciitliiig  l|$l(M),UUO;  cri'ctt'il 
the  l<a  VuUi  liotci,  on  ftiiiiidatinhM  (iltiiiiiloiitMl  liy  itx  itrojcctur,  at  a  ciiit  nt 
ttlM'i.JHN);  fiii'iiit'd  ii))liiii  tor  an  tiymrn  lioiutt  unti  iv  liltick  i)f  Mton*!*;  (ir^atii/i'il 
tilt!  (iuiHiiHon  .Slv(!l  atul  Iron  i-<ini|)aity,  Iniying  o<mi1  anil  iron  iiintlM  ui|  hvim' 
tin)  rountry,  tliu  city  raining  !?*J(),0(K)  to  put  in  i-.u-row,  to  Iks  itiiiil  ovrt  mIui, 
it  kIkiuI)!  Miilil  certain  ciimlitionH.  KurnaicM  wvru  partially  iTcctcil  wlirii  it 
v^aH  iliHcovrri'il  tliat  tliouo.tl  owncil  Ity  tin- coniiiany  wax  not  coking  t'oul,  iiml 
that  tliu  coking  cmtl  lia<l  \n-\:i\  l)ougiit  np  liy  tlu^  Coloratlo  Coal  ami  irnii  > mn 
pany.  Tlrin  xuMpcndud  tlio  !iUHinuHM  of  tlit;  St  J.<onii4  company.  A  jiati.ii 
Hnicltcr,  owned  liy  Motl'at  of  tlopliu,  Mo.,  \\:\n  erected  in  IMM'  :<,  ami  l.ult'ii. 
lint  was  afterward  made  to  work  micccuMfiilly.  Sliaw  ami  I'atrick.  yniiiit 
men,  uIko  erected  a  Miiclter,  which  when  Htill  incomplete  wa.-*  aliaiuiniicil. 
prtHuniably  for  want  of  eapiud.  An  attempt  van  licing  made  m  lH>i4ti> 
raiii!  Uiotiiy  to  Htart  thu  workn.  'I'Iicmu  iteveral  failurex  of  compaMii'i  .iinl 
indi\  idnalx  aH'ccted  tliu  lMl^incMH  of  thu  town,  and  ilecreaHed  itn  popuhitinn 
in  the  autumn  of  1^^4  u  hrewery  was  Htarted,  whicli,  with  the  Moliat 
Mmelter,  t\<  o  planiug-miil-',  accmeiit,  and  ammeral-paint  factory  coiiMtitntiil 
the  maiiiifacfiiring  industry  ot  (iuniiison. 

The  lirst  l-ankn  of  Oiiiiuiscii  wen-  thu  Miners'  Kxchangc,  ami  tlie  ILink  m 
CiinniHon,  Imth  o\»:.cd  hy  priv:itc  individiiaU.  Imt  afterward  m.oli'  tii.'  I''i^^t 
Nalion.il  and  thu  Iron  National  liaiikM,  tli<!  laltor  printitig  drattn  \Mtli  ,ui  in 
graving  of  tho  projeeted  utecl  Winks  in  a  cornir. 

■\.  K.  llui  k,  prnpnetor  of  the   St irs-lhiiiix-nit,   formerly   of  the  Syhit 


til'   'J'im<n  in  New  N'ork,  laid  out  an  addition  to  <innniHon   town  xiii 


•ni. 


Iir.-<t  ainiiMciiieiit  hali  wa.t  the  ( Unix;  theatre,  of  a  low  I'hariieter.  It  w.i*  piir 
<  lianed  liy  till)  cili/eiiN  ami  eonverti  d  into  an  acaileniy  of  miL^ic.  In  IhN.' 
tlic  <!nnni'ioii  opera  lionNO  Mits  ereeleii,  aud  a  piivate  theatrical  ciiinpiiny  ni 
the  citi/en.i  gave  <'iilertuiiimeiitM  occaKniiially,  varied  hy  the  perioriiiaiiii.<  ei 
tr.iveiling  artiMts.     In  I^N'.'l  iunniHon  had  twoNinall  lirick  hcliool  heiiHcx.   'Itie 

iim  III 


will! 


foil. 

two  new 

hcilonU  r 

their  own  ei 


!,  ^ 

■ai 

.»('.'S 

Ml 

loo 

11 

III 

<  i.se 

to 

ii 

hli 

(KM)  V. as  appropriated  hy  lliii  citi/eiiH  for  the  erect 


hi 


ingH 


to  Ik 


d  in 


I  i>niii'ction  w  I 


th  th 


le    olliei  «,  -.y  'I! 


I  the 


llli 


gh  order.      Six  chiiri  lies  were  orgaiii/ed   !•>    iNSti,  (i,ivi 
A  chanilMT  of  comnteri-e  was  ^lilrl.•d   in  l>*M,  ici  will 


•h 

llicic*  apjiears  to  lia\  c  hei  n  no  indent  demand.      ]t  had  he^iiii  m.ikiir)!  i  itih 
lection  ot   minerals. 

llartlyC.  Malon,   from  wlio«^  M.s,  1  liavn  l.tkcn  immt  of  tlit-  .ihevr  sii^'- 


¥' 


estive  ili'ni; 


ar.  hoiii  II.  rortlioiil,  Me,  in    ISVI.      He  came  to  i>iiiiiu><>n  in 


Th^'.',  with  . I.    A,  .^iiiall  aiiil  A.   \N  .  .^  wall,   to  •  iikj^go  in  the   Imok  ainl  sta- 


tionery 
trade 


trade 


.lohii  II.  Oiiicalt,  horn  ill  Ne 


IK.Mt, 


wli< 


to   lie 


is;  I, 


am 


I    tol. 


a  eai  p 


int. 


iiiiniiton  III 


KT4.  with  Uidiinl 


xonaiiil  William  U  .  Ontealt, 


d  who  secured.  With  hm  lirollier.  I.  lt<M  i.ri'. 


of    meadow   land  and  t    wn    pri>p<  liy  emmgli  to    n««kti  tlitim   M'eid'*       il< 
fiirniHhed  mn  the  result  o!   Iiih  ohhervatioiiH  on  tiiinuiMin  cunnt  s  hu 


tiliizilll/    ill    lilll'  ,1.11111, 


MS. 


See    h'lii, 


Oct        i:i,    IHN.'t:    <■ 


•Ian.    I,  \>yS'A.     'I'lie  prim  ipal   reliance  of  *<iinnison   i'<  in  coal  iui<i  inU' 

.  ^r.iili'  <i>  ^11 

ifiamir.  .iii'l 

alcri»lH  l"T 


to  promote  maiinfacliires.  wiiicii  are  hIiII  III 
tliracitc  '  ing  loiinii  within  tv.enly  live  i 
marhh:  are  ahundant    iii   thu  neighhorhiMid;  alxi 


1  their 

iiU^ni 

V,  a  tni 

miicn. 

Sam 

iMtitm 

..l„.,  1 

i„^  ..1, 

.,.  -_.i 

m 


t.      liut  liic   place  lay   long  under  the   liMt  of  the  r»ilrii«ii,  to  wlnw 


cemen 

tyrannicH  men  ami  miimui 


ipalltlei 


ilHl  ever   NIllHnit.       Archie  M     Hte 


'ii-<iii. 


Uiru  iu  Scotliuid  in  Ibol.  hut  hrouglit  up  lit  V\  :s.  ,iuU  uiluwitcd  lur  ilic  \>u<- 


HUKRFANO.   .IKKI-'KIWON. 


619 


littln  pro<(re88.  Liikt;  City,  the  county  sc^at,  liad  in 
|HHf>,  HOO  inhabitants.  It  Hob  in  a  Hluping  valley,  at 
an  clt'vation  <»f  8,350  feet,  surroundeii  by  mountains 
riblx'd  with  mineral  voinK.  The  princi|)al  niinint;  «iis- 
tricts  arc  Knj^imujr  niount^iin,  Lakr,  Park,  Shcrinaii, 
iiMcl  (Jiniarron.  The  first  developnicnt  attained  tn 
was  dutJ  chiefly  to  the  firm  of  Oooke-  A  C<».,  eaHtern 
(iipitahstH,  who  purchased  a  numi)er  of  mim;s,  an<l 
1 1('(  ted  concentratin<jf  and  smeltinj^  works  near  Lake 
City,  which  wen;  <'omplet»Ml  in  IH7H.  The  pnulucl 
of  tlii'ir  Munes  the  first  yt'ar  was  j?Hr),49H  in  silver, 
.•iij:i.(;i>s.-J7  in  lead,  and  $*J,!)'J:)  in  iruUl.' 

ijiierfano  county  was  orjraniztMJ  in  IHUI  witii  the 
I'lUiitv  Stat  temporarily  at  Autobt-s.  It  was  removed 
til  havlito  subse(|uently,  and  is  at  present  at  Walscii- 
liin-|Lr,  a  railroad  and  eoal-minin<<;  towti.  Iluerfanu  is 
|iiiii<ipally  a  <:;ra/iing  ami  ai^rieultural  distrii't.  IMierc 
wdv  in  the  country  in  IHHJJ,  i>(),()()()  cattle,  and  l()0,- 
0(10  sheep.  No  minin}.;  exc<'l)t  for  coal  was  i»ein*r  done 
tlitrc,  altlnuii^h  it  is  kn(twntohave  mims  of  L'f)ld  and 
U'iileiiii.  The  coal  product  of  IKKM  was  lOO.OOO  tons, 
from  the  mines  of  tjie  ('(dorado  Iron  aixl  ('oal  <'i)in- 
|»fuiy.  The  population  at  that  date  was  ovrr  .).<)»)(), 
ami  the  assessed  valuation  .ii<l,.'J2l,HLMI.  VValseid)Urj4; 
liiul  in  IKHf.   UH)  iidiabitants.' 

Jctfer.son  »-ountv,  brsides  bfin*'   i»n<    of  the  tarlii.st 

tiMMif  Ihc  law,  ruiiK'  to  Cnliir.'iilo  Jn  ISM).  liiratili|C  tiiHt  at  I'llKiu,  tint  ix'Imhv  . 
n^' to  liiiniiiHiiii  altir  Ik!Iiij{  cIccIimI  ti>  the  «tatc  smatr  Iit  4  yuiirH.  iii  ISM'.'. 
Ill  liiriiicil  ii  lau  |iKi'ln(!rsiii|i  witli  '>t<'M'iiHoii  ami  I'Vaiik'  ^ 

Twci  .siiifltci'N  wcri!  iilsdiTtM-tiil  alt  'a|iit.iil '  'ity,  in  t-«."Mi  iiiii|crtli<!  iiiaiiii|{<' 
riiciil  III  tii'iryi'  S.  Li'i'.  Tht'  iiiirii'.i  nf  tii<'  «. unity  Inii  kimw  it  an-  tlii'  j.iti.li' 
\miii',  (iiililmi  Ijhii'fii,  I'll-.  I'll',  lli'llr  of  tlw  West,  t)iT.iii  W.ivi  ,  Kiiiin'riir, 
K.iirvicw,  Sciitia,  .loliii  .1  4'niiki-,  I'll  I'asn.  Inez,  I'aliiu'lto.  ami  llolrlikiNn, 
*liii'li  ail'  I'lit  fi'W  nf  the  many  ({immI  iniin-.  <'aiiitul  «'ity,  .\ulrlii|n' Snriiij^s, 
^hi  riii.iii,  Hiirro^VM  Park,  aiiil  Ar^fi'iituin.  Iia\  i-  frniii  I'J.'i  In  *_MK)  itilialntaiiU 
ii-li.  Tlirrc  iirtj  a  ffwnlli'i'  si-tlli'iiunt-..  -tiiil  iiiiiiiii^<  umis:  AiiIi'Iiiih'  Park, 
ii.»rr<'lls  Stiitiim.  Ilflfnril,  <'Kmi'  (rciU.  ('iitnki  t'iiv  Ui|>l- m  s  hiiiclin. 
liiint 'IVail,  Sail  ,lii,iii,  Sparling '»  l{*«iliii,  Ti  Hurimii,  ami  TinilMi'  Hill. 

'U'H^cr  icttloiiifiitH  arr  .\|Mii'lir.  Kulti'  ^'alley,  ('lialxv  I'ia/.i.  I'lU'li.ira-., 
i'lckiiiii,  nixiilt,  Kaltiaii  IM.a/Ji,  <iarilii«T.  tiar.'.ia  Pla/;v,  Hajj''''^  Mill.  Hin 
il'iit,  llui'rfaiiii,  Milcrfaiin  Canon,  \m  Vela,  Miilarlii'''.  Mca/  IMa^a.  Miiiiiik 
'  itiip.  Mull'  iSliiic,  Ojo,  I'arkV  Mill*.  I'milra:-  Aiiii.  i«.  1,IuiIht,  «,>tiihiaiiil, 
llitn  iloi  iallina,  Saiiun*  ilc  <'riNt4i  Sutlion,  Siiila  I 'l.tra,  Santa  M«ria,  .Span- 
■li  IVaks,  ■rinicroc  l'la/.a,  Turkey  rr«'«k,  Vut*  I'imm,  Wttiiatoyu,  Wi*i»«ir>« 
'<|irutK^.  Wititicn  btAtiuu. 


I  I 

1^ 


lilll 

(    I 

i 


ill  I 


I 


&J0 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


Hcttled  and  first  urt^aiiizod,  oiijoys  the  advantagt-  of  ^ 
nearness  tc»  the  inetru|)ohs  and  a  variety  of  pr<Klu(t> 
to  take  to  that  market.  While  not  strictly  a  niiuinr 
county,  it  contains  in  its  western  iK)rtion  gold.  silv.  i, 
copper,  lead,  zinc,  iron,  mica,  coal,  miiural  |ijiitit. 
pt'trol.'um,  alabaster,  fireclay,  potters'  clay,  liiiicstoii,, 
marble,  building  stone,  timber,  and  other  produ(tioii> 
which  enter  into  nuiimfactures.  Its  c(»ai  mines  an 
extensively  worked.  It  is  one  of  the  foremost  iii^Mi 
cultural  and  horticultural  counties,  and  has  a  gni.ur 
variety  of  industrit^s  than  almost  any  other.  Tin 
population  in  I88:{  was  8,000,  and  tlu'  assesse*!  vahi- 
ation  $2, 740,498.  (iolden  is  the  county  .seat,  witli 
'2J)iH)  inhabitants.  There  are  a  number  of  .snultt  r^ 
located  here  for  re«lucing  the  on-s  from  otlnr  coiiii 
ties,  besides  Houring  mills  and  factories  of  vuriuu^ 
kinds.* 


*Tlic'  toM'iix  of  Ar!ti)Alio<>,  Mount  Vifrnoii,  ami  <ini<luii  (iatf  w«t 


'<'    IMIIIIII.' 


I'liiiipn  in  tlio  »|iriii(j;  nt  IS.V.I,   tlic  hitoiiiI  at  the  inoutli  of  TaMi'  Miiuiit;iii 


•aftc 


antl  tliu   laUi'f  at   Hit' iiioiitli  i>l'  another  caAoii  callcil  tli<,'<i.iti 


>i  111. 


Mountain)',  (iolilri:  < 'ity  on  ( 'loar  rri'i^k,  was  scttird  at  tlii!  nauiu  tiim- l>y  W 
A  H.  I.ovcland,  .lolin  .M.  Kcriill,  Kox  Ihifcndorf,  V.  \\.  ^hv.ui•y.iil■,<|■^•,•^.l■^. 
•on,  Hanl.v.  Cliarlc.t  M.  Ktiiridl,  .lolin  K.  Kirliy,  T.  IV  Moyd,  Williaui  I'nlhini 
.lanK'H  Mc|)onal<l,  (i«M)r^i!  VVi'Mt.  Mark  L.  fthint,  Charlen  lii'nMii;{tnii,  K  It 
Sniitli,  .1  C.  IJowlf.H,  Kavi.l  McClftT.v,  [.  li.  iMt/patrnk,  ami  W.  .1,  Mthi\ 
A  |i.irtot'  lliii  nunilicr  Ixlon^od  to  tli<'  Itostoii  t-onipany  of  H  iinnilnri  \tl  ' 
I  Toincil  tli<'  filains  to).'i'lli)'r,  arrivniu  in  June,  ainnn^  whom  witc  II<  iiry  Xaliiri 


ami  A.  h.  RK'hanlson  amrriiotih 


:^v 


Knox,  thi'  ccifhratcil  c-orri'-|i"ii.li'iit~ 


tlip  A',  y.  Triliiiiir.    (Ji'orKr  West,  a  [lontonian,  wai*  itrtisiiifnt  of  till-*  i"in|),iii\ 
'i'licy  (Ici'iiliMl  tli;it   tlu'  temporary  .scttlrnH'iit  at   tno  croH^inK  of  ( 'Irar  iT"k 
was  till;  |iro|iir  sitr  for  a  lity,  ami  ai'i'orilinnly  they,  with   LomI  iinl.  Kiil\ 
.1.   M.  IVrnU,  .Smith,  H..I.  'fartir,  Mri  WillianiM,"  s'tanton  *  (lark.  K   U 
{{(^rlir.  .1    (',   Mow  lex,    K.  I.,   licrthouil,  anil  >;arri.son  Melui-ti-il    I  .-Jstl  a<T>'s  ..n 


lioth  nhIi-s  of  Cli'ar  crrrk  ami   laid  out  a  t 


own. 


F.  \V.  B.. 


Ill'  siir\    vri 


I  :i'.ii 


uri-rt  that  Nt!a.son,  lint  tin- survey  uiim  ('oin|ilt-trd  in  ISlMlhy  IliTtlifiiil.  Il\ 
i\w  ('lost!  of  the  year,  with  tlm  lii'lji  of  a  ^aw  and  Mhin^h:  mill,  (ioMcii  li,'i  I 
j:rown  to  a  town  of  TtMl  inlialutant.s.  Itolii'rt  L.  I.ainl>rrl  iTfi-ti'd  a  lui^  «t'ir.' 
Ill  till'  winter  of  |S.">!(,  U-twocn  tlio  .srasoUM  of  mining;,  lie  lircaiiK-  a  wi-altiiv 
rattlu.'iinl  .-iIk!I'|i  raiwrr  in  Las  Animas  m.  Many  farms  Wfir  taki'ii  ii|i.  I- '' 
Ikrui'ii  Httthil  ill  Mcrgcn  park,  wlii-ri!  he  kcjit  a  liotel.  In  tlif  aiitiiinii  .M' 
liityni  and  Mc<  'leery  organi/ed  a  eompaiiy  to  eoiistriieta  wa;<"n  roail  fioiiinl  i 
Tort  St  Vrain  to  South  Park,  \  ia  Oohll'ii.  HeiKeii  Park,  Ciili  < 'r..k.  <t> 
winch  was  ioiiated  in  the  following  spring.     On  the  Tlli  of  liee..  IvV.t,  tii' 


WfMtirii  AfniiiiMimir  iamied  its  first  numlier,  (ieorge   \\  ^^Ht  )iuMi-.liir     1 
first  eonnty  election  under  the  proviHional  goviTumont  was  helil.laii  '.',  T' 
Mhen  the  votes  for  eoiintv  soat  jiavo  fJoldeii  a  majority  over  .Krajiiili"'  "f 
to  '.".'S.     Maden,  later  Al-«k.  received  2*2  votes.    .loHejili  ( '.  Remiiintnn  «.» 
(irnt  sheriff  eieeted      There  wasa  puhlie  sale  of  town  lots  in  VlAitv,  .i\.  P' 

r.'tliiritiii  rnnii  .'kftft  ii\  ttl'Ht        A   ....I,.,..!  u'n..  nl,...  ..i>i>ii...l  in  flin  «->riii  •  i'V  M 


Sliil. 
fWI 


Stll 


ranifinti  from  .<{0  to  g\'*0.     \  si-hool  was  also  opened  in  the  spr 


Ml 


Dougherty,  with  ISiiuiiiU.   .\tthc  tiratinuuiciiialcluctiou.  held  A(.ril  ID.  1*'*' 


LAKK. 


821 


liftko  county  was  first  oi^anizc*!  in  1861,  when  Cal- 
ifornia i(ulch  waa  in  its  first  flush  pcrirxl,  with  the 
(•(tuiity  seat  at  Oro.  On  the  discovery  of  silver  at  a 
later  (late  the  let^islaturo  cut  ott'the  northern  end  and 


,1,  \V.  Stanton  WHH  choHon  inayur;  S.  M.  Rroatli,  rcconler;  W.  ('.  SijnpHon, 

iiiarHli.tl;  W.  A.  H.  liovelanil  troaa. ;  K.  Barton,  J.  M.  Joluirion,  K.  T.  DaviH, 

1).  •;.  DarKiHH,  O.  B.   Harvey,  A.  B.  Smith,  \V.  .f.  Smith,  J.   Kirhy  counuil- 

iiioii.     ill  AugUHt  a  weekly  mail  wan  oitaUiitheil.     A  pttriotl  of  hIow  |irogrt)HM. 

,tiiil  III  IHHK  (lolden  wiM  mailu  iho  cniiital  of  Cohirailo,  hiit  the  legitilature tlid 

II. a  iiix't  there  until  l<Sti(>-7.      In  |K4i7  the  uoiinty  voted  ^lUU.WIU  in  ItoiidH  in 

mil  III  the  ('iilora<lo<'entral  and  I'aeitio  railroad  to  Cheyenne  and  to  henvrr. 

iii>l(h'ii  iiad  now   two  tliiuring-milU,  a  brewery,   and  a  paiier-niill,  and   wa.i 

iii.'ikiM^  liru-liriok.     In  IMiM  grountl  wax   broken  for  tiiu  tirxt  I'ulorado  rail 

riail,  uikI  the  following  year  thu  road-bed  whh  made   ready   for  the   rails  10 

miles,  Iroin  tiolden  to  the  eastern  bonndary  of  the  county.       On  the  'Jtitli  <i' 

Sr|ii.,  IH7(),  the  tirnt  loeomotivo  rvauhod  (iolilen.     In  April  a  narrow  j^uajji' 

niili'oail,  llie  lii'.st  West  of  thu  Mi8iiiHMi])ni,  had  been  be^iin,    which  Mas  liii- 

i>1miI  t"  Black  Hawk  late  in  1H7«.     In  Slarcli  IN7."{  a  narrow  cnajju  to  Floyd 

Hill  va.'i  ill  running  order,  and  in  April  the  (iohlcii  and  Jiili'siiurg  branch  ot 

till' Ciiliirado  Central  was  coinplcteif  to  Longiiiont.     Still   later  in   the  year 

ihi' <<Hl(lcn  and  South  I'latte  railway  was  grailed  18  iiiileH  to   IMiini   erttck. 

Tlii'ii  cMiiie  thu  panic  of   IN74-4i,  wIigii  railroail  building  was  interrupted.    In 

IS77  tlio  narrow   gua^e   to  (ieorgetown  was  eomiileteii,   and  the   line  from 

BliU'U  Hawk  to  Central  in  tlu;  spring  of  IH78.     The  Colons lo  Central  also, 

ulii'U  I oiiiphded,  belonged  to  the  sy stem  of  railroads  M'hii'h   contributed  to 

till'  I'l'cispcrity  of  (tolden,  'M  trains  leaving  and  arriving  daily.     They  car- 

ni'il  avMiy  uoal,   Htoiii!,  hay,  grain,  and  tlour,   and  brought  ore,    coal,  coke. 

IiiiiilH'r.  grain,  and  groceries,     (tohlen  built  three  ilouriiig-niills,   tivoHmelt- 

iiig  ;ind  reduction  works,  tw<»  biH'WoricK,  a  ]iapcr-niill,  six  coal  Hhafts,  three 

lire  hrirk,  jircssed  brick,  and  ilrain-piiHi  factories,  three  perpetual  lime-kiliis, 

mill  tMo  (piarics,  with  a  variety  of  niinor  industries.      I'lie  Mnu'lt<!rs  turned 

niit  Iniiii  .^l,'.*(H),()l)U  to  $1,r)(MMK)U  annually.      It   has  seven  ciiurclirs,  gtHid 

•t'liiiols,  and  an    iiitelligoiit  press.     Thu  titate  hcIimoI  of  mines  was  pliwed  at 

iiiililrii.     It  was  established  liy  act  of  legislature  in  |H7(),  making  an  appro 

iiriatliin  for  that  purpose.     It  was  recstaldished  by  another  act  in  Ih74;  and 

III  Ih77  still  further  placed  on  a  permanent  looting.     It  now  oceuiiies   a   line 

lirick  odilice,  and  is  an  tiriiament  to  the  town.     It  is  suiiported,   like  all  the 

ntlirr  KtaUmiHtitutions,  by  a  dircitt  tJi.x  of  HO  many    mills   tin  the  dollar.     A 

M^nalollice  has  been   maintained  in  connection  with   it.      Here  are  taught 

:tiial\ti>  .il  hikI  applied  chemistry,  mineralogy,  iiiutalliirgy,  assaying,  civil  and 

tiiiiiiiig  engineering,  geology,  and  ma'^iiematics.     The  state    industrial  Hchiml 

14  iilsii  located  at(ioldcu  by  an  act  of  the  Icgishitnre  of   bSKI,  the  ol<l  schonlni 

iniiii'.M  liiiililing  being  used  for  a  beginning;  liiit  by  an  act  of  liSK.'t  a'<  appm- 

|iri.iliiiii  of  ;$I.*),(MM>  was  made  for  new  buildings.      The  \\hole   appiopi  latii'ii 

■»r  iiwlust rial  school  pur|Mises  in  that  ycur  amounted   to  StiO.CKtO,  to   be  ap- 

jiliril  to  its  maintenance,  machinrry,    and  material    for   industries,  ami  .i 

ii'iniry.     Tiie  lesser  towns  and   settlements   of    Jetlerson    are    AldstromN. 

Aiii'liiir   Station,    Archer's,    Arvada,    Bartlctt's    Lake,    Hc;ir  Crcik,    itcavi  r 

Itniok,  Beeson  Mill,  Bellville,   Big   Hill,  Brownville,  Hutlalo,  liutlalo  Creek. 

I'liiilalo  Tank,  Chimney  (lulch,  Church's,  ( 'learCr«K'k,  ( 'oppi'rdale,  ( 'iittonwiMMJ 

VdU,  Creswell,  Crossons,  Crosson  .i   Camp,  Heansbury,   Ilccr  Crt'ck,    I'ei'i- 

'it'k  Minis,  I Kimo  Rock,  Eagle  Brook  Park,  KIk  Creek,  Km|Mnir  Uaiulm. 

Kiiipcror  St)rings,    Knter{)riHe,   Ford  Lake,    Forks    I'reek,    Forks   of   Cleai 

'  rnk,  (laliagher  Cami),  Cilman,  (ilen  Plyin   Kancho,  (Jrotto,   (Juy  Creek, 

llililiilirande.    Minus   Kancho.    Huntsman,  Hutchinann,  .leffiTsou,  .iettersmi 

I'lrk,  .lohnsmi'ii  CroHHin^,  Jonesi  Siding,    List  UuHort,  Ijcahow  Island,   Lee 

>iiluig,  Little  Station,  Littleton,  Memphis  Camp,  Morriuon,  Muuut  Carbon, 


iii 

■I 


j.'.; 


11 

1.    W 

I ,  '  I  i  I 


Ml 


I'M'  ' 
i.    III. 


m 


-4- 


■rM> 


i  M 


m 


At» 


COUNTIKM  OV  rUL(MlAIN) 


callod  it  CarlxHiatu  (M>uiity,  witli  the  county  .S4>at  ut 
[jcadvillo,  while  the  Huutherii  |)<>rtioii  retaintMi  iufor 
iiier  name.      At  the  Muine  setwion,  ii«)Wever,  th**  tiatii. 
of  Lake  woH  rcHt^tn^d  to  the  Hiiver  n'*;ioii,  uiid  tliat  of 
Chaflei!  iriveii  to  tlie  remainder." 


rxitviiitt,  I'lirK  niiiiiiu,  iiiin  wrovf,  i  laiui  «  anoii,    I'utte  Kivpr,  iUa 

alwtoiir'rMik,  Sliiiiglo  Mill,  Siiiitli  Hill,  South  I'UtUi,    .Spruri,    I'^rk. 

t'li    (luldli,  StuwartM   Itaiiclict,    TIioiiiinhiu'n    Mill,   Tritiit4lali-,    T.irkiy 

Tiirtlit  l*oii<i,  Utu    Triiil,    Voriiiilliiui,    WolilMir'n  Saw-'iiill,    Wclur* 


Olio,  Oxitvilltt,  Park  Si.liiijij,  INiiB  iJrovi',  rUtUi  ('«Aoii,    I'lattc  Kivpr,  lULi 

Uui,  Rain 

HUfvtMi'i 

*  'rwk, 

WimmI  ( .'amp,  Willowvillo,  WilMon'it  Haw-milU, 

Amlrvw  II.  M|ii(!k«riimn,  iNirii  ia  Nuw  York  in  \W0,  came  t<>  t'uUr^l,  m 
I  H.V.I,  mill  Mottlud  on  'riirkiiy  ( 'niuk  in  lXti'2,  wliuro  liu  Ii.ih  continual  t<>  r<-  i>i> 
lUtiiltou  ('.  WttlU,  Itiirn  in  111.  in  IH.'l.'),  vnuin  tn  t'olorailoui  IH.71I  frmu  Molm. 
of  whiuli  liiN  fatliur  wat  ono  of  tlio  foiintliTH.     Ilo  rctiirnol  tin-  muk-  yi^r  t.i 
III.,  but  linallv  Mottlxil  at  <iol<lon  in  IN«(U,  wliora  lui  ix  ('itttaKi'l  m  linking; 
|)a|Kir.     Daviil  O.  |)nrt(in,  horn  in  Mo  in  \H'M,  vmue  toColorailo  in  Kt'.t,  Mt 
tlina  at  Oolilun  City,  ami  opi'iiing  tho  tufcontl  Htort),  l,ov«lajii|  having  ii|M'nr  i 
thi- nr!«t.     Ho  afturwarlniiunt  hohiu  tiino  in  other  |tartH  <if  thouni>>ii,  Imi  r< 
tiirnuil  in  IH7U  to  <iolihMi,  whore  ho  iinproviul  hin  town  |>rn|i«rty,  hihj  oiM'tuM 
til*'  Monitor  luilo  ill  Ch^ur  Crcuk  t-o.,  whnro  lio  iwfuroil  iM-vi-rrtl  imtii't. 

" Tli'iiMi  uhaiiKoH  wur«  iiiatlo  in    Frh.    INTil.      It  iit  a  niii.iII  county,   an! 
iiotoil  only  for  it<t  iiiiiioM,  of  whii'li  1  liavu  almaily  given  an  a4  roiint.    lu  h\- 
tory  in  Miiiiiiiioil  up  in  tho  hriof  HtaU^iiiont  tliitt  it  iir<Mliici'i|  m  goM,  mlvi-r,  kn.i 
IfiKi  lM)tw<!on  IMUl  ati'l  ISH4,  $7*.l.<.Kti,(M7.rt().     Of  thiHaiiioiint  .lU.iit  |i:'.,m) 
(NK)  wax  in  ifolil,  ami  iji').'i,IMMt,(NN)  in  nilvor.     I.aku  county  ixtlv  Ur^r^t  !•  ti 
|iriHluoin^  iliittrict  in  tliv  U.  S.     A  variety  of  tho  Iosh  roinuioii  (iiitKriU  mi 
uiotaU  in  foiiiiil  in  thcnc  niinoN,  among  whii-h  are  /.iiic,  nntiinony.  Iixuiutti 
tin,  copiHT,  anil  arMoiiiu.     Tho  nllicial  rviHtrtrt  for  four  year*  ui\<  ■•'l.'i.tJi'i, I.VI 
for  IKHU.  9l'.>,7:iM,UO'J  for  IH8|,  |i:(l,.'i:n,aV<  for  IHH'J,  aiiil^l.Vil'.M.-.iMM.T  IHfCI 
witli  livttor  proitpcotii  for  IHH4.     Tlioro  are  l.'i  Hinoltor>«  at  l,ca<U  illi-,  iml  '^51 
Htoam-iMiKiiii'i  oiii|iliiyi!i|    in   tho  iiiiium,    with  an  a)()iri>g;tti'  Imrii)  ;HiMrr  of 
n,4.'>4.     Oilier  hiiNinvNH  in  proportiniiutoly  aotivo.     Tlii!  popiiLtioii  of  liTiMi 
villa  ia  'JM.tNNI,      Ailelaiilo  anil  .Malta  havo  togothor  l,(NMhiih.il>itaiit>,  U  <i<lr< 
whu'h  therti  aru  Iho  villa){ei4  of    Tnin  l,akoH,    Kiloi-H,    Alexainler.    Aii<-aiit< 
SiMla  .Spniigx,   mill    a   luinilier  of  Hinall    NettliMiiuntH.     Tliey  .-ire  Minl'ii  Ky. 
HuckMkiii,    ('lark   ilaiu'lio,  Craiui   I'ark,  < VvmuI   Lake,    I'.in.ivill''.  Miytmi. 
Kvainvillii,  Fift«ieniiiilu  11(11    ■•,    llayileii,    lleiiry,    HohI;iii>I.    Ki-'Mir.  Or., 
lU'an'H,  Union  StJitinn.     Soia  .^priiiKH,  livo  mileit  from  LeiulMllr,  KaixiiwUr 
health  report:  ami   Twin  litkeH,  mi  Mhieli  a  xtoaiiiltoat  \«iii  plaei-*!  in   iv**".  i 
fanioiiH  plea^iurii  n-Hiirt. 

AiiKiii^  tlio  piiiiieiTH  of  I,nke  eiiiiiity  iiro  tlio  following:  (ii-<>r({i-  I..  Ilrii<i-r 
Moii,  Ihirii  III  northern  Ohio  in  \H'M,  eitiin*  to  < 'olnrailo  in  IfCif),  .iikI  r>'.<r'|i 'I  •' 
Ceiitrul  I'lty  imil  ( 'alifuniialiuli'li.  Mo  wa^  the  lirNt  |Hiiitniaj*ter  ••!  I.<  uivilli, 
ami  t^laiiiii  t  '  have  Hiiggi^Mtcil  iln  iiaiiio.      Hin  IniHinuNM  in  geiii-nl  iinr-lan- 

rllHlllg. 

Kill t  Niii'kollH,  hiirii  ill  Va  in  IS-liI,  luinniteil  to  Nehranka  «'ity  whih  i 

lioy,  itii'l  tlieiiee  to  t'oliir.'iilo  in  iH.V.t,  eiigaL^iiig  in  eattle  tr.tiliiij^     ili  n-iii'Tf-i 
to  liiMiJville  nil  llio  iliKiMivery  iif  HJlver,  uliern  he   I'ligageil    III  M-llm„'  uto"! 
M'auoni,  li.'iy,  ami  Kr.'kiii.      He  w>i<<  ii  ineiiilM-r  of  the  lH>ar<l  nf  ahli-rini-ii 

KllfilH  Sllllte,  linril  III  N.  y .  ill  IH;t7,  removeil  to  WiM.  at  .ill  early  aK*".  '"'I 
tlioiice  to  I 'iiliiraiio  in  lS'i',1.  He  iiiineil  fora  yeiir,  ami  retiinieili  ft.  »a<l<li'i 
not  again  \  nit  thix  Mtatu  until  IH77,  when  he  loeaUMlat  Leai'.vtile  in  t)><>  lum 
Intr  traile.  In  IS7U  ho  hoIiI  out  anil  wont  into  Ntook-raiMing.  Ho  tH-nrnl  »• 
.'iliieriiiaii  one  yitar. 

N.  ('.  Hickman,  horn  in  Mo.  in  IH44,  wan  tho  moii  of  a  pliy*i<'i-tn.  Mel  !•''' 
I >avinj)ort,  Iowa,  with  hii  fathor  in  IH.V.»  for  I'olorailo  In  tie-  f..lli>wini{ 
NUW  111*  fatkur  Uiud  itt  Coutr&l  City,  auU  yuuug  llicluuau  rvturuc  1  '^  lu** 


LA  ri.AT.\. 


iw;» 


La  Plata  county  m  the  rtoutli-wt^nt  divirtion  of  the 
>tat<>,  organized  in  1H74,  Imt  itn  (Jcvelu|)iuent  liat)  not 

I'ollruc  to  compiute  \m  education,  »f ter  which  he  r*tor.  oner  ninn-  to  tliia  tttnU) 
ami  liH-attiii  at  Coiitral  aa  nii>ri-h;»iit  .tnil  mtnrr.  In  I  Mi?  Ix' nod  I  out  and 
FjH'iit  N«  vurni  yoarit  in  Kan.  ami  N.  M.,  I>ut  retumol  in  iHTU  to  Mtttli*  at 
|.i',\<lvil|f,  wliuro  liu  Ihicaiiio  a  iiieriliAtit  and  miner  a^ain  on  a  lar^or  Hcala 
tliitii  lu'fore.     Hu  waH  elovtud  itldttrni^n  in  |HW>.  m-rrian  for  two  yuarii. 

Irvint;  J.  I'lilltH'k,  iMirii  in  StcrhnK.  >«o(Und.  in  iM'.tt,  n-iiinvod  to 
Aiiiirir:»  at  tho  njjo  of  thruu  yf«rn.  Mr  rer*i»«-«l  a  uMiv«Tmty  <M|iifatioii,  and 
tr.\vi'lli  d  uxti'iiHivuly.  In  IHiMlit!  ■■ime  t<><'<>li>r»<lii,  mined  in  liiuKoll  K'di'li, 
and  aiti'i'Wiiril  in  California  Kidrli.  He  w««  elrvtoi  vu-r  |iri-<id<'iit  of  tlio 
iirrit'i'Ml  tiKtdicul  Hiicii'ty  in  1^7'i,  onil  wa«  cboatra  a  dtrlcgatu  to  tlio  V.  S. 
Mii'iliiali'oiivKiilion  at  St  l^iiiiit  in  IH74. 

NrUoii  llalliK-k,  iNirii  ntstr  AllHiny,  N.  Y.,in  I'vWI,  camt-  to  Culorado  in 
|s,V.l.  l|(Miii){ag(td  ill  niiiiiii^  Initli  lure  and  in  M<*fitaiia,  In  I'StWi  he  left 
iiiiiiiii^  for  Iuiiil>tirin({,  lunl  ran  a  naw-imll  f>>r  I'J  year*  in  JctffrMni  and  Vtxrk 
>-MiiiitU'M,  and  iinally  cTcctrd  a  null  in  l^ke  oi.  ••n  tlie  ■it*:  of  l^-iidvillc. 
Wlii'ii  iliat  town  uaiiio  into  uxi.st<-n<-«  b<!  wmt  iDt<i  tlu- liv<-ry  lnMiiiirHii  iii.U 
'.i.imiiij,'  III  IS77  ln'  Hfiit  out  Ronif  |>ri'«|».'«-t<»r»,  whodi»<ovfri-d  tliu(\trl*oii 
ill'  iiiiiii',  wliioli  liuaold  iu  IN7I)lor  tl7'',ll)IU.  He  ll«en  |turfliaiied  an  iiii<-r- 
r>t  111  tliii  Colurado  coal  and  iron  work*,  of  whirh  he  lux-ainr  |irfHidi'iit.  ilo 
.«  a  iliri'clor  and  vioc'iintnidcnt  of  tliv  Kir<tt  Natwmal  l>ank  of  lA-advillu. 

Ii'liii  Kiliii({,  liorn  in  Canton,  Olno,  in  Ih'K,  niiip-at«N|  to  I'lk^H  (Mtak  in 
{<)'•>,  iiiiiiiii>{  lit  M'Vitnil  jiointM.  |{«  iIithv.  r>  d  an^f  loi.at4'<l  tlio  iiiaccrH  of 
I.M.it  laf^iiii,  and  followitd  tlio  riixli  to  California  gul'h.  He  returiicil  taxt  in 
\i*'A,  I'finniiiiii^al  l.<!avt!nwortli  until  Ih7H,  wh<^  he  \H'M<-<i  to  tin-  doHin-  to 
(<  vioii  thu  Mi'i'iii'H  of  IiIm  milling  advtnturt'ii  and  r<-n>o\'«-<i  to  Lt^dvillr,  wlu-ro 


'  iiiiiki^M  wauoiii  and  dooHa  gi'iioral  l>l.irkitniithin|$  liu»int-«ii. 
iinii^i'  W.  lluHton,  horn  in  I'a  in  IH.t9,  ItariM-'l  l«H>k'k<-<-|iiiig,  and 


wa« 

Iu  I'Ciil  |i>-i'.iiii<-  tol  'oloraij", 

tumiDit  to  lx-av<  nworth  to  wiiilfr. 


tiii;>I'>.v<'d  in  Iowa  and  KaUHAM  at  liin  iirofiuioo 

ih!iiiri)(  ill  4lil|iin  co,  diiriiiu  HUiuiiH'r, Viit  rrturr 

III  |s(i<l  liii  cuniit  uxuiii,  ainl  tliiit  tiiiio  went  to  Calif<>rfiLa  gnlcli,  whom  he  waM 

< li ('It'll  Nht'riir,      Afterward  lie  Mtrvi'd  III  thf  i-tnl  war.   ainI  wait   n-f^iittt-r   of 

'iiniN  ill  licavi'iiwortli,  hut  r«tiiriii'd  to  l^-adville  in  l*«7f«,  wlifrt-  lie  i-ngagi-d 

II  rcil  I'Hiate  traiixaotioUM. 

i:"l>rrt  llcrry  wni  horn  in  I  Miio  in  IH^IU.      In  KM  b>  ramf  t4i  <  olorado  and 

Til  ti  il  iImi  MiToiid  itaw-iiiill  in  tlui  territory  on  I'lurn  i-m-k  f'>r  I*.  C  OakfK  & 

I",  till'  naiiio  yonr.   Kroni  thin  liu  went  tnniiniitii;  ai<»>ld  l>irt  diggin^M,  Kuit- 

•"II  u'lili'li,  Cahliiriiia  ){ulrli,  and   Frying  I'^n  <>t  i'-A-mUt  gulch,     in  the  lat- 

'rlMi  ihiy  |t<>rry  and  hin  |iartiirr,  \Valtir«,  i.htaiool  a  jiatent  for  140  acre* 

!  |il,ii  rr  groiihd,  which  they  worked  f"'  m.m>  yi;»r«-      Ifc-rry  was  C  S,  mar- 

'il  '.ml  int.  I'rv.  ciillcctor  in  thu  early  tirritorMl  Iium.-*:  UH-nilxr  of  the  leg- 

iitnti  riiiiiicil  in  IMU  mid  IStiri,  U'liit;  ehi-tt'd  m-i-.    in  tSo   lattc'r  year;  wan 

itN'  clerk  mill  recorder  in  l<S4i'J;  aiiT  w  it  a|i|M>itit<.-<l  county  judge  to  till  a 

I  M'iliry. 

('Iiirhw  K.  WiImoii  Witi  liorn  in  Ky  in  lOJ,  and wa*  entragt'd  in  a  grocury 
^iitiiu  w  >\hi'ii  allracted  to  l'ik(!'ii|M>ak  in  IvVJ.  Alter  working  hy  the  day  iu 
Kiiymjl  i!ulch  for  a  lime,  he  wet  out  |irim|i«:ctini;.  and  wa«  oiie  of  tiie   iIihcov- 

■Tiif  ('ihfornia  gulch.      He  HOttlrd   evt.-ntu.illy  in  the  ••itlh-raimng  huni- 
:.'»ii,  VHliiiilcH  frmii  Clifton  Citv. 
('li.irli's  L.  Mall,  hiiriiin  N.  \.  in  lH.'ilt,  and  liroughtup  in  Iowa,  h^fl  Iowa 

III -.'I'  III  IS.V.t,  and  after  A  xhurt  exiiericnce  of  niilliui(  gram,  lamo  to  Culn- 
'vlii  .tinI  Htarled  ii  Htnck-fanii,    hut  gave   it  u|t  aiwl  ix-^an   proBiivcting   for 

iiiri  HI  California  gulch.  Ilti  wax  oiu;  of  lUker*  |«arty,  wliicli  ex|iliircd 
I  '  Sail  .liiaii  coiiiitry  in  thu  winter  of   iMiil-l,  and  in  attt-m|itiiig   to   return 

'  .1  slmrlcr  riiulo  ait  loHt  I -I  day  n  without  fi**!  Il«  wa«  linilly  rescued 
^liiii  iiiialih)  to  walk.  In  INIl'i  hn  wax  o|M-rating  nait-work*  '.1)  milua  frmn 
liir  I'lay,  oud  raiaiug  Mtook  in  South  park,  la  I3(i6  ao«l  lutHiUa  waa  a  uiuni- 


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COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO 


been  rapid.  In  the  south-west  comer  of  the  county 
are  found  many  of  the  cliflF  dwellings,  whose  history 

ber  of  the  lower  hoaae  of  the  legislature.  For  three  years  lie  was  crmntv 
commissioner  of  Park  co.  He  removed  to  Leadville  in  1878,  where  he  organ- 
ized a  gas  compauy  and  engaged  in  mining  operations.  He  also  owne<l  con- 
siderable railroad  stock. 

Men  of  the  later  j?eriotl,  or  the  renaissance,  of  California  gulch  wlmm  I 
may  mention  are:  F.  A.  Wheeler,  born  in  Weld  co.,  Colorado,  August  lil. 
1863,  educateil  at  the  common  schools  of  liis  native  state,  and  appointed  diii- 
uty  clerk  of  tlie  oth  judicial  district  court  at  the  age  of  i9  years,  which  po^^i. 
tion  he  long  occupied. 

William  K.  Kennedy,  bom  in  Pa  in  1844,  migrated  to  Colorado  in  ISti,'. 
He  located  at  Central  City,  where  he  practised  his  profession  of  law,  and  was 
elected  probate  judge  in  1JS4>8,  serving  two  terms.  Subsequently  he  sjicnt 
some  time  at  lleorgctown  and  in  the  San  Juan  country.  He  was  twice  clccttd 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Hinsdale  co.,  and  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  constitu- 
tional convention  in  IST.i.  He  came  to  Leadville  in  1878,  being  elected  ci:v 
attorney  within  a  month  of  his  arrival.  He  secured  an  interest  iu  the  Home 
Stake  and  other  valuable  mines. 

Peter  Becker,  bom  in  Germany  in  1848,  immigrated  to  America  in  l.s,"i3 
with  his  parents,  who  settled  in  Iowa.  Remaining  tliere  until  1870,  lio  tlun 
came  to  Colorado,  and  when  the  town  of  Colorado  Springs  wa.s  startt li. 
began  business  there  as  a  harness-maker.  He  was  elected  sheriff  of  Kl  Vn>„ 
county  in  187r»,  and  reelected  in  1S77.  When  Leadville  was  at  the  l;eii,'ht  cf 
mining  excitement  he  removed  t<>  this  place,  and  again  was  elected  siieritf  in 
1881,  and  rei-lected  in  1SS3.  He  interested  himselfin  mining,  and  secured  a 
large  raucho  in  Lake  co. 

R.  H.  Stanley,  bom  in  Mo.  in  1843,  entered  the  union  army  as  a  private, 
serving  through  the  war.  a  part  of  the  time  as  lieut-col  of  the  19th  111.  infan- 
try. Ho  migrated  to  Colorado  in  1870,  remaining  (i  years  in  Denver.  l;i 
1870  he  visitetl  the  San  Juan  mines,  coming  to  Leadville  in  1877.  In  l>79iie 
was  elected  county  treasurer,  and  was  the  republican  candidate foriuayor  in 
18S4,  '-ut  was  lieaten.  He  was  interested  in  mines,  and  secured  a  secticiiinf 
land  near  Leadville  for  a  home. 

John  Harvey,  born  in  ."v-otland  in  1841  toColoratlo  in  1870,  rcsidini: 

in  Denver  until  1879.  when  he  removed  t  ;ville. 

A.  T.  Gunnell,  Iwm  in  Mo.  iu  1848,  a,  lucated  at  Bethany  college.  Va, 
admitted  to  practise  law  in  iS72;  being  apparently  far  gone  in  a  decline. 
came  to  t'olorado  in  1873,  where  in  a  few  months  lie  recovered  his  liealth, 
and  where  he  detemiinetl  to  remain.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  fn.in 
Hinsdale  co.  in  1878.  In  the  following  year  he  removed  to  Leadville.  ami 
waa  elected  county  judge  in  18S0,  and  again  in  1883. 

John  Iaw,  liom  in  K>wa  in  1844,  studied  medicine  at  the  Chicago  medical 
college,  graduating  in  IStiS.  He  came  to  Colorado  and  settled  in  Park  en. 
in  1873,  and  was  elected  judge  of  the  county  court  in  187(5.  In  IST^i  lie  n 
moved  to  Leadville,  where  he  was  elected  coroner  the  following  year.  Me 
held  the  office  two  years,  during  which  time  there  were  over  300  irijui  ^ts 
upon  persons  who  had  die«l  fr<»m  other  than  natural  causes.  He  was  eleotei! 
city  physician  in  1879.  and  county  physician  in  1881.  He  never  luud  of  a 
case  of  consumption  originating  in  the  altitude  of  Leadville,  but  knew  ( f 
many  wonderful  cures. 

David  May,  bom  in  Germany  in  1848,  iinniigrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  IMVI, 
and  graduated  from  the  commercial  college  of  Cincinnati  in  1805.  He  after- 
ward resiiled  in  Ind.,  where  he  was  iu  business,  removing  to  Colorado  on  ac 
count  of  health,  and  settling  at  Leadville,  where  he  resumed  busiiicvi  ai  a 
clothing  merchant.     He  was  appouited  county  treasurer  in  1884. 

Joseph  H.  Playter,  born  in  Caua<la  in  1854,  removed  to  Knnsa.s  iu  ISTIt, 
and  to  Oolorswlo  iu  1878,  living  at  Leadville,  where  he  engaged  in  iainii\g. 


LARIMER. 


625 


county 
history 


■was  county 
re  he  organ - 
I  owned  coii- 

Ich  whimi  I 

Augiuit  "Jl. 

pointeil  diji- 

,  which  pci^i- 

rado  in  1  Sti.'). 
law,  and  was 
tly   he  si)tnt 
twice  cU'ctt-ii 
the  coustitu- 
g  elected  city 
t  ill  the  Home- 
erica  in  IS.'iS 
1670,  lie  tlun 
I  was  stiirtcil, 
■iff  of  Kl  l';iM. 
;  the  heiuht  cf 
icteil  slieritf  ill 
and  secured  n 

yas  ai>rivate, 

I9th  111.  mfan- 

i  Denver.    \n 

In  l^TlMie 

e  for  may  or  in 

d  a  sectidUi'f 

1 1870,  residinc 

Ly  coUefie.  Vii. 
1  in  a  decluie, 
i,l  his  lii'^dth. 
jrislature  trMiti 
uadvill.-.  ami 

jicapo  medical 

ftl  in  I'^irk  o<. 

In  1S7S  lie  R- 

fng  year.     He 

le  was  eleoteil 
\er  he.ird  of  a 
1  but  knew  of 

S.  in  l^^fA 
j:».  He  after- 
Morad.i  onac- 
liU8inc<.f  as  » 

|n8a.><  in  h^"''i 
in  uiiuiug. 


inii.stbe  relegated  to  the  indeterminate  and  unrecorded 
[)ast. 

Larimer  county  was  organized  in  1861,  with  the 
county  seat  temporarily  at  Laporte,  and  belongs  to 

In  1S83  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  diBtrict  court,  and  also  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  city  council.  In  1885  he  was  tlie  democratic  uomiuec  for  mayor, 
but  was  defeated  by  the  republican  candiilate,  Irwin. 

Jeremiah  Irwin,  born  in  Pa  in  1834,  and  brought  up  in  Ohio,  was  edu- 
cated in  Cincinnati.  He  came  to  Leadville  ia  1S79,  and  commencei^  making 
brick,  being  contractor  for  most  of  the  brick  buildings  in  the  city,  tiudiiig  it 
aprotitable  business.     He  was  elected  mayor  in  1885. 

J.  H.  Monheimer,  born  in  Germany  in  IS44,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  infancy, 
and  resided  in  New  York  city,  where  he  was  in  the  ilry-goods  business.  He 
removed  to  Leadville  in  1880,  purchased  a  prominent  corner  lot,  erected  a 
iiandsoine  brick  store,  and  commenced  basines:<  as  a  retail  merchant.  lu 
1882  he  erected  Union  block,  the  finest  in  the  city. 

B.  S.  G-alloway,  born  in  Ontario,  C  W.,  in  IS54,  entered  the  medical  col- 
lege at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  and  on  graduating,  in  1880,  came  at  once  to  Lead- 
ville to  practise  his  profession. 

Charles  F.  Lee,  born  in  Iowa  in  1S55,  removed  from  Des  Moines  to 
Cliieago  in  1875,  and  travelled  for  a  mercantile  house  until  1880,  when  he 
came  to  Colorado,  stopping  first  at  Kokomn,  where  he  was  postmaster,  but 
soon  settling  in  Leadville,  where  he  engaged  in  mining  operations  and  fire 
insurance. 

Charles  H.  Wenzell,  bom  in  Louisville,  Ky,  in  1855,  came  to  Colorado  in 
1S77,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  at  tieorgetown,  having  been 
ailiuittod  to  the  bar  a  few  months  previous  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  On  the  dis- 
covery of  silver  carbonates,  he  removed  to  Leadville,  where  he  formed  a  part- 
nersliip  with  R.  S.  Morrison,  and  was  employed  by  the  Leadville  Improve- 
ment company  in  their  contest  with  84iuatter3  from  1878  to  ISS'J.  In  1884 
he  was  elected  city  attorney. 

''See  Tenny,  Colorudo  mid  Homes  in  the  Xetr  n>jrf, 49-61;  Ifmfden,  Great 
West,  0,  8.  129-34;  Deiavr  Tnhiine,  Dec.  16,  1879;  Ti-v,  Orer  the  Plu'iiw,  '2ll-]'2; 
l'r.]t'iM,  Grip-sack  Guide,  165-9;  Slone'it  GenerU  I'irfr.  MS.,  24-7;  Memj/ier'a 
V'l.'ii'i-viitions,  MS.,  3.  Although  rich  in  agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  the 
county  had  in  1880  not  more  than  1,110  inhabitants.  In  1883  the  population 
hid  increased  to  6,00v);  234,000  acres  of  land  were  under  improvement;  there 
Were  i)i),000  cattle  and  20,000  sheep  on  its  pastures;  its  ct>al  mines  produced 
I'.'.O.ii)  tons  of  semi-anthracite,  and  the  bullion  output  was  l?128,688.  The 
as-ic<siil  valuation  of  the  county,  not  including  mining  property  or  crops,  was 
S.'.J4:i.48l.  The  county  seat  was  at  I'arrott,  a  small  town  situated  on  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  where  it  leaves  the  mountains.  It  is  a  mining-town,  named 
aiter  a  iianker  of  San  Francisco,  and  with  a  promising  future,  the  ores  by 
which  it  is  surrounded  carrying  tellurium  and  free  gold.  But  about  1880 
Durani;i)  was  laid  off  and  became  the  county  seat.  It  ia  situated  in  the  midst 
of  a  region  of  natural  wealth  in  miue.s,  timlwr,  coal,  agriculture,  and 
stock-farming.  The  San  Juan  and  New  York  .*»melting  compauy  erected 
the  tirst  smelter  at  Duraago  in  1880,  and  a  company  with  A.  (".  Hunt  at  its 
iieail  erected  a  hotel  costing  $100,000,  on  the  most  apjiroved  plan.  No  pio- 
Mer  cabins  for  corporations.  The  population  in  IS.^3  was  less  than  while 
the  terminus  of  tlie  railroad  was  here,  amounting  only  to  .1,500;  but  it  is  still 
a  thriving  business  centre.  Tlie  towns  and  scttlemeats  of  I^  Plata  county 
are  .Viiimas  City,  Animas  Park.  Arboles,  Bocea,  Carl»oneria.  Colina,  Didores. 
Klheit,  Florida,  Fort  Lewis,  Hermosa,  Ignaein,  La  Boca,  Mancos,  Merritts, 
N'ic  Cira,  Pegasus  Spring,  Pine  River,  P.  P.  Di\-ide,  Rockwood,  Serapo, 
i^olidiid,  Southern  Ute,  Vallejo. 
Hist.  Nkv.    40 


hi  "'i 


r^ti 


i;i 


int.  s'T 


i 


626 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


the  agricultural  divisions,  although  it  has  mines  of 
copper,  silver,  and  gold  in  its  mountainous  parts.  Its 
facilities  for  irrigation  from  the  Cache-la- Poud re  and 
Big  Thompson  rivers  are  gradually  extending  the 
cultivable  area/^ 

'*  The  principal  productiong  are  hay,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  rye,  com,  roots, 
melons,  and  vegetables,  which  grow  to  great  perfection,  and  with  cattle  ami 
sheep  form  the  wealth  of  the  county,  which  in  1878  was  assessed  at  $1,502,- 
330,  but  which  increased  after  the  irrigation  canals  were  completed  to  §3.01 'i 
040,  in  1883.  The  population  in  1880  was  5,000;  in  1883,  7,500.  Fort  Collins,' 
the  county  seat,  is  situated  on  Cache-la-Poudre  river,  thirty  miles  ahnvu 
its  junction.  It  tiaa  some  small  manufactures,  several  churches,  gooil 
schools,  two  local  newspapers,  and  about  1,300  inhabitants.  The  buildingj 
of  the  State  Agricultural  society  and  college  are  located  here.  There  are 
no  important  towns  besides,  the  population  being  widely  scattered  on  farms. 

Abner  Loomis,  bom  in  N.  Y.  in  1829,  and  brought  up  in  Iowa,  crosseil  the 

Elains  in  1850,  and  remained  in  the  mines  of  Cal.  until  1859,  wlien,  after  a 
rief  visit  to  Iowa,  he  came  to  Colorado,  and  mined  for  a  season,  Imt  soon 
engaged  in  freighting.  In  1864  he  began  stock-raising  with  100  head  of  cat- 
tle, but  sold  out  every  autunm  for  several  seasons,  fearing  to  trust  hist  lieril 
to  the  winter  climate.  Having  ventured  to  do  so  for  one -winter,  and  finding 
that  the  loss  was  insignificant,  the  rapid  increase  of  his  herd  followed  upcm 
keeping  them  on  the  range  throughout  the  year,  until,  with  two  partners,  he 
became  owner  of  6,000  head. 

James  B.  Arthur,  bom  in  Ireland,  in  1833,  migrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1848, 
and  to  Colorado  in  1860,  settling  near  Fort  Collins,  and  making  hay  fur 
freighters,  the  money  from  which  he  put  into  cattle.  He  believed  in  the 
fertility  of  the  lands  alK>ut  him,  which  was  obtained  from  the  goveriinient 
for  81.25  an  acre,  and  in  a  short  time  became  worth  from  $40  to  $^00  jjcr 
acre. 

William  B.  Osbora,  bom  in  Yates  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1824,  at  the  age  of  21 
years  removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  taught  school,  removing  in  1852  to  Iiul 
and  teaching  at  South  Bend  until  18(>0,  when  he  came  to  Colorado.  He  waa 
recorder  of  Gold  Dirt  mining  district  for  the  first  year,  after  wliioli  he 
settled  on  a  farm  in  Larimer  co.  near  Loveland.  He  was  elected  county 
judge  in  1864,  -onnty  treasurer  in  1866,  and  again  in  1868,  after  which  he 
declined  office.  He,  with  H.  M.  Teller,  signed  a  call  for  the  first  rejiuMicaii 
nieeting  ever  held  in  Gilpin  co.,  and  organized  the  first  ever  held  in  Lari- 
mer. His  wife  was  the  second  white  woman  resident  in  the  co. ;  the  first 
died  in  1885. 

John  J.  Ryan,  bom  in  Ireland  in  1837,  migrated  with  his  parents  to  the 
U.  S.  in  1841,  and  residing  in  St  Louis.  He  came  to  Colorado  in  KSGO,  ami 
after  mining  a  short  time,  took  a  land  claim  near  Loveland,  engaging  in  farm- 
ing and  stock-raising,  borrowing  money  to  make  the  first  purchase.  In  bS'J 
with  Mr  Herzinger,  he  built  the  wheat  elevator  at  Loveland.  He  also  estaii- 
lished  the  Bank  of  Loveland  the  same  year.  He  has  owned  5,000  cattle  at 
one  time,  and  now  raises  choice  breeds. 

John  L.  Herzinger,  bom  in  (Sermany  in  1834,  migrated  with  hi.s  parents 
in  1838,  and  was  brought  up  in  Mo.  Coming  toColorado  in  1871,  hemgageil 
in  merchandising  at  Boulder,  where  he  remamed  7  years,  when  he  removeil 
to  Loveland,  where  he  erected  the  first  house  in  1878. 

Arthur  H.  Patterson,  Ijom  in  Pa  in  1884,  came  to  Colorado  from  Kansas 
in  1868  in  company  with  William  F.  Cody,  or  Buffalo  Bill,  driving  an  dx- 
team.  He  had  no  regular  occupation  for  several  years,  but  in  IStltl  started 
a  saw-mill  at  Fort  Collins  for  government  contractors,  remaining  in  their  .sir- 
vice  until  1869,  when  he  purchased  tlieir  supply-store  and  began  bw-^iness  fur 
hiuiijelf,    tie  sold  out  oa  being  elected  county  clerk  iu  1870,  iu  which  ullice 


LAS  ANIMAS,  MESA,  MONTROSE. 


m 


Ijas  Animas  county  was  organized  in  1866,  and 
comprises  a  large  extent  of  country  in  the  south  and 
south-eastern  part  of  the  territory.  It  is  an  agricul- 
tural and  coal-producing   district,   and   excellent  in 

both." 

he  remained  three  years,  resigning  on  account  of  ill  health,  and  returning  to 
the  (lut-door  life  of  freighting  until  187C.  He  then  opened  an  agricultural- 
iinjiloineut  and  feed  store.  Ho  has  been  for  several  terms  a  member  of  the 
city  oniiucil. 

Jay  H.  Boughton,  a  prominent  man,  was  educated  for  the  bar,  began 
practice  in  1870  at  Cortland,  but  removed  to  Coloralo  and  settled  at  tort 
Cillinain  1872.  He  was  elected  county  attorney  in  1874,  and  county  judge 
in  1S70,  1878,  and  1880;  president  of  the  school  board  in  1879,  1882,  and 
ISS5;  and  for  several  ye.ars  was  membei-  of  the  city  council. 

Andrew  Armstrong,  born  in  Ireland  in  1825,  immigrated  to  the  U.  iS.  in 
18.39,  residing  in  New  York  city  until  187.*^,  when  he  came  to  Colorado  on 
account  of  failing  health.  He  settled  at  Fort  Collins,  -which  at  that  time 
hiiJ  200  inhabitants,  bought  reivl  estate,  and  realized  satisfactory  returns. 

Cliarles  P.  Miller,  born  in  Mich,  in  185."),  graduated  from  the  medical  de- 
liartineut  of  the  state  university  as  a  homeoi)athic  pliysician  in  1877,  and  re- 
iiuivud  to  Colorado  the  following  j'ear,  there  to  practise  his  profession.  The 
tiiwin  and  settlements  are  as  follows:  Ada  Spring,  Borthoud,  Bf)X  Elder, 
JJruiich  Cafion,  Buckhorn,  Burns  Station,  Chambers,  Colorado  Junction,  Cow 
(Veck,  Crescent,  Elkhorn,  Elkliorn  Kancho,  E.stes  Park,  Fall  River,  Farrar 
llim>e,  Ferguson  Rancho,  Fossil  Creek,  Home,  Horse-shoe  Lake,  Hupps 
ilaiicho.  Lamb's  House,  Laporte,  Lily  Lake,  Little  Thompson,  Livermore, 
Lone  Pine,  Loveland,  McGregor  Hotel,  McLaughlin  Rancho,  Michigan, 
Moraine,  Mugen  Gulch,  Namaqua,  North  Fork,  Otis,  Pinkhamton,  Pinewood, 
i'olhick's.  Raw  House,  Round  Butte,  Rustic,  Sprague's  House,  Spring  Cafion, 
Spring  Gulch,  St  Louis,  Taylor,  Timber  Creek,  Tyner,  Virginia  Dale,  Wal- 
deii,  \\'lieatland,  Wliyte  Rancho,  Willow  Park,  and  Winonac. 

"  Tlie  wheat  yield  exceeds  150,000  bushels  annually,  corn  110,000,  and 
oats  200,000  bushels.  It  has  60,000  head  of  cattle,  142,702  sheep,  0,210 
liorses  and  mules,  the  value  of  which  exceeds  one  million  dollars.  The  county 
was  assessed  in  1883  on  $.3,()54,987,  without  its  mines,  mining  land,  and 
crops.  Its  Cf>al-field  is  50  miles  square,  anil  the  coal  of  the  best  quality  for 
lieatiiig  or  cooking  purposes.  As  much  of  the  coal  found  in  other  parts  of 
the  state  does  not  coke,  this  is  in  demand,  and  the  coke-ovens  of  El  More 
ami  Trinidad  furnish  large  quantities  to  tlic  smelters  of  Pueblo,  Denver,  and 
Leailville.  The  production  of  the  mines  in  188.3  was  .370,080  tons,  worth 
aliout  .'<8.'13,000.  There  were  produced  136,000  tons  of  coke,  and  20,000  tons 
('f  iron  ore,  which  is  worked  by  the  Colorado  Coal  and  Iron  company  at 
Puclilo.  Limestone,  hydraulic  lime,  building  stone,  cement,  grind-stones,  and 
silica  are  among  the  mineral  deposits  of  the  county.  Tlie  population  is 
10,(100.  Trinidad,  with  3,500  inhabitants,  is  the  county  seat.  Its  altitude  is 
ti.iX).")  feet.  It  is  an  ol<l  Mexican  town,  but  nnich  modernized.  The  business 
lioiiscs  are  of  stone  and  brick;  it  has  schools,  churches,  secret  orders,  hotels, 
lianks,  and  newspapers  like  any  American  city.  El  Moro,  live  miles  from 
Trinidad,  has  a  few  hundred  inhabitants.  Barela  and  Starkville  have  each 
m,  and  Apishapa  200. 

Casimero  Barela,  a  member  of  the  mercantile  house  of  Barela  and  Wilcox 
at  Kl  Moro,  and  of  the  house  of  C.  Barela  &  Co.  at  Trinidad,  is  a  man  of 
note  ill  Las  Animas  county.  Born  ivt  El  Embuda,  Rio  Arrilia  co.,  N.  M.,  in 
1^47,  he  received  his  education  from  Bishop  Salpointe  of  Mora,  and  at  the 
ajre  of  20  years  camo  to  Colorado  in  search  of  something  to  do,  having  already 
inarricil  .losefa  Ortiz.  He  began  life  as  a  freighter.  In  1870  he  was  elected 
u:i9e6:iur  of  Las  Animas  county;  iu  1872  and  1874  he  represented  the  county 


1     Ml 


COUNTIES  OP  COLORADO. 


Mesa  county  was  ort^anized  in  1883,  from  the  west- 
ern portion  of  Gunnison,  bordering  on  Utah.  It  is 
for  the  most  part  an  agricultural  and  grazing  country, 
with  largo  bods  of  coal.  As  a  fruit-growing  region  it 
is  likely  to  surpass  the  counties  east  of  the  Kockv 
mountains,  and  has  already  extensive  nurseries.  Granil 
valley,  supplied  with  water  from  the  Grand  river,  in 
irrigating  ditches,  is  an  extraordinarily  rich  region. 
70,000  acres  of  which  were  made  cultivable  by  irri- 
gation in  1882-83.  The  climate  is  delightful,  tlie  aUi- 
tude  being  4,500  feet.  Large  herds  of  cattle  and 
sheep  are  pastured  in  the  county,  which  had  a  popu- 
lation of  about  3,000  when  organized." 

j\tontrose  county,  organized  at  the  same  time,  out 
of  the  south-west  corner  of  Gunnison,  is  drained  by 
the  Rio  Dolores,  San  Miguel,  and  other  afHuents  of 
the  Grand  and  Gunnison  rivers.  Its  eastern  portion 
contains  extensive  beds  of  coal,  and  probably  other 
minerals  and  metals.  The  Uncompahgre  valley  is  a 
fine  agricultural  district,  bordered  by  the  lofty  uiesas 
which  are  a  distinctive  feature  of  western  Ct)](>ra(l(;. 
The  valuation  of  property  in  this  county  in  IBS.)  was 
estimated  at  :$575,448,  and  its  population  at  altout 
2,800.  ^lontrose,  the  county  seat,  had  tiien  300 
inhabitants,  Cimarron   100,  Brown    100;  and  there 

ill  the  territorial  legislature,  being  also  elected  slierifTin  the  latter  yi'ar.  In 
1875  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  ami  in  tliu 
following  year  was  elected  to  the  first  state  senate,  drawing  the  1  mg  terin. 
Being  a  democrat  in  politics,  ho  was  chosen  delegate  at  largo  to  tlio  diiun- 
cratic  national  convention  at  Cincinnati  in  1880,  and  again  electod  to  t.;t' 
state  senate.  In  1881  he  was  elected  treasurer  of 'Las  Animas  county.  He 
became  a  member  of  one  of  the  largest  stock  companies  in  the  .state,  with 
the  largest  iicrds  and  the  best  breeds.  The  minor  settlements  are  .Miali'a. 
Apishpa  Station,  Barnes,  Bent  Caflon,  Carriso,  Chilelila.  Cordova,  l>avi<, 
Dodsonvillo,  Karle,  Kagle,  (lonzales,  Grinnell,  Hoehnc's,  Hog  B.n'k,  lloloiu 
Prairie,  Hole  in  Rook,  Las  Tijeras.  Linwood,  Luoero,  Morley,  North  SiiliiiL,', 
Pedros  Cohu-adus,  Placita,  Purgatoire,  Pulaski,  Raton,  Red  Rock,  San  Trail- 
cisco,  San  Isidro,  .San  .lose,  San  Pedro,  Spring  Vialley,  Stockvillc,  Stoniwall, 
Straiiije,  Tojara,  Torrichero,  Thatcher,  Toll  Gate,  Tyrone,  ami  Vil''!. 

'*  riie  county  seat  is  at  Grand  Junction,  which  has  had  a  rapid  L'rowtli, 
and  is  destined  to  be  an  important  railroad  centre.  In  1S8S  it  had  '.'.(HKI  in- 
habitants, two  weekly  newspajiers,  five  churches,  three  schools,  aini  mILit 
features  of  advanced  .><ocioty.  The  use  of  brick  in  building  gives  an  air  nl 
permaiioncv  to  tlie  improvements.  The  assessable  property  of  the  ■■..iiiitv  in 
188;?  was  ??%."),  144.  Kruita  had  between  :VW  and  4()()inhabitaiit-i,  M, -a  '\M. 
Arlington  lOU.  Whitewater,  Kahuah,  and  Bridgeport  were  railroad  ijtatiuusi. 


OURAY,  PARK.  PITKIN, 


were  a  few  other  incipient  towns,  but  the  population 
is  rhietly  bucolic. 

Diiray  county,  organized  in  1877,  at  which  time  it 
0()iiii>riscd  a  large  extent  of  territory,  has  been  cut 
down,  and  had  its  boundaries  changed,  until  it  now 
(H't'Ui)ies  a  small  portion  of  the  eastern  part  of  its 
foiiiier  domain.  In  1881  Dolores  was  set  off.  In 
1882  Uncomjmhgre  was  taken,  partly  from  the  east- 
em  side  of  Ouray,  and  inirtlv  from  Gunnison." 

Park  county,  organized  in  18GI,  covers  nearly  1,000 
sijuure  miles  in  the  geogra[)hical  and  metal-producing 
centre  of  the  state.  South  i>ark,  whicli  it  includes, 
has  an  elevation  of  8,842  feet,  and  the  average  alti- 
tude of  the  whole  count v,  which  embraces  a  number 
of  liigh  peaks,  is  10,000  feet.  It  contains  ten  or  more 
iniiiiiig  districts,  each  differing  from  the  other,  some 
coutaiuing  fissure  veins,  sonie  contact  lodes,  otliers 
blanket  or  bedded  deposits.  The  mineral  belt  is 
twenty-five  miles  long  by  five  in  width.  Placer  min- 
iiujf  has  not  failed  in  this  count'',  where  the  hydraulic 
pnsci'ss  has  yet  to  be  apjdied  to  jdaccr  ground.  Besides 
ifold  and  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  coal,  and  salt  are 
produced." 

'■■^In  188."?  Uncompahgro  county  wascliangeil  to  Ouray,  and  Ouray  to  San 
Migiu'l.  Ouray  is  altogetlior  ca  mining  county.  The  ]>o|inlution  in  1S8.S  was 
'.',800,  iind  assessable  valuation  $4Si?,lKt.1;  l)ut  in  1SS4  the  local  newsiiapcra 
ijretlictiMl  a  Inillion  outimt  of  ^,000,000.  Rod  Mountain  district  produced 
?1,0(K).000  in  188S,  ahout  one  third  of  which  was  gold,  and  the  greater  juir- 
tiiin  of  which  was  from  one  i.iine,  the  Yankee  girl.  The  districts  of  Pougli- 
keeiisic  (iidch.  Mount  Sneffles,  Uncomiialiu're.  an<l  Inicincm.  R'lsin  were  also 
Lusjily  productive.  Ctuil  mining  had  only  l>egun  ahout  tliis  time.  Ouray 
w;is  tlio  County  seat,  with  500  inhaliitiints.  It  is  named  after  the  Ute  ciiicf, 
fur  whiise  friendship  the  white  people  were  grateful,  at  a  time  when  his 
wnnl  iiiiijlit  liave  precipitated  war.  Its  situation,  at  the  western  eiul  of  the 
L'iiO(miii:ihgrc  caflou,  is  on  the  Pacific  slope  of  the  continent,  at  an  elevation 
of  7,l>4(>  feet,  in  a  round  park,  with  rocky  liei^hts  ;ill  al'out  it  of  exceeding 
grandeur  ancl  istartling  wddness.  Three  miles  btdow  ( (uray  the  valley  is  cul- 
tivalijo.  In  all  res[)ects  this  mountain-walled  town  is  like  the  cities  of  the 
I'liins,  witli  stores,  churches,  school.s,  newspapers,  ipiartz-mills,  smelters, 
s:uiHiliiig-\vork.%  and  concentrators.  It  is  reached  liy  a  hranch  from  the 
iVnver  and  Rio  Grande  from  Montrose.  There  are  hot  sulphur  springs  a  few 
miles  troui  Ouray.  Ahout  one  mile  soutli  is  the  fanumsm-neral  farm,  which 
has  already  been  mentioned,  discovered  in  1875.  Red  Mountain  City  had 
aliimt  the  same  population  in  l.SS.T  that  Ouray  had:  Ophir  "JtK),  Ironton  l.M), 
I'lrtlaiiil  1(H),  Mount  Sneffles  100;  Aurora,  HotTman,  Windham,  and  half  a 
iliMi'u  liainlets,  less. 

'"Salt  waa  made  from  saline  sprin;.;s  in  Park  county,  which  cont.ain  from 


630 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


;  !' 


Pitkin  county,  named  after  Governor  Pitkin,  wag 
organized  in  1881,  being  set  oft'  from  Gunnison,  with 
a  fair  division  of  the  indebtedness  of  the  elder  countv. 
It  embraces  the  mining  region  about  the  headwaters 
of  Roaring  fork  of  Grand  river,  which  produreil 
between  1879  and  1884,  $550,000  in  gold  and  silver." 

Pueblo  county  was  organized  in  18G1,  and  nmch  of 
its  history  appeared  in  ])revious  chapters.  Its  first 
commissioners  were  O.  H.  P.  Baxter,  K.  L.  Wooteii, 
and  William  Chapman.  At  the  first  county  election 
Chapman  was  chosen  probate  judge,  and  John  B. 
Rice  sheriff!"     The  first  term  of  court  in  the  couiitv 

6to  14  percent  sjvlt.  Tliey  were  first  located  and  improved  by  Cliarles  L. 
Hall,  who  manufactured  salt  in  18G1-.3.  A  company  was  formeil  in  18(14, 
J.  Q.  A.  Rollins  at  the  head,  and  Hall  superintendent.  Woriis  custiiif,' 
$25,000  were  erected,  and  the  manufacture  carried  on  until  the  coinplctifniui 
railroads,  which  transported  salt  more  cheaply  thau  it  could  he  nuulo  iiiCul- 
orado,  caused  the  works  to  bo  closed.  1  his  information  is  taken  froiii  X.  T. 
Bond's  Edrly  Hkt.  Colorwlo,  Moutnun,  andlila/io,  MS.,  21-2.  As  a  liistdi-y  (it 
Park  CO.  it  is  very  complete.  The  Hartsel  mineral  springs,  named  afttTtlicir 
discoverer  and  locator,  are  noted  for  their  healing  qualities.  From  4(),0(l(> 
to  50,000  cattle,  5,000  horses,  and  10,000  sheep  are  grazed  in  Sontli  park. 
The  bullion  output  of  1883  was  §400,000,  many  of  the  mines  btiiijr  idlu. 
The  county  was  assessed,  not  including  mining  property,  at  $1,91 1,  l(i(i.  Tiio 
population  was  5,000.  Fair  Play,  tlie  county  seat,  has  800  inhabitants,  Ahno, 
aOO,  Como  5oO. 

Abraham  Bergh,  bom  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  in  1835,  came  to  Colorado  in 
1859,  locating  himself  in  South  park.  He  erected  the  fir  it  house  in  Fair 
riay,  wliere  he  has  been  a  hotel-keeiKir  and  merchant,  as  well  as  miiuT  ainl 
owner  in  valual)le  mining  property.  He  was  elected  to  the  general  assi'inliiy 
in  1882,  and  again  in  1884.  The  towns  and  settlements  of  Park  comity  iint 
named  above  are  Alma,  Arthur,  Astroville,  Bailey,  Bentley's,  Bordi'iivillc, 
Buffalo  Springs,  Como,  Dudley,  East  Leadvillc,  E-.t.ibrook,  Pairvillc,  (iam, 
Grant,  (Juirds,  Ouyrand's  Park,  Hamilton,  Hall  Valley,  Hartscl,  Hollauil, 
Horse  Shoe,  Hubliard,  Jefferson,  Jones  .Saw-mill,  Kenosha,  I.one  Kmk 
Rancho,  Mountaindale,  Mullenville,  Park,  Park  Place,  Platte  Cnissiiii.', 
Platte  River,  Platte  Station,  Rocky,  Sacramento,  SaltWorks.Spring  Kandio, 
Slaght,  Sulphur  Springs,  Summit,  Tie  Sidiug,  Webster,  Webber's  Saw-iiiill, 
and  Weston. 

"The  valley  of  Roaring  fork  is  also  a  good  grazing  country.  Absence  uf 
the  means  of  transportation  has  retarded  the  development  of  thoniiiiL's,  one 
of  which,  the  Smuggler,  is  widely  known.  The  population  in  It'.SH  was  esti- 
mated at  2,500,  and  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  county  $319,107.  Aspon, 
the  county  seat,  is  situated  at  the  conHuence  of  Castle,  Hunter,  and  Marenn 
creeks  with  Roaring  fork.  It  had  a  population  of  750  in  1883,  aii<l  was  a 
t'ariving  business  centre  for  the  county.  Ashcroft,  above  it  on  the  ri\cr,  i.''l 
about  600  inhabitants,  and  Indeixsndence  250,  Sparkhill  100;  besides  w  licii 
there  were  Highland,  Massive  City,  and  Sidney. 

>*Stow,  in  his  Gciwral  Vkii)  of  Colorado,  MS.,  says  that  one  of  the  origiial 
town  companj',  J.  F.  Snuth,  was  the  first  police  magistrate,  ami  that  N(  I 
Cozzens,  a  cousin  of  Fred  S.  Cozzens,  author  of  the  Sp<trrmi''irii<^  J'"]"!', 
was  another.  William  H.  Young  and  William  H.  Greeu  were  a  No  of  Uw 
company.    Duell  and  Boyd  were  the  surveyors. 


PUEBLO. 


631 


m,  was 
n,  with 
county, 
chvuti'is 
roduci'd 
silver." 
nmch  of 
[ts  first 
Vooten, 
election 
John  B. 
t  comity 

■  ("liark's  L. 
10(1  ill  IStil, 
iirks  co.stin^ 
oiniilctidii  nf 
niiuloiuC'il- 
I  fnnii  N.  T. 
!  a  liistury  oi 
ill  after  their 
From  4().0(l() 
Simtli  park. 
]>v\u)l  itUe. 
Ill,  ICC).  Til.' 
itant.s,  Alma 

Colorado  in 
ou.su  ill  Fair 
s  jiiim-r  ami 
ral  asst'iiilily 
county  iii't 
Jonk'UvilU', 
villi',  Uani, 
|el,  HoUau'l. 
jOlie  Kmk 
;e  Oos.siiiL', 
|iiig  llauflin, 
a  Saw-:iiiil. 

1  Al)s«iice  iif 
3iiiiiiL's,  one 
Is;?  was  t'sti- 
1)7.  Aspi'ii, 
Lnil  MariMiu 
,  aii<l  w;w  * 
Ic  river,  .."1 
|si  Jus  w  lieh 

jtho  origii  al 
|l  that  X>  I 

lal-ioof  t!i>' 


was  held  by  A.  A.  Bradford,  in  a  house  belonging  to 
A.  (t.  Boone,  on  the  lower  end  of  Santa  Fe  avenue, 
Pueblo.  An  adobe  building  was  subsequently  erected 
on  the  same  avenue  near  Third  street  for  a  court- 
house.    No  jail  was  erected  until  18C8,  when  a  stone 

huilding  was  rented  to  the  county  by  R.  N.  Daniels 
for  that  purpose,  which  served  until  tlie  commission- 
ers soon  after  erected  a  brick  jail  on  Court-house 
wjuare,  which  was  in  use  until  1880,  when  the  pres- 
ent prison  was  completed.** 


r,  'I 


Sllrer 


North  Dounduy  of  New  Mexioo 


Las  Anima-s  GKAxr. 


"  Punbln  county  has  no  mines  except  of  coal,  and  ia  therefore  classed  with 
the  ai^ricultural  counties.  Ita  inhabitants  in  ita  earlier  ycara  lived  by  grow- 
ing provisions,  which  they  sold  to  the  miners  outfitting  for  the  mountaina. 
.\t  present  stock-raising  ia  followed  equally  with  farming.  The  beautiful 
HermiMillo  rancho  of  the  Colorado  Cattle  company,  covering  91,000  acres, 
lies  in  this  county,  twenty  niilea  south  of  Pueblo  City.  It  belongs  to  an  or- 
gani/ation  of  eastern  capitalists,  and  grazea  an  immense  number  of  cattle. 
Tlii.s  rancho  is  a  part  of  the  Laa  Animaagra^t.  It  was  obtained  by  Ceran  St 
Vraiii  and  Comelio  Vigil,  of  the  governor  of  New  Mexico  in  1844,  and  com- 
liriseil  all  the  country  north  of  the  fieaubien  grant  in  N.  M.  as  far  as  the 
.Irkansas  river,  and  netween  the  Laa  Animaa  and  the  St  Charles  tributariea. 
The  U.  S.  government  reduced  the  grant  subsequently  to  11  leagues.  Apart 
'if  it  was  called  the  Nolan  grant,  and  wag  sold  to  the  company  which  laid 
<ii!t  .south  Pueblo.  There  is  still  some  question  as  to  the  rights  of  heira  of  the 
original  grantee  1.  The  amount  of  wheat  rai.jed  in  Pueblo  county  in  1883 
Was  l(),(j!)G  bushels,   which  placed  it  in  the  fifth  rank  of  wheat-producing 


^'\m]t 


■  iTiij  I 


!  .  '    .■.      ■  I  ' 


;Kii:! 


;!?e! 


632 


COUNTIES  OF  COLOUADO. 


Kio  Grande  county  was  establislied  in  1874.  Tt  is 
situated  on  tlio  west  side  of  San   Luis  park,  and  is 

counties,  Bouldur,  8an  Miguel,  Larimnr,  and  Jeffcrxon,  in  tho  onlur  licrt- 
given,  I)eing  the  leading  wncat-grDwing  districts.  In  coni-growing  I'iuIjIi, 
ranked  tliird.  Weld  and  Boulder  taking  the  lead.  I'ueMo  liad  'Ji:{,7^tl  ac'i'(.'.4 
of  ;)a8ture-land,  huing  only  a  little  leas  than  Kl  I'aso,  Weld,  and  Kll>ei't;  luit 
it  had  i)2,422  acres  under  irrigation,  which  M-a8  more  than  otiier  county,  auA 
irrigation  in  likely  at  any  time  to  change  jKisture  into  farming  lands.  Tim 
county  contained  50,000  cattle,  75,000  sheep,  and  5,(>00  other  domestic  aui- 
nmls.  Tho  population  has  increased  from  7,017  in  JSSO  to  20,000  in  Iss;}, 
and  tho  total  aaacssablo  valuation  was  i6'7,2iJti,4±2.  Like  almost  every  cdiiiity 
in  tlic  state,  it  has  hot  mineral  springii. 

Tlio  town  of  Puoblo,  tiie  county  seat  since  1861,  had  a  population  in  ISSO 
of  3,.SI7,  and  south  Pueldo,  on  tho  opposite  side  of  the  Arkansas  river,  1,443, 
or  4,700  altogether.  Together  they  had,  three  years  later,  four  times  tliat 
amount  of  population,  and  were  practically  one  city,  althougli  still  keeping 
up  separate  municipal  governments.  OldPueldois  handsomely  laid  out.  with 
on  abundance  of  water  and  shade-trees,  churches,  scIkkiIs,  nowsrapers,  luniks, 
a  board  of  trade,  places  of  public  amusement,  founderies,  mdls,  smultiiig- 
works,  water-works,  gas-works,  and  street  railroails.  The  county  buildings 
are  among  the  best  in  tho  state.  The  state  a.sylum  for  the  insane  is  Incatuil 
here.  I  navo  a  dictation  from  P.  R.  Thombs,  who  is  suiKsrintcndent  of  the 
insane  asylum.  He  was  in  Colorado  liefore  the  settlement,  and  acijuainted 
with  the  famous  traders  and  guides,  Bridger,  Carson,  and  others.  Me  is  a 
man  of  fino  physique,  medium  size,  fearless  and  genial.  Hegavemc  some  l>its 
of  early  history  in  his  Mexican  Coh-iiulo,  M.S.,  which  I  have  incorporattil  in 
my  work.  The  legislature  of  1879-80  authorized  the  establishntent  of  tliu 
asylum,  making  the  necessary  appropriation  for  their  supjHirt  by  a  tax  of  one 
fifth  of  a  mill  upon  all  taxable  property.  Previous  to  this  dateeaeli  comity 
had  taken  charge  of  its  own  lunatics,  for  which  they  ^ere  reimbursed  liy  tiio 
state.  Pueblo  obtained  the  location  by  donating  the  land  required — lOacns. 
The  board  of  commissioners  appointed,  James  Macdonald,  Theotlore  F.  Urowii, 
and  J.  B.  Romero,  purchased  the  residence  of  C^orge  M.  Cliileott,  luar 
Pueblo,  which  sorveclfor  a  beginning,  but  the  next  legislature  appropriated 
§60,000  for  the  erection  of  a  new  building,  which  not  being  sufficient,  >SO,l)00 
was  appropriated  in  1883  to  enlarge  and  furnish  the  asylum.  A  part  of  M 
Pueblo  was  entered  under  the  act  of  congress  of  March  2,  1867,  by  Mark  U, 
Bradford,  probate  judge  of  Pueblo  co.,  in  trust  for  the  occujwints.  On  Jan. 
19,  1809,  the  present  title  to  that  portion  wa.s  derive<l  from  the  United  States 
through  him.  Another  portion  was  entered  by  the  county  at  the  same  time. 
The  town  was  incorporated  March  22,  1870.  Tlie  trustees  appointeil  were: 
George  A.  Hinsdale,  M.  G,  Bradford,  James  Rice,  H.  C.  Thatcher,  ami  H. 
H.  Cooper.  The  first  town  election  was  held  in  April.  It  was  nierixcil  in  a 
city  organization  in  March  1873.  The  first  city  election  was  held  April  7th 
of  that  year,  when  James  Rice  was  elected  mayor,  and  U.  P.  Haysliji,  ().  H. 
P.  Baxter,  H.  M.  Morse,  and  Weldon  Keeling  aldermen.  In  1^71  tlio 
county  voted $100,000  in  bonds  to  aid  the  D.  &  R.  (i.  R.  R.,  ratluv  than 
have  it  go  south  via  Caflon  City,  which  was  threatened.  In  tliis  same  year 
the  U.  S.  land-office  was  opened  at  Pueblo,  with  Wheeler  as  register,  ami  .M. 
G.  Bradford  receiver.  The  Pueblo  People  was  also  first  issued  this  year  in 
Sept.,  with  Hinsdals  editor,  the  offi«:e  being  the  n.  e.  comer  of  Fourth  and 
Summit  streets.  Its  material  was  sold  m  1874  to  the  proprietors  ni  the 
Chie*lain,  its  successor.  Tho  county  court-honse  was  completed  in  187-,  and 
was  paid  for  from  the  sale  of  lots  in  a  quarter-section  of  land  preemjited  by 
the  county  authorities,  and  filed  as  an  addition  to  the  city,  costing  the  tax- 
payers nothing.  The  successors  to  Mayor  Rice  were  John  R.  Lowtlier,  M. 
I).  Thatcher,  W.  H.  Hyde,  and  George  Q.  Richmond.  In  1874  t\w  pri  sent 
UoUy  system  of  water-worka  was  completed,  at  a  cost  to  tho  city  of  "^130,- 


RIO  GRANDE. 


wiitcrotl  by  the  Rio  Grande  river.     The  western  por- 
tion of  the  county  Hes  in  the  San  Juan  iiiountain»,  in 


SiMiii  iiftur  a  tire  departineiit   Mas  orsaiiiztid,  coitMiatiiig  (if  two  Iiohc  coiii- 

[iiiiiiM  ami  a  lioi)k  aiiii  laiUlur,  W.  11.    Ala 

and  .\i-kaiiHa.s  valley  railroa(l,c<miiucting  with  the  Atchison, Topt'ka.und  Siiiita 


iXN),  tlio  contract  Insing  let  to  the  National  Building  company  of  St  Louis. 

consisting  of  two  hose  com- 
laconiii  cliiuf.     In    ltS7'>  tliu    I'uclilo 
I'oiifk 
Fi',  was  completed  to  Pueblo,  giving  it  a  road  to  the  east.     The  county  suli- 
xi'I'iIilmI  .'<>3.~)U,(M)U  to  this  road,  ami  its  opening  was  the  occasion  of  a  monster 
excursion  from  all  parts  of  Colorado,  and  from  Kansas,   the   rejoicings  last 
iiig  t'lir  two  da^s.     The  tirst  handsome  public  school  Imilding  was  erected  in 
IS^il,  tliu  district  voting  5jl4,000  in  bonds.     The  trustee,    after  realizing  the 
iiiDiuy,  left  tlio  country,  aud  the  county  was  ^14,000  poorer.     Matlier  it 
(itiist  iTccteil  large  smclting-works  in  1878,  which  treat  ores   from  all  parts 
of  the  state,  and  employ  about  oOO  men.     The  methodist  church  bouth  began 
ill  |SS4  to  organize  a  college  at  I'ueblo,  which  ia  meeting  fairencourngcinent. 
.Sdutli  Puelilo  is  a  manufacturing  town,  the  seat  of  the  Colorado  Coal  and 
Imii  company's  works,  one  of  the  most  extensive  of  the  kind  in  the  Uniteil 
.■^tiviL-i,  where  iron  and  steel  mauutactures  are  carried  on.     The  works  cover 
40  iicrus  of  area,   and  the  other  buildings  of  the  company  400  acres  more. 
Tlio  town   was   founded  by  the  Central  Colorado    Improvement   company, 
whuso  officers  were  the  officers  of  the  I).  &  R.  G.  Co.,  and  which  was  subse- 
i|iit'ntly  merged  in  the  Colorado  Coal  and  Iron  company.      According  to  M. 
Sliolilou  of  south  Pueblo  the  D.  &  R.  G.  Co.  agreeit  to  build  a  station  on  the 
imrtli  side  of  the  river  should  the  county  vote  the  required  amount  in  bonds 
ti)  lu'lp  construct  the  road.     Having  an  opportunity,  in  187'2,  to  purclia^e 
4S,()()0  acres  of  the  Nolan  grant,  they  took   the  name  of  Central  Colorado 
Improvement  company,  founded  a  town  on  the  south  side,  and  removes  the 
terminus  of  the  railroad  to  that  site.     Mlieldon  was   born  in  Trund)ull  ~:o., 
0!ii(i,  in  1844.     He  came  io  Colorado  in    1872  for  his  health.  <So?'M  Piiehlo, 
M.">.     Tliere  are  1,000  acres  laid  out  in  town  lots,  with  wide  streets,  bor- 
(lorcil  with  trees,  which  are  irrigated  by  tiny  canals.     The  town  has  a  mayor, 
lioiu'il  of  aldermen,  new.spaper.s,  and  post-office  of  its  own.     The  only  thing 
.slmruil  in  common  between  tlie   towns  is  gas,  the  new  town  illumiiiating 
from  tlic  gasworks  of  north  Pueblo.     Taking  them  together  as  one,  Pueblo  is 
the  natural  centre  of  commerce  and  railroads  for  south-eastern  Colorado,  the 
(leimt  of  merchandise,  and  convenient  seat  of  manufactures  for  an  immcn.se 
region.     These  advantages,  with  the  resources  already  named,  are  sufficient 
to  maintain  a  large  city.  There  are  no  other  considerable  towns  in  the  county. 
Sloiii:\i  Liiiul  Oritiitu  in  Coh,    4-6;  GrtHf\    Colo,  47-51;  Jidcr-OriiDi,   Jan.    10, 
lySli;  HiH-k-j/  Mtn  Xc.ws,  May  7,  1870;   The  Piichlos,  anil  I'mhln  Co.,  Colo,  being 
a  history  of  the  twin  cities;  south  Pueblo  Ptu-lih  ('ollei/iiili'  IndiUUv,  I'rnnjm-tux. 
\S.  \V.  Strait,  born  in  Pa  in  1839,  came  from  Min.  to  Colorado  in  1870,  and 
kept  the  Grand  Central  hotel  iu  south  Pueblo  for  a  year  and  a  half.     From 
him  I  obtained  a  manuscript.    The   Pueldnx.     James   Rice,   born   in   Vt  iu 
1S;J0,  came  to  Colorado  in  1808,  locating  himself  at  Pueblo,  engaging  in  the 
hook  aud  stationery  business.     From  him,  also,  I  gathered  some  interesting 
details.  PolUira  in  .Puc.hh,  MS.     The  towns  and   settlements  not  named  are 
.Agate,  Anderson  s  Rancho,  Andersonville,  Barry  Rancho,   Baxter,  Beulaii, 
BiKiiR'villo,    Cactus,    Chico,    Cody     Rjincho,   Cook   Rancho,   D.'g's  Rancho, 
I'liylo'i  Mill,  Dry  Rancho,  Fosdick's  Rancho,  Four-mile  Rancho,  Goodnight, 
'•ranero.s,  Greenhorn,  Holliday  Rancho,  Horn  Rancho,    Huerfano,  Jackson, 
Jiiiie-i'  Kaucho,  Juniata,  Langley  Rancho,  McClellan's  Rancho,  McHhaney's 
Kaiieho,  Meadows,  Mace's  Hole,    Merrie's  Rancho,  Mexican  Plaza,    Muddy 
I' reek,  Nada,  Nepesta,  Old  Fort  Reynolds,  Osage  Avenue,  Parnassus  Springs, 
I'eck's  Rancho,  Pifion,  Pond,  Robinett  Rancho,  San  Carlos,  Skeeter  Ranclio. 
i^pring  Lake  Rancho,  St  Charles,  Sulphur  Springs,   Swallows,  Table  Moun- 
tain, Taylorville,    Uudercliffe,  Walker  Rancho,  Wilson's  Rancho,    Wood 
Va!!ty. 


i'  .''\m 


;im,:, 


COUNTIES  OF  ( OLORADO. 


a  ricli  mineral  rocrion.  Its  nisourcts  are  alioutecjuallv 
divided  between  mining  and  agriculture.     Tlie  Suni 

Peter  K.  Dotsnn,  Iwrn  in  Va  in  1823,  croHsoil  tlie  plains  from  IiKleiicnd. 
ence,  Mo.,  in  1S.">1,  inten<ling  to  go  to  Cal.,  l)ut  HtomHid  at  Salt  Lake,  where 
lie  was  employed  a  few  months  in  running  a  distillery  for  Hrigli;iiii  Wmwii. 
The  followiiig  year  he  was  engaged  hy  aa  express  and  mail  conipiiny  as  .weiiti 
which  position  ho  held  for  9  years.  In  IS'w  ho  wiis  eommissioiiud  U.  s! 
inarthal  for  Utah,  hut  l>ein(j  <irtU!red  away  from  the  territory  hy  HelHr  Kim- 
ball in  IS.'iT,  he  went  to  Washington,  and  came  with  tiie  army  of  Joliusi.ii 
to  Utah.  He  came  to  Colorado  in  ItkiO,  ami  settled  at  Fountain  City,  (ikiw 
Puehlo)  and  commenced  the  Imsincss  of  cattle-raising.  I  took  a  hricf  ditta- 
tion  from  him  called  DotMon'n  Dohii/ti,  MS.  One  of  the  pioneers  of  I'licl,!,, 
county  is  here  briefly  menti<med:  J.  W.  Lester,  bom  in  Pa  in  IH'.'.S;  owns 
240  acres  of  land  on  the  Arkansas  river  l>el(iw  Florence. 

.lacob  A.  Betts,  born  in  Md  in  18,T(),  was  a  tailor  bytra<le.  He  wentfirst 
to  Central  City  on  coming  to  Colorado,  but  after  roving  from  gulch  tn  l'uIcIi 
for  some  time,  stopped  for  three  years  at  Greenhorn  in  Puehlo  co.,  and  was 
sheriff  of  the  co.  in  18<>4  and  18<)5.  iSubsequently  he  removed  to  I'liuMn, 
where  he  was  in  the  grocery  trade.  He  settled  in  tl>e  adjoining  county  of 
Fremont,  and  became  the  owner  of  740  acres  of  land,  and  herds  of  litirms 
and  cattle. 

Alva  Adams,  born  in  Wis.  in  1S50,  came  to  Colorado  in  1871,  and  worked 
at  first  on  the  railroad  at  common  laWir.  At  Colorado  Springs  he  helpttl  to 
erect  the  first  hotise,  remaining  at  that  place  three  years,  when  he  reinnviil 
to  south  Puehlo  and  engaged  in  hardware  business  for  two  years,  HcUing  uiit 
there  and  establishing  a  hardware  store  at  Del  Norte,  Rio  (irande  en.  In 
187()  he  started  a  branch  business  at  Alamosa,  returning  in  1878  to  I'uchld, 
leaving  the  branch  stores  in  charge  of  others,  and  commencing  a  wlidlesalu 
business  in  hardware  at  this  point.  He  was  elected  a  mem1>er  of  tliu  Hr.st 
state  legislature  from  Rio  Grande  co.,  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  city 
council  of  south  Pueblo,  and  later  elected  governor. 

Alfred  W.  Geist,  l)orn  in  Boston  in  1W8,  graduated  from  the  scientific 
department  of  Yale  college,  and  went  from  there  to  Mexico,  travelling' 
throughout  the  west,  studying  ores,  smelting  them,  and  looking  for  a  plaoe 
to  locate  a  smelting  establishment.  i  June  1878  he  broke  ground  at  I'uelili', 
starting  with  one  furnace.  The  folU  A'ing  year  two  more  were  erected.  Tiio 
business  increased  faster  than  his  capital,  conipellingthe  formation  of  a. stock 
company.  The  works  are  the  largest  in  the  world,  retpiiring  1,000  tuns  jur 
day  to  keep  all  the  furnaces  at  work.  They  employ  400  men,  and  tliu  com- 
pany paid  the  railway  for  freight  in  1884,  ^750,000.  Ores  from  every  part 
of  the  country  are  purchase)!,  and  the  pro<luct  goes  to  all  points  from  San 
Francisco  to  New  York. 

Henry  M.  Fosdick,  bom  in  Boston  in  1822,  was  educated  a  civil  engineer. 
He  came  to  Colorado  in  the  spring  of  1859,  and  assisted  to  lay  out  tlie  street,s 
of  Denver.  He  was  chairman  of  the  vigilance  committee  in  the  antunui  of 
that  year.  In  1861  he  purchased  a  section  of  land  in  £1  Paso  county,  and 
laid  off  the  town  of  Colorado  City,  but  afterward  sold  the  land  ti>  A.  Z. 
Sheldon.  He  was  with  Chivington  in  the  Sand  creek  Hght,  and  ju.stilies  liis 
course.  In'18G4  he  went  to  Pueblo,  and  assisted  in  laying  off  that  town.  In 
1806  he  purchased  1,000  acres  in  Pueblo  co.,  and  became  afarmer  and  stock- 
raiser. 

James  N.  Carlile  crossed  the  plains  with  an  ox-team  in  1859.  After  a  few 
days  at  Denver,  he  went  to  South  park,  where  he  mined  for  a  few  years.  He 
then  engaged  in  freighting  between  Denver  and  St  Joseph,  Denver  and  Mon- 
tana, and  Denver  and  Utah.  Then  in  1808,  in  partnership  witli  William 
Moore,  he  liecame  a  railway  contractor,  and  subsequently  went  to  farming 
and  stock-raising,  which  resulted  in  the  ownership  of  large  ranches  in  Pueblo 
CO.,  stocked  with  horses  and  cattle,  with  a  residence  in  south  Pueblo. 


ROUTT,  SAOUACJHK,  SAN  JUAN. 


G3S 


f'(iu;illy 
lo  Suiii- 

Tii(lcj)fcn(U 
akf.  wUvre 
am  Voiiiig, 
ly  ID4  ligciit, 
mud  U.  S. 
rlelHT  Kim- 
of  .lolmsiiii 
City,  (now 
brief  (liita- 
i  (.f  I'u.'lil.. 
18'JS;  owns 

[e  wentfirst 
Ich  to  L'lildi 
;o.,  aii(T  was 
I  to  Vuulild, 


■lis  ( 


County  (if 


f  liiirxt's 


and  worked 
he  huliiL'il  til 

lie  rfiuovuil 
9,  HL'Uiiig  mit 
Mide  Co.     In 

'8  to   I'uclilo, 

'  a  wiiolesak' 
p  of  tlie  tirst 
;lic  tirst  city 

he  Hcientitic 

r>,  travelling 

g  for  a  jiliiio 

idatl'ueMo, 

■rc'-'tcd.  Tlie 

on  of  a  stock 

000  tons  \M 

lid  the  cum- 

every  part 

is  from  J^an 

Ivil  engineer. 

\t  the  streets 
I  autumn  ot 
jcounty,  anil 
fill  ti>  A.  Z. 
IjHstiliesliis 
[at  town.  Ill 
Ir  and  stock- 


I  After  a  few 
years.  He 

er  ami  Mun- 
Ith  William 
Ito  farming 

OS  in  PueWo 

bUo. 


mit  district  is  one  of  tho  moat  important  in  soutliorn 
Colorado  for  ^old  mining.  Tluiro  are  several  stamp- 
niills  in  the  district,  wiiich  have  produceh  for  several 
years  from  $200,000  to  $400,000  per  annum.  Tho 
mines  furnish  an  excellent  market  for  the  farm  pro- 
ductions of  tho  fertile  San  Luis  valley. '* 

lioutt  county  in  tho  north-west  corner  of  the  state 
was  cut  off  from  (xrand  in  1877,  but  made  small  prog- 
ress until  the  removal  of  the  Utes  in  1882.  The 
population  the  following  year  was  500.  It  isaLi.iz- 
iiiLj  and  agricultural  district,  with  some  placer  njinos 
and  unworked  quartz  lodes.  The  assessed  valuation 
ill  1883  was  $241,504,  principally  in  stock  <  ittle. 
Steamboat  springs,  and   half  a  dozen  hamlets,  wen 

I.  W.  Stanton  '-''^  ■  ''orn  in  Pa  in  18.'}5.  At  tho  aj^o  of  'JO  years  he  niip'  .teil 
to  I'awnee  City,  Kan.,  and  was  there  wlien  the  tirst  Kansas  legislature  nmt, 
in  1^55.  Tho  following  year  he  removed  to  Iowa,  r'".naining  there  until 
18()0,  wh'  I  ho  came  to  Colorado,  driving  a  team.  From  Denver  ho  went  to 
Unsscll  giileh,  and  later  to  California  gulch,  returning  to  Denver  in  tho 
nutunin,  where  lie  entered  a  store  a.s  clerk.  In  the  spring  of  ISGl  he  walked 
to  Canon  City,  hut  finding  nothing  to  do  tiiere  returned  to  Denver,  and  M'as 
employed  as  clerk  in  the  itost-oHiec.  Ho  enlisted  in  tho  2(1  Colora«lo  infantry 
in  iSG'i,  and  wa^s  ordered  to  Leavenworth,  serving  until  18(i5.  When  nms- 
tered  out  lio  went  to  Washington,  where  he  remained  until  ho  obtained  the 
aiipointuient  of  register  in  the  land-otlice  at  Central  City  in  18G8.  In  1871 
lie  was  transferreil  to  tho  land-office  at  Pueldo.  In  1881  ho  was  appointed 
postmaster  at  Pueblo. 

-■"There  Mere  in  188.3,  30,000  cattle,  40,000  sheep,  and  20,000  horses  and 
mules  in  the  county.  Tho  population  was  3,000,  anil  the  as.sessed  valuation 
■*!,0K{,417.  Del  Norte,  the  county  seat,  was  tirst  settled  in  the  winter  of 
lS7l-7'2.  Tlie  populatioYi  in  18S3  was  800.  It  is  situated  at  a  point  where 
the  niounta.ins  from  the  north  and  south  approach  so  closely  to  the  river  as 
to  leave  only  an  elevated  l)ench,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  width  between  their 
rocky  cliffs,  on  the  southern  margin.  The  view  of  the  San  Luis  valley,  the 
tree-fringed  river  winding  below,  and  the  snow-crowned  peaks  of  the  Sangro 
(le  Cristo  range,  make  the  situation  delightfully  picturesque.  Del  Norte  has 
a  good  trade,  several  fine,  large  blocks  ot  stores,  built  of  stone,  where  whole- 
sale and  retail  merchandising  is  carried  on,  good  county  buildings,  schools,  a 
local  newspaper,  and  wide  streets,  shaded  by  rows  of  trees,  irrigated  after 
the  prevailing  custom  of  the  mountain  towns.  In  the  su'urbs  and  surround- 
ing country  there  is  a  considerable  Mexican  population,  which  is  domiciled 
in  Inmses  built  of  adol>e.  Timlnsr  is  abundant  in  the  mountains,  and  there 
are  a  numljer  of  saw-mills  in  the  county  run  by  water-power,  of  which  there 
is  an  abundance. 

Twenty-nine  miles  west  of  Del  Norte  is  the  romantic  summer  resort  of 
Wagon-wheel  gap,  where  there  are  hot  sulphur  springs;  w'titude  8,439  feet; 
climate  healthful.  The  name  comes  from  a  narrow  pass  of  several  miles 
thr(i\igh  a  range  of  mountains,  with  vertical  cliffs  from  500  to  1,500  i'eet  in 
height,  of  reddish-gray  sand  stone,  with  only  room  l)etween  them,  as  it  was 
supposed,  for  the  river  and  a  wagon -road.  Summitville  in  Summit  mining 
district  liad  in  1886  a  (Hipulatioii  of  400.  Jasper,  Adams*  Springs,  La  Loma 
M  \urte,  Lariat  Piedra,  and  South  Fork  are  small  villages. 


r  Mil! 


686 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


all  the  settic merits  at  this  time.     Hahn's  peak  is  the 
county  seat. 

Saguache  county  was  organized  in  1866.  Its  bound- 
aries  have  been  several  times  altered,  its  present  area 
comprising  3,200  square  miles,  the  principal  |)art  of 
which  is  agricultural  and  grazing  land.  Notwith- 
standing its  favorable  situation  in  the  centre  <»f  the 
state,  and  embracing  the  northern  portion  of  the  San 
Luis  valley,  it  is  very  little  developed." 

San  Juan  county,  organized  in  1876,  has  been  quite 
fully  spoken  of  in  a  previous  chapter.  The  discovcrit  s 
in  Lake  county,  which  followed  immediately  after  the 
San  Juan  country  had  taken  its  first  grand  start,  with- 
drew a  large  portion  of  its  population,  and  diverted 
capital  to  Leadville.  Its  original  area  has  also  been 
curtailed,  until  it  is  now  one  of  the  smallest  counties 
in  the  state,  and  strictly  devoted  to  mining,  altliou^h 
lumbering,  and  every  kind  of  milling  might  be  profit- 
ably carried  on  here,  timber  and  water  jxiwer  being 
abundant.  The  bullion  output  of  1883  was  $418,1)54, 
a  small  yield  for  a  county  with  so  many  good  mines. 
The  assessment  valuation,  which  excludes  mining; 
property,  was  $1,045,597.  The  population  of  the 
county  was  5,000.  The  town  of  Silverton  had  1,750 
inhabitants,  and  Animas  Forks  450.     Eureka,  'Mm- 

'■''Thia  neglect  was  owing  to  its  being  partly  coveretl  by  a  .Spanish  grant, 
which  was  sold  to  Europeans  who  had  not  attempted  to  make  it  protitalile. 
According  to  Wallihan  s  Volorwlo  Ottzctteer,  58,  Ex -governor  Gilpin  suhl  a 
portion  of  Saguache  county  for  1^2,500,000.  It  is,  however,  settling  iiiiwitli 
farmers,  who  sold  in  1883  §.300,000  worth  of  agricultural  prtnlucts.  TIr-  out- 
tie  and  sheep  in  the  county  were  valued  at  about  ^485.000,  and  otlicr  \^u\<- 
erty  at  1^911,931.  From  the  mines  in  the  Kerber  creek  district  ^KKI.IKHI  in 
bullion  was  produced.  The  population  of  the  county  was  estimatetl  at  (UH>(l. 
Saguache  is  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  fine  location  on  the  San  Lui^  rwvr. 
There  were  900  inhanitants  in  1883.  Bonanza,  situated  in  Kerbor  (li^tril•t, 
had  a  population  of  500.  Carnero,  Claytonia,  Crestone,  Iron  Mine,  AIiUt, 
Marshalltown,  Sedgwick,  and  Shirley  were  villages  of  100  or  150  iulial'i- 
tiiuLs.  The  list  of  settlements  coniprises  fiismarck,  Blakeville,  Btmaiiza. 
Bonito,  Burnt  Gulch,  Camp  Sanderson,  Cebolia  Uiver,  Ce<iar  Creek  Minis 
Christione,  Cochetopa,  Cotton  Creek,  Cottonwood,  Elkhom  Kanclid.  Ex- 
chequer, Franklin,  Frisco,  Garibaldi,  Gamer  Creek,  Gray  Siding,  Haiiman. 
Jackson,  Kerber  Creek,  Kimbrell,  Kerlier\ille,  LosPinos  Agency,  Mar-liall 
Pass,  Milton,  Oriental,  Plaza,  Poll  Creek  Mines,  Rito  Alto,  River  Mtailc, 
Rock  Cliff,  Sangre  de  Cristo.  Sanlsal)el,  Sargent,  Sheep  Mount,  Silvtr  Hill, 
Silvery  City,  Star  Branch,  Uncomphagre,  Veuerables,  White  Earth,  ^Vlll^lW 
Dale. 


SAN  MIGUEL,  SUMMIT,  WELD. 


637 


eral  Point,  Ho  wards  ville,  Poughkeepsie  Gulch,  Con- 
gress, Cunningham  Gulch,  Del  Mine,  and  half  a  dozen 
other  small  villages  were  all  the  settlements  worth 
mention. 

San  Miguel  county,  set  off  from  Ouray  in  1883, 
C()in[»rises  all  of  the  former  county  of  Ouray,  except 
that  part  drained  b^'  the  Uncompahgre  river  and  its 
tril)utaries,  which  is  still  known  as  Ouray.  The 
boundaries  are  so  loosely  described  in  the  act  estab- 
lishing these  counties  that  it  would  be  impossible  to 
say  how  much  of  the  mineral  discoveries  being  already 
developed  went  with  the  county  of  San  Miguel. 
But  it  is  safe  to  say  that  its  new  name  cannot  have 
deprived  it  of  its  established  character  as  a  mineral 
region.  The  name  of  the  county  seat,  Telluride,  is 
indicative  of  the  resources  upon  which  it  depends. 
The  population,  at  the  period  of  its  establishment, 
was  2,000,  and  its  valuation  $449,856.  Telluride  had 
400  inhabitants,  and  Placerville  125. 

Sunnnit  county,  established  in  1861,  extended  in  its 
earlier  form  to  the  boundary  of  Utah.  Its  former  ter- 
ritory was  divided  up  into  Garfield,  Routt,  and  Eagle, 
leaving  only  its  eastern  end,  resting  on  the  western 
slope  of  the  Park  range,  to  sustain  its  ancient  name. 
In  1882  it  ranked  fourth  among  the  bullion  producing 
counties,  whereas,  after  the  excision  of  Eagle  county, 
it  ranked  only  as  the  eleventh." 


"  It  contained  73  silver  mines,  which  produced,  in  18S2,  ?450,5.50,  and 
plaroi'>i  which  yiehled  J?51,00();  hut  the  folhiwing  year  the  wliolc  yiehl  of  tiie 
iiiiiie.i  was  no  more  than  ^.3o(),0(X).  Tlie  assessalile  property  of  tlie  county 
was  v:ihie(l  at  81,026,352,  divided  <amrmg  a  population  of  5, 000.  Tlie  county 
seat  was  temporarily  located  at  Parkville,  but  removed  to  Breckenridge.  Tlie 
town,  altiiough  among  those  founded  in  1800,  waa  not  incorporated  until 
ISSi),  at  which  time  it  had  1,628  iuha))itants.  Breckenridge  i.s  situated  on 
Rliiu  river.  Like  all  the  Coloradi  towns,  it  has  churches,  scliools,  an  opera- 
house,  theatre,  banks,  and  newspapers.  Like  all  mining  towns  it  has  stamp* 
mills  and  smclting-works.  Robinson  has  a  population  of  500,  Racine  350, 
Frisco  2.">0,  Montezuma  S-W,  Kokomo,  Taylor,  and  Chihuahua  each  200, 
LiiU'dhi  City  125,  Swan,  Wheeler,  and  Argentine  each  100.  Remaining  set- 
tlemiiit-i  in  Summit  co.:  Adelia,  Argentine,  Astor,  Belden,  Blue  River,  Blue 
River  Valley,  BuflFalo  Flats,  Carboi.ateville,  Chihuahua,  Cliflf  Sprinp,  Clinton 
'Uilcli,  Conger,  I'ooper.  Crocker,  Decatur,  Defiance  City,  Delaware  City,  Del- 
awari'  Flats,  Pillon,  Eagle  City,  Farnham.  Fisk's  Hotel,  Fort  McHenry, 
Oeuura,  Goldeu  City,  Gulden  Gulch,  Gold  Iluii,  Haywood,  Hill's  Camp, 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


Weld  county,  occupying  the  north-east  corner  of 
the  state,  was  organized  in  1861,  and  named  in  hmiur 
of  Secretary  Weld.  It  is  exclusively  an  agricultural 
and  grazing  county,  although  it  has  for  a  foundatutn 
extensive  beds  of  coal.  An  account  of  its  great  irri- 
gation companies  has  been  given,  and  of  the  Greoley 
colony's  acequias.  Of  a  somewhat  later  date,  about 
1871,  was  the  South-western,  sometimes  called  tiio 
Tennessee  colony,  although  its  members  were  from 
several  western  and  middle  states.  This  association 
purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  Platte  valKv, 
and  selected  a  town  site  near  Fremont's  orchanl, 
twenty-five  miles  below  Evans,  on  the  Denver  Pacific 
railway,  which  they  named  Green  City,  after  D.  8. 
Green  of  Denver.  A  considerable  portion  of  the 
colony's  lands  needed  no  irrigation,  being  on  the  Platte 
bottom;  but  8,000  or  10,000  acres  had  to  be  brought 
under  cultivation,  which  was  done  by  means  of  ditch- 
ing, as  in  the  former  instance.  All  these  improve- 
ments have  made  the  western  portion  of  Weld  a  jjjn  at 
grain  field,  while  the  sheep  and  cattle  ranges  in  the 
eastern  half  are  sufficiently  watered  for  that  purpos(.> 
by  the  numerous  branches  of  the  Platte." 

Hugh  Flat,  Inferno,  Intermediate,  Junction  City,  Lake,  Lovclaun,  Lower 
Swan  River  Valley,  Mill  Rancho,  Mouumcnt  Toll-gate,  Park  City,  lifxinnl, 
St  John.  Sulphur  .Spring,  Summit  City,  Surles,  Swaxi,  Tariff  Mine,  Tiiniitliy. 
Warren  Camp.  Webster  Rauoho,  Wheeler,  White  River,  WilliaiiiH  Kurk. 
This  list  eutliraces  most  of  the  settlements  existing  in  Eagle,  aud  soniu  in 
Gartielil,  or  in  Summit,  previous  to  the  late  change  of  houmlary. 

A  late-comer  to  this  region  was  H.  H.  Eilily,  who  was  horn  in  Milwaukee, 
Oregtm,  in  IJvio.  He  removed  to  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  in  1806,  and  was  iilii- 
cated  for  the  law,  lieing  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Rochester  in  1877.  Ho  tluii 
migrated  to  Tojieka,  Kan.,  aud  tlience  to  Colorado  in  1878.  Afttr  a  few 
mouths  at  Leadville,  he  removed  to  Summit  d  ,  locating  at  Cliihualiui.  He 
was  eleotetl  to  tl>e  state  8<>nate  iu  1880,  aiiu  again  in  1884.  lie  secunl 
mines  and  lands  iu  the  o<>.,  where  lio  nia4le  his  residence. 

•*Tlie  wheat  crop  of  1SS2  was  .S70,liOO  bushels,  worth  about  as  many  il"!- 
lars,  and  all  the  other  crops,  including  hay  and  potatoes,  were  valiicil  at 
IpJOO.OOO.  The  |>opulation  of  the  county  was  8,000,  and  the  as.sessed  valua- 
tion $7,907.1-15.  The  county  seat  was  first  temporarily  located  at  St  N'rain, 
but  w%s  finally  established  at  (Ireelcy,  which  had,  in  1883,  1,.')00  inlialitants. 
E%*ans.  Erie,  and  Sterling  had  each  400.  There  are  the  following  iniiinr  towns 
and  settlementii  in  Weld  co. :  Akron,  American  Rancho,  Athol.  Biker  <"oiU 
Bank.  Barrie  Rancho,  Beaver  Creek,  Beaver  S«^  .cion.  Big  Bend,  W.iir.  Wake- 
ville.  Boulder  Valley  Coal  Bank,  Brush,  Buflalo,  Cap  Rock,  Carr.  Corona, 
i  'orona  .Station.  Cottonwood  Spring,  Oystal  Spring.  Divide,  Eoklov,  Flemini? 
Kaucho,  Fort  Morgan,  Fort  Sedgwick,  iioid  llaudiii,  Guary,  Godfreys  Blufi 


INDUSTRIAL  SUMMARY. 


630 


rncr  of 
II  honor 
cultural 
ndatiou 
uat  irri- 
Groek'V 
B,  about 
lied  the 
:ro  from 
sociatioii 

0  valh'V, 
orchard, 
ir  Pacific 
3r  US. 

1  of  the 
10  Platte 
I  brought 

of  ditdi- 
iiupn)ve- 
da  ;j:;rtat 
es  in  the 
purpose 


?lanM.  Lower 
kty,  Uoxtmil, 
[le,  'I'iiMotliy. 
[liaiiiH  Fiirk. 
laud  some  in 

I  Milwaukee, 
linil  was  idii- 
lie  till II 

Afttr  a  few 
Buialuii.    Ill' 

lie  secureil 

U  many  ili'l- 
Je  vahicil  at 
Icsscil  valua- 
it  St  Vniu, 
|inlia''itaut'<- 
liiiiKir  towns 
iHaU-r  ('»»! 
lUair.  Blili^'- 
\rr.  Coroiii'- 
lev,  Kloiiiiiii; 


Such  is  the  extent  and  variety  of  aspect  and  re- 
sources of  Colorado  that  each  division  has  required 
a  separate  history,  which,  at  the  best  my  space  allows, 
remains  too  brief  To  sum  up  the  condition  of  the 
state  in  1883-6,  when  it  liad  only  fairly  entered  upon 
a  career  of  settled  industries,  we  have  the  follow- 
ing':  Wheat  produced  from  114,000  acres,  2,394,000 
bushels;  corn  produced  from  21,287  acres,  532,100 
bushels;  oats  produced  from  41,250  acres,  1,209,000 
bushels;  potatoes,  1,000,000  bushels,  and  lar^re  crops 
of  hay,  which  with  minor  productions  were  not  re- 
ported, the  approximate  value  of  which  was  about 
$4,000,000.  The  value  of  cattle  on  the  ranges  was 
337,500,000  ;  of  sheep,  $10,000,000.  The  output  of 
coal  was  nearly  $6,000,000.     The  iron  and  steel  prod- 

Hailfiold  Island,  Hall,  Hillslmrongh,  Hopkins  Co,-il  Bank,  Howard  Spring, 
Hiulsim,  Hyde,  Iliff,  Johnson,  Joleslinrg,  Junction  House,  La  Sallo,  Latham, 
Leiuons,  Lone  Tree,  Manchcntcr,  Meadow  l>land,  Mitcliell'H  Coal  Bank,  Mor- 
gan, New  Liberty,  Old  Fort  St  Vrain,  OM  Juleslmrg,  Pawnee  Creek,  I'ieree, 
riatto  Valley,  I'lattevillc,  riea-sant  Flaiu^i,  Pleasant  Valley,  Riverside, 
Sarinila,  .School-house,  South  Platte,  Spring  Hill,  Sterling,  Stewart,  Siuuuiit, 
Valley  Station,  Weld,  W«ldon  Valley,  Wild  I'at  Creek,  and  Wray. 

One  of  those  who  freighted  aoroita  the  ]ilaiiia  liefore  the  railroad  era  was 
Jareil  L.  Bacon.  He  was  born  in  Ohio  in  IfvJT,  removing  to  Iowa  in  1857,  and 
to  Colorado  in  1859.  After  mining  two  yeant  in  Russell'H  gulch  he  engaged 
in  the  transportation  of  gooils  from  the  Missouri  river  to  Denver  until  the 
completion  of  the  Union  Pacific.  Then  he  turned  to  titftek  raising  in  Weld 
CO.,  and  had,  in  comi)any  with  J.  L.  Routt,  3,000 acres  of  l-vnd,  with  an  exten- 
sive range,  and  3'J,0lH)  head  of  cattle.  He  was  elected  sherilf  of  Weld  co.  in 
I87-,  and  to  the  gener.il  assembly  in  1H77,  and  again  in  ]S7'.>.  He  was  also 
aiipoiiited  brig. -gen.  of  the  state  militia  for  4  years,  and  M-as  chairman  of  the 
board  of  county  comuiissioners  for  ti  years. 

Samuel  Southard,  born  in  Ohio  in  IM^J.  enli:>ted  in  the  army  at  the  age  of 
l"i  years,  serving  through  the  war.  He  came  to  Cobira4lo  in  18tM>,  reni.iining 
unsettled  for  several  years,  but  going  into  mercantile  business  at  Kra,  in 
Weill  CO.,  in  187*2.  In  1877  he  was  elect"-"!  county  treasurer  and  removed 
todreeley,  being  reelected  in  1879,  and  chuseu  county  clerk  in  1881.  Later 
he  beeame  a  merchant  at  Greeley. 

Jesse  Hawes,  born  in  Me  in  1843,  niigrate<l  to  111.  at  the  age  of  1(5  years, 
and  enlisted  in  the  army  in  1801,  serving  through  the  war.  He  then  eom- 
meiieed  the  study  of  medicine  and  graduateil  from  Michigan  university  in 
l8t)S,  after  which  he  spent  two  years  in  the  I»ng  Island  hospital,  and  two 
years  in  European  hospitals.  On  returning  to  the  U.  S.  lie  came  to  Colo., 
settliim  !it  once  at  Greeley.  He  wa.t  surgeon  of  a  railway  co.,  and  president 
of  the  State  Medical  Society,  as  well  a:i  of  the  State  Board  uf  Medical 
E.xaniiiiers. 

Ibiiry  B.  Jackson,  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1848,  came  to  Colorado  in  1872, 
locating  himself  atfireeley,  and  l>eginniug  his  money -getting  by  hewing  ties 
for  a  railroad  company.  In  1877  he  startetl  a  small  store,  but  was  burned 
out  in  1883.  The  same  season  he  built  the  Jack^iou  0|)cra  huuae  block  at  a 
cost  uf  810,000, 


:*j    SMS:; 


iA..L  x> 


A- 


— l! 


fl 


640 


COUNTIES  OF  COLORADO. 


uct  was  about  $3,000,000,  The  gold,  silver,  \esu\,  and 
copper  amounted  to  $26,306,000,  as  nearly  as  it  could 
be  estimated,  an  increase  of  $3,000,000  since  1885, 
but  a  slight  falling  off  from  1882.  According  to  cen- 
sus returns  in  1880,  the  capital  employed  in  591)  dif- 
ferent  manufactories,  not  including  smelting,  reducing, 
and  refining  works,  was  $4,311,714.  The  census  re- 
turns prepared  for  publication  at  each  decade  are 
really  prepared  the  previous  year,  and  therefore  this 
estimate  gives  the  amount  of  capital  employed  in 
manufactures  in  1879,  when  they  were  in  their  in- 
fancy. Without  any  exact  figures  to  demonstrate 
the  fact,  it  is  evident  that  in  1883  the  amount  of 
money  in  use  in  manufactures,  of  the  nature  of  iron 
and  steel  works,  brass  founderies,  machine  and  car 
shops,  flour  and  lumber  mills,  wagon  and  carriage  fac- 
tories, furniture,  clothing,  saddle  and  harness,  and 
boot  and  shoe  factories,  breweries,  meat  packing. 
brick  making,  cigar  making,  printing,  and  other  estah- 
lishments  to  the  number  of  over  600,  great  and  small, 
)ac*.st  have  quadrupled  the  census  figures  of  1880;  be- 
sides which  there  were  175  smelting,  stamping  and 
reduction  works  in  operation.  The  whole  jiroduct 
of  the  entire  manufacturing  industries  of  Colorado 
exceeded  $35,000,000. 

At  the  close  of  1883  there  were  eighty-three  hank- 
ing houses  in  Colorado,  of  which  two  were  national 
banks,  with  a  capital  of  $1,640,000,  deposits  of  .$ll,- 
171,734,  and  business  to  the  amount  of  $  IT), 704, 
165.90  ;  fourteen  state  banks  and  trust  companies,  with 
capital  of  $615,754  and  $2,433,417  deposited;  and 
f  )rty-seven  private  banks,  with  $774,735  capital  and 
$2,423. 305  deposited.  The  fire  insurance  companies  had 
policies  out  on  $32,817,015;  the  life  insurance  compa- 
nies on  $29,374,019 ;  and  accident  companies  for 
$1,036,981.  The  state  debt  consisted  only  of  state 
warrants,  which  there  was  money  in  the  treasury  to 
meet  and  a  surplus  of  $372,961.  The  constitution 
prohibits    the    bonded    indebtedness    of    the    state, 


GENERAL  SUMMARY. 


641 


The  biennial  expenditures  and  receipts  very  nearly 
balance  each  other,  and  average  $558,000.  The 
amount  raised  by  taxation  in  1883  was  $295,104.44, 
the  assessed  valuation  being  $110,729,756.  A  poll- 
tax  of  fifty  cents  was  levied  on  27,700  polls.  The 
state  tax  was  four  mills  on  the  dollar.  The  amount 
of  internal  revenue  raised  in  1880,  with  less  than 
200,000  inhabitants,  was  $168,259. 

There  were  370  school-houses,  valued  at  $1,235,- 
491,  and  a  school-fund  for  distribution  amounting  to 
$45,000,  but  which  the  improvement  and  leasing  of 
the  school  lands  was  rapidly  improving.  The  state 
supports  by  a  special  tax  the  state  university 
soliool  of  mines,  agricultural  college,  mute  and 
blind  institute,  state  industrial  school,  insane  asylum, 
and  penitentiary.  The  industrial  school  had  129 
inmates,  and  the  state  prison  341  (convicts.  There 
are  a  state  board  of  health,  a  state  historical  society, 
a  state  library,  and  a  historical  and  natural  history 
society  maintained  by  legislative  appropriation. 
Other  state  societies,  depending  on  their  members  for 
support,  are  maintained  by  the  medical  or  other  pro- 
fessions to  which  they  belong.  These  intelligent 
organizations  to  which  the  legislature  and  the  people 
in  their  homes  give  their  attention,  illustrate  the  pre- 
vailing character  of  society  in  Colorado.  Not  with- 
out blemishes  or  errors,  the  young  commonwealth 
stands  out  a  shining  example  of  mental,  moral,  and 
physical  progression  rare  to  find  in  the  first  twenty- 
five  years  of  a  nation's  political  existence.  The  laws 
are  libera,,  public  gambling  is  not  prohibited,  and 
drinking  saloons  are  numerous.  According  to  the 
census  of  1880,  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants 
vas  194,327,  with  an  excess  of  65,196  males;  154,- 
537  were  native  born,  39,790  foreign  born,  2,435  were 
ouWod,  612  Chinese,  154  Indians.  The  population 
is  largely  drawn  from  New  England,  but  is  thor- 
f'uo^hly  cosmopolitan.  Since  the  10th  census  was 
taken   Mormons  have  commenced  colonizing  hi  this 

HiHT.  Nkv.     41 


mi 


y  I 


<  I 


ill 


642 


COUNTIES  OP  COLORADO. 


state,  their  number  amounting  to  1,578.  The  Chinese, 
though  in  the  main  well  treated,  have  been  driven  out 
of  some  of  the  mining  towns.  The  most  remarkal)le 
feature  of  Colorado  is  the  number  and  size  of  its  cor- 
porations ;  and  the  question  to  be  solved  in  the  future 
IS  how  far  they  are  beneficial  or  detrimental  to  a  state, 
particularly  in  the  form  of  money  preponderance  and 
monopoly.  Possibly  they  will  be  crippling  to  individ- 
ual enterprise,  and  enslaving  to  independent  will  and 
thought;  in  which  case  the  most  republican  of  our 
young  states  will  have  taken  a  backward  step  in 
republican  principles,  and  directors  of  wealthy  ori^an- 
izations  be  able  to  dictate  to  the  producing  claascs  as 
to  their  bondsman.** 

"♦For  jricld  of  metah,  see  Descriptive  Amerira,  May  4,  1884;  Hall,  Ami. 
Rejit  to  C/iamher  of  Commerce,  1883,  147;  Farmer  Besottrces  of  the  Jindi/ Ml', 
17-tO;  FarreU'a  Colorado  (U  it  w,  1868,  1^-46;  Stone's  Hist,  MS.;  Tliv'lt,.,bj 
MtnGem,  Corhett's  Legis.  Maniuil,  1877,  316;  Haydena  Great  W<:ot,  11G-'J7; 
Eocky  Mtn  Herald,  Dec.  18,  1875;  Ounimon  Sun,  Jan.  6,  1884;  iV.  M. 
Pointers  on  tJie  Southioest,  p.  46;  S.  F.  Call,  Jan.  12,  1885;  Rept  of  Stute  (ml 
o;/ist,  1881-2,  126-49;  Cohrado  Condensed,  1881-82,  39-40;  Jd.,  ISS.'},  25-34; 
BurclianVa  Productions  of  Colormlo,    1881,   132;  Rept  Director  of  thf  Mint, 

1882,  14;  Ji.  M>x.  Revisita,  1883,  279,  EllioU  «£•  Co.'a  H'lst.  Arhmn; 
Tucson  Fr(mterizo,Ja.n.  27,  1882,2;  N.  Mex.  Mining  World,  Feb.  1,  1SS4, 
93;  The  Mines  ami  Miners,  507,  509-10.  On  other  subjects,  see  Jf.  Mi-': 
Doc.,  47th  cong.  2d  aeas.,  98,  100;  Galveston  News,  Dec.  1,  1884;  //.  Kj: 
/)oc.,  47th  cong.  Ist  sess.,  vol.  15,  708-13;  Coh.  Sess.  Laws,  1881,31;  II., 

1883,  23-4;  Denver  TrOmne,  Jan.  13,  1880;  Coh.  Gen.  Laws,  1877,  557-11; 
Colo.  Sess.  Laws,  1883,  23-4;  Denver  Hist.,  240-1;  Transactions  rfSlal''  Mvl- 
icalSoc.,  1884;  Hatoe^'  Charlatanism  in  Colorado;  Reprint  from  TrausactifiiH 
of  -State  Medical  Soc.  for  1883;  Shinn's  Mining  Camps,  280;  Mining  hijIiU  m 
Coh,  by  R.  S.  Morrison;  Mining  Code,  by  M.  B.  Carpenter;  Gen.  Lmc-^  CU', 
18G5,  71-2;  Fowler's  Around  Colorado,  AIS.,  8;  Lewlville  Democrat,  Jan.  1, 
1884;  10th  Cemus,  vol.  1,  378-447;  Porter's  The  West  Census,  1S80,  Sit; 
Hall's  Ann.  Rrpt  CJiamber  of  Commerce,  1880-3,  128;  iJorlietl's  Dinelrinj  of 
Mines,  1879;  Rept  Sec  Int.,  li.  319,  43d  cong.  1st  sess.  In  regard  to  society, 
see  Harper's  Mag.,  vol.  Ix.  542-57;  Bird's  Lady's  Life,  etc.,  being  tlie  ojistr- 
vations  of  an  early  traveller  in  Chicago,  40-296;  Bancroft,  Colo  XoO', 
MS.;  Sac.  Recwd-lTnion,Avril  7,  1884;  S.  F.  Post,  Nov.  15,  1SS4;  Dennr 
Tribune,  Oct.  17,  1880.  The  Chinese  were  driven  from  Como  in  187!»,  li'inyr 
Trilmne,  Nov.  13,  1879,  and  from  other  places  at  different  times,  and  always 
by  the  other  foreign  populations,  led  by  political  demagogues,  who,  vlutber 
right  or  wrong,  were  never  governed  by  a  regard  for  the  public  velfarc,  l)ut 
sought  rather  to  make  capital  for  themselves  by  pandering  to  the  hufn 
instincts  of  our  low  and  ignorant  foreign  voters,  or  their  sympathizera  or 
dependents. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

LATER  EVENTS. 

1886-1888. 

Elemf.sts  of  GuEATyEss — MiMxr.  Versus  AoRiccLTrKE — Land  and  Water 
Monopoly — Material  PKO<iKE.s.s — Railroads — Development  of  Dkx- 
VER— Election  Campaiox — Leoislation — Excellence  of  Statutorv, 
IssriTurioNAL,  and  Social  Reoclations — CHARAcrER  of  Publiu  Men 

— BlOG  R  APHICAL. 

The  elements  of  a  great  commonwealth  were  in  Colo- 
rado from  the  beginning.  Like  all  the  mid-continent 
states,  it  was  misunderstood.  From  being  a  desert,  ac- 
cording to  early  explorers  whose  experience  was  of 
heavily  timbered  countries,  it  was  at  length  discovered 
to  be  a  land  rich  in  minerals,  but  it  was  not  regarded 
as  a  farming,  or  even  a  grazing,  region  until  accident 
revealed  its  capabilities  in  these  directions.  After 
thirty  years  of  settlement,  farming  was  hardly  sec- 
ondary, though  the  mining  and  grazing  interests  over- 
shadowed it.  The  era  of  neglect  of  this  industry  was 
attributed  to  the  scarcity  of  water  on  the  surface,  and 
the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere.  Then  came  the 
water-grabbers,  and  fenced  off  the  rivers  from  the 
coinnion  use  of  the  people ;  or  water  companies  con- 
structed miles  of  canals,  carrying  water  through  im- 
mense tracts,  which  were  thereby  greatly  augmented 
in  price.  They  condescendingly  sold  the  water  which 
belonged  to  the  people  to  the  farmers  along  their 
route,  and  charged  them  with  a  "royalty"  upon  their 
land — that  ia,  thev  exacted  a  bonus  for  benefiting  the 
land  irrigated  in  addition  to  the  water  rent.'   Another 

'Tl\e  (juestion  was  mooted  in  the  legislature  of  1887  whether  the  companies 
ihoulil  uut  be  denied  the  right  to  own  water,  and  be  treated  simply  as  com- 


t;;l| 


;•"!!.! 


M 


m 


:!i.!'-: 


'  !  1   1 

■   'Hi 

mm 

u3glB|! 

6U 


LATER  EVENTS. 


abuse  was  the  practice  of  aliens  in  taklnt;  up  lai-ojo 
tracts  of  lanil  in  tlie  state  for  grazing  or  for  speculativo 
puri)oses.  Tlie  legislature  of  Colorado,  following  the 
example  of  congress,  passed  an  anti-alien  law,  to  |iiv. 
vent  English  capital  from  fastening  upon  state  huids. 
Mining  property  was  not  guarded  in  the  same  man- 
ner, but  was  owned  to  a  consideral)le  extent  by  uliciis. 
Fori'ign  capitalists,  however,  had  not  the  same  surces.s 
in  securing  returns  that  American  owners  en  joyed, 
owing,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that  tlusy  paid  larg(.'  jJiiecs 
for  the  undevelo[)ed  mines,  and  reserved  too  little 
capital  with  which  to  work  them. 

The  state  '>f  Colorado  was  never  more  truly  pros- 
perous  than  after  a  period  of  dullness  from  1SS;5  to 
1885.  In  188G  there  was  considerable  innnigratioii, 
particularly  to  Weld  county,  it  having  been  found 
that  crops  could  be  grown  there  without  irrigation. 
The  citizens  of  that  region  petitioned  the  legislature 
of  1887  to  create  two  new  counties  out  of  the  eastern 
portion  of  Weld.''  A  large  number  of  new  towns 
were  founded  about  this  time,  and  had  a  suri>risino; 
growth.  Lamar,  in  Bent  county,  founded  in  ^hx 
1880,  had  on  its  first  anniversary  twelve  hundred  in- 
habitants, Yuma,  another  town  of  about  the  same 
age,  l.'}8  miles  east  of  ]Jenver,  on  the  Burlington  & 
Missouri  river  railroad,  gained  fivehundred  inliahitants 
its  first  vear.  Hvde,  another  railroad  town  in  Wasli- 
ington  county,  took  its  start  in  188G,  along  witli  many 

moil  carriers — a  principle  uiuloubtetllj'  correct,  for  the  water  in  the  strc^ii^ 
■whioli  tiiey  robbed  Imlongod  to  tlie  people,  and  they  could  do  no  mere  tliiii 
convey  it  to  the  points  where  it  is  reipiired.  The  legislature  passed  .in  aiiti- 
royalty  bill  for  tlic  relief  of  the  farmers.  At  the  same  time  a  cuniiinMy  fr.;!; 
the  neighborhood  of  Boston  was  planning  an  acequia  to  be  17">  '"ilcs  1  iiu, 
an<l  to  irrigate  a  large  area  east  and  south-east  of  Denver.  The  ditch  w^u- 1 
bo  10  feet  wide  and;<  or  4  feet  deep. 

'^Tiie  conntj'  of  Archuleta  was  also  created  in  ISS'i  out  of  the  wcAf'i 
portion  of  Conejos,  with  the  county  seat  at  Pagosa  Sprinps.  In  1^'^"  ''' 
authority  of  county  commissioners  (republicans)  was  deficil  by  t!io  sluri'; 
(democrat),  and  the  house  of  commissioner  Scase  burned.  Tlio  troitl'le  ar'  - 
from  the  fact  that  these  otliccrs  were  not  oidy  ro])ublicans,  but  Mcxicah- 
^Tesa  county  was  created  by  the  Icu'islature  of  18H5  out  of  a  ]Hirtioii  nftiuu- 
liison  CO,     Logau,  Wusiiiiigtou,  auj  Chilcott  counties  were  created. 


MATKRIAL  PKOCUKSS. 


('•45 


Others.*  Real  estate  advanced  rapidly  throughout 
tlie  state,*  the  sales  in  Denver  in  1880  amounting  to 
nearly  $11,000,000;  tlie  rise  in  property  in  otlior 
towns  being  also  marked.  This  advance  implies  suh- 
sUintial  improvements.*  Among  these  wore  a  new 
oapitol  building,'  and  a  federal  court-house  and  post- 
otfioc,  the  first  costing  $1,000,000,  and  the  latter  half 
that  sum.  The  trade  of  Denver  amounted  in  1886 
to  more  than  $72,000,000,  of  which  the  smelters  pro- 
duced $10,000,000.  This  also  indicated  a  good  con- 
dition of  the  mining  industry.  The  total  output  of 
isPC)  was  $27,837,890.'     This  progressive  movement 

'TIio  following  is  a  partial  liat  of  new  towns  of  a1>out  the  eaine  ago: 
Arnicnir  ill  I'ueblo  CO. ;  Battle  Mountain  and  Clinton  in  Eagle  co. ;  Rogers 
a;iil  Kingston  in  Arapahoe  co. ;  La  Salle  in  Weld  Co.;  Orson  in  Mcaa,  a  new 
.'imty  in  west  Colorado;  Otis  and  Red  Lion  in  Weld  co. ;  I'arkville  in 
^;il;\lacho  eo. ;  Parma  in  Rio  Ctrande  co. ;  Rangeley  in  ( larfield  co. ;  Roniley 
ml'luitlee  co. ;  San  Antonio  in  Los  Animas  co.;  Sunnyside  in  Hinsdale  co. ; 
Wwiily  and  Emma  in  Pitkin  co. ;  McMillan  and  Butter  City  in  Bentco. ; 
I'rnsiiL'ct  in  Gunnison  co. ;  Al)l)ott,  a  farming  settlement,  in  Arapahoe  co. 

Ullcnwood  Springs  was  sold  in  March  1887  to  Louis  R.   Eh  rich  of  New 
Yiirk  for  a  syndicate  belonging  to  the  Midland  railway.     The  price  paid  for 
aliiuit  i)  acres  was  §125,000  cash.     Tlie  springs  were  purchased  to  make 
pi'l'ular  resort. 

'AUoautiful  club-house,  a  §40,000  methodist  church,  a  §25,000  unity 
diurcli.  and  a  larger  number  of  substantial  brick  buildings  than  ever  before 
•  ri'cteil,  mark  the  local  improvement  in  Denver  for  1S8C.  The  l)enver  pub- 
.olilirary  waa  opened  this  year.  This  year  also  the  beautiful  academy  of 
ii.'jsit"  w.is  destroyed  by  fire.  Id.,  ,Ian.  1,  1887.  The  Highland  park  was 
irujcctt'il  in  1887,  and  several  additions  were  made  to  the  city.  Early  iu 
bS"  Cu'ueral  Sheridan  visitetl  Colorado  to  select  a  site  for  a  permanent  mili- 
tary post.  It  was  selected  at  p.  point  between  seven  and  eiu'ht  miles  from 
Denver,  on  Bear  creek,  and  conununicating  with  Denver.  The  government 
apl'idiiriation  of  §100,000  sutKced  only  to  commence  the  improvements  of 
till' 1)40  acres  chosen,  for  which  the  citizens  (pf  Denver  paid  §31,000.  This 
nve  tliciii  an  interest  in  the  post;  and  their  admiration  fur  Sheridan  led 
thiiii  to  name  a  magnificent  avenue  opened  between  Denver  and  GoUlen,  the 
%riilaii  lioulovard.  In  addition  the  cable  road  to  the  military  post  wa;<  set 
u  font  ill  August  of  this  year.  A  real  estate  exchange  mms  organized  in 
•'uuo  ISS7.  The  art  glass  works  were  oi)ened  for  manufacture  at  Denver  in 
b'^7.  Several  miles  of  street  railway  were  projected  and  partly  constructed, 
md  the  electric  motor  road  carried  over  the  Platte. 

'Tlie  style  is  classic,  of  the  Corinthian  order.  The  main  pediment  w  ill 
tiivc  an  allegorical  group  representing  the  wealth,  progress,  and  promise  of 
tlie  state.  A  magnificent  rotunda  will  light  the  halls  and  corridors.  Its 
''iniciisimis  north  and  south  are  294  feet,  or  with  its  projections  383  feet,  and 
it  will  contain  160  rooms.  The  building  stone  used  for  the  front  will  be 
aniUtoii.'  from  the  Gunnison  quarry;  for  the  foundations,  Georgetown 
granite,  and  other  stone  for  the  remainder  of  the  building. 

"Of  this  amount  ^,440,417  was  in  gold,  818,209,406  in  silver,  and  §5,182,- 
"'S  in  lead  and  copper.  Iron  and  coal  are  not  estimated,  although  large. 
N'W  ]iro<iM'ct8  were  opened  in  the  La  Plata  and  Needle  mountains,  also  in 
tl>t:  niuuiitains  of  the  San  Miguel,  and  iu  those  west  of  Fort  Collins.    The 


1  ' 


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LATER  EVENTS. 


continued  through  1887  and  1888.  The  assoHscd 
valuation  of  the  state  in  1886  was  ^124,261),7l0;  in 
1887  it  was  $141,269,706. 

Railroad  progrejw  was  quite  as  marked  duriiv' 
1886-7-8  as  other  improvements,  if,  indeed,  it  did  in)t 
lead  them.  At  the  close  of  the  latter  year  tlifn;  wirt" 
not  less  than  four  thousand  miles  of  railways  in  tin- 
state — roads  that  reached  out  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico 
and  to  the  Missouri  river  on  one  hand,  and  to  tho 
Pacific  ocean  on  the  other — and  local  roads  that, 
clambering  amon^  the  mountains,  sought  to  brini,'  tho 
remotest  mining  region  into  communication  with  com- 
mercial centres.*  Colorado  railroads  during  ono  year 
produced  a  revenue  from  freight  shipped  from  the  oast 
of  $7,600,000,  and  from  competitive  passenger  traffic 
$3,000,000,  while  the  traffic  of  the  strictly  local  roads 
amounted  to  $3,000,000  more.  The  importance  of 
the  state,  and  its  geographical  position,  invited,  and 
must  ever  invite,  the  transcontinental  roads  U>  make 
connection  with  its  local  roads,  if  not  to  sc iid  liius 
direct  to  its  business  capitals.  Denver  is  the  railroad 
centre — Denver,  "  Queen  City^  of  the  Plains,"  as  her 
people  have  been  pleased  to  name  her,  because  she 
sits  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  whence  she  looks 

Gunnison  country  hail  produced  a  bonanza  in  1887,  in  the  Sylvanito  mim^  at 
Gothic,  yielding  2,00()  ounces  per  ton  of  metallic  and  wire  silver.  Tliere  «•<■» 
an  increase  in  the  coal  output  of  1887  over  1886  of  .^00,000  tons. 

"The  most  important  mineral  district  reached  in  1887  was  that  of  Aspen 
in  Pitkin  co.  Both  the  Rio  Grande  and  Midland  railways  wcic  extt'iidi'il  to 
this  important  town,  next  to  Leadville  in  wealth.  The  valley  f)f  tliu  Hoar- 
ing  Fork  thus  1)ccame  openeil  to  settlement.  Glenwood  springs  was  amitln'r 
point  reached  by  these  roatls,  and  l>eyond  Glenwood  the  Newcastle  coal 
helds,  while  tho  Midland  was  carrie<l  to  the  coal  region  of  Jcriiine  park. 
Tiie  Missouri  Pacific  extension  into  Colorado  opened  a  largt;  (jra/iiig  aiiil 
agricultural  area  from  the  state  line  to  Pueblo.  The  Atcliisnii  line  frniii 
Pueblo  improved  the  whole  country  east  of  the  Sierra  Maih-e  range.  'Hie 
Rock  Island  and  the  Northwestern  also  caused  lajud  settlciinMit  in  tlie 
eastern  portion  of  the  state.  During  the  year  of  1887  nearly  S(K)  miles  w 
railroad  was  constructed  within  the  state,  as  follows:  Missouri  raeilieli.' 
miles,  Colorado  Midland  239  miles,  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  l.")7  miles,  Santa 
Fe  147  miles,  Denver,  Texas,  and  Fort  Worth  65  miles  of  new  track  ami  '."I 
miles  of  third  rail  construction.  The  cost  of  these  roads  and  the  wealth 
added  to  the  state  by  railroad  building  in  one  year,  was  §Ui.O(H),0(H),  it 
.*2,000,C00  more  than  they  receivetl  for  carrying  freight  iiiul  nissengerj. 
The  increased  value  given  to  property  along  the  lines  could  not  bu  ustimattKi. 


POLITICAL. 


647 


out  east  over  a  vast  expanse  of  gently  sloping  savan- 
nas. Behind  her  rise  the  majestic  heights  of  the 
(/rt'iit  continental  range.  All  about  her  are  bright 
iaiulscapes,  over  her  are  skies  of  summer  azure.  In 
lier  lap  is  wealth,  on  her  brow  peace  and  honor.  Let 
no  one  dispute  her  royal  right  to  preside  over  and  re- 
ceive the  homage  of  her  sister  municipalities.  Young, 
beautiful,  strong,  worthy  of  all  praise,  let  her  be  called 
Queen. 

Tlie  election  campaign  of  1886  was  a  hardly  con- 
tested one,  the  democratic  party  throughout  tlie 
United  States  having  a  revival,  and  the  republicans 
being  divided  by  the  "  nmgwump  "  faction  and  the 
prohibitionists.  Three  tickets  were  in  the  field  in 
Colorado,  the  prohibitionists  drawing  their  strength 
mainly  from  the  republicans.*  However,  all  the  re- 
publican candidates  for  state  officers  wore  elected, 
ex<'e[)t  the  governor,  Alva  Adams,  who  from  being  a 
liardware  merchant  of  Pueblo  came  to  be  elected  chief 
of  his  noble  young  state  by  a  plurality  of  2,418,  his 
competitors  in  the  race  being  William  H.  Myers, 
formerly  lieutenant-governor,  and  W.  H.  Fishback, 
proliibitionist.  His  predecessor  was  Benjamin 
H.  Eaton.  N.  H.  Meldrum,  formerly  secretary  of 
state,  was  elected  lieutenant-governor,  succeeding  P. 
W.  Breene,  elected  state  treasurer;  and  James  Rice 
became  secretary  in   place  of  Mel v in   Edwards,  or, 

'James  A.  Dawson  died  Jan.  16,  1887,  at  his  residence  in  Denver.  He 
was  l)()rn  in  April  1834  near  Munifordville,  in  Hartco.,  Ky.  He  married  Mary 
t'ommlly,  daughter  of  Dr  Connelly  of  that  place.  In  1860  lie  was  elected 
clurk  of  the  county  court  of  Hart  co.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war 
he  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  member  of  the  .'Wil  Kentucky  vols,  an<l 
attained  the  office  of  a<ljutant,  fighting  in  the  battle  of  Mumfordville, 
lietwuon  the  advance  guards  of  Bragg's  and  Buell's  armies.  He  hehl  several 
civil  otlices  in  Ky,  and  founded  the  Louisville  Daily  Ledger  in  1870,  and  came 
to  t'dlorado  iu  1880,  where  he  practised  law  at  Denver,  and  edited  the  Col. 
L(ui<  Juurnul,  I>eing  part  of  the  time  city  attorney,  and  subsequently  sujierior 
juilge.  In  1884  he  pnblished  Dawson  s  Code,  and  in  1885  was  appointed  sur- 
veyor-general of  Colorado  by  President  Cleveland.  Oney  Castrophan,  of 
Custor  CO.,  came  to  Colorado  from  Palmyra,  Mo.  He  had  iilled  the  office  of 
prosecuting  attorney  at  Hannibal,  and,  after  his  removal  to  Colo,  rvas  mayor 
of  Silver  CliflF,  after  which  he  was  chief  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  surveyor- 
general  until  he  was  promoted  to  fill  that  place. 


■■■(Si 


ii'F. 


648 


LATER  EVENTS. 


:) 


f\ 


nioro  correctly,  after  Edward  R.  Haiilev,  appointdl 
in  place  of  Edwards,  resigned.  D.  P.  Kingsli  y  was 
elected  state  auditor,  and  L.  S.  Cornell  state  hiIkm)! 
superintendent.  Attorney-general  Charles  Tliomas 
was  succeeded  by  Alvin  Marsh,  and  George  G.  S\  \mn 
was  elected  congressman,  running  against  Mvion 
Reed  democrat,  and  Murray  prohibitionist,  Ix  litiiii,' 
them  by  a  plurality  of  866.  On  the  organ izatictii  of 
the  legislature,  in  January  1887,  George  M.  Ciiilcott 
was  chosen  president  of  the  senate,  and  T.  B.  Stuart 
speaker  of  the  lower  house.  The  republican  majority 
in  the  senate  was  ten,  in  the  assembly  one." 

The  legislation  of  Colorado  has  never  been  disgraocd 
by  violence,  by  wanton  waste  of  the  people's  nioncy, 
or  by  disrespect  of  the  constituted  authorities.  1  f  its 
statutes  are  not  perfect,  neither  were  they  for  wlioin 
they  were  made,  nor  the  makers  themselves."  It  is 
enough  that  an  eflort  at  excellence  in  statutory  rr^u- 
lations,  as  in  institutional  and  social  affairs,*''  is  a  feat- 

*•  Mention  was  made  l>y  the  president  of  the  senate  of  the  dfatli  nf  two 
state  senators  since  the  last  session — Tilford  and  Elkins;  and  (iov.  Katdii  iu 
)iis  farewell  message  regrets  the  demise  of  ex-U.  S.  Representative  Jeruine 
B.  Cliatfee,  an<l  ex-Gov.  Frederick  W.  Pitkin. 

I*  There  was,  in  1887,  when  the  legislature  met,  some  embarrassment 
from  the  financial  condition  of  the  state.  The  total  amount  iu  the  trtn.sury 
at  the  close  of  Gov.  Eaton's  term  of  office  was,  in  cash  and  Hccuritif^, 
$834,579.05,  out  of  which  to  make  the  various  appropriations  for  the  Kiipiiort 
of  state  institutions,  and  to  pay  salaries  to  state  otficers.  This  di'tii'iiiiey 
was  not  the  result  of  bad  management,  or  extravagant  outlay,  1>ut  came 
from  the  too  common  practice  of  assessing  property  below  its  value.  Fur 
instance,  the  property  of  the  state  was  actually  worth  ?400, 000,000,  yet  was 
assessed  at  $120,000,000,  whereas  the  ra'''roads  alone  M'ere  selling  in  tlie 
market  at  a  valu  xtion  greater  than  that,  although  they  were  asscsKed  at  unly 
$23,096,060.  Ti  >  constitution  required  that  the  property  of  the  state  s^IkhiM 
an  at  its  true  value,  and  it  was  manifest  that  a  low  tax  on 
ould  be  more  satisfactory  than  a  high  tax  on  a  low  esti- 
ture  took  up  this  subject  in  188/,  and  provided  fur  the 
property,  the  opinion  of  the  courts  having  first  liecn 
.Qstitutionality  of  the  bills  oflFered.  All  mines  producing 
annum  in  mineral  were  made  assessable,  and  in  ease  nf 
t  patented  being  sold  for  taxes,  the  title,  under  tlie  laws 
le  good  and  valid.  A  list  of  all  the  producing  mines  was 
to  be  furnished  by  Me  county  clerk  to  the  county  assessor.  An  attenijit  was 
made  to  correct  railroad  abuses  and  encroachments  by  statute,  ami  a  law 
was  enacted  creating  a  supr. me  court  commission.  The  persons  aiipointeil 
under  the  act  were  Atty-gen.  l^Iarsh,  Ex-senator  Rising  of  Custer  co.,  and 
Thomas  Macon  of  Fremont  co. 

'^The  new  county  of  Archuleta,  which  had  not  more  than  150  voteri, 
rebelled  against  the  authority  of  the  county  commiasionera  (republican)  ii 


be  rated  for  taxa 
a  full  valuation 
mate.     The  le^ 
taxation  of  mini 
obtained  as  to  the 
more  than  $1,000 1 
a  mine  which  was  . 
of  Colorado,  shoulc. 


BIOiiUAl'HR'AL. 


040 


uro  «tf  the  centennial  state.  Notable,  not  notorious, 
till'  clmrat'ter  of  her  public  men  is  an  example  to  the 
VI Hinder  states/^  and  blends  harmoniously  with  her 
luiiiiy  charms,  material,  natural,  antl  inspired  by  art. 
Colorado  is  the  flower  of  a  peculiarly  western  civili- 
zjition,  in  which  is  minjjfled  the  best  blood  of  the  north 
and  the  south,  the  virile  sap  of  New  England  and  the 
Ciiiolinas— a  truly  American  state. 

July  1887,  \mng  led  by  one  E.  T.  Walk*"  .ml  the  sheriff,  Height  (doinocratH). 
Till!  I'iiituM  luirncd  the  ]iri>l>erty,  and  threatened  the  life  oi  one  of  tlio  ooni- 
iiiis^i<iMur>4,  Charles  D.  SeaMe.  The  otiiers  were  intimidated,  and  foreitd  to 
rtsi>;ii,  and  anarchy  for  a  time  huhl  sway.  The  iiopulation  of  thiti  region 
was  Mexican,  and  two,  at  leastt,  of  the  comniisaionerM  were  Mexican,  l)Ut 
woru  men  of  wealth  and  standing.  That  they  should  heHUch  ai)i)ears  to  have 
lu'iMi  too  much  for  the  democracy  to  hear,  and  their  ukase  was  isHued  as 
fiiUiiws:  '  If  you  don't  resign,  we  will  kill  you  and  destroy  your  i>roi>erty.' 
Tliu  legislature  sent  a  committee  to  in({uire  into  the  cause  of  the  terrorism, 
as  it  was  bound  to  do,  when  it  appeared  that  one  of  tiie  mob  w  Inch  had 
linikiMi  up  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  had  enunciated  the  doctrine  that 
'tills  is  a  democratic  administration,  and  it  sliall  bo  run  on  democratic  prin- 
fiiilfs.'  Accordingly  the  ballot-box  was  stolen,  and  other  democratic  prac- 
tices resorted  to,  and  when  the  commissioners  met  to  cpcu  court  th'jy  were 
prevented.  The  legislature  then  attached  Archuleta  co.  to  La  Plata  co.  for 
ju.lii'ial  purposes,  and  the  matter  was  brought  before  tlie  grand  jury;  but  in 
tiie  meantime  Walker  had  disapjieared.  A  race  war  of  anotiier  sort  was  the 
outlireak  of  tlio  reservation  Utes,  August  1887,  by  which  some  blood  was 
spilled  on  both  sidi  8,  ending  by  the  Indians  returning  to  their  homes.  The 
trmilile  arose  from  the  ruling  of  a  new  agent  that  the  oand  must  come  to  the 
agiMioy  to  «lraw  their  annuities,  be  counted,  and  placed  on  the  list.  The  Utes 
refiistMl,  and  went  one  year  without  their  annuities.  The  agent  then  recjuired 
tiiu  slieritf  to  return  them  to  the  reservation;  hence  the  contliet. 

"beadville  elected  a  democratic  mayor  in  the  spring  of  1888,  who  sur- 
prisuil  his  constituents  by  ordering  the  gambling  saloons  closed,  and  closed 
tiiey  were  within  a  n)onth.  Colorado  had  two,  if  not  more,  towns  where  the 
puhlio  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks  was  proliibited.  But  to  prohibit  by  agree- 
ment from  the  start  is  quite  ditTerent  from  saying  to  a  whole  community  of 
gamlilers,  '  depart,'  and  enforcing  the  command.  Mayor  Rocho  of  Leadvillo 
might  have  been  a  martyr  in  the  days  of  the  imjuisition,  and  yet  have  died 
prolitlessly,  like  many  another  martyr. 

Ctoorge  Zweck  discovered  the  famous  Prussian  mine  in  April  1861,  while 
prospecting  alone  in  the  (rold  Hill  district.  He  recognized  the  value  of  the 
ore  at  once,  and  taking  with  him  A.  D.  (rifford  and  David  Besler,  went  to 
work  upon  it  as  equal  partners.  They  carried  their  provisions  a  distance  of 
35  miles  strapped  on  their  backs,  but  the  mine  paid  for  the  etl'ort,  avt.'raging 
dnwu  to  the  present  time  §2(50  per  ton.  The  vein  has  a  general  width  of  3 
feet.  Out  of  it  has  been  taken  $.375,000,  and  it  would  bring  %i2r)0,000  to  sell. 
It  is  tunnelled  1,700  feet  into  the  mountain.  Zweck  has  other  mining  inter- 
ests, in  which  Gifford  and  Besler  are  partners,  and  has  made  nuire  clear 
moDcy  out  of  cattle  than  out  of  his  mines.  Zweck  was  born  in  (iermany  in 
l$°2i),  migrated  to  Iowa  in  1854,  and  to  Colorado  iu  18G0.  He  began  with 
nothing,  and  has  made  and  saved  ^300,000. 

Oeiirge  W.  McCoy  born  in  Pa  in  1834,  and  educated  in  the  common 
soh'wls  of  Ohio  and  111.  He  began  life  by  marrying  Rebecca  May  in  111. 
aud  going  to  farmiug  in  1853.     In  18ti3  he  came  to  Colorado,  where  he  first 


fi^l 


■"Mm 

■Mil! 
:i 


•ill 


4 


650 


LATER  EVENTS. 


tried  tnininp,  Init  soon  rctwmeil  to  an  occupation  of  which  ho  know  some- 
thing,  routing  a  farm  of  Uk)  acre-s  in  Jeti'errion  co.  lie  niaile  $'_',u(M)  the  tir-t 
year,  anil  the  next  year  removed  to  Boulder  co.,  renting  a  farm  mar  lliii- 
lington,  and  keeping  the  Burlington  hotel,  rie  soon  purchased  :<°J()  iui-^s 
paying  .ijio  per  acre.  On  this  he  clearcl  ^1,000  \M:r  year  fur  .">  yt'.irs,  ainl 
after  1880  made  money  much  more  rapidly.  He  owns  4(K) acres  well  .stnikcd 
and  other  valuahle  property,  and  his  taniily  of  seven  children  are  aLio  \)voi- 
perous. 

W.  J.  Kitcly  came  to  Greeley,  Coloratlo,  in  1871,  but  after  a  short  stay 
removed  to  Louumont,  earning  a  living  hy  pick  and  shovel.  He  eiiti'nil 
first  80  acres  of  laud,  and  has  now  480  acres  in  3  different  farin.s.  ;ill  will 
improved,  and  worth  ^oO  per  acre.  He  deals  in  graded  cattle,  and  imHj 
Boulder  oo.  the  best  farming  country  in  the  world. 

John  II.  Wells,  born  in  111.  in  1842,  received  a  common  school  eilucatinu 
supplemented  by  an  academic  course,  a  term  or  two  at  Knox  coUrni',  ainl 
some  law  studies  in  (ialaburg.  In  IS8t>  he  came  to  Denver  and  conimi'iKiil 
practise.  He  held  the  ottice  of  postmaster  for  a  short  time,  mus  viic- 
jiresidont  of  the  Colorado  C'entrid  railway  in  1S*J7,  and  was  elected  iminlicr 
of  tlin  territorial  legislature  on  the  indeiHsndent  ticket  in  1871.  In  InTS  SI 
he  built  the  1).  L.  M.  and  N.  \V.  K.  K.  to  Mitchell  junction  and  in  ISS.'i  was 
appointed  county  judge  of  Boulder  co.  Hii  home  is  at  Longniout,  witli 
who      'uterests  he  is  thoroughly  identified. 

W.  H.  Dickens  came  to  Colorado  in  the  spring  of  1859,  and  coinnioni'i'd 
farming  in  lioulder  CO.,  selling  his  priHluce  to  miners.  In  lSti4  ho  I'lilistnl 
in  the  '.id  Colo  cavalry,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  .Sand  creek.  He  ii;i.i  «ui'- 
ceeded  as  a  farmer  and  stock-raiser,  l)eing  worth  ^">0,000  or  $tiO,(KKl. 

(ieorge  L.  Beckwith  came  to  Colorado  in  IStiO,  settling  within  a  iiiiK'  i>f 
Longmont.  At  that  time  there  was  one  house  onlj'  in  the  vicinity,  that  of 
Dickens  and  Allen;  but  several  at  the  mouth  of  the  caiion.  Beokwitli  ooin- 
menced  farming  in  I8(il,  and  has  not  failed  of  a  crop  any  year  .sifioo.  Wliilo 
some  suffered  by  grasshoppers,  ho  tra]>])cd  them  all  at  the  rate  of  a  luisliol 
a  day  for  20  days.     He  served  with  the  3d  Colo  rcgt. 

L.  H.  Dickson  arrived  May  22,  ISoO,  at  Denver,  and  a  few  days  later 
camo  to  Boulder  co.  for  the  purpose  of  tinding  mines,  going  at  onoo  into  tlio 
mountains,  and  into  Middle  i>ark,  Wing  the  pioneer  in  that  ro^ion.  I'ro- 
ceeding  to  California  gulch  he  mined  there  1  year,  when  he  came  tlio  siroii'l 
time  to  Boulder  and  took  up  some  fiirming  land  4  miles  eastfrum  Luniiiiiont, 
where  ho  was  living  through  the  Indian  troubles  of  lS(Kl-4.  He  onli-tiil  iii 
3d  Colo.  regt.  and  w.as  with  Chivington  through  the  UK)  day.<  oainiiaiL'ii. 
Ho  was  a  successful  farmer  until  J 81)9,  when  he  went  with  his  family  Id 
Oregon  City,  Or.,  where  he  remained  until  1873,  and  returned  to  stttlf  al 
Longmont.  Ho  was  elocted  to  the  legislature  in  I880and  again  in  KSSl,  ami 
was  mayor  of  Longmont  from  1881  to  188.S.  He  owns  700  aoros  <it  lan.l 
worth  iS'tr)  per  acre,  a  ij  interest  in  a  flouring  mill,  some  live  stock,  and  min- 
ing interests,  all  the  result  of  his  own  industry. 

Kienzi  Streetor,  born  in  I'a  in  1 838,  receiveil  an  aoa<lcmic  eiluoation. 
In  18(50  ho  was  admitted  to  the  practise  of  law.  in  1802  he  niiiiratiil  to 
Neb.  to  take  the  position  of  U.  S.  dist  clerk,  under  his  brother.  .IhmI'Ii  K. 
Streetor,  who  had  l)een  api>ointcd  U.  S.  justice.  He  remained  in  tin  olliii' 
until  18(>7  and  in  1808  went  to  Cheyenne.  Afterwanls  he  became  pivsidint 
of  the  Chicago  colony  in  Colorado,  held  the  jKisition  several  years.  In  IS,'.' 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  legislature  and  chuscn  sjn-akor;  in  1S>1 
he  was  elected  to  the  senate,  the  second  term  being  chosen  pn^sidout.  W  In'" 
he  first  arrived  in  Colorado  lie  purchased  an  interest  in  the  land  on  whiili 
Manitou,  El  Taso  co.,  is  located,  out  of  which  he  made  considoralilo  innni'.v. 
He  is  now  asst  cashier  of  the  bank  of  Longniout,  and  c-ashier  of  the  Itranch 
bank  at  Bcrthond. 

E.  J.  Coffman,  born  in  Ohio  in  18.^7,  and  brought  up  in  111.,  was  era.ln- 
ated  at  Rock  River  seminary  in  1853.  He  M-ent  to  Iowa,  U-achinir  :i  !-<li""l 
near    "odar  Rapids.     In  18G2  he  came  to  Colorado,  and  engaged  in  iariuiiig 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


651 


'W  snm(- 

I  tlic  lir-t 
ii'iir  \\\iv- 

iviis,  ami 

II  stotki'il 
iLsii  jiriw- 

il\tirt  stay 

f  I'lltfl'ril 
,  all  well 
auil  t'ulb 

cdiicatiiiu 
ilU^Ho,  anil 
iimiK'iKiil 
was  vi co- 
il llUUlluT 
11  ISTS  ,SI 
)  1  S.S.">  was 
u)iit,  with 

omiiu'iu'fi' 
10  fiilistiil 
t"  lias  sui'- 

m. 

I  a  milt'  <'' 
ty,  that  of 
kwith  I'liiii- 
ce.  Whil.' 
)f  a  liuslicl 

,lays  later 

icf  iutii  till' 

l^ioii.     I'll'- 

the  see.iinl 

|Lotii.'m""^ 

,eiil;-teil  111 

L-aiiili:iigii. 

family  til 

)  settii'  at 

|i  ISSl.  aiiil 

s   of  laiiil 

I,  ami  mill- 

loiliu-atii'ii. 
|ii;vatnl  til 
lio-eiih  K. 
tin  otlii'i' 
jiivs'.ilelit 
In  IST'.t 
Ir;  in  l**^*"! 
lit.  NVheii 
liin  whiili 
lie  Iili'lU'V. 
lie  IWaiK'li 

las  crailii- 
a  M'lio"! 
fariiiiiiK 


on  land  in  Bonlder  co.,  a  part  of  which  ho  gave  to  the  Longmont  colony  in 
1871,  which  i*  known  na  C'oti'inan'n  A*l(litiuii  to  Longmont.  He  lia!4  lieen 
ail  othuer  of  the  Colony  oonii»any  from  the  connncneenient,  and  a  dealer  in 
real  cittate;  owns  mining  proiierty  in  tiold  Hill  diatrict;  named  the  Tellurium 
minus  and  owna  stock  in  them;  also  in  the  Lord  Byron  and  lianctini.iit'd 
Luek. 

Carlton  C.  Calkins  came  to  Longmont  as  one  of  the  original  coloniHts  in 
IS70,  and  wai^  not  favorahly  impressed  with  the  iigrieultural  oajmeities  of 
till!  county.  He  entered  a  small  tjuantity  of  land,  but  now  ownes  4(M)  acres, 
worth  4*40  per  aero,  and  a  dairy,  and  raises  thoroughhred  cnttU-,  mixed  hns- 
liaiidry  hcing  his  business.  He  prefers  Boulder  co.  to  any  i)art  of  the  U.  S. 
B.  Clark  Wheeler,  born  in  Pa  in  i84!),  studied  at  Wellsborough  academy 
aiiil  the  university  of  Pa,  and  afterward  read  the  law  with  Sherwood  it 
Mitchell  of  Phila.  He  joineil  the  army  cis  a  drummer  boy,  but  was  taken 
home  by  his  father.  In  1S*)4  he  went  to  Iowa,  and  in  18(58  came  to  Colorado, 
iiiit  again  went  home,  tinished  his  studies,  and  returned  here  in  187(>,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Denver.  Soon  he  went  to  the  Black  hills,  practising 
there  for  two  years.  His  active  dis}H»sition  caused  him  to  make  a  prospcct- 
iiij;  tour  through  Colo,  N.  M.,  and  Ariz.,  aft<'r  which  be  once  more  returned 
til  Cdloiado,  and  settled  permanently  at  Aspen  in  Pitkin  co.,  where  he  fol- 
lowed law,  mining,  and  newsjiaper  pidilishing.  I'ithh>  Miiilii'j  AVtr.y,  d.  &  w. 
From  187SI  to  188'J  he  lectured  frcipiently  in  ditferent  i>arts  of  the  state  upon 
the  mineral  wealth  of  tiie  country,  itnd  M-ent  as  ;i  comm'r  to  the  cotton  ex- 
position at  Atlanta,  to  reitresent  the  resources  of  I'olo,  lecturing  before  the 
ItiiUion  club  of  New  York  on  the  same  subject  during  this  tour.  He  labored 
imliistriimsly  to  attract  attention  to  the  region  about  Aspen,  and  tinally  suc- 
ceeilcd  in  getting  capitiil  intereste<J  in  the  jK'r.son  of  David  M.  Hyman  of 
('ineinnati.  In  1885  tiiere  was  ship^ied  from  Asjien  about  .*4,()00,0(M)  worth 
of  ore  and  bullion.  The  pliu-e  has  only  1  smelter  with  a  capacity  of  (iO  tons 
per  day.  Wheeler  surveyed  and  located  the  town  of  Aspen,  and  named  the 
streets.     The  present  i>op.  i:i  ."),000. 

P.  .T.  Pauly,  a  native  of  St  Louis,  was  born  in  18.H,  and  received  the 
ailvantages  of  the  [mplic  scIumiIs,  remaining  in  his  native  city  until  'JO  years 
of  age.  He  was  apprenticed  3  years  to  an  architectural  draughtsman,  and 
oil  coming  to  Denver  engaged  in  this  calling,  but  soon  returned  to  St  Louis 
til  work  for  the  firm  of  Pauly  &  Bro.,  pail  manufacturers.  At  the  end  of  ,H 
years  ho  was  admitted  to  a  partnership,  which  interest  he  still  retail's,  the 
linn  liaving  invested  ^J0»),000.  Li  1882  he  cunie  to  Colorado  for  his  health, 
am!  having  married  the  year  previous  Sarah  Crissy  of  Mich.,  deteriiiiiied  to 
.•<ettlc  here.  He  purclia.sed  3  cattle  rivnchos  in  or  near  Kstes  park,  anil  en- 
tered H|)on  the  lucrative  busiriess  of  raising  grailed  stock,  being  regarded  as 
one  of  the  foremost  men  i.i  northern  Colorailo. 

.lacob  Downing,  born  at  AlKiny,  N.  Y.,  18.W,  came  to  Denver  in  April 
IS,V,).  He  raised  compa'iy  P  of  the  )st  <  'olorado  regt  in  18()l,  and  was  nins- 
tereil  out  in  1805  as  major  on  t\d  Ciiiviiigton's  staff.  He  was  electeil  pro- 
hato  judge  of  ArapaluH)  ci».  in  )8(>7,  serving '2  years.  In  ISlMi  he  purchased 
a  tract  of  land  containing  'i,(t(K)  acres  in  .Uflersoii  co.,  ,')  miles  from  Denver; 
ainl  subse(|uently  3(X)  acn's  :<  mi, is  from  Denver  court-house,  worth  in  188(5 
over.*>()0,()(IO.  The  value  of  lu.s  lands  has  steadily  advanced  year  by  year, 
aiiil  is  still  going  up,  for  which  reason  he  thinks  real  csUite  in  ArapahiHt  a 
goiiil  investment. 

.lames  A.  Dawson,  born  in  Hart  co.,  Ky,  18154,  and  educated  there.  At 
the  age  of  '2\  years  he  "was  elected  county  clerk,  i\nd  remained  in  that  office 
until  the  commencement  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  when  he  enlisted  in  the 
uiiiiiu  army.  After  8er\Mngout  the  term  of  his  enlistment  he  was  appointed 
ri'ilister  of  the  land-ortice,  holding  that  position  8  years.  In  1871  lie  was 
appointed  adjutant-general  of  Ky  lor  4  years.  He  camo  to  Colorailo  in 
1**^0,  and  opened  •I  law-otlice.  In  18H'ilie  was  appointed  by  the  governor 
juiine  of  the  superior  court,  and  served  one  term,  after  which  he  was  ap. 
]>oiiited  surveyor-general  of  Colorado.  He  is  a  eulogist  of  his  adopted 
state. 


652 


LATER  EVENTS. 


Henry  H.  Metralf,  bom  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1842,  came  to  Colorado 
in  1872.  He  purcliajsed  a  section  of  laud  in  Elbert  ou.,  <"jid  ^>2  huad  ot  cat- 
tle, and  had  ^1,200  in  cash.  He  was  worth  in  I88G,  $450,000,  the  result  of 
judicious  niauagemeut  of  the  cattle-raisiug  business  iu  this  state,  tio  re- 
sides at  Denver. 

\V'eslbro.»k  .S.  Decker  was  bom  iu  Senec?,  N.  Y.,  in  1839,  his  fatlitr, 
Alltert  Decker,  being  a  farmer  and  a  merchant,  of  Dutch  sfock,  as  was  also 
his  mother,  (.iertrude  Shoemaker.  He  worked  on  his  father's  farm,  ami  for 
a  short  periiMl  was  clerk  in  the  store.  In  185ti  he  entered  Brockixirt  collegi- 
ate institute  for  one  year,  and  this,  with  whathe  had  learned  at  winter  sussioii.s 
of  the  public  school^  constituted  his  educational  training.  In  1857  he  went 
to  111.,  working  in  a  sorghum  mill  and  teaching  school  until  18GI,  when  he 
returned  home  an'l  enlisted  iu  the  12th  N.  Y.  infantry,  being  captured  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  paroletl  and  exchange<l.  He  was  afterward  twice  seriously 
wounded.  After  Gettysburg  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  2d  lieut,  and 
later  to  1st  lieut  in  the  19th  U.  S.  colored  troops,  and  was  assigned  to  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Ferrero.  as  ordnance  officer.  He  was  ordnance  oftieer  on  tiie 
staff  of  Hartsnffat  Bermuda  Huudretls,  Va,  and  in  the  district  ot  Nottoway, 
after  the  evacu.ilion  of  Petersburg.  8ul)3e(piently  iie  was  transferred  totlie 
command  of  Gen.  Giles  A.  Smith,  and  went  to  Tex.,  where  he  served  as 
provost  marshal  until  Aug.  18(15,  when  he  returned  home.  In  Oct.  of  tliat 
year  he  entered  the  law  school  of  Mich,  university,  graduating  in  lSt)7,  and 
locating  at  Kankakee.  111.  He  was  elected  city  attorney  in  1808  and  lS(i".t, 
andelecteil  county  judge  the  same  year,  which  position  he  held  until  isT.t. 
The  following  year  he  came  to  Colorado  for  his  health,  and  remaineil  to 
practise  his  profession.  He  was  apjjointed  by  President  Grant  U.  S.  ilis- 
trict  attorney  in  1877.  in  which  <ifficehe  was  retained  several  years. 

Gilljert  De  La  Martyr,  Inirn  in  1825  in  New  York,  and  educated  tliere, 
was  ordained  a  minister  of  the  m.  e.  church  in  1848,  and  preaciied  until 
18ti2.  when  he  was  apjtointed  chaplain  of  the  12*.)th  N.  Y.  infantry,  serving 
until  .January  18»i5,  when  lie  resigned.  He  had  charge  of  the  Sand  street 
church  in  Brooklyn  from  ISiJoto  1870,  at  which  time  he  was  tran.sferred  t.i 
Omaha,  remaining  there  until  1873,  when  he  was  sent  to  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
and  remained  3  years,  after  which  he  went  to  Indianapolis  to  take  charge  of 
a  large  church.  He  was  elected  to  congress  from  Indianapolis  in  1S7S,  serv- 
ing one  term.  After  that  he  lectured  extensively  on  labor  organizations  and 
political  economy,  and  lieing  in  Itenver  in  1882  was  solicited  to  take  cliaru'c 
of  tlie  methiHlist  church,  which  invitation  he  accepted,  with  the  deterniiua- 
tion  to  remain  permanently  in  the  healthful  climate  of  Ccdorado. 

Po.sey  .S.  \Vils«>n  was  l>orn  at  Wappato  Indian  agency  in  1845,  his  father 
being  an  army  officer,  and  was  educated  at  St  Louis.  He  came  to  (.'oloratio 
in  I8.>.'t.  remaining  but  a  short  time  when  he  went  to  Montana.  In  IMiT  he 
removed  to  Cheyenne  and  engaged  in  banking  until  1879,  when  he  returiieil 
til  Colorado  and  purchasetl  a  cattle  farm  in  Larimer  co.  near  Fort  Cdlin-*. 
While  in  Wviiuung  he  was  a  menibei  of  tiie  legislature  of  187t>.  He 
remain'jd  on  his  Larimer  co.  farm  until  1885,  when  he  was  appointed  by  tlie 
preiiilent,  a*sayer  of  the  Iteuver  mint.  He  retained  his  stock  interests  and 
is  settled  permanently  in  Color.a«lo. 

V.'ilham  A.  Hover,  l»om  in  Wis.,  in  1850,  was  educated  at  the  university 
of  that  state,  graduating  in  1877,  and  remaining  one  year  afterwards 
e:i'^aged  iu  tne  study  of  chemistry.  In  1878  he  came  to  Colorado,  oii.nmg 
an  assiiy  office  in  Lake  City,  removing  the  same  year  to  Denver,  wiiere  he 
]>urchaseil  part  of  a  retail  drug  business,  completing  the  purcluise  of  the 
otablishnient  in  ISSO.     He  is  settled  here  ])crmanently. 

R.  A.  Ltmg.  ln»m  in  Ohio  in  1851,  and  brought  up  on  a  farm,  conitneiu'eil 
educating  hinL^elf  at  the  age  of  19,  earning  the  money  to  pay  his  tuiiioii. 
Hegraduatetl  from  tlie  law  school  of  the  Mich,  university  in  1879,  eomin.'  at 
once  to  Denver.  In  six  j-ears  he  had  paid  some  debts,  married,  anil  aiiii- 
nnilated  JfiJO.OOO.  which  may  be  coii.-.idered  great  success  iu  profession  il  lite. 

L.  B.  France,  bom  in  Washington  city  in  1833,  and  educated  at  (i<  .'rire- 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


653 


town,  studied  law  in  Chicago,  where  he  was  admittf:d  to  the  liar  in  1858, 
jinicci.sing  in  111.  anil  li>w.a  uutil  iJxJl,  when  he  can.e  to  Denver.  In  the 
autuinn  of  the  same  year  he  was  electe<l  prosecutin'^  attorney  of  Arapahoe 
cip. — the  rirst  pros,  atty  elected  in  CVilo — for  one  j'car.  From  that  time  he 
lias  steadily  lahored  at  hid  pri>fe**ion.  not  engaging  in  politics. 

Jolin  W.  Jenkins,  horn  in  Va  in  1S37,  and  educated  in  Ind.  In  1874  he 
was  appoiptod  territorial  secretary,  an<l  Gov.  Mc(.'ook's  appointment  heing 
fiiiitested,  became  acting  gov.,  serving  the  greater  part  of  McCook's  term. 
After  the  expiration  of  hi.s  term  of  oifice  he  commenced  the  practise  of  the 
law,  and  acquired  some  important  mining  inteiests.  He  was  prosecuting 
attorney  in  Lake  co.  in  IS'SI-i,  and  heM  othce  in  tlie  Masonic  order,  and  tlie 
Improved  Onler  of  Red  Men.  He  is  deeply  attached  to  the  country  and 
chmate  of  the  centennial  .state. 

Frank  Clnirch,  horn  in  ."^t  Lawrence  co.  T'f.  Y.  in  1844,  and  educated 
there,  came  to  Denver  in  186!>,  to  take  change  of  a  seminary,  and  in  1871 
iiiiirried  in  this  city.  While  teaching,  he  studied  law,  and  in  1872 
was  admitted  to  the  har.  He  was  elected  county  supt.  of  schools  in  1871, 
holding  the  office  four  years.  In  1S79  he  was  elected  state  senator  for  four 
years.  In  1883  he  was  electeil  treasurer  of  Arapahoe  co.,  and  retdected  in 
1SS5.  His  experience  of  mining  investments  leadu  him  to  prefer  Denver  real 
estate. 

Byron  A.  Wheeler,  horn  in  Wis.  in  1842,  ami  was  educated  at  Fon-du- 
lac.  In  1803  he  enlisted  in  the  1st  Wis.  regt,  serving  until  the  close  of  tlie 
war,  when  he  entered  the  Hahnemann  Molioal  college  of  Chicago,  and  grad- 
uated in  1807.  After  practising  in  Wis.  and  lon-a  until  1870,  he  came  to 
Colorado  for  health,  locating  permanently  in  Denver.  He  married,  in  Wis., 
Fiances  A.  Noyes,  and  has  seven  children.  He  owns  consideralile  real 
I'Atate  in  Denver. 

William  B.  Craig,  bom  in  Mo.  in  ISS.'i,  and  edueateil  at  l>e  Kalb  and  St 
.Tosepli  High  school,  studied  metlicine  sul»se<|uentl\',  grailuatiiig  from  the  St 
Liiuis  Medical  college  in  1876,  anil  sul»se<|uently  from  Bellevue  hospital,  N. 
Y.  Returning  to  St  Joseph  he  practised  there  until  18S2,  when  ho  removed 
to  Denver  on  account  of  his  mother's  failing  health,  and  tindiiig  her  restora- 
tion comjdete,  owing  entirely  to  the  climate,  determined  to  remain  in  Denver. 

W.  \V.  Anderson,  born  at  t'ergus,  Canada,  in  IS.^O,  and  educated  there. 
His  diplomas  and  degrees  from  the  In-st  medical  colh'^es  of  Montreal  and 
(.Hulieo  ma<le  him  an  A.  M.,  M.  D..  V.  H.,  and  M.  K."  C.  S.  In  1870  he 
iMiiio  to  the  U.  S.  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  and  asst  surgeon  of  Mich. 
university,  and  in  1878  to  Denver,  where  he  has  since  practised  his  profes- 
siim.  Ho  was  appointed  city  physician  in  !S83,  ano  i-e-aiipointed  in  1885. 
lie  became  largely  interested  in  mining  and  real  estate,  and  is  located  per- 
manuiitly  in  Denver. 

Kli  .M.  Ashley,  bom  ni  Ohio  in  1S3.3,  and  educated  there,  engaged  in  a 
retail  drug  business,  soo;:j  after  attaining  his  majority,  at  Tidedo.  In  1801 
he  came  to  Colorado  as  chi-jf  clerk  to  the  .siin'eyor  general  of  the  territory, 
wliieh  position  he  retained  through  the  administrations  of  5  siirv.-genls,  a 
]ieiiiiil  of  17  years.  He  began  buying  real  estate  in  Denver  at  an  early  date, 
owning  what  is  known  as  Asldey's  additii<n  to  the  city  of  Denver,  which  was 
laid  out  in  18()8.  His  lousiness  since  leaving  the  snrv.-f.'('iris  otliee  has  been 
tliat  of  buying  and  selling  real  estate.  In  1SS5  he  organized  the  Western 
•  'liemical  Works  co.,  of  which  he  is  pres't.  He  is  permanently  located  in 
Denver. 

C  C.  frird,  born  in  Ohio  in  183«},  receiving  a  common  school  education, 
came  to  Colorado  in  IStiO.  For  f  year  he  worked  at  his  trade  of  coopering, 
iind  then  commenced  freighting  l>etween  iVnver  and  Omaha,  Mhich  business 
he  followed  until  the  Indians  forced  him  to  abandon  it  in  1803,  when  ho 
nettled  on  a  land  claim  15  miles  fn>m  I)enver,  where  he  residetl,  farming  and 
stock-raising,  until  1880,  when  he  rcniove<l  to  I>enver.  He  was  elected  to 
the  teiT.  council  in  18(59  for  1  term,  and  l«»  the  state  legislature  in  1879.  Ho 
was  elected  connn'r  of  .\rapahoe  co.  in  IHS4.  and  twice  clmsen  chairman  of 
tilt;  board.     His  property  is  in  live  stock  and  lauds. 


..f: 


6M 


LATER  EVENTS 


Hartaville  F.  Jones,  bom  in  Tenn.  in  18^6,  was  brought  up  and  educated 
in  Ky.  In  184(5  he  enlisted  for  tlie  Mexican  war.  la  IS48  lie  returned 
home,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  at  Lexington  untd  1874,  wlieii  |ju 
removed  to  L»euver,  and  bought  and  sold  city  property.  He  was  eletttd  ;■ 
member  of  the  city  council  in  1685,  but  has  not  entered  into  politics.  ||e 
will  remain  ijernuuiently  in  Denver. 

Thomas  S.  Clayton,  born  in  I'liila  in  18;<8,  and  educated  there,  was  clerk 
in  his  brother's  f<tore  in  that  city  until  lie  came  to  Colorado  in  1863,  to  take 
the  same  position  with  his  brother,  who  had  opened  a  general  niercliandise 
store  in  Denver  in  ISoO.  In  180G  he  went  into  merchandising  for  liiiiisclf, 
but  ultimately  ran  the  business  into  hats  and  caps  exclusively,  and  was  tlie 
pioneer  hatter  of  Denver.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  chief  of  tlie  fire  dejit. 
and  held  the  office  until  1882.  He  was  supt  of  tlie  Sunday -.school  of  tiie 
episcopal  church,  and  of  each  of  the  other  churches  of  Denver.  He  was 
married  in  Phila  in  1878,  and  !ias  erected  a  residence  on  Capitol  hill  in  tlie 
city  of  his  adoption. 

Einile  Reithmann,  bom  in  Switzerland  in  1844,  came  to  the  U.  S.  witli 
hisfather  in  1848,  and  resided  at  times  in  N.  Y.,  Oliio,  Indiana,  and  biwa 
before  coming  to  Colorado  in  1850.  He  settled  on  a  ranelio  within  5  miles 
of  Denver  the  same  year,  and  started  the  lirwt  dairy  in  tlie  terr.,  at  vliiih 
business  and  stock-raising  he  has  continued  ever  since.  He  was  married  iii 
Denver  in  1879,  and  considers  his  present  home  his  home  for  life. 

David  C.  Taylor,  born  in  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  in  183'J,  removed  to  Mo.  iii 
1858,  and  to  Colorado  in  18(iO,  going  to  tlie  Gold  Hill  mining  district.  After 
a  brief  experience  at  mining,  he  took  up  some  land  in  St  Vraiii  valley,  where 
he  settkvl  permanently.  He  became  posses.sed  of  a  large  amount  of  land, 
stock  cattle,  and  was  half  owner  in  tlie  Clover  Basin  Irrigating  diteii. 

Jacob  Sherrer,  born  in  France  in  18.S8,  came  to  the  U.  S.  witli  lii.s  jiarentu 
in  184(5,  and  to  Colorado  in  1859.  He  was  engaged  in  freighting  aeross  tlie 
plains  until  the  completion  of  the  U.  P.  R.  R.  to  Cheyenne,  when  he  turned 
his  oxen  out  to  fatten,  and  also  purchased  a  small  herd  for  breeding  piir|Mi>es. 
He  now  owns  a  large  rancho  on  tlie  s.  branch  of  Repulilican  river,  and  (UKXt 
head  of  stock.     He  resides  in  Denver. 

Harmon  Merchant,  born  in  Courtland  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1832,  ciinio  to  Colo- 
rado in  ]85i),  an<l  engaged  in  freighting  and  trading.  Bucomincr  alarniul  at 
the  attitude  of  the  Indians  towards  the  white  settlers,  he  removed  with  his 
familj'  to  Or.  in  1803,  where  he  remained  2  years,  when  he  removed  to  I'eta- 
luma,  Cal.,  and  commenced  dealing  in  cattle.  In  ISd!)  lie  sold  out,  and  fur 
several  years  thereafter  was  in  the  cattle  business  between  Tex.  andXeli., 
finally  locathig  permanently  at  Denver  in  187t). 

David  J.  Lykins,  born  in  Ind.  in  1839,  and  brought  up  there,  began  early 
to  roam,  visiting  Ohio,  and  from  there  cros.siiig  the  continent  in  1850.  wurk- 
ing  in  tlie  mines  of  Cal.  until  1850,  when  he  returned  iiome  by  steamer,  lie 
spent  most  of  the  next  two  years  in  travelling  over  the  middle  and  wr.<tem 
states,  and  drifted  in  1859  with  the  great  migration  to  Ccdorado.  He  sikui 
learned  the  protit  there  was  in  cattle,  and  witii  tlio,se  he  had  driven  fnni]  the 
Missouri  ccmimenced  a  bu.-iiness  at  wiiich  he  made  a  handsome  fiprtune.  own- 
ing 1,0()0  acres  in  Arapahoe  co.,  a  large  farm  in  Mo.,  and  valuable  lierds  ef 
cattle,  and  an  elegant  residence  in  Denver. 

W.  |{.  Rogers  was  born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1844,  where  he  received  an 
academic  eilucation,.anil  studied  medicine  and  dentistry.  In  18(i7  lie  eaine 
to  (_'olorado  to  recover  lo.st  health,  practising  his  dental  art,  and  inveslii:);  in 
mining  and  city  property.  He  became  sound,  and  made  a  conifortiihle 
fortune. 

Edmund  Anthony,  bom  in  N.  Y.  in  1828,  and  educated  for  the  callinj,'  of 
an  architect,  came  to  Ccdorado  in  1870,  being  the  first  to  open  an  oliiee  for 
architectural  drawing  in  the  state,  and  designing  some  of  the  most  iirnnii- 
ncnt  buildings  in  Denver  and  Cheyenne.  He  came  to  the  mountains  fer 
health,  which  he  obtained. 

John  D.  Atkin  also  came  to  Colorado  in  1873  for  relief  from  asthnia,  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


655 


I  ('did- 
,1  ;.t 
li  lii.i 
IVta- 
A  for 
Nell., 

early 
wiirk- 

.    llf 

■stem 
V,  .sunn 

1!  tlic 

own- 
nla  of 

:vt\  an 
came 
ir,(.'  in 
rlalile 

Img  of 
Lv  for 

lironii- 
liis  for 


iia,  of 


>vliich  he  was  completely  cured.  Returning  to  111.  the  disease  returned, 
uheii  he  sold  out,  and  invested  his  means  in  Denver  real  estate,  with  the 
intention  of  ending  his  days  iiere.  He  brought  ;$35,000  to  this  city,  wliiuh 
lias  increased  to  $300,000  without  the  aid  of  other  investments.  He  proph- 
ecius  that  Denver  will  be  the  largest  city  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Henry  Sness,  born  in  Germany  in  1837,  migrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1854, 
residing  in  Mo.  until  1870,  w^hen  he  came  to  Denver  as  an  agent  for  the 
Aniieuser-Busch  Brewing  co.  of  St  Loui^j,  and  established  a  branch  business 
liere,  which  was  placed  under  his  management.  He  organized  the  (rerman 
Loan  and  Building  association,  of  which  he  is  president.  Ho  was  elected  to 
the  legislature  in  1884. 

John  W.  Collins,  M.  I).,  born  in  Green  co.,  Ala,  in  1835,  was  educated 
there,  st.xiuying  medicine  in  New  Orleans,  and  graduating  in  IStJO.  In  the 
fallowing  year  he  entered  the  confederate  army  as  a  surgeon,  serving  through 
t!ie  4  years  of  war,  and  afterwards  practised  liis  profession  in  ^li.ss.  and 
Tt'un.  until  1879  when  he  came  to  Colorado  to  perform  a  surgical  operation 
on  a  friend,  and  decided  to  remain.  Colorado,  he  predicts,  will  be  the  most 
famous  liealth  resort  of  the  world  when  it  is  better  known.  He  is  located  at 
Denver  in  the  practice  of  gynecology. 

William  Smedley,  D.  D.  S.,  I)orn  in  Pa  in  1836  of  Quaker  parentage, 
stndied  dental  surgery  at  West  Chester,  Pa,  until  1870,  when,  being  thrc<-it- 
encd  with  consumption,  he  came  to  Colorado  for  relief,  and  his  health  being 
restored  he  has  practised  his  profession  ever  since.  He  owns  real  estate  in 
North  Denver,  and  ia  much  interested  in  educational  matters,  beiug  on  the 
school  board. 

Edward  Rollandet,  born  in  Leyden,  Holland,  in  1852,  received  a  collegiate 
education,  but  enlisted  in  the  army  at  the  age  of  15  years.  After  serving  4 
years  he  left  the  army  with  the  rank  of  sergeant,  anu  travelled  for  2  years, 
learning  smelting,  after  which,  in  1873,  came  to  the  U.  S.,  locating  in  Va, 
where  he  was  employed  in  iron  works  for  about  a  year,  going  from  there  to 
Canada.  In  1874  he  came  to  Colorado  and  engaged  with  the  Maxwell  Land 
CO.  for  2  years,  after  which  he  located  in  Denver  as  engineer  with  a  map 
company,  and  dealt  in  real  estate.  In  1878  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the 
Vulture  mine  of  Leadvillc,  and  became  also  chief  draughtsman  in  the  sur- 
veyor-general's office  at  Denver.  In  1884  he  was  elected  surveyor  in  a 
neighboring  county.  The  following  year  he  returned  to  Denver  and  opened 
an  engineer's  olfice,  but  finally  united  with  Worrall  &  Chisolm  in  the  Den- 
ver Lithographing  co.,  in  which  business  he  remains. 

Ledru  R.  Rhodes,  born  in  Ohio  in  1849,  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
and  taught  when  he  was  16  years  old.  In  1865  he  went  to  Iowa  where  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  commenceil  practise  in  the 
district  court  of  Fremont  co.,  Neb.  In  1872  he  came  to  Colorado,  settling 
in  Larimer  co.  on  a  farm,  but  in  1874  opened  a  law  ofhce  in  Fort  Collins 
wliere  he  remained  4  years,  and  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  from  Lari- 
mer CO.  on  the  republican  ticket,  and  interested  himself  in  the  passage  of 
the  irrigation  law.  In  1885  he  was  elected  district  attorney  of  the  2d  judi- 
cial district,  consisting  of  Arapahoe,  Larimer,  and  Weld  counties.  He  was 
employed  by  the  Cattle  Growers' association  on  a  salary  of  ^2,500,  and  by 
the  Hnglish  Irrigation  co.  He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Den- 
ver Cliamber  of  Commerce. 

Freilerick  Cramer,  born  in  New  York  in  1833  of  D^itch  ancestry,  waa 
tauiiilt  the  trade  of  a  millwright.  At  the  age  of  23  he  went  to  lied  river, 
where  lie  remained  until  18()4,  when  he  came  to  Colorado  and  began  business 
&9  a  builder.  He  has  been  identified  with  mining  in  Boulder  co.  for  many 
years.  He  was  elected  sheriff  of  Arapahoe  co.  in  1865,  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  education  in  1868,  and  a  cnuncilman  in  1869.  He  has  accpiired  & 
comfortable  fortune,  owning  $70,000  worth  of  real  estate  in  Denver.  He 
married  in  Brooklyn  in  1863,  and  has  5  children. 

J.  J.  Dunagan,  bom  in  Mo.  in  1833  and  brought  up  there,  went  to  Iowa 
at  the  age  of  19,  learning  the  carpenter  trade  at  Glenwoud.     In  1860  he 


■<(»■ 


i;  .,U; 


656 


LATER  EVENTS. 


^K>1 


came  to  Boulder  co.  Colorado,  engaging  in  mining  and luml)cring  n.itil  ISC". 
when  lie  went  to  Cheyenne  t''  take  Ijuilding  coutractsi,  remaining  tliere  3 
years,  and  going  from  there  to  Greeley,  wiiere  he  kept  a  liotel,  and  fr-n- 
there  to  Louguiout,  returning  to  Denver  in  1879,  gouig  into  the  grocery 
trade,  and  selling  out  to  go  into  a  drug  store.  Meanwhile  he  traded  lu  rual 
estate,  and  enjoyed  the  proHta  of  a  considerable  increase.  He  was  ilrzt 
married  in  Iowa,  and  afterwards  in  Evans,  Colorado,  and  has  two  ilaugliters. 

Amasa  C.  Buuknum,  M.  D.,  horn  in  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1S1.'4,  auj 
educated  at  Albany,  removed  to  Mich.,  where  he  began  the  study  of  int'di- 
cine  in  1845,  graduating  at  Castleton,  Vt,  in  1849.  Heturniug  to  Jacksdii 
he  commenced  practice  there,  remaining  until  1880,  though  a  part  of  the 
time  professor  of  physiology  at  Ann  Arbor  university,  and  president  of  tlie 
Jackson  co.  medical  society.  His  health  failing  he  came  to  Colorailo  ia 
1880,  where  in  two  months  he  was  able  to  resume  practice.  He  btiaiue  a 
member  of  the  state  medical  societies,  and  of  the  American  Medical  as^iu- 
ciatiou.     He  was  twice  married,  and  has  5  children. 

William  S.  Grimes,  born  in  Wheeling,  Va,  in  1835,  was  educated 
in  Ciuciuuati  at  Woodworth  college,  aud  studied  medicine  in  that  institution. 
He  entered  into  a  successful  practice  in  1857,  but  on  the  comnicucenn'iit  of 
the  civil  war  eidistcd  in  the  '2lid  Iowa  infantry  as  asst  surgeon.  After  tlic 
battle  of  I'ea  liidge,  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  29th  Iowa  infantry. 
lu  18G4  he  resigned  on  account  of  auaccideuttoiiis  eyes,  and  removed  to  [hi 
Moins,  wliere  he  resumed  general  practise  until  1879,  when  he  ciinu  t.) 
Colorado  on  account  of  asthma  aud  the  trouble  with  hi'-  ""yes.  His  ln'altli 
being  entirely  restored,  he  adds  his  to  the  universal  praise  of  the  climate 
of  Denver. 

C.  C.  Worrall,  born  near  Boston  in  1855,  was  educated  in  England,  lie 
came  to  Colorado  with  his  parents  in  18G2,  and  in  18G5  went  to  New  York, 
St  Louis,  New  Orleans  and  to  Europe.  Returning  to  Colorado  iu  a  few 
years  he  engaged  iu  selling  drugs,  in  which  business  he  remained  until  INM), 
when  he  abandoned  it  for  lithographing.  In  188G  he  organized  tlie  DtiiviT 
Lithographing  company,  in  conjunction  with  £.  Rollandet  and  F.  F.  Chisolm, 
the  enterprise  proving  more  successful  than  was  anticipated.  He  luarrieil 
in  1883  Alias  Haisington  and  ia  permanently  settled  in  Denver. 

A.  W.  Hogle,  born  in  Canada  in  1844,  removed  with  hia  parents  to  111.  in 
1849,  and  received  a  common  school  education.  Jn  the  breaking  out  of  tlie 
civil  war  he  enlisted  in  Co.  A,  70  III.  regt,  and  was  mustered  out  in  ISO")  as 
lieutenant  of  Co.  C.  Returning  home,  he  attended  at  the  Commercial  col- 
lege of  Chicago.  In  I8(i9  he  was  elected  treasurer  of  Iroquois  co.  tliousjli 
but  25  years  of  age,  giving  a  bond  of  ;f500,000  In  1871  he  came  to  Colorailo 
for  the  health  of  his  wife,  who  was  entirely  restored.  He  kept  book.s  for  a 
large  commission  house  and  invested  in  cattle.  In  1880  he  sold  lii.4  cattli! 
and  went  into  commission  business,  also  buying  some  mining  property.  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  chief  of  police  of  Denver,  by  Mayor  J.  E.  Hates,  ninl 
was  instrumental  in  quelling  the  railroad  riots  of  that  year.  He  establislicil 
the  patrol  system,  the  best  for  conducting  tire  and  police  alarms,  lie  mar- 
ried Miss  Paul  of  111.  in  1805. 

Ambrose  iS.  Everett,  physician,  was  bom  in  New  York  in  1841,  studied 
medicine  in  111.  and  graduated  from  the  St  Louis  homeoitatliiu  iiit'dical 
college,  in  which  he  afterwards  held  a  professorship,  with  a  general  city 
practise.  His  health  failing,  he  sought  restoration  ia  Colorado,  and  would 
now  '  not  try  to  live  anywhere  else,'  his  health  and  his  practise  being  entirely 
satisfactory. 

Samuel  S.  Smythe,  born  at  (ialena.  III.  in  1838,  graduated  frnni 
the  Hoino'i)atliic  Aledical  college  of  Chicago  in  18C7.  i'e  came  to  Denver 
iu  1880  for  the  health  of  his  wife  who  was  dying  of  consumption.  The  cli- 
mate completely  rest(»red  her  ami  he  decided  to  remain.  He  engaged  iu  the 
practise  of  his  profe.ssicm,  and  also  in  stock  raising. 

C.  M.  Parker,  was  born  in  Miss,  in  1838,  and  was  eilucated  by  » 
private  tutor,  with  a  term  iu  college  at  N.  Y.  afterwards.   At  the  commence- 


BW;KAi'HlCAL 


Dient  of  the  civil  war  i.„      i-  ^'^ 

tlH^  cii.J  of  the  V.L  onl'stcl  i„  the  18th  \r 

-Nuriiian  Ti  R..».i  .  ""  "i  '''*te  iioarrl  r.f  -.i    i 

e-ny-  an.l  at  thote^'iT'  '""•  *"  ^hio  i„  js^j,  ^,^     ,  '  "'  "^"^ 


.   -\'""1<I    .Sedman   Mil    l^°''*"K''te»-s.  "''*'"*''l  "»  Aim  Arbor 

J'^nvcr  ass.    L  r- ^''"♦^^'•■'""n  m  187        u '"""■•**""•  "f  Denver    h''""' 


I      ) 


688 


LATER  EVENTS. 


whig,  and  made  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first  republican  speech  in  fal., 
where  he  was  sent  as  special  govt  agent  in  1852,  and  where  hn  rcinaiia-ii 
until  1856.  He  was  instrumental  in  placing  Zach.  Chandler  in  thu  L'.  s. 
senate.  He  was  appointed  U.  S.  dist  attorney  for  Utah  by  Prest  (Irant.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  in  writing  a  history  of  the  Ikucli  ami 
Bar  of  the  Northwest.  Ho  was  the  youngest  member  of  the  Pliila  ciphvlh- 
tion,  which  endeavored  to  nominate  Henry  Clay  for  the  presidency,  ami  a 
personal  friend  of  Daniel  Webster. 

Thomas  H.  Hawkins,  M.  D.,  bom  in  Ky  in  1849,  removed  witli  hi.4 
parents  to  Ind.  when  a  child.  He  received  a  collegiate  education  at  AHliury 
university,  Ind.,  and  after  graduating  from  tliere,  studied  metlicii.e  in  the 
med.  dept  of  Louisville  university,  and  the  BoUevue  hospital,  N.  V.,  grad- 
uating from  the  latter  in  1873.  He  practised  in  New  York  until  187!)  when 
he  came  to  Colorado  to  restore  failing  health,  and  find  in  the  climate  what 
he  sought,  remained.  He  waa  identified  with  the  founding  of  tlic  I  )i>iiver 
Medical  college,  and  the  Colorado  State  Woman's  hospital,  founded  the;  Dni- 
ver  Medical  Times,  was  prest  of  the  County  Med.  asso.,  surgeon  of  St  Luke'n 
hospital,  and  assisted  in  establishing  the  Ladies'  Relief  hospital,  of  wliich  lie 
had  charge  during  the  first  year  of  its  existence. 

Leonard  Atkia,  bom  in  111.  in  1830,  resided  at  Shipping  Grove  until  187'), 
when  he  came  to  Colorado,  purchasing  an  interest  in  a  rancho  and  living'  on 
it  two  years,  when  he  settled  in  Denver,  engaging  in  real  estate  transactinns 
and  having  spice  mills.  In  1880  he  sold  out,  and  in  1883  erected  one  of  the 
handsomest  residences  in  the  city  at  that  time,  but  died  soon  after,  leaving 
his  family  a  fortune  of  $200,000. 

George  J.  Hartung,  was  bom  in  New  York  in  1854,  and  educated  at 
the  German  public  schools,  and  N.  Y.  college.  He  graduated  frf>ni  the 
N.  Y.  college  of  dentistry  in  1876,  practising  for  three  years  with  his 
father  ,  the  oldest  German  dentist  in  New  York.  In  1883  he  came  tn  Colo 
for  hia  health,  travelling  among  the  mining  camps  until  he  recovered,  when 
he  settled  in  Denver,  being  the  only  German  dentist  in  the  state 


JIISTORY  OF  WYOMING. 


m-rM 


CHAPTER  I. 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 

r>orNi>AUiF.a  ANn  Sdrface — The  Hills  ani>  Plains  ofLaramik — ftEoi,ooic 
HisioKY — The  River  Platik— Black  Hills — Deserts  which  are  not 
Dkserts — Mountainous  Formations  anu  Upheaval.s — Mineral.'\  and 
Metals — Fontana,  the  Land  of  Rivers — Rolling  Plain  of  the 
Northwest — Forests  and  Lake.s — Falls  of  the  Yellowstone — 
Scenes  of  Beauty  and  Grandeur — Atlantic  and  Pacific  Creeks,  and 
Two-Ocean   and  Other  Passes— Specimens  of  WoRi.D  FoRtuNcs  and 

WkLDINOS— liEYSER     BaSIN.S — MUD     AND     WaTER    VOLCANOES — PaINT 

Tots— Sulphur    Mountain — Sumterranean    Rumblinus — Climate — 
Animated  Nature. 

Imagine  an  undulating  plain  extending  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte  river  westward  over  five  hundred 
milts,  gaining  gradually  hi  altitude  until  the  elevation 
has  reached  six  tliousand  feet.  Then  extend  a  line, 
still  west,  on  the  fortv-first  parallel  to  tlie  thirty-fourth 
nitridian,  thence  north  on  that  longitude  to  the  forty- 
fifth  parallel,  and  east  to  the  twenty-seventh  meridian, 
and  from  there  south  to  the  place  of  heginning.  The 
area  enclosed  is  nearly  100,000  square  miles,  being 
350  miles  in  length  from  east  to  west,  and  230  miles 
in  breadth  from  north  to  south. 

Ilia  general  sense  this  territory,  which  I  have  thus 
enclosed  in  arbitrary  boundaries,  is  a  plateau  with  a 
nitan  elevation  of  6,400  feet ;  its  lowest  level  is  3,534, 
and  its  highest  altitude  13,858  feet,  the  first  boing 
the  channel  of  a  river,  and  the  last  the  summit  of  a 
mountain,     Through  its  western  portion   runs  the 

(669) 


iU.iJ' 


''1. 


\i*m 


600 


PHYSUAL  FEATLKES. 


continental  divide,  but  ljn»kcn  into  several  sepai.itp 
ranges,  and  having  a  wide  opening  toward  tlu'  Pacific 
of  little  more  than  1,400  feet  above  the  mean  elevation 
of  the  territory. 

On  this  roughened  plane  stand  many  ridges  and 
groups  of  various  heights.  Beginning  at  the  south- 
east corner,  we  encounter  not  far  from  the  houiKhuy 
a  stanicircular  range,  alM>ut  two  thousand  feet  ahovii 
the  general  level,  known  as  the  Laramie  hills,  and 
west  of  these  the  Laramie  plains,  containing  an  ana 
of  seven  thousand  sijuare  miles,  and  having  an  alti- 
tude of  seven  thousand  feet.  They  are  bounded  on 
the  west  and  north  by  the  north  branch  of  the  J  Matte, 
which,  coming  from  the  south,  sweeps  in  a  long  cuivo 
around  the  northern  base  of  the  Laramie  hills  ln-inir 
flowing  eastward,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Medicine 
Bow  mountains,  another  low  range  projecting  over 
the  boundary'  of  Colorado,  and  joining  byalhu'  of 
broken  elevatitms  the  Sweetwater  range,  the  whole 
having  a  northwest  trend,  and  spreading  out  ahout 
twenty-five  miles.  Crossing  this  line  of  hills,  we  ])r(i- 
ceed  westward  over  a  broken  country,  nmch  of  itwitli 
a  red  and  nearly  naked  soil,  to  the  valley  of  Gn m 
river,  a  favorite  feedini;-«rround  of  the  buffalo,  and 
which  is  bounded  on  the  west  bv  the  Wasatch  raiiLK . 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  America,  with  its  sliai[i 
outlines,  its  glistening  pinnacles,  and  diaphanous  at- 
mosphere, colored  with  the  tints  of  the  violet  and 
rose. 

As  I  havo  said,  the  belt  of  country  passed  over  is 
broken,  not  into  rolling  hills,  as  on  the  great  plains  to 
the  east,  but  more  abruptly,  and  dotted  here  and  there 
with  rockv  buttes.  like  barren  islands  risiuLj  out  of  a 
sea  of  mud  which  had  lieen  stiffened  by  drouijht.  or 
with  here  and  there  sand  dunes  in  lonj;  rid*iros  whicli 
move  with  the  wind.  As  to  the  geologic  history  or 
this  desert,  it  mav  be  variouslv  conjectured.  Let  us 
sav  that  it  is  the  bottom  of  a  .sea,  once  drained  to  the 
east  by  the  Platte  river.     These  sands  still  iluw  m 


WYOMINa. 


«6I 


till'  direction  of  its  ancient  waters.  Soutli  of  our 
route  fifty  miles  we  may  trace  it,  movinjjf,  moving, 
ov'Lr  moving,  never  two  days  in  the  same  place,  for 
two  hundred  miles,  or  until  it  reaches  the  North 
Platte,  whose  rapid  current  bears  it  down  to  win-re  it 
obstructs  navigation,  and  makes  this  great  stream 
oiilv  an  irrigating  ditch.  The  width  of  this  river  of 
sand  is  a  mile  and  a  half,  its  depth  two  feet  over  a 
hard  bottom.  On  the  northern  shore  of  the  stieam 
stands  a  mass  of  black  lava  five  hundred  fei't  high,  of 
a  s|)lieroidal  form.  In  its  centre  is  a  basin  of  living 
water,  and  at  its  foot  a  large  spring,  fed  fn)m  the 
same  source,  about  which  is  a  mound,  serving  as  a 
curl),  rising  ten  feet  above  the  plain.  The  depth  of 
the  spring  is  very  great,  and  the  water,  though  cold 
and  pure,  has  a  taste  of  sulphur.  These  are  some  of 
the  indications  of  the  volcanic  era  in  this  region. 

The  absence  of  any  very  rugged  mountains  on  the 
route  I  have  indicated  suggests  this  as  a  highway 
laid  out  by  the  Great  Intelligence  in  the  latitude  most 
favorable  at  all  seasons  for  that  migration  to  the  shore 
of  the  Pacific  which  modern  times  have  witnessed. 
The  absence  of  water  and  grass  over  a  great  portion 
of  it,  and  the  presence  of  sand,  pushed  this  migration 
northward  along  the  bases  of  the  mountains  that 
fence  in  the  Sweetwater  pass  of  the  gn^at  divide,  and 
it  was  left  to  that  only  less  cuiming  artificer,  the  man 
of  science  and  steam,  to  carry  out  the  design  of  the 
creative  mind. 

Entering  the  territory  from  the  northeast,  we  en- 
counter the  Black  hills,  lying  across  the  boundary 
lino,  chiefly  in  Dakota,  a  group  of  low,  timbered 
mountains,  embraced  between  the  north  and  south 
branch  of  the  Cheyenne  river.  Other  ranges,  pro- 
jeoting  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Little  Missouri 
and  other  streams,  rouirhen  this  northeast  reirion, 
which  is  also  not  without  its  remarkable  features,  the 
most  noticeable  of  which  is  an  immense  porphyry  up- 
heaval, resembling  in  shape  the  tepees  of  the  aboriginal 


^•*C    Mv 


I'; 


m 


■:!:;i:V 


602 


rilYslLAL  FKATUUES. 


inlmhitnnts  of  the  plains.  ^  The  mass,  wliirh  fitaiids 
upDii  a  pedestal  of  inilk-wliite  clay,  fifteen  huiidnd 
feet  in  diameter  and  five  hundred  feet  his^li,  on  the 
bank  of  the  North  fork,  is  itnclf  nine  hundred  Ret  in 
diameter  where  it  j<»ina  the  base,  and  three  huiuhvd 
feet  at  the  summit,  which  is  1,120  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  river.  It  consists  of  seventy-six  eolunms,  cuiti- 
pactly  pla<'ed,  of  a  gray,  porphyrytic  rock  resenihliii^r 
granite  with  the  mica  left  out,  the  columns  beiii<f  tlio 
result  of  crystallization.  Standing  ahme  in  a  plain, 
several  miies  from  any  other  elevation,  the  etVcct  is 
that  of  one  of  the  pyramids  of  Egypt  dropped  down 
in  this  not  un-Egy|>tian  landscape. 

West  of  the  short  ranges,  just  referred  to,  lio  tho 
valleys  of  the  Powderriver  and  its  branches,  occupying 
from  50  to  100  miles  in  breadth.  Still  west  of  those 
plains  rises  the  magnificent  Big  Horn  range,  covering 
an  area  50  by  150  miles  in  extent,  and  shooting  up  a 
dozen  peaks  from  9,000  tonearly  14,000  feet.  Tlii(»unli 
an  extensive  basin  of  broken  country,  beyond  these 
mountains,  flows  the  Bighorn  river  on  its  way  to  tlie 
Yellowstone,  receiving  numerous  tributaries  both  iVoni 
the  Bly:horn  range  on  the  east  and  the  Shoshone  range 
on  the  west.  The  southern  boundary  of  tlu-  Big- 
horn basin  is  Owl  Creek  range,  connecting  with  the 
Wind  River  mountains,  a  line  of  needle  peaks,  which 
trend  northwest  from  thts  divide  north  i»t"  the 
Sweetwater,  and  joiii  the  Shoshone  range.  Still 
further  west,  on  tho  bolder  of  Idaho,  is  the  Teton 
range,  with  some  high  uid  inaccessible  peaks,  bounded 
on  the  south  by  the  upper  canon  of  Snake  river,  and 
between  this  and  the  Shoshone  range  are  the  lakes 
which  form  the  sources  of  the  Snake  and  Yellowstone 
rivers.  South  of  the  Teton  range  and  Snake  liivor 
canon  is  a  chaos  of  mountains,  of  no  great  elevation 
above  the  surrounding  country,  in  divides  or  groups, 
and  coverinij  a  considerable  extent  of  countrv.  On 
the  tops  of  some  are  plateaux  from  which  innunior- 
able  streams  flow  east,  west,  and  south  to  larger  rivers. 


>VYOMINO. 


6A3 


One  of  those  princii>al  streams  is  Green  river,  which 
lit  ads  ill  Wind  River  mountains,  and  runs  south  with 
a  slij^ht  beiul  toward  the  west.  In  this  semicircular 
valley  lies  16,500  square  miles  of  territory,  irregularly 
8lia}H'd,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Uinta  range  in 
I 'tall,  and  having  a  general  elevation  of  7,000  feet. 
This  plateau  reaches  south-cast  to  that  long  cast- 
aiid-west  plateau  before  mentioned  as  the  Pacific 
iiijjhway,  and  both  have  been  named  Ked  desert,  or 
Colorado  desert,  from  the  brick-red  color  of  the  soil, 
and  the  scarcity  of  vegetation.  I  reject  this  lumien- 
clature  as  that  of  ignorance;  for  the  detritus  of  the 
mountains  about  it,  which  forms  its  soil,  and  the  sub- 
stances deposited  by  the  seas  and  fresh  water  lakes 
which  once  covered  all  the  country  between  the  Mis- 
souri and  Kocky  range  and  the  range  itself,  is  not  a 
l)arren  sand,  but  contains  all  the  elements  of  unusual 
fertility,  and  lacks  only  moisture  sufficient  to  quicken 
it. 

Geologically,  the  mountain  masses  are  of  different 
periods  of  upheaval.  The  lower  elevations  are  com- 
posed  of  sedimentary  rocks,  from  the  carboniferous 
limestone  to  the  most  recent  tertiary  beds,  jumbled 
with  the  oldest  formations,  which  have  been  thrust 
up  through  them.  In  general,  the  crests  of  the 
higher  ranges  are  of  feldspathic  granite,  syenite 
and  gneiss,  while  lower  down  their  slopes  occur  Silu- 
rian, devonian,  carboniferous,  triassic,  Jurassic,  and 
cretaceous  rocks,  appearing  according  to  the  extent  of 
uplieaval  or  the  amount  of  erosive  action.  The  ele- 
vated plateaux  are  mostly  cretaceous,  overlaid  by  ter- 
tiary sandstone,  and  with  gravel  and  drift  showing 
the  action  of  water.  The  story  of  the  creative  and 
destructive  forces  of  the  globe  is  laid  open  where  the 
narrative  is  most  interesting,  showing  us  at  one  point 
on  the  great  highway  all  the  rock  formations,  from  the 
granite  foundations  of  our  world  to  the  latest  creta- 
ceous deposits.  In  the  lower  valleys  dark  loams  pre- 
vail, on  the  plateaux  sandy  loams.     Beneath  the  sur- 


t* 


664 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 


t\\] 


face  lie  extensive  coal  measures,  chiefly  in  the  soutlurii 
portion  of  the  territory,  but  also  in  the  valleys  of  tlie 
Powder,  Bighorn,  and  Wind  rivers,  and  in  tlie  Liir- 
amie  mountains  and  plains.  Shales,  l)earini»'  petroleum, 
are  abundant.  Iron,  limestone,  building-stone,  l^ds 
of  soda  several  feet  in  thickness,  mountains  of  sul- 
phur, mica,  copper,  lead,  silver,  and  gold  crop-up  fidiii 
plains  or  project  from  mountain  sides.  For  the  most 
part  the  country  appears  treeless,  the  timber  l)oiii<4 
confined  to  the  mountains,  the  prhicipal  ranges  of 
which  are  clothed  in  pine,  spruce,  fir,  hemlock  and 
cedar. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  this  high  and  some- 
what bare  region  is  deficient  in  watercourses.  On  the 
contrary  few  countries  have  so  nmny.  It  might  bo 
appropriately  named  Fontana,  as  its  neighbor  was 
Montana,  from  the  great  number  of  rivers  and  river 
sources.  The  Platte  has  not  less  than  forty  small 
tributaries.  The  Sweetwater,  Green,  and  Biglioiii 
rivers  all  rise  in  the  Wind  River  mountains,  e\t  iv 
neighboring  range  sending  down  feeders.  Cheyenne, 
Powder,  and  Tongue  rivers  rise  in  a  divide  in  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  territ<»rv;  the  Yellowstone 
and  the  Snake  hi  the  north-west  corner. 

This  north-west  portion  is  a  rolling  plain,  of  a  mean 
elevation  of  8,000  feet,  w'ith  short  ridges  and  (xca- 
sional  peaks  reaching  a  height  of  10,000  foet.  A 
dense  forest  covers  the  greater  portion  of  tlie  hind. 
A  little  south  of  the  centre  is  a  lake  twenty  by  fifn  (ii 
miles  hi  area,  irregular  in  form,  giving  a  lengtlnnetl 
shore-line,  dotted  with  wooded  i.slands,  bordenel  l>y 
beaches  radiant  with  sparkling  pebl)les.  retlectinu  in 
its  clear  depths  pictures  of  the  gray  clifts  and  gimi 
woods  which  surround  it.  Out  of  the  north  end  of 
the  lake  flows,  very  gently  for  a  few  miles,  the  Yellow- 
stone river,  which  tjraduallv  beconus  more  huiii'd. 
forming  impetuous  rapids,  and  firally  shooting  m  a 
slieet  of  snowy  foam  over  a  precipice  140  fr<t  in 
height,  the  whole  body  of  water  in  its  haste  ckaiiii'4" 


WYOMINO. 


GG5 


till'  brink  and  falling  fifteen  feet  beyond  tlic  base  of 
the  elitts.  The  river  here  enters  a  canon  from  200  to 
400  feet  in  depth,  and  for  half  a  mile  foams  and 
sparkles,  leaps  and  plunt^es  among  the  rocks  to  a 
snond  fall  of  31)7  feet  perpendicular,  where  it  enters 
tlie  grand  canon  from  1,000  to  2,000  feet  in  depth, 
where  hi  darkness,  and  with  sighs  and  groans  unheard 
at  the  surface,  it  rushes  through  twenty  miles  of  rocky 
fissure  before  it  attain  emer<ires  into  li«rht  and  freedom. 
Lrsser  canons  and  falls  occur  on  tributary  streams, 
hut  none  to  rival  the  Yellowstone  cataracts  and  canons. 
]^i  auty  as  well  as  grandeur  enters  into  the  effect. 
The  walls  of  the  basin  into  which  the  river  first 
jiluiiges  are  composed  of  rock  and  c(»nglomerate,  held 
titjether  with  clavs  dved  in  vivid  tints  of  yellow,  red, 
<>iven,  and  purple,  by  the  percolation  of  uiineralizcd 
waters.  Fantastic  shapes,  resulting  from  the  wearing 
away  of  friable  material,  some  grand,  some  mirth- 
urovokini;,  al)ound  on  every  hand.  Towers,  si»ires, 
iiuttresses,  and  other  architectural  effects  suggest 
nxwx^  of  man's  creations,  rather  than  the  decay  of  an 
oldir  world  builded  by  God  himself  Fostered  by 
spray  from  the  cataracts,  dainty  ])laMts  and  mosses 
H(»urish  greenly  in  their  vicinity,  decoratiuij  as  for  an 
L'tcriial  festival  every  loftv  archway,  mimic  hall,  and 
simulated  chapel,  and  floating  their  emerald  streamers 
froii;  every  gaily -painted  ohclisk  and  to\ver. 

Yellowstone  lake,  as  I  have  said,  has  a  lengthened 
shore  line.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  collection  of  narrow  inlets 
with  a  common  centre,  sljaped  much  like  an  enormous 
tui)er,  with  projecting  knob:'  on  eyery  side.  Into  the 
southeast  one  of  thchc  bays  flows  the  upper  ^'ellow- 
stoiie,  which  rises  in  the  Shoshone  range.  It  is  the 
only  feeder  of  the  lake  of  any  size,  and  has  a  small 
fork  to  th»*  southwest  called  Atlantic  creek.  Heading 
in  the  te..:.ie  mountains  is  a  feeder  of  Snake  river 
known  as  Pacific  creek,  and  these  two  creeks,  .'^'tartiiig 
from  neighboring  sources,  but  taking  op[)osit<'  airei  - 
tious,  furnish  a  pass  which  is  known  as  Tv.  o-ocean 


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666 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 


j>ass,  leadin*^  from  Snake  river  below  Jackson  lako  to 
the  Yellowstone  lake,  via  the  upper  Yellowstone  river. 
Pacific  ci-eek  is  ni>t,  howeve.,  the  source  of  the  sinuous 
Ser|K'nt  river  whose  rocky  channel  through  Idaho  has 
been  de.scribed,  Shoshone  lake,  or  as  it  should  be 
named,  De  Lacy  lake,  being  the  fountain  head.  Joiiitd 
to  this  lake  bv  a  wide  neck  is  a  seccmd,  called  Lewis 
lake,  and  not  far  east,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Sheritlan, 
a  third,  named  Heart  lake,  which  also  sends  a  strt  am 
to  Snake  river.  Twenty  miles  below  these  litad- 
waters,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  continental  divide, 
the  Snake  f<»rms  Jackson  lake,  which  is  larger  than 
the  former,  and  has  an  island  of  some  size  in  the 
southern  end.  A  little  wav  south  of  Jackson  art 
Leiirh  and  Jennv  lakes,  connected  bv  a  creek  and 
tributary  to  the  river.  A  j)ark-like  basin  extends 
along  the  Snake  from  the  first  lake  to  the  ujiper 
can»»n,  nanied  by  early  traj)])ers  Jackson  hole.  T\u: 
canon,  a  narrow  defile  twenty  miles  in  length,  throuj^h 
which  the  river  foams  and  tosses  franticallv,  is  still 
j^assable  by  ftdlowing  a  trail  clinging  to  the  precijii- 
tous  side  about  a  hundred  feet  above  the  stnani. 
Fr«»m  these  topographical  features  it  will  be  seen  that 
travel  from  t>ther  parts  of  the  before  described  terri- 
tory to  this  northwest  corner  should  be  difficult. 
Walled  away  from  the  remainder  by  the  high  Sim- 
shone  range,  and  stopped  by  canons  from  apj)r()aeli  hy 
river,  it  is  nearly  Inaccessible.  As  to  mountain  passes, 
there  is  the  Toowotee,  at  the  head  of  Wind  ri\«r, 
which  leads  to  the  head  of  Black  Rock  creek,  a  trih- 
utarv  t»f  the  Snake,  throuiih  Buffalo  fork;  and  siaitli 
of  this,  in  the  Wind  river  range.  Union  pass,  at  tlic 
head  of  (4ros  Ventre,  an(  ther  branch  of  Snake  river: 
east  of  Yellowstone  lake  is  Stinking  river  pass,  at 
the  lit-ad  of  the  north  fork  of  that  river,  itself  a  trih- 
utarv  i»f  the  Biirhorn,  none  of  which  breaking  in  the 
chain  of  environing  mountains  is  available  for  ordiiiary 
travel.  To  come  to  Yellowstone  lake  we  musi  ap- 
protich  from  the  north,  and  by  the  Madison  ft   k  of 


.  lak»^  to 
le  river. 

sinuous 
laliu  lias 
ould   be 

Joined 
d  Lewis 
heridan, 
%  stream 
e  liead- 
il  divide, 
j;er  tlian 
e  in  the 
kson  ar:. 
■eek  aiu! 

extends 
10  ujijier 
le.     The 

throu<j,h 

:,  is  still 

(  preei|ii- 

stnani. 

ecn  that 

ed  terii- 

ditticult. 

lo'li  Sl.n- 

joaf'li  l>y 

|i  |ias>es, 

Id  riNtr. 

a  trih- 

Id  south 

1,  at  the 

ic  river: 

t>a>s.  at 

a  trih- 

in  the 

irdiiiaiy 

lu>'  a)'- 

Ifoik  of 


WYOMING. 


667 


the  Missouri.  Here  are  revealed  some  of  the  least 
eoinnioii  processes  of  nature  in  giving  the  finishing 
touehes  to  the  work  of  world-making,  not  quite  coni- 
pK'tod  in  this  region.  I^et  us  approach,  then,  by  the 
^[adison  river,  passing  through  an  eight-niile labyrinth, 
not  gloomy,  or  even  ditiicult,  but  opening  out  in  some 
parts  to  the  width  of  half  a  mile,  forming  parks 
adorned  with  miniature  forests,  and  having  grassy 
glades  furnished  with  frequent  springs  of  ice-cold 
water,  in  other  ])arts  contracting  to  a  few  yards  of 
space,  but  always  beautiful  and  cheerful,  as  if  gaily 
conducting  us  to  a  glorious  spectacle  beyond.  As  we 
emerge  from  this  seductive  |>ath  we  come  into  a  valley 
of  no  great  extent,  clothed  in  vegetation,  at  the  upper 
end  of  which  unite  the  streams  which  constitute  the 
headwaters  of  the  Madison  river.  The  name  given 
to  this  verdant  vale  by  th«>se  men  of  simple  and  strong 
speech  who,  in  our  time,  at  least,  first  invaded  its  soli- 
tude, was  Fire  hole,  and  to  the  principal  stream  enter- 
ing it  Fire-hole  river.  Their  reason  for  this  appellation 
was  the  unmistakable  evidences,  visible  in  the  soil  and 
iMcks,  of  the  agency  «>f  fire  in  giving  character  to  it. 
Pnvbably  at  tliat  time,  too,  these  a])pearances  were 
even  more  striking  than  at  present,  being  less  con- 
cialed  by  vegetation.  Following  up  Fireholo  river, 
whiel)  comes  leaping  joyfully  down  from  the  heights 
in  a  .sii'ji'!3ssion  of  noi.sy  ca.scades,  we  find  the  banks 
liu(<!  will)  moisture-loving  trees,  aspens,  cottonwoods, 
ai  I  .viilows,  coining  finally  to  a  pine  forest,  out  of 
which  /e  '/nerge  ratlier  suddenly  into  a  region  so 
suggestive  of  a  lake  of  tire  and  brimstone  that  the 
discoverers  above  referred  to  did  not  hesitate  to  call 
it  hell.  Haviuii  beijun  to  liken  things  hereabout  to 
the  infernal  regions,  they  named  one  of  the  most  im- 
petuous and  noisy  of  the  affluents  of  the  Yellowstone 
H  ■llroaring  river,  which  ap|K*llation,  with  all  its  oblo- 
<!  ■     still  clings  to  this  stream. 

>v'>r  a  tract  of  country  many  miles  in  extent  vol- 
eai.;    forces  are  still  at  work.     Instead  of  frightful 


^11 


if 


.1  i^f 


Its  '^ 


COS 


PHYSICAL  FEATU UKS. 


eruptions  of  molten  lava,  v/hii'h  in  the  remote  a^^cs 
poured  down  the  sharp  ridi^es  of  tlie  Slioshone  raiinc; 
instead  of  mountains  heiiij^  tlirust  up  in  one  place  and 
sunken  in  another  when,  their  fiery  contents  liad  ixtu 
belehed  fortii,  wc  have  now  on  the  site  of  foniitr 
s[)ecta('les  of  indescribable  i^randeur  the  milder  sujj;g('s- 
tion  of  this  past  oflered  by  ten  thousand  hot  s[)riiii;s 
and  i^eysers,  divided  between  two  })rin('i[)al  ijjcyser 
basins.  Intermittent  in  action,  and  ditl'erinij^  in  cliar- 
aeter  and  power,  the  disphiy  is  infinite  in  variety,  and 
wonderful  as  varied.  Hot  steam,  which  roars  and 
hisses  ">.'  it  escapes,  loutl  runddinsjfs,  discliar^es  like 
parks  <  ;'  llery  from  tlie   explosion  of  leases,  and 

nauseous  >  s  from  tlie  minerals  held  in  solution  in 
the  vast  cauldron  whose  outlets  are  tliese  sprin:j;s, 
imi>lv  a  region  below  wliich  even  the  souls  of  Dauto 
and  Vir5j:il  would  have  shrunk  from  cxplorinij. 

Yet  this  rej^ion  is  most  attractive.  It  contains  the 
lar<^est  spouting  ge\'sers  in  the  world,  each  with  dis- 
tinctive features.  Tlie  ^lud  volcano  plays  regularly 
once  in  six  h<)urs:  Grand  ijevser,  in  Firehole  hasin, 
throws  a  colunui  of  clear  hot  water  twenty-five  fei  t 
in  thickness  at  the  base  two  hundred  and  fifty  fnt 
into  the  air  for  twenty  minutes  at  a  time ;  its  neigh- 
bor, the  Fan  geyser,  discharges  in  fiv'c  radiating  jets 
to  a  heiijcht  of  sixtv  feet  for  an  hour.  In  another 
place  the  (iriant  plays,  with  a  diameter  of  seven  and  u 
height  of  140  feet,  lasting  three  hours;  the  (iiantess, 
witii  a  diameter  of  eighteen  and  a  height  of  2ijt)  t'e(  t. 
lasthig  twenty  mhmtes;  the  Beehive,  with  a  diameter 
of  twenty  and  a  height  of  219  feet,  lasting  twt  nty 
minutes;  Old  Faithful,  with  a  diameter  of  six  and  a 
height  of  200  feet,  lasting  twenty  minutes;  (Jintte, 
with  a  diameter  of  four  and  a  height  of  sixty  t"'  et. 
lastinuf  thirtv  minutes;  Castle,  with  a  diann  ter  et 
five  and  a  height  of  100  feet,  lasting  from  ten  to  lliu'ty 
minutes  Their  names  have  been  suorerested  1>\  the 
forms  of  the  concretions  aliout  th(>in.  The  geysers, 
and  many  of  the  hot  springs,  deposit  a  sediment  ac- 


WYOMING. 


609 


cordliiii  to  tic  minerals  liold  in  solution,  which  builds 
up  fantastic  or  beautifully  formed  and  often  brilliantly 
(olored  basins.  Some  of  the  dead  ^evsors  have  left 
Inliind  hu«^e  paint-pots,  the  residuum  of  lon«^  periods 
of  activity.  Ilere  and  there  stand  quaint  forms  carved 
l)y  wind  and  weather  out  of  decayinjj;  volcanic  matter. 
Such  are  Devil's  Hoof  and  Liberty  Cap,  White 
Dome,  The  Castle,  Circe's  Boudoir,  The  Pyrami<l, 
and  the  Punch-bowl  are  the  curious  shapes  taken  by 
tilt'  same  material  about  the  still  active  Hfysers.  In 
one  ])lace  is  a  soda,  and  in  another  a  sulphur  fountain 
still  hot  at  a  depth  of  two  feet  from  the  surface;  in 
another  an  alum  smi-nj:,  or  a  chalk  vat;  and  in  still 
annther  a  [>itch-stone  [)lateau.  At  intervals  are  groves 
of  pines.  Sj)rlngs  of  pure  cold  water  are  fre<juent, 
and  contain  trout,  which  the  angler  may  dro[>  into  a 
boiling  fountaiii  without  changing  his  position,  and 
catch  and  cook  his  dinner  at  once.  The  air  is  full  <tf 
singular  sounds,  rund)lings,  roarings,  hissings,  explo- 
sions. Millions  of  diamonds  are  thrown  ott'  spar-khng 
from  the  lofty  shafts  of  water  constantly  shivering 
into  drops;  curling  clouds  of  steam  float  in  and  out 
ainoiuif  them,  and  countless  broken  rainbows  hang  on 
nothing.  It  is  not  easy  to  depict  a  scene  like  this;  it 
is  too  grand,  too  shifting,  too  altogether  unusual. 

Aolcaoic  action  is  maiidy  confined  to  two  basins 
oast  of  the  summit  f»f  the  ]iocky  mountains,  and  a 
little  northwest  of  Yellowstoiu'  lake,  among  the  high- 
est f<'fders  of  the  ^Madison  river.  Fnr  east  of  these, 
liowovcr,  on  the  Stinkingwatcr  fork  of  ]^ighorn  river, 
is  Colter  hell,  where  similar  phenomenon  is  ex- 
lnliit(>d  on  a  lesscjr  scale,  Innnediatelv  about  the 
)i(VS(T  basins,  and  to  the  east,  especially  east  of  Yel- 
lowstone lake,  the  forest  is  nearly  continuous,  and  is 
the  lioine  of  a  variety  of  <jjame.  The  lakes  and  streams 
annund  in  several  kinds  offish,  while  their  shores  arc 
the  iiesting-|)laces  of  immerous  water-fowls.  The 
altitude  of  this  region  is  but  little  mon;  than  that  of 
the  remainder  of  the  territory,  whose  mean  elevation 


•t/l 


i 


11^^^ 


:i! 


670 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 


is  6,400.  But  two  peaks  in  all  this  vast  rcujidii  of 
mountainous  country  equal  the  heiglit  of  huiidntls 
south  of  that  elevated,  broken  plain  which  we  tiaversod 
a  few  pai^es  back.  This  greater  uniformity  of  Icvul 
has  its  effect  on  the  climate,  which  is  also  })ro[K)rti()ii- 
ately  uniform.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  (iicvscr 
basins  in  the  extreme  northwest  differs  from  tiiat  of  a 
point  in  the  extreme  southeast  but  a  few  degreis.  tlic 
altitude  being  1,325  feet  greater  in  the  former,  the 
influences  of  which  elevation  and  the  vicinitv  of 
the  snow-peaks  being  overcome  by  the  moderatiiii^ 
effect  of  the  geysers.  Other  local  causes  ])ro(lure 
slight  variations  from  the  changes  resultiiii;  from  dif- 
ferences  in  altitude ;  but  aside  from  these,  the  ordiiiarv 
summer  heat  is  about  seventy  degrees,  and  the  mean 
winter  temperature  above  twenty  degrees.  On  the 
higher  ranges  the  snowfall  is  heavy,  on  the  ])huiis 
light.  About  once  each  winter  there  are  a  few  (hi\  s 
when  a  wave  of  cold  sweeps  over  t])c  whole  east  slupe 
of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  a  blinding  storm  of  sikiw 
as  dry  as  sand  obscures  the  country  for  hundreds  ef 
miles.  Spring  comes  late  and  winter  early,  hut  the 
dry  atmosi)here  exhilarates  like  wine.  There  is.  indeed, 
on  a  clear  niorning,  following  a  still,  cold  niuiit.  a 
brilliant  dawn  followed  by  a  mirage,  wliich  has  the 
effect  to  elevate  and  bring  into  view  larije  traets  (tf 
country  not  ordinarily  visible,  being  cut  off'  by  inter- 
vening objects.  As  the  sun  rises  the  refraction  ceases, 
and  the  distant  objects  which  had  been  pictured  upon 
the  air  sink  out  of  sight. 

The  creator  does  not  seem  to  have  desigjncd  thi:* 
region  particularly  for  the  use  of  those  worthy  men 
who  cause  two  blades  of  grass  to  grow  wliere  lie 
planted  but  one;  yet  it  has  not  been  left  steriiitnaiiy 
disproportionate  degree.  Wherever  the  altitudi'  d<HS 
not  exceed  seven  thousand  feet  the  grains  which  sup- 
port life  may  be  grown.  Those  who  handle  the  I'loUijh 
not  being  here,  the  plains,  valleys,  and  evm  the 
mountain  sides,  were  set  with  the  richest  of  grasses 


nil 

J. a. 

-•la 

bef 

ro( » 

thi 

Wo 

elini 

theii 

ever 

in   tJ 

form 

ranea 

Jnuni 

rapid 

stood 

<»f  nu 

hirds 

and  bi 

Even  1 

vulunt 

in  the 

escape 

sonietii 

i'lii:  froi 

this  rea 

wan,  to 


* 


]>«.-. ng  across  the  luinwl  ,.,""?'">'  '^•^'»«t  wHbr 
gazelle  added  theirUooof  ,!'""'''  '"^"-^^  «f  «'«  litlie 
l«Miorai„a.  Door  shilll"  ""™""^^nt  b.the  im.nenJ! 
gl-'dos.  fed  Un,etCr^l'"S"'  «'«  -"-^'osed  va   "ami 

■■""ts  for  f„„d.     fiiai,  of  n  *"  ''"''"'''•  «"<'  found 

.'■ough  tl,e  f.>rest:fe  ^ilSXT'  h"^  "'«•■>•  '^ 
^  .olves  howled  like  do<,s  to  h7f  l'"  ^'j"'*'  f'""  '''"o.l. 
''""bed  the  sec,ui,„dv°LL       n      ?^"'"'t'>m  sh,.e, 
t'"T  sentinels  on  tilju^t^l  "''r'  »'"'  k^'|i 
I"'''-  the  edges  of  cliff,  ',,^011,'   ''''■•''•     *^""«^'  l'«Tod 
1"  the  high   vallovs      T  f,  ^'il  r'^^l  thenLelvos 
f >nn  sdarted  from  w,  J    L,   !?""'''"  "^  "  ''">'<l'v<l 
""can  ho„,es.  with  ZLlTn^'T-  •""  "f  ""I'tcT 

'•'I'll    mountain  torrents  «?,i     1       """""  ""Vxk-  the 
«  "'"I  the  freshets  o     "ftur  Is  f?',  l'""'  '"■•'<'  «'     - 
."!  >'U.n<^ous  watorcoirse,      ;•!'■"'',".'«  "  "'is  lan.l 
'■'"'•^  had  here  their  fi"Se  /•"''    ''"■*'^  "'"I   «">" 
•^"1  butterflies  .na,le  Zi'^; '"» /''''""''''■     «""^ 
Even  the  serpent.  enwS  ,7  ^'''''  '""'  "'e  air 

v..  untary  evil,  wa^  n,  ttZm  "t'T  "^  '"*""''  hfc  and 
'"  the  undenjround  habit,  '  ^'"r  "''  his  residence 
'^'l''?  the  Elistorin.  t^to?  H  ""=  '"•«i'-'«-<l"S^  to 
«'uc^nnes  met  that  stm,::*  i,L±  r*',"''-«  he 

'■  '^  "'^  "-w  VI.  'iedrnr't  ti"-"^' ' 


CHAPTER  II. 


EARLY  EXPLORATIONS. 

mm-ism. 

Unfoi'Sded  Rumors  of  Spanish  Occupation — PuE-iiisTonic  AiidnicisAi. 
iNHAitriANrs — Wkstwakd  Exploration— V'kkesukye,  Le\vi-<  am. 
Ci.AHKE,  Lisa,  AM)  Williams — Missouri  Fiu  Company— Hem;v  Foin 
— LoN(i's  Expedition- -AsiiLEV  on  Ui'aii  Lake— Other  Ti!appku.s  am. 

TkAOEKS— F'oKT    KUIPOEK— MiSSIONAKIES    OF    OrEOON — TlIE  KaII-AM 

Pathkinder— Hattai.ion   of  MoiiNTEO  VoLUNTEErw — Fours  Lkavex- 

WOIIIII,  IvEAKNV,  AND  LaKAMIE — ScOTT  ANU  HIS  BlUFFS — TuE  pA  1 11\\  AV 

OF  THE  Nations. 

It  has  been  claimed  by  certain  Spanish  autlu»riti(  .s 
that  iu'eviousto  IGoO  their  countrymen  luul  penetrated 
into  the  territory  south  of,  but  not  quite  to,  the  Mis- 
souri river,  where  they  found  gokl,  and  made  t^ettlc- 
nients,  openini^ canals  for  mining  purposes,  constructini,' 
arastras,  and  building  houses  of  stone,  and  when-  t'ei 
twenty-five  years  they  carried  on  minintr  and  fur- 
hunting,  sending  richly-laden  trains  to  New  JMi  xioo. 
About  1 050  the  natives,  they  say,  arose  and  killod 
them  all.  There  is  nothing  true  in  this  s^ateinciit.' 
Some  eolorinor  has  been  ijiven  to  the  story  hv  tin' 
discovery,  in  18G5,  of  what  appeared  to  bo  the  stone 

The  Spiminnls  liad  all  tliey  could  do  to  hold  their  own  in  Xcw  Mt?ci\o 
durini^  thu  ITtii  century,  without  venturing  80()  niilt's  into  the  \Ml'iiiii''>'< 
ninong  the  Indians.  Tiierc  wen."  no  sucii  expeditions  as  representtil,  :il!liiiui;h 
in  order  to  seeun,'  grants  of  land  or  jiatents  of  nohility  Spanisii  aih  ciitiirt'i'* 
related  siU'li  stories  to  tile  king.  In  the  IStii  century  there  were  not  iiit'iv 
quent  exi)e(litioiis  after  Indians  who  made  forays  into  New  Mcxk n  ^mli 
Mere  those  of  Yalverde,  in  171!*,  with  10")  Spaniards,  .30  pueMo  Indruis,  .iinl 
a  company  of  A])aclies,  under  Carlana,  ea])ta'n,  wLioh  wont  fiirtli<  r  iinrtli 
tlian  any  jirevious  one;  and  tlie  expedition  of  ("'apt.  Villazur  the  s.oiif  yi'.ir. 
on  a  similar  errand,  it  is  douhtful  if  tliey  went  farther  nortli  tliiii  tlie 
Arkansas  river.  Vab'inlo  ij  CWtn,  Diario  y  Dvnvk'ro,  1711>,  by  his  secrttary. 
Alowzo  Kuel  do  Aguilar, 


foundations  of  Imna^c        i  ^"'^ 

'•7r -4  !::r  ^ti::^V"f  ^^'^  ^-n 

••^'"/^'>out  Sn.ct  Jake.      ''^^'' ^^ ^<^^'''«  ^^  Powder  rivc-r 
i>Ut  if  Wo  exiiJoro    fh  .  ' 

"^l"«  al.ongi„al  races  i,    «,„'' ':'*''"-^- "''«''-•  o.,- 
"^  l"llo  known  as  teO^Z      "'"''  "'  ■■^■<'  '»«.  were 

*..u,  an,l  in  the  bIJ,oTZ  W'''  1'^"'^  ^''■"o"' 
J'"'y  consist   of  8to-i*it„  "'"*'  ''iver  vallcv, 

-'Iv  finished,  sto*:    :.S'\,  ^"«'-''»l-'    «■  I 
■ '"'  '""kers  for  fishin^-linol"  f,  '"'T'^  *'"■  *'™Pers 

'  '.I'^so  articles  is  difterenrf.       ^''° '"•'"■'"™»sl,ip 
■^-■'hc- or  Atlantic  coastt  a,     uZ  "">'  f""'"'  ""  the 
'."  I";escnt  native  tribe,"     ,h'v  ■'"'■>''"  "»"«>"..».' 
\!  V'";;'S-     Other  ron  a  MS  pi ,.;'"'   ^^'""•■""'  ""'I 
;■'"'  "'"  P^^t  in  that  ,,art     f  tl     "  "'"'"^y  "^  ^^"^'- 
<""I«T  ,s  now  plentiful  the 'ir  "".'"»t-'i».s  where 

;:-">';tc.,l  "f  stone  Instead  of  :™^'-^  ''"■  •''"^""■-  I-"..- 
"■";■'■  "f  small,  c,r,-ular  eS  ""l"''  '""I  «'e  occur 

""'"■»t«  that,  if  no    the  fl'  ,T?  "'^'""«  ^oen,in^,  t ; 
,'■'■"  used   for  covers   fr™w^'T"  "'  ''"">*<■■«.  the  ■ 
M''»i«  of  bones    tooll  "''"'''    *"  sl'oot    ,a„,: 

'  'I'll!  <lrawine,s  of  fi 

Hut.  Nfiv.    43  '"""•' '*'"»"g  the  oth©; 


U 


C74 


EAKLY  E.VFLOUATION.S. 


which  the  past  refuses  to  disclose.  The  debris  of 
ages  covers  tlie  siU'iit  witnesses  of  their  existLiuv, 
which  patient  researrli  is  oidy  now  bringing  to  li^^lit/ 
and  to  tiieni  I  should  refer  the  stone  ruins  credited  to 
Spanisli  occupation. 

Exploration  by  white  men  was  begun  in  Wyoiniiit; 
in  1743-4,  when  Sieur  de  la  Verendryo  and  his  sons, 
of  Canada,  visited  the  Rix-ky  mountains  by  tlio  wuy 
of  the  great  lakes  and  the  Assiniboine,  Missouri,  Yd. 
lowstone,  and  Bighorn  rivers.  Passing  up  Pry  or  fork 
to  the  Stinkint'water,  thev  travelled  thence  soutli  as 
far  aa  Wind  river,  being  al>out  a  year  on  this  })art  of 
their  journey,  and  learning  much  about  the  gcograjiliy 
of  the  country  and  the  customs  of  the  Indian  tribi  s. 
They  would  have  gone  still  further  south  liad  not  tlio 
Shoshones  told  them  thev  would  be  killed  if  tluv  did 
so  by  parties  of  the  Sans  Arcs  band  of  Sioux,  tlic 
hereditary  enemies  of  their  nation,  who  were  always 
watching  about  the  South  pass.* 

This  is  the  first  we  hear  about  the  celoliratcd 
opening,  and  asiiiras  it  goes  it  is  authentic,  as  is  also 
that  which  is  said  aliout  the  Indians.  Other  oxi)C(li- 
tions  would  have  followed  but  for  the  change  in  the 
ownership  of  trading-posts,  which  after  tlio  seven 
years'  war  between  France  and  England  fell  into  tlie 
hands  of  the  English,  who  left  exploration  altogfitlicr 
to  the  fur  companies.  The  war  of  the  revolt  of  tlic 
colonies  followed,  at  the  termination  of  whicli  many 
posts  which  had  first  been  French,  and  had  passed  to 
the  English,  became  a  part  of  the  possessions  of  the 
United  States,  which  government,  as  soon  as  it  was 

'Norris  says,  in  his  Rf^  X'tti-n-'l  P'trk.  ISSI.  p.  .10,  that  the  most  alum- 
(lant  rcniaiiia  exist  nutsiile  of  the  National  jKirk  to  the  north,  wliu'li  wmU 
hring  thorn  into  Montana.  He  tr'^ocl  tlieni  from  tiie  borders  of  tlio  park, 
hoh)W  the  mouth  of  (iartliner  river,  tlirougli  Bottler  park,  and  the  (i.itenf 
the  Mountains,  to  the  oih;u  plains,  a  •listance  of  (M)  miles.  But  .Jones,  in  lih 
liecoHtKUHKnnre,  found  a  stone  circle  on  the  right  hank  of  l.ittlu  Wind  river, 
south  of  Butte  springs.  IkjIow  Camp  Brown,  throe  hy  six  feet  in  dinicnsioiH. 
Several  others  in  the  Wind  river  reirion  are  deserihed,  and  tlip  antlmr  favcr^ 
the  infcrenee  of  religious  ceremonial*  coiniected  with  them,  hut  I  am  uf  the 
opinion  they  were  connecteil  with  hunting. 

■*  See  llht.  Xorthwfst  Crtivtf,  thi.*  Ht-ries;  also  Grauville  Stuart,  in  CoiiCii^'ii- 
thus  to  the  Hi^lorii-iil  Socirty  <^f  MonVmn,  316. 


WYOMING. 


ii,.> 


)ris  of 
iU'ixc, 

iUd  to 

'oiuing 

s  sons, 
10  \v;iv 

or  fork 
►uth  Jis 
part  of 
c-raiiliv 
L  tribes, 
not  the 
lu'V  dill 

(UK,  tlic 

jilwavs 

Ichratrd 

Is  is  also 

oX|iC'(li- 

0  in  the 

\    ScVt'U 

nto  the 

OiJjotllt'V 

of  the 

I  many 

ussfd  to 

s  of  the 

it  was 

Lost  aliun- 
|ii>  Oiitc  "I 

l;uinif  the 


ahlo,  after  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  in  1803,  sont  an 
expedition  to  explore  a  path  to  the  Pacific,  in  1804  G, 
which  did  not  reach  the  country  south  of  tlie  three 
hranclies  of  the  Mis.souri  in  Montana.  The  action  of 
the  government  in  sending  out  Lewis  and  Clarke  still 
further  stimulated  private  adventure,  which  had 
already  hegun  to  look  toward  the  Rocky  mountains, 
as  I  have  shown  in  my  Ilidory  of  (\>lor(t(l<>.  Among 
thf  lirst  of  whom  there  is  anv  record  were  two  nun 
from  Illinois,  Hancock  and  Dick.son,  who  hunted 
heaver  on  the  Yellowstone  in  1804.*  They  remained 
in  the  country  in  180G,  and  were  joined  hy  John 
Colter,  one  of  the  members  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's 
company,  who  was  discharged  on  the  Missouri,  below 
tho  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone,  and  returned  up  the 
rlvi  r,  wintering  on  the  headwaters  of  Pryor's  fork. 
In  the  spring  of  1807  he  went  through  Pryor's  gap 
of  the  Bighorn  mountains  to  Clarke  fork,  crossing 
thence  by  the  Stinkingwater  pass '  to  the  Yellowstone, 
which  he  forded  between  the  lake  and  the  falls, 
neither  of  which  he  saw,  as  the  information  furnishod 
to  the  government,  and  illustrated  in  the  map  pub- 
lished in  1814,  ufocs  to  show.  He  came  to  Shoshone 
lake,  which  he  called  Lake  Erastus,  and  believed  it 
the  s<)urce  of  the  Yellowstone,  no  greater  error  than 
lias  been  committed  at  a  much  more  recent  i>eriod  bv 
mueh  more  scientific  explorers.      Then  he  crossed  the 

»  Lf>r!s  ami  Chrlf's  Travel;  0.38.     Lonrlon  ed,  1314. 

'  riiumap  acciinniatiying  Lewis  and  Clarke's  narrative  of  their  expedition, 
amniii];  its  other  faults,  makes  Colter  yo  through  the  mountains  almost 
ilirixtly  west  of  the  contluence  of  the  forks  of  Clarke  river,  whicli  is  iimiroVt- 
aMi',  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  country.  The  Stinking  water  oilers  a  ]iass, 
iltiio\i:fli  by  no  means  a  good  one.  It  would  bring  hiui  to  the  Yellowstone. 
wiifi-L'  he  crossed  it,  while  the  more  southern  passes  Mould  t.ike  him  far  from 
th.j  gi'vser  region,  whieh  he  deseril)ed  sutiieieutly  to  mnke  it  eertaiii  that  he 
wn  Hot  only  at  Colter  hell  on  the  .Stinking  Mater,  but  in  the  upper  geyser 
lasiu  as  Well. 

'Ilaydeu  lielieved  it  drained  into  the  Madison.  Why  should  not  men 
'«  ju-it?  This  lake,  when  seen  by  iJe  Lacy,  M'as  named  after  himself,  he 
laviii'j;  discovered  that  it  was  the  source  of  Snake  river,  which  properly  en- 
titli'il  him  to  the  honor.  Hayden  changed  the  name,  M-ithout  any  good 
roa-oii.  It  might  properly  be  called  Colter  lake,  as  he  was,  without  ques- 
ti'in.  tlie  first  white  man  to  map  this  reyiou,  and  probably  hi;*  party  was 
liie  tirst  in 


!'  ■■! 


076 


KAHLY  l.Xri-OltATIONS. 


Kocky  moujitiiins  to  tlio  luv-id  i)f  ( Jri'CMi  river,  ana 
back  a^jjain  to  the  luuul  of  Wind  river,  wliieh  he  nils. 
took  tor  tlu'  main  J}i<j^lioni,  and  l)y«'i  nortiu^ist.  cdurso 
over  ni(»untain  an<l  valley  canu^  attain  to  the  Stitikincr. 
water,"  and  l)a('k  to  ids  canip  of  tlio  previous  winter, 
in  tliu  country  of  tlic  Crows.  VVlio  accoinpiinieil 
Colter  in  tids  journey  is  not  known.  It  may  lia\< 
been  Ins  two  comrades  of  the  yi-ar  ))revious,  or  soiiio 
other  or  otlu-rs,  but  then;  is  no  reason  to  believe  he 
was  ah»ne.  ]le  remained  manv  veais  in  the  niouii- 
tains;  liis  death  is  unrecorded,  and  he  passes  out  ot 
si«j;ht  in  this  history." 

Manuel  J^isa  in  1807  established  a  tradin«jf-|)()st  .'iiid 
fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  l^i«jjhorn  river,  and  was  ]ii(il). 
ably  the  first  to  erect  a  fort  in  this  part  of  the  llorky 
mountains.      Althouijjh  in   Montana,  the  district  trnm 
which  lie  drew  ids  peltries  was  equally  in  Wyomiii-- 
It  is  said  that  even   earlier  Antoido  ^lateo,  a  1*  itu 
i^ues(\  had  a  fort  on  the  head  of  l*owder  river.    T'    '•<■ 
is  a  tradition  anutii*^  mountain  men  that  this  for 
once   invested    for  sixty  davs  bv  the   Sioux,  an.. 
a[»pearance  of  the  ruins  jjjives  probability  to  the  .stoiv. 

The  first  autlientic  I'xpedition  to  the  region  w  In  sc 
history  we  are  followiiiL?  was  by  a])arty  under  ]']/i  ki  I 

•*  It  is  a  stiU'IcT  to  Use  tliis  ni)M-ili.'scri|>tivo  iiiiiiic  forfiii  iimU'ciisiv  •  sti  ;iin. 
Tlio  early  tn»ii|)iT.s  tnnk  it  from  tin;  Iiniiaiis,  wlm,  in  tlii'lr  jirculi.ii-  fa^liidii, 
(Villrd  it  'tlio  riviT  that  rail  l>y  tlio  Htiukiug  watur,'  roferriiig  to  li.iil-siiiclliiii.' 
hot  sprint; -i  on  its  Kaiiks. 

•'lit'wi-i  ainl  Clarke  say  in  their  narrative,  |)]>.  r4;>-4,  that  < 'iiltir\vas  duo 
near  hniie,  luit  iiu'eting  vifh  a  liiiiitiii<{  jtart}' going  ti>  the  nioiiiitaliis  juin  il 
it,  and  retiirneil  without  seeing  his  friends.  There  is  ciirreiit  the  story  n) 
h'<  running  the  gauntlet  among  the  Hlaekfoot,  and  eseajiing  w  ith  Hi'  tlnmi;!! 
lilt  without  severe  Wnund.s  and  iiiiieh  sullering.  I'otts.  anoth 'i  'I  L  ^>'la 
a-i  1  Clirke's  eoinpany,  who  had  returned  to  tlie  mountains,  wa.--.  with  lum. 
T.e;  men  were  surprised  whilt;  tr'pping.  Hi'ing  woundod,  I'otts  sli  t  "lU 
liidiiu.  wlien  lie  was  instantly  riddled  with  arrows.  Colter  was  sei/cil, 
.tri|i|ii'd  naked,  and  given  a  ehaiiee  to  run  for  his  life.  Iln  vas  piiisiu'il  iy 
sever il  hundred  Indians,  tlie  ground  that  he  hail  to  pass  over  liein.;  i(ivov>l 
-.vith  prickly  pear,  whieli  lacerateil  his  naked  feet.  Such  e\erti"ii  ili^i  Im' 
'iKike  that  the  hloo  I  gushed  froin  his  mouth  and  nostrils.  Kludiiu,'  lii<  '<>''■ 
•uies  hy  the  utmost  ell'ort,  lie  darted  into  the  river,  and  eoueeah  d  liiinsill 
l>.'n(!atl»  a  raft  of  driftwood,  lodged  against  an  island.  Although  tin-  lii.ii:iii< 
were  upon  the  island  and  the  raft  during  tiie  day,  lie  was  not  (li>.uv(n'l. 
I'ld  escaped  in  the  niuht.  Seven  days  afterwards  he  arrived,  fiini-lii'i. 
''listcrod  with  the  .snn'.s  heat,  with  his  feet  and  legs  terrihly  swollen,  at  the 
)'•'■.  of  Manuel  Lisa  on  the  Bighorn,  near  the  Yellowstone,  wlaix  lie  waa 
uospitahly  reeoivod,  and  recovered. 


WYOMING. 


677 


Williams,  in  1807.    This  hardy  frontiorsman  had  lucn 
ctiipluyt'd  by  the  gfovi'i-iiiiH'iit   to  It-ad  an   t'scort  (»t 
twenty  men  to  restore  to  his  own  jic'0|)le  a  clni't'  ot 
the  ^landans,  who,  witli  Ins  taniily,  had  hcen  induced 
to  at'conipany  Lewis  and  Clarke  to  \Vasliin<;ton,  in 
IS<)().    This  duty  pertornied,  Williams  and  l>iiity  eon- 
tiiiue<l  on  to  the  Hlackt'oot  country,  where  tluy  hci^an 
ti.ii'pinLj,  dividiuijf  their  comjiany  into  two  detach- 
uunts.     While  on  the  Yellowstcme,  near  its  mouth, 
one  detachment  was  attacked  hy  one  hundred  J^lack- 
foot,  and  tiv(>  of  their  nundxr  killed,  the  other  Hve 
os(;ii»in;4  to  camp.     The  company  innnediately  moved 
sdUthward  into  the  country  ot"  the  Crows,  where  one 
of  their  nuniher,  named  L'ose,  a  worthless  character 
wilt)   had  attached  liimselt'  to   the  expeilition   in   St 
Louis,  di'termined  to    remain.      Williams    with    his 
'j,iv;itly  reiluceil  party,  proceeded  I'arthei'  south,  tle- 
si'^iiin;^   to  ifo  to  Califoi'nia  via  the  South    pass,  of 
wlitise  existence  lie  seems  to  have  had  some  informa- 
tinii.      While    U}«»n    the    iieadwaters    of   the    Noith 
l'l;ittt>,  he  was  at;ain  attacked,  this  time  hy  Ci'«tws, 
;iii(l  l(»st  again  five  men,  killinijc,  however,  twenty  of 
tin-  eiuiny.     Their  horses  liavinu^  bei'U  takin  before 
tlir  battle,  the  reniaininjjf  ten  men  were  set  on   foot, 
ami  ronipelled  to  cache  their  furs  an«l  other  property 
t'Mi  Jieavy  to  bt)  carried.     W^illiams  then  moved  south- 
ward again,  wanilering  among  the  mountains   ui;til 
s|i!iiig,  when  he  had  reaelu'd  the  South   IMatte,  and 
liiscomiection  with  this  portion  of  my  history  cease.^ 
Till"  names  of  those  of  Williams'  party  who  survivtd, 
Im  >i(le.s  himself  and  the  renegade  liose,  were  Work- 
man and  Spencer. 


Ill 


.1      'i 


h\  1808  the  ^Missouri  Fur  company  was  formed  in 
i*^t  Louis,  of  which  ]jisa  was  a  mendjer;  as  well  as 
William  Clark,  Pierre  Choteau,  Sr,  Sylvester  Laba- 


'  >  ■(•  iioh-  I'J,  ell.  ii.,  of  my  ///"lor;/  n/'(  'i>loriii/o  iinil  //istori/  nj'thi'  Xovlli- 
"••-'  <'..>.«/,  Vol.  xxviii.,  this  suril's,  pp.  iL'T-S;  also  TItt  Lo-ft  Trnjipi'i-n,  by 
I'.ivi.l  11.  Coyuur. 


678 


EARLY  EXPLORATION'S. 


die,  Pierre  Menard,  and  Auguste  P.  Choteau.  Thcv 
sent  Alexander  Henry  up  the  Missouri  to  estaMisli 
posts,  and  endeavor  to  o[»en  commerce  witli  tlie  lud- 
ians  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  Henry  was  un- 
able to  obtain  a  footing  among  the  Blackfoot.  liut 
crossed  the  divide,  and  erected  a  jwjst  on  the  head  of 
that  branch  of  Snake  river  which  bears  his  iiaiue,  a 
day 'sjourney  above  its  confluence  with  the  main  stream. 
The  Missouri  Fur  company  followed  its  design  with 
varying  fortunes,  and  Fort  Henry  was  abandoned  in 
1810,  the  company  being  dissolved  two  years  later,  to 
be  revived  a  few  years  afterward"  by  Joshua  Pilchrr, 
M.  Lisa,  Thomas  Hempstead,  and  Mr  Perkins.     Th'j 


>: 


J.O.R 


•AUG.  29, 1819? 


J.   O.    R.    STTIIP. 


operations  ot  this  company  were  carried  on  cliiofly  in 
southern  Montana,  and  along  the  branches  ot"  tin' 
Yellowstone  which  rise  in  and  flow  throuvjliWvoniiiij; 
No  record  was  kept  of  the  wanderings  of  the  men  w  Im 
served  in  this  or  any  of  the  fur  companies,  but  that 
Powder  and  Bighorn  rivers  were  thoroughly  exph)^  il 
by  them  there  can  be  no  doubt.  In  that  extreme 
nortln/est  comer  of  the  territor\'  where  the  Yeihw- 
stono  heads  still  stands  a  memento  of  one  of  tlioso 
rovers — a  pine  tree  bearing  the  inscription  hen-  repre- 
sented. 

"In  1814  Henry  was  in  charae  of  a  post  in  the  Willamette  vallrv.  He 
wa«  afterwanl  a  partner  in  the  Northwest  coni]ian3'  of  Canada  anil  Orcg"ii- 
Hut,  NoritiWtMt  {Joaat,  this  aeries,  vol.  xjiviii.  p.  !'£),  aote  3. 


WYOMING. 


679 


The  first  recorded  expedition  which  entered  Wyo- 
iiiiug  from  the  east  was  that  of  Wilson  Price  Hunt, 
ill  1811,  who  conducted  to  Oregon  the  overland  part 
of  the  Pacific  Fur  company,  which  founded  Astoria. 
Accompanying  him  were  Robert  McLellan,  Kamsey 
Crooks,  Donald  McKenzie,  John  Day,  and  fifty-five 
others,  all  of  whom  toiled  and  suffered  much  on  t'teir 
ru^^^ed  march.  They  left  the  Missouri  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Big  Cheyenne,  and  following  the  general  course 
of  that  stream  to  and  alonij  the  base  of  the  Black 
hills,  travelled  westward  acnjss  Powder  river  valley 
and  Bighorn  mountains  to  Wind  river,  where  they 
turned  south  to  find  grass  and  game,  coming  to  the 
u|ipcr  waters  of  the  Colorado,  known  to  trapp(!rs  as 
Spanish  river,  whence  they  found  their  way  to  Snake 
river.  The  following  year  McLellan,  Crooks,  Robert 
Stewart,  and  two  Frenclunen,  returning  to  the  east, 
HI  t  Joseph  Miller,  who  had  been  robbed  by  the  na- 
tives in  the  Arapahoe  country,  presumably  in  south- 
ern Wyoming.  They  fared  no  better  than  Miller, 
having  all  their  horses  stolen,  and  being  compelled  to 
finish  their  journey  to  the  Mips(mri  on  foot.'^  Avoid- 
ing their  former  route  over  m<mntains,  they  followed 
1 10  Platte  from  its  headwaters  to  its  mouth,'^  being 
the  first  to  travel  that  natural  highway  to  the  Pacific 
afrorward  so  generally  [>ursuod.  In  1820  Major 
Sti'phen  H.  Long,  under  orders  from  the  government, 
('xph)red  the  Platte  valley  as  far  west  as  the  junction 
"if  the  North  and  South  forks,  when  he  took  a  south- 
oil  v  course,  and  was  therefore  not  in  Wyoming;  but 
the  result  of  his  expedition  was  to  attract  attention  to 
the  central  overland  route  to  the  mountains,  which 
filially  made  the  Platte,  North  Piatte,  and  Sweetwater 
valleys  the  great  thoroughfare  of  Pacific  travel. 

In  1822,  William  H  Ashley,  a  Virginian  by  birth, 
who  had  migrated  to  Missouri  while  it  was  still  called 


iii 


1,1 
i'  I' 


'■'  fjow/n  Erpeifilmi,  •Wy>-6. 

"  Id. ,  46(i.     Long  says  the  narrative  of  this  journey  was  publiahcd  in  the 


0<mUe,  but  does  not  give  the  year. 


EARLY  EXPLORATIONS. 


upper  Louisiana,  where  he  was  the  first  lieutoiiant- 
govfinor.  ami  I nigitdicr-general  of  inihtia,"  with  the 
assistiiiK'e  of  Henry,  ercetod  a  fort  on  tiio  Ychowsloiic. 
Tlio  following  year,  having  formed  with  Astor  tliu 
North  American  Fur  company,  he  tJtarted  uj*  the 
Miss«»uri  for  this  post  with  twentv-ei<j:ht  men,  imt  was 
attiicketl  by  tlie  Rickasas,  and  driven  hack,  with  a 
loss  of  fourteen  killed  and  ten  wounded.'^  Undauiit* d. 
he  enlisted  three  hundred  men,  and  in  18'J4  auiiiii 
Si^»ught  the  mountains,  following  the  Platte  to  tin.' 
IStmth  pass,  exploring  and  naming  the  Sweetwatrr, 
and  a|»iK»inting  a  rendezvous  with  the  IniUans  un 
Sixmish  river,  which  he  named,  after  a  memher  nf  Lis 
eompiiny,  (ireen  river.  He  pushed  his  ex|»lorations  t.» 
Utah  lake,  discovered  first  by  Escalante  iu  177 i),  l)ut 
st^n  l»v  no  American  bifore  Ashlev,  who  i-ave  it 
his  own  name.  Here  he  erected  a  p«>st,  and  in 
two  or  three  years  collected  $180,000  worth  of  furs, 
Selling  out  his  establishment  hi  1826  to  tlie  Kuckv 
Mountain  Fur  company,  formed  that  year  in  St  Louis. 
with  Jedei^liah  S.  Smith,  William  L.  Suiilette.  and 
David  E.  Jackson  at  the  head.  Thev  had  l>i.n 
leadei-s  under  the  Xorth  American  company,  and  wiie 
Well  e<|uip|»ed  to  succeed  to  the  business,  in  winch 
they  wi-re  also  successful  To  them  belongs  the  dis- 
tinction of  having  tiiken  the  first  wagons  from  tlio 
Missouri  to  the  mountains,  ten  of  which,  each  (hawii 
by  five  mules,  and  two  carts,  rolled  the  whole  tlistance 
from  St  Lituis  to  W  ind  river  ren<lezvous,  the  wai^oiis 
carrying  eighteen  hundred  pounds  each,  an<ltrav«  llinj; 
fr«»m  fifteen  to  twenty-five  miles  a  <lay.  Jfa\i'  1  net 
Siiid  that  this  was  the  «>reat  natural  hiuhwav  ;i«  imsh 
tlie  continent  ?     Some  persons  have  tried  to  ma ki  it 

••Col  A.  G.   BrackeU,  in  Tnoi^.   U'lrm.  Ar,t,l.  S'lnnvx,  i-tc,  isv.'.  t    T'.l. 

'*One  of  th<>!>«  who  em-ajRvl  w;is  Limlsoy  Aiii»logiiti',  a  pioneer  ol  Ori:;i>ii, 
who  niSiilo  his  home  at  Ashlanil  in  tlie  Kouiif  rivor  v:illey. 

'*In  Ashley'*  (■tTvitf  was  .l;uiu's  P.  Hi'i'kwoiirtlu  whose  olirtrai-trr  ainl 
career  have  1«een  inon»  than  onoo  rftVrroil  to  in  this  liistory.  iiv  cLiiiin "l  ti> 
have  lieeii  in  the  nimintain'*  as  oarly  as  ISI7.  rinil  to  liav.?,  in  coiiipaiiv  «;:li 
Va.|ii.v.   .liM-oviTf.l  aiiil  «\j.l.>ii'.|   ihc  south  i'latte,   but  what   w.ir  ;    'lot 

sut«l.  Ji,Ht.iHiiP^,  Feb.  :;;{,  imiT. 


appod 

from! 

pany 

govi- 

the  \\1 

had 

biitugl 


WYOMING. 


661 


appoar  extremely  difficult,  and  to  steal  the  glory 
tVniu  the  creator  and  the  Kocky  Mountain  Fur  com- 
pany; but  here  are  the  facts.  They  reported  to  the 
oiiNcnnnent  that  there  was  no  obstacle  to  crossiiiLj  to 
the  west  side  of  the  Kockv  mountains  with  wauons, 
liail  they  desired  to  d«>  so.  The  next  year  they 
bmuirht  out  ftiurteen  wa«'ons,  and  the  use  of  wheeled 
viliii'ies  became  conunon  t»n  this  route.  In  the  mean- 
tiiue  the  j\[isst»uri  Fur  eomjwiny  had  been  revived,  as 
1  have  sai«l,  uiidtr  tin-  leadership  of  Pilcher,  Lisa, 
llriii[>stead,  and  IVrkius.  and  had  its  trappers  in  the 
country  about  the  South  juiss,  although  its  })rincipal 
tciiitorv  was  anions  the  Sioux.  Kicaras,  ami  other 
Missouri  river  tril>es.  Alniut  ISSOthe  K«»ckv  Moun- 
tain  company  was  reorganized,  with  Milton  Sublette, 
James  Bridger,  and  Fitzpatrick  at  the  head,  with 
si'voral  other  partnei-s.  Tliey  had,  togetlier  with  the 
oilier  fur  companies,  men  enough  in  the  mountains 
aliout  the  hea<hvatei-s  of  the  Phitte,  Green,  and  Snake 
rivers,  and  on  the  Yellowstone  branches,  to  constitute 
a  ngiment." 

Ill  IS32  Captain  E.  L.  Bonneville,  an  army  officer 
on  leave,  led  a  comjumy  of  1 10  trappers  to  the  mount- 
ains in  search  of  profit  and  adventure.  lie  was 
assisted  by  I.  B.  Walker  and  ^v[.  Serre,  leaders. 
Ilu  V  travelletl  the  l^latte  routi',  with  a  cara\an  of 
twenty  wagons  —  some  drawn  by  oxen,  which  were 
the  first  "bull  teams"  t»n  this  line — hnlen  with 
Indian  goods,  provisi<»ns.  and  anununition,  which  were 

•'  It  woulil  1)0  jfnitifviiiji  ti>  lie  al-le  to  E've  a  li.<t  of  .ill  iUc  Iniiitcrs  ami 
tnqi|ui'.s  in  Wyor.iiig  pifvioiis  to  tlitr  i>t.Ti<Hl  <if  ciiiigriitioii;  lint  tiu'^«'  men 
lial  111!  imliviilii;  I  iiiipurtaru-e  iu  the  eyt-s  <  i'  tluir  IcuiiTs,  ■wlm  ri'i-niittil 
tin  ir  t-ipitUy  tliiniiiii>!  muIvh  ye;»rly.  with  littit-  attention  to  tlio  jxTfioiiality 
I'l  ihi' victims  of  li:trilslii|i.  acciilen:,  vir*-.  or  Imlwin  hostility,  Mlioho  Imnt'S 
Hit.  II  received  no  l>uri:il,  Imt  l>k>achf<l  luuItT  sini  anil  Miow  until  tiny  I'liim- 
Mril  to  ihist.  N;inu"<  tliiit  have  \<vvn  jir.-*<  rv«-<l  of  tin-  nioiv  ]ir'otnint'nt,  il.'ir- 
ini;.  or  fortnnatu  exjiloriTs  of  thi.-»   tt-rntory   tluring    tlu'  ^'reat   fiii'  liuiitm^ 

iiiiioil  are  eomiiaratively  f«'W.  Anion^  them  are  Hiafkwill,  Konteiiclili', 
■"r:!!'!!.  La  .leniifsKo,  HoU>rt  ('aMi['U-lI.  Kit  Car.son.  (iodin,  Newell,  Meek, 
Klilirits,  (iantt.  (iervais.  Brown.  Craiii.  Siii<  l.iir.  Vamlerlinruh.  MripiiH.  (iale, 
H  i«i<iiis.  I.i^iiitt.  Amlersnn.  Wanl.  V  a'l«  .  I'armalee.  Heail.  Hohinson.  IJider 
I.iri-'M.  Uu-s'll.  (iutlirif.  Walker.  iK.tv.  <  byniore.  Lejianle,  Huese.  Nelson, 
Mil  Ill's.  I'lilluk.  tlarr:-.  iUxk,  MatUilL-u,  Kipliu,  Biiuduau,  liissiultette, 
Adaum,  iSubiile,  KuUugg,  Ualjuu. 


'}.:A 


^n 


1 


i 


I 


i. ' 


'  ''I 


682 


EARLY  EXPLORATIONS. 


all  takon  through  the  South  pass  into  Grcon  rivor, 
being  the  first  wagons  to  roll  down  the  western  slope 
of  the  Kooky  mountains.  Here  lie  erected  a  fortititd 
camp,  and  remained  in  the  mountains  hunting  furs. 
fighting  Indians,  and  exploring  for  three  years.  He 
wintered  in  1832  in  Sahnon  river,  but  spent  the  sum- 
mer of  1S33  east  of  the  Rocky  range,  on  the  Bighorn 
and  Powder  rivers,  on  the  latter  visithig  a  "  bujninc 
mountain,"  where  the  earth  was  hot  and  cracked  in 
many  j>laces,  emitting  smoke  and  sulphurous  va|)(irs, 
and  "aboundiniT  with  anthracite  coal."  He  also  vis- 
ited  Colter  hell,  which  he  found  a  region  similar  to 
tliat  on  Powder  river." 

Another  adventurer  in  these  parts  was  Nathaniel 
J.  Wyeth,  who,  in  1832  brought  out  a  party  (tf 
twenty-two  men,  which  by  desertion  and  loss  was 
reduced  to  half  that  number  while  he  was  at  l*i<  nv 
hole  on  the  head  of  Henry  branch  of  Snake  river." 
In  1834  he  returned  with  fifty  men,  but  had  no  l»it- 
ti'r  fortune  than  before,  competiticm  with  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  company  on  one  hand,  and  the  American 
company  on  the  other;  desertion  and  the  Indians 
leaving  him  little  or  nothing  of  his  investments." 

It  does  not  seem  that  it  was  the  custom  of  the  fur 
companies  to  erect  forts,  except  in  case  of  necessity. 
where  the  Indians  were  of  a  predatory  and  liostile 
disposition,  which  was  not  the  character  of  tho.se  on 

^^  In-ifi'js  Boiiner'dle  Ailfvn.,  109.  It  is  remarkuble  that  we  hear  nntliiiiu 
alxnit  the  liey.sLT  liasiiis  fnnu  the  various  fur-liuutiiij;  ailvonturerH.  Tin-  mily 
iiieiitiou  of  thin  region,  except  that  which  I  have  given,  is  in  Victur's  lti''f 
of  the  Wftt.  Meek  heard  tile  whi.stling  anil  saw  tlie  steam  from  tlif  jii  y>tr< 
one  cold  morning  in  Nov.  1829,  antl  likened  it  aptly  to  the  tity  of  Tittslturg 
on  a  winter  morning. 

"  The  names  of  some  of  Wyeth 's  party  were  John  B.  Wyetli,  Snliiiiiiin 
H.  Sinitli,  .lolm  Ball,  Calvin  TihlietLs,  Abbott,  Breck,  Burditt.  St  Cliir. 
Trnnilinll,  and  Whittier.  On  his  second  visit,  besides  his  hired  nii'ii,  lie  it- 
corted  Xiittall  and  Townsend,  naturalists;  Jason  and  Daniel  Lnc,  mi^sinn- 
aries  to  Oregon;  Cyrus  Shepanl,  and  V.  M.  Walker.  Two  Kiiuli-lmiwi. 
Stewart  and  Ashwortli,  also  vi.sited  the  mountains  this  year  witli  tlic  fur 
companies,  travelling  a  part  of  the  time  with  Wyeth.  Stewart  .-iii  iiis  tn 
have  lieen  in  the  mountains  even  earlier,  and  to  have  come  r.'id  v'"'"'  .^'''''"" 
after  year.  He  resideil  in  New  Orleans.  Ha^llixt.  ()rt;iontiiul  l/U/.  -^'•itliii^'^ 
i'<xi*t.  tlii.s  seriei. 

"^  Hint.  Sorlliuxst  Voaat,  thin  series,  i,  491,  517,  520;  ii.  570-8,  Obo-7. 


WYOMING. 


tlic  west  side  of  the  mountains  to  any  serious  degree. 
Oil  account  of  the  Blackfoot  and  Crow  nations,  whose 
]i;il)its  were  more  warHke,  a  number  of  forts  were 

♦  stabHshed  on  the  Missouri  and  the  main  Yellowstone, 
as  I  have  mentioned  in  my  History  of  iMontfuia,  but 
within  the  territory  which  now  constitutes  Wyomin<^ 
Hoiineville  erected  the  first  fortification,  at  the  junction 
tit'  Lead  creek  with  Green  river,  in  1832  the  remains  of 
w  liicli  may  still  be  seen.  The  Indians  becoming  more 
troublesome  as  they  became  better  acquainted  with 
wliite  men  and  the  temptations  offered  l)y  their 
\V(  alth,  the  necessity  for  forts  increased.  Rivalry  in 
trade  was  another  incentive  to  building  posts. 

The  first  jXTmanent  post  erected  in  Wyoming  was 
liy  William  SuUette  and  Robert  Campbell  hi  1834, 
and  was  established  with  the  design  of  monopolizing 
till'  trade  of  tliose  tribes  who  roamed  over  the  coun- 
try, from  the  Missouri  on  the  northeast  to  the  Sweet- 
water on  the  west  of  the  Black  hills,  namely,  Arapa- 
lidcs,  Cheveimes,  and  Sioux.  Beintif  strong  and 
warlike  nations,  it  was  necessary,  while  inviting  their 
commerce  to  guard  against  their  attacks. 

The  fort  was  situated  on  Laramie  fork,  an  affluent 
■if  the  Platte,  a  clear  and  beautiful  stream,  winding 
through  meadows  whore  grew  the  wild  currant  and 
Litiuseberry,  and  which  was  dotted  here  and  there 
with  groui)s  of  larger  trees.  It  consisted  of  a  palisade 
ei'^'hteen  feet  high,  with  bastions  in  two  diagonally 
n|i|»osite  corners,  and  a  few  small  adobe  houses  Inside. 
It  was  called  Fort  William,  after  Sublette.  In  1835 
tiic  establishment  was  sold  to  Milton  Sublette,  James 
Bridger,  and  three  other  fur  hunters,  who  had  united 
witli  the  American  Fur  comjniny,  after  an  active 
rivalry  of  several  years,  during  which  these  two  pow- 

•  rful  associations,  had  driven  all  the  other  American 
fur  traders  out  of  Wvoming."     The  fort  was  rebuilt 

■'  These  several  leailers  tJieii  jiut  ont  with  detach mcntn  of  trajijiers  to  hunt 
ill  (V.  IV  ilireution — Sulilette,  Fit/iiatriek,  Fdiitenelle,  Hasil  La  Jeiieusse.  W. 
M   Anderson,  Jack  Kobiuso     aud  James  Bridger.  Carlin,  Hut.  Fort  Biuljrr. 

M.S.,  1. 


H    :   I 


1/:    rl 


\.  \ 


084 


KARI.Y  EXPLORATION. 


in  1836  by  the  now  owners,  at  an  outlay  of  Sld.ooO, 
and  was  called  by  a  part  of  the  company  Fort  .loliii. 
but  the  name  never  could  be  made  acceptable  to  ll  .■ 
majority.  The  clerks  in  the  eastern  office  settled  tiic 
ditt'erence  unintentionally  by  making  out  tlicir  1  tills 
for  Fort  Laramie,  the  name  of  the  river  on  wiiich  it 
was  situated,"'  and  much  more  likely  to  be  undiistixd 
than  William  or  John,  which  might  be  aiiy\vli(  lo. 
It  continued  to  be  a  fort  of  the  American  Fur  (oiu- 
l)any  until  184'.),  when  it  was  sold  to  the  govcniiiK  nt. 
It  had  many  commanders  in  its  time,  the  last  of 
whom  was  Bruce  Husband. 

No  other  permanent  establishment  was  made  Ix  fdro 
1842,  when  Fort  Bridger  was  erected  on  a  delta 
formed  by  several  branches  of  Black  fc;rk  of  (Jkhi 
river.  It  was  a  log  fort,  or  block  house,  and  was 
occupied  by  Bridger  during  the  interesting  jieridd  et 
the  earliest  migration  of  settlers  to  the  Pacitic  (cast. 
He  abandoned  it  in  ISb'.i,  being  warned  bv  the  ]\!<  r- 
mons,  who  did  not  desire  a  hostile  fort  in  the  n*  ijli- 
borhood  of  their  settlements.'*     About  the  same  time 


•'■-  Larainii!  was  a  French  trapper,  wlio  in  the  earliest  fiirlmi'tiiij;  tiincs 
wns  killed  by  the  Arapahncs  on  this  >streain.  H.  S.  .Sehell,  llii^tfui  ij  I  "il 
/j'lriiiiii,  MS., '2.  This  eouiplete  aeonunt  of  a  famous  fort  was  t>irni>luil  irn' 
hy  the  war  department,  and  contains  extracts  from  military  corresiMiiiii.  i.u-. 
and  such  documents  as  hear  ujion  the  subject.  I  have  another ///.-r  (/ m/ 
Fort  Lariiiiir  liy  Charles  H.  Cochran,  1.-st  lieut  7th  infantry  at  that  l"l^t.     It 

is  taken  from  the  tiles  of  the  post,  and  eidarged  with   references  to  1 k-  I't 

travel.  Concurrent  accounts  are  found  in  Trmnt.  Wi/nin.  Ai'in/.  .Vr/i //.vs.  i^-.. 
SI,  84.  Carlin  (William  1*.,  col.  4th  inf.)  Ki-jx  rii nfn  in  Wyniiiiiiij,  .MS.,  ,")  II, 
lieingan  account  of  certain  military  operations,  which  1  .shall  nfcr  to  iii 
their  proper  place,  written  hy  his  own  hantl.  Carlin  was  at  Laramie  a.'s  (arly 
as  1K,w. 

•'I  am  aware  that  in  Chivniher's  IllM.  Fmi,  Briili/rr,  MS.,  and  aUo  in  tlic 
TrnnM.  \y  I/O  III.  A  fill  I.  Sl^il'll<•l'■^,  HI  '_',  it  is  said  that  Hriilger  sold  a  Sikiiii-Ii 
grant  to  the  Mormons,  Lewis  Koliinson  K'ing  named  fisthe  ])urili,iM  r.  iiml 
S!,H,(XM)  as  the  price.  In  the  Uln/i  ll<iwllio«k-  of  llifireiin;  'iW.  it  i.s  ni.,iiit(l 
that  President  Young  juirehased  of  James  Bridger  a  Me.v'<'an  j.'i;iiit  i'V 
tiiirty  s(|uare  miles  oil  land  and  some  cabins,  afterwards  known  as  Ki'it 
Uriilger.  This  is  a  ndstake,  a.s  there  were  no  Spanish  grants  in  that  n  {.'inii. 
K.  B.  Marcy,  in  his  Tlih-fy  Ynir*  of  Army  l.iji,  4<)l,  relates  that  lie  till  m 
with  Bridger  at  Fort  Laramie  in  IS.")",  as  he  was  returning  from  Wa-liini;- 
ton,  where  he  had  been  to  lay  his  case  before  the  authorities.  Many  till-' 
ua  that  IJridger  was  an  illiterate  man.  'tall,  thin,  wiry,  with  a  comi'li  M'" 
well  bron/.ed  by  toil  and  exposure,  with  an  independent,  genorous.  ii|hii  la-t 
of  countenance,  inilieutive  of  bnivi-  and  noble  impulses.'  I  have  a  litt' t 
from  P.  W.  Mc.\dow  of  liillin^s  Montana.  mIio  knew  Briducr  «■  11.  I'f 
aays  that  Bndgcr  waa  boru  iu  Waohiugtou  iu  LS07,  and  joined  A>iil  j  ■>  fw 


WYOMING. 


GS5 


tliat  FortBrklgcr  was  founded, Sabille  Adams  and  oom- 
puiiy  oivcted  i*(»it  I'latte  on  tin;  point  ot"  land  toiinod 
b\  tlic  junction  ot"  Laramie  fork  with  the  Platte.  It 
was  never  completed,  having  one  side  o[)en  toward 
the  river. 

Let  us  leave  fur-lmnting  and  hunters  and  turn  to 
other  enterprises.  We  cannot  quite  get  away  from 
tiiem  after  all,  f()r  it  is  in  their  company  tliat  all  come 
who  venture  tu  invade  this  grand  and  virgin  heart  of 
th.'  continent.  In  1834,  1835,  1830,  1838  and  1839 
1»  irties  of  missionaries,  men  and  women,  crossed  the 


Ol.I>   FoHT   KltltHSEH. 

plains  and  mountains,  desrcnding  to  tjio  shores  of  the 
Pacirio.  Two  days'  travel  fr<»m  the  rendezvous  on 
tlic  Sweetwater,  tlie  two  jMoneer  white  women  of 
the  Pacific  coast  rec<'ived  such  a  welcome  as  the  men 
'f  the  n)ountains  knew  h<»w  to  give,  and  were  escorted 
to  tlif  gnat  camp  of  that  year  on  Green  river.  For 
a  Week,  civilization   in   their  persons,  rested   in    this 

c '•lip  iDv  f'lr  tlie  iiiount.-iins  in  IS'2fi.  In  lii->  li>n>;  cxiiiTifni't' in  tlu;  inmin- 
tiM~  In-  lici-ani<'  aifinaintoil  with  every  part  i>f  tlieni,  and  was  tho  most  skill- 
fiil  ;i;i,l  rcl'alile  guiiie  known.  Wliilo  in  tlic  oait  in  |S,">()  7  lie  jmrclia-'i'il  .1 
f'rtii  iif.ir  We-Jtport.  Mo.;  hut  the  fhanirc  in  lii^  haliits  was  iini'iiihirehle, 
rri  1 'i.' rptnrn;'"!  to  the  niount.iin-*.  an<l  resnmeil  tlie  nccujiation  of  frniilo, 
^v|li'  i|  he  foUoweil  until  ace  cotnjx'Ueil  liiin  to  .'ihai.ihm  it,  when  he  went  to 
livo  upuu  hia  farm,     lie  diuJ  at  lii^i  home  near  WvMtport  in  1881. 


m 


M 


686 


EARLY  EXPLOKATIOXS. 


meadowy  vale,  and  then  passed  on  with  the  groat 
English  fur  company  to  the  Columbia." 

Another  devotee  comes,  in  1840,  to  christiani/A-  tin- 
same  savages  which  other  Christian  men  are  doin.. 
their  best  to  heathenize.  His  enthusiastic  faith  docs 
not  fail  him  however,  and  he  finds  one  nati(»n  atlca.'it 
which  is  approachable  by  spiritual  teaching.  Tlicv 
receive  him  joyfully,  pleased  with  the  notion  u\' 
receiving  knowledge,  for  even  the  savage  hud  jicr- 
ceived  tliat  knowledge  is  power.  This  is  P.  J.  ])o- 
Smet,  Jesuit,  and  man  of  brains,  which  even  lils  iKir- 
rowing  religion  could  not  deaden,  if  it  could  jk  rvi  it. 
Promising  to  come  again  prepared  to  teach,  he 
returned  to  St  Louis  with  the  fur  company,  redeem- 
ing his  promise  in  1841,  when  he  established  a  mis- 
sion west  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  among  the  Flat- 
heads,  after  which,  in  1842,  he  once  more  returned  to 
St  Louis  for  recruits. 

On  Smet's  homeward  journey  he  was  escorted  hy 
his  Indians  through  the  Hellgate  pass  of  the  liocky 
mountains,  along  their  eastern  slope  to  the  forks  et" 
the  Missouri,  whence  he  journeyed  with  a  siip^^lc 
companion,  John  de  Voider,  by  way  of  the  Velhtw- 
stone  to  Fort  Van  Buren  at  the  mouth  of  the  l)!;,'- 
horn,  and  thence  to  Fort  Union  at  tha  m<mt]i  of  the 
Yellowstone,  where  he  took  ixissa^e  down  the  Mi^- 
souri  on  one  of  the  American  company's  boats.  On 
a  subsequent  ex])edition — for  Smet  was  an  almost  ((in- 
stant traveller — he  discovered  and  named  Suut  lakr 
in  the  liighorn  country,  and  detected  the  presciico 
of  gold  in  the  soil  and  rocks  of  Wyoming." 

-^Tlie  missionary  travellers  alifive  refiTrea  to,  were  the  Lee  liiotliers 
Jason  ami  n.uiiel,  in  IS.'U,  Sanniel  I'.irker  ami  Marcus  Wliitiii;i!i  in  b'''>; 
Mr  ami  Mrs  Wiiitnian,  Mr  and  Mrs  SjiaMinj;,  and  W.  H.  <!rav.  i'l  l'^"':  •^''' 
and  Mrs  Walker,  Mr  and  Mrs  Kells,  Mr  and  Mrs  Smith,  ISIWl  Mr:iiid  Mi-* 
Oritfin,  Mr  and  Mrs  Mnnger,  l.S:{!>. 

'•'  Aeeording  to  Thomas  Sun,  of  Hawlins,  Wyoming,  De  Smet  gave  Hniiie 
captivating  accounts  of  the  preeious  metals  in  that  Bighorn  reiiimi.  Sun, 
horn  in  Quohee,  was  for  several  years  in  the  service  of  the  Anitrkaii  Fur 
company,  during  which  time  he  liecame  ac({uainted  with  the  revennil  tra'  - 
elle  •,  wiio  said  he  had  no  douht  tliat  thi  i  region  was  the  richest  gi>l'l  liiM  "i 
the  world,  and  would  be  found  to  he  such  when  the  Indian  hostilitii  s  \icie 


WYOMING. 


687 


In  1841  passed  the  forts  the  first  deliberate  emigra- 
tion to  Oregon  and  California  of  men,  women,  and 
children,  fifteen  in  number.'*  The  same  year  passed 
Bidwell's  California  company.  In  1842  Elijah  White's 
Oregon  company  of  112  men,  women,  and  children, 
and  a  train  of  eighteen  great  Pennsylvania  wagons, 
cattle,  pack-nmles,  and  horses.  Bouideau  was  in 
cliarge  of  Fort  Laramie  at  that  time,  and  gave  the 
emigrants  timely  advice  and  assistance,  although  they 
uruinbled  much  at  the  price  of  provisions  in  the 
mountains.  The  trappers  had  done  the  same  before 
them,  and  were  often  half-starved,  wliile  their  em[)loy- 
cis  rolled  in  wealth  which  their  toil  had  accumulated. 
In  1843  passed  the  fur  company's  posts  an  army  of 
occupation  destined  for  the  Columbia  river,  consisting 
of  1,000  men,  women  and  children,  with  draft  cattle, 
herds  of  cows  and  horses,  farming  implements,  and 
household  goods.  After  this,  things  were  never 
more  to  be  as  they  were  aforetime  in  the  hunting 
grounds  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  beaver  were 
all  hut  exterminated;  few  trappers  remained;  the 
Indians  were,  if  not  more  hostile,  at  least  better  armed 
aikl  more  dangerous ;  innnigration  westward  imroased  ; 
the  state  of  Deseret  was  planted  on  our  border ;  and 
ill  a  few  years  gold  was  discovered  in  California,  afher 
whicli  the  great  highway  became  like  a  vast  humm 
river  dividing  the  continent  in  twain,  and  bearing  on 
its  l.><>som  what  argosies  of  human  hopes,  alas  I  how 
often  wrecked. 

If  the  reader  will  turn  to  my  History  of  Oreqon,  he 
will  fiud  tliere    related   the  long    series   of  political 

Mitl'uii-ntlj'  quelled  to  allow  of  thorough  prospeetiug.  He  had  soon  whito 
iMcii  who  live<l  with  tlio  luiliaus,  ]>iinuiiig  rich  dirt,  iuid  h;id  soon  largo  nug- 
)^vu  ill  tlie  hands  (»f  the  Indians.  iSti<i/ii>ni,  Wi/niiiimj,  etc.,  I.V.V-'.Kt.  Dc  .Sniet's 
^*ntiiig-i  also  Hp(>ak  of  the  niiucral  wealth  of  the  country  he  travelled  over, 
liiit  li  ss  definitely  as  to  locality. 

-' 'i'lieso  were  Joel  P.  Walker,  M-ife,  sister,  three  son.<»  and  two  daughters; 
Unrinws,  wife  and  child;  Wartiehl,  wife  and  cliild,  and  one  Nichoi  Mrs 
KcIm  y  was  tlio  only  woman  in  the  Bidwell  party,  ard  arr'vcl  inCal.  a  little 
litri  tlian  Mrs  Walker,  though  the  Walker  company  went  by  the  way  of 
Oivl;.ih. 


■T  '^!t 


■ « .  i.;^ 


•l;^ 


ill 


Klj 

m 
'I 


ii 


EAKLY  EXPLORATIONS. 


cvonta  wliicli  Kd  to  soiidinjjj  a  half  military  oxplt>iiii(r 
('Xj»oclitit)H  to  tlic  S«»uth  pass  in  IS4'J,  in  cliaii^v  i,{ 
Fruinont,  the  ostfnsil»K;  ch'si^n  of  which  was  to  look 
out  positions  for  a  line  i>f  posts  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  river  for  the  protection  of  the  American 
fur  companies  from  the  encr-wii'liments  <>f  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  ami  to  cncouraij^e  American  iiiiini- 
jjjration  by  pnitectin'^  it  from  the  savages.  He  was 
to  connect  his  ex[)loratioiis  with  those  of  Wilkes  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  hut  tVul  nothin«j;  further  this  ymv 
than  to  make  a  summer  jaunt'  to  the  South  pass, 
which,  beini^  a  military  tiliiccr  and  not  a  private  citi- 
zen, trader,  trapjH'r,  missionary,  immigrant,  or  what 
not,  he  "discovered,"  namin<4  its  altitmlt;,  and  asceiid- 
in<jj  the  hii^hest  jK-ak  in  the  Wind  Kiver  rani;<%  l;5,.)7u 
feet,  ]»lanted  thereon  the  United  States  Hai^.  This 
mountain  he  named  Frem«»nt's  peak  ;  and  consider- 
ing that  the  i^overnment  paid  all  the  ct»sts,  and  that 
he  had  an  ex|x;rienccd  mountain  man.  Kit  Carsnn, 
for  a  .guide,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  eteiii;d 
mountains  might  be  put  to  n«ibler  use  than  to  jHipct- 
uate  such  achievements.*'  He  did,  however,  in  hi> 
subse(juent  expeditions  actually  ex})k)re  some  ni  w 
territory. 

The  first  United  States  soldiers  in  Wyoming  were 
the  detachment  with  Fremont,  making  with  his  guide 
twenty-one  men.  Events  scmmi  led  to  more.  .\t'tci' 
long  and  often  weari8«»me  discussions  in  congress,  and 
fri'ijuent  appeals  from  tiie  settlers  in  the  north-west, 
an  act  was  pas.sed,  May  11>,  1840,  for  the  estal)hsli- 
ment  of  military  .stations  on  the  route  to  Oregon,  * 
nj)propriating  the  nmniticent  sum  of  $3,000  to  di  tVay 
the  expense  of  each  such  station,  and  $2,000  each  to 

^Sirnrs  in  the  Ritrhf  M.tnnlnim.  151.     SrhfU,  Ifutt.  Fort  Lnmmic,  M>^  .  •'!<'>. 

■■"'I  liiul  ill  the  rt^iMtrt  "f  Sila-s  Ket-"!.  tin-  tirst  survey or-geiioral  ol  Wynm- 
iiia;,  the  statement  tliat  I'resiiU-nt  'IvKt  wiit  Freinoiit  on  tliiw  cxiirilitinn, 
'over  the  heads  of  .ill  iiis  sn|teniir  f>rtit-en»  in  the  enj;ineer  eorjis,'  lir  li.ivliij; 
jiut  niarrieil  JesHie  Kenton,  to  ai*|M.-a^  the  hostility  of  the  great  Missnuri 
Heiiiitor  against  his  mhniniittration.  The  ex|)hination  is  plausible,  an>(  nu 
ilmiht  true.    (I.  S.  Mi'ii:  Ihjr..  Mi,  j». '24.  4 1st  cong.,  'M\  se.ss. 

^''Acta  o/Uonj.,  ^i),  lat  aeas.,  cbai<.  '22,  'J  stat.  at  lurgo,  13. 


\VY()MIN«i. 


(18U 


•13 

•(•re 

,jj 

title 

'tcr 

iiid 

'Sl. 

ISIl- 
1     '• 

I'liy 

to 

!  11. 
iiiii- 

111'!-' 
Imri 
no 


jiurchase  the  conaent  of  tin;  IiuliaiiH  to  the  t»rcupa- 
ticii  of  the  «;rouiKl. 

Ill  ortler  to  carry  into  ett'ect  this  act,  the  presiilont 
iiiiide  a  requisition  upon  the  state  of  Miss«>uri  for  a 
liattallon  of  fivt;  companies  of  niountccl  volunteers," 
The  ()re<jfon  battalion,  as  it  was  calli<l,  ln'iii«;  raised 
ratlier  late  in  the  suninicr  of  1 847,  lialtt'd  ahout  the 
middle  of  September  at  a  point  on  the  \rissouri  kin»wii 
as  Table  creek,  near  tlu'  present  site  oi'  Xebraska 
City,  j^<>in«jj  into  caiin»,  and  naniini:;  the  <'aiitonment 
after  General  Stephen  W.  Kearny.  A  ditachineiit 
was  howi'Ver  sent  for\var<l  to  select  ami  lay  out  a  site 
for  a  post  t«)  be  occu|)ii'd  in  the  spiiiijjj.  Tin-  point 
s(leett-d  was  on  tlie  south  bank  of  JMatte,  just  below 
tlir  lieatl  of  CiraiHl  island  aiul  thriM'-fouiths  of  a  mile 
from  the  river.  This  stati<ui,  which  was  .'{()()  miles 
northwest  of  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  1*00  froir  Camp 
Kearny,  was  named  Fort  Childs,  in  honor  of  (Jeiieral 
Tliomas  Childs,  of  Cerro  (iordo  faiin%  which  name 
was  changed  to  Kearny,  by  the  ilepartmeiit  on  the 
ahaiidonment  of  the  former  camp.^'  The  volunteer 
liattjilion  encanipe<l  at  the  place  desi«j;natetl,  without 
t  recting  quarter,  and  when  relieved  about  the  first 
of  November  by  two  companies,  I  and  (t  of  the 
it'LMnieiit  of  mounted  riHemeii  first  raised  fortius  ser- 
viic,  and  afterwards  diverted  to  Mexico,  returned  t.> 
Ftirt  Leavenworth.  Upon  Captain  C.  T.  llutf',  now 
ia  command  tif  the  suppositious  ])ost,  devolved  the 
(lifticult  task  of  building;  ((uarters  for  the  garristui, 
without  brick  «»r  lumber,  ip  the  cold  and  snow.s  of 
winter.      Sod  huts  were  iiiaile  to  answer  the  purpose 

'"'This  waa  bat.  com  A,  K,  C,  I),  and  K,  4.'>4  iiiuii.  It  was  c(>iiiiuan<le<l  1>y 
Lieut-col  Lutlwell  E.  Powell.  The  other  coin,  ottioers  were  captains  \).  Mc- 
t'liiiHlunil,  Janie.4  (-'raij{,  Andrew  W.  Suliletti-,  U.  M.  Stewart,  and  W.  H. 
lliKlger«.  First  lieutH,  A.  I^efairro,  'I'lion  L.  Nlara,  F.  M.  Iniprey,  an<I  H. 
Smitli.  Secoud  lieiitti,  J.  S.  .ToneM,  II.  Tliomas,  it.  .1.  Watson,  and  S.  Lin- 
gflfclter.  Brevet  second  licuts,  S.  Mackett,  Thos  L.  Young,  W.  Mara,  and 
■I.  M.  Searcy.  The  adjt  of  the  command  was  First  Lieut  T.  .T.  Todd;  nied. 
iitiiicr,  Asst  Snrg.  .1.  Walker;  quar,  Capt  .Stewart  Van  Vliet,  of  the  regular 
army;  engineer,  Daniel  P.  Wt>o<lbury,  of  the  U.  S.  engineer  corps.  Sr/ifll, 
IlLst.  Fort  fxiramie,  MS.,  8-9. 

^'i'teefc,  RiJU  RtijimeiU,  MS.,  2-3. 
IIIBT.  Nkv.    44 


■'M 
f 


'P 


'  si 


i,«? 


irm 


KAKLY   KXI'LOItATIONS 


(tf  houses;  the  m-an'st  post-ottioe  whore  any  news  or 
(■(tiiiiiiunieations  from  th«Hlc]uirtiiioiit<'ouI<l  honreivt'd, 
heinj^  at  LiiKleii.  Attliison  county,  JMinsouri,  an  »  xpc. 
i'umutU  |M»st-rkU'r  was  neeessaiy  to  t-arry  tlie  mail  t.) 
and  from  tliat  punt,  over  20U  miles  distant;  most  of 
the  liorses  of  the  8<{ua(h'on  weri'  sent  to  Leavenwovtli 
to  be  wintere«l.  forage  an<l  shelter  Ix'in;^  la«'kin;j;;  ^iini 
altotrtither  the  foiindin!^'  of  the  first  fort  heyond  tin 
Missouri  fr«»ntier  was  a  rude  and  distasteful  cxiicii 
enee.  One  of  tlu^  Hrst  reeomniendition.^  of  ('aptiiin 
Uutf  to  the  adjutai;t-;4i'neral  was  that  he  be  l>erniittnl 


FoKT  i.AiiAMiK  IS  ism 


to  issue  provisions  to  emii^rant  parties  in  ilistnss. 
Instruetionswireae«'oi(lin;4ly  t^iven  to  si'll  todistit  ss.il 
travelh'rs  supplies  out  of  the  surplus  stores,  and  In  ik  • 
forwanl  the  j^ovfrnment  rescued  many  a  pcrishiiij^ 
family  whoni  nusfortune  ha«l  robbed  of  its  (tut lit  in 
the  midst  of  the  wilderness.  Fort  Kearny  tlm- 
became  a  household  word  in  all  the  Pacific  north  west. 
It  was  dis(>ontinued  as  a  military  post  in  May  \^7\- 
and  the  i^arrison  removed  to  Omaha  barracks. 

Tn  thespriuij;  of  1 840  measures  were  taken  to  »  stah 
iish  the  second  aud  third  of  the  line  of  forts  contcin- 


WVOMINti. 


601 


4i 


jd.itotl  for  the  protection  ot'  travel  across  the  conti- 
iKiit,  aiui  Ijieuteiiaut  W<MMll)ury  of  the  eii<j;ineer  corps 
was  authorized  to  purchase,  should  lie  tiiiiik  hest,  th«! 
t'.tit  of  the  Aniericaii  Fur  <  «»iiipaiiy  at  Laramie  fork 
ti>r  the  secofid.  This  was  done,  W«)o<|l>ury  paying 
.>?  1.000"'  for  the  property  as  it  stuxl,  and  other  huiid- 
iti^s  heini^  athlod  for  men  and  horses,  the  first  om-, 
attt  rwards  known  as  "  bedhim,"  iM-injjf  constructed  of 
liiiuhcr  hrouy;ht  from  Fort  Leavenworth.  It  took 
rj{  (hivs  for  oHicial  papers  to  i;-o  to  the  adjutant-j^eii- 
ind's  ottitH?  in  New  York  and  hack  to  Laramie,  whieii 
uiaile  it  neee.s.siirv  tliat  inu<'li  dis«'retion  should  he 
loil'^.'d  with  post  commanders. 

When  the  i-euinient  of  mounted  riHemen,  heinjj;  fully 
!  iiiiti'd  and  «>.p(ipped,  after  its  return  IVom  Mexico, 
was  starte<l  on  its  march  to  ( )rej^»n  in  the  spr'in;^  of 
Ist'.i.  untler  ColoiK'l  IjorluLC,  it  NVJ«f<  joined  at  Fort 
Kraniy  hy  Hurt's  .S(|uadron,  which  was  re|>laeed  hy 
<iiu'  company  of  l.st  draujoon.s,  and  two  companies  o! 
'ith  infantry.  On  comini;  t«»  Jjaramii',  Major  Win- 
>low  F.  Sanderson,  four  otiicers,  and  fifty-eiiijht  men 
Atir  detached  to  «;airison  this  post.'^  In  July  and 
V'l'^uat    they    were    reiinforced   by  one  company   of 

■"  Coeliraii,  in  lii.s  /litl.  h'url.  I^nrninii,  '2X,  wayt  that  WinHllmry  hail  no 
lutliority,  there  Ih^jii^  no  a|i|>r<i|iriatioii,  t^tc. ;  Ixit  tlial  is  a  mistake,  as  cnii- 
.Ti'4<  liail  appropriiitcil  aC>,(HM)  in  IS4)>,  tor  eacli  t'urt,  ami  as  Ihf  siig^e.Htinii  of 
uir -line  iraiiii!  from  the  iidjutaiit  ^ciu'ral,  which  was  all  tlii^  authority  ho 
i'''i''i|.  See  letter  of  A<ljt-j{fii.  K.  .loiies  to  Maj.-ijfii.  I».  K.  Twiggs,  in 
^  ■■'.'%•  IliH.  hiiiviiii;  MS.,  •_'.■»  7,  :{7  S. 

'('•iiliii,  /'jrfx-rli'wii  in  W'l/iuiihi;/,  MS  ,  ,"),  Major  S.  1*.  Moore  surgeon, 
''i|'t  Thiiinas  l>uncaii  eoniilg  eo.  K,  1st  Lieut  l>aniel  I*.  Woodliury  engiiici  i- 
''r|M.  1st  Lieut 'riioiuas  <i.  Ilhutt.  post  iidjt  i|uartiTinastt'r.  On  liie '-'tith  ot 
■'■ily  ('ipt  Itenjainin  S.  Roberts,  eo.  (',  niounteil  rilles.  •_'  ollirer-i,  ami  (M)  men 
"MM.  1  the  post.  Wash.  I,.  Klliott  was  Istlieiit.  t»ii  the  l-_'tli  ot  .\ugiist 'Jn.l 
lii'Mit  lx;vi  C  Bootes,  co.  (J,  titli  infantry,  '_'  ollieers,  an<i  .">:!  men  wen'  Mii.leil 
^| tile  garrison.  They  li.id  for  transportation  an  ox  tr.iiii  ami  were  three- 
iiioiitlis  on  the  roa<L  The  1st  sergeant,  LeoduMr  Silmyder,  is  still  at  the 
Tt,  where  he  is  ordnanee  sergeant.  Steele,  in  his  AV//-  /.'ri/iiiiiiif,  MS.,  '2  .'{, 
■<ys  that  lloU-rts  was  in  «-oniinand,  whieh  is  an  error.  Steele  w;is  a  surgeon 
"th.'  regiment.  In  the  .summer  of  lH.">()the  mounted  ritles,  eo.  left  the  post, 
»iii  ii  was  garrisoned  for  a  year  1>,  .i  single  eo.,  (i,  (ith  infantry,  liev. 
''"  'i  u-d  Vaux  was  sehoolmaster  .it  Kort  Laramie  from  I8.'»0  to  I8(>l.  Dunean 
'■"'  ■  I  with  distiiietion  in  the  livil  war.  ln-eoming  lircvet  hrig.  gen.,  and  was 
■!  r  .1  in  187;i  llhett,  a  South  Caroliuiatl,  joined  the  eon  federate  anuy,  .is 
■■'"<>  .'id  Major  M<M»re,  whore  he  liueiiuie  surguuu-geaeral.  CiM-limii,  H'ml.  I'urt 

'■•:  '/<■.  MS.,  27. 


m 


.;il 


% 


(Mh; 


KAKLY  KXPLORATIONS. 


nu)untt;d  rifloH,  aiul  one  of  tith  infantry,  conipiisinjr. 
tojjjetlicr,  115  niiMi.  Major  Sandei"son  was  rili(V((l 
ill  October  1850  Ky  Captain  William  S.  Ketclium  ot 
the  (Itli  iiifantrv,  who  coninianiletl  until  Julv  Isaj  ' 
Keti'liuni  w:is  not  lia)»j»y  in  his  position,  jind 
oiitaiiMMl  leave  of  ahseiin-,  when  Lieutenant  (Junutt  nt 
the  siMiie  regiment  to<»k  eoniniand.  retainiiij:  it  until 
May  IHr)4,   when   he  was  oi-deretl  elsewhere,  ami   iln 


"^^(M-lrurlfm 


r. :  >u». 

r.~   Ir^u.  -(l..>.  U~.l 
I        IHir  l>licll  fru-c 


s 


c^ 


tK»  NO«MTA«. 


f^' 


TUMI  t 

>-  ft   *-^es»Si»  . 


/ 


1 1 ir*«Pi»iTenv 

•  en.  •»o«f«     «  t_J«L»>«»u  I- 


LU 


V    Ki.f^    — — ^^'^^^^— — ~^A^^'.*/-=, 


tC«4.1 


F<>i:i    l.\i:.tMli:  l\    l^74. 

•garrison  was  reilured  from  170  men  to  m  |M>rtioii  ..tCm 
eompany  and  a  sin«:le  otheer,  '1*\  Lieutenant  IIii.;li  H. 
Fleinin«(,  no  reeidon^einents  l»ein«;  sent  until  N.tvi m- 
her,  when  B  and  ])  eom|tai.ies  t»f  the  (Jtli  iiitaiitiv. 
iiuinherin*;  Ml,  men  arrived  under  Lieutenant  ('< 'I'  in  1 
William  Hoffman,  wlio  assumcNl  eummand  oT  the 
post. 

Ciradual  ehan«;o8  had  tiilceii  place  in  the  appearaiut 
of  Fort  liiirpmie  ;  oM  huildiutfs  had  lioeii  reiiio\.tt  ami 

'•  Acronliiitf  t<i  riirliraii,  Kfi'i-lniin  wa«  alway*  in   a  miarrcl  witli  In-  -i.l'- 
onliiiatci.     SaiiijiTMiiti  ilii-il  in  IhVI. 


\VVOMIN<;. 


ti<t:t 


II.  w  ones  oriH'ted,  until  1HG2,  when  the  present  niaija- 
ziiu'  was  constructed  in  part  out  of  tl»e  adohes  usi'd  in 
tic  old  fort.  It  has  heen  iK'cupied  continuously  from 
1>4!>  to  the  present,  as  a  niihtary  post,  and  lias  heen 
tin'  scene  of  many  n«;table,  and  some  excitinu;,  events. 
Knr  many  years  it  was  the  actual  ca)>ital  of  a  lar>»e 
txtent  of  territory."  The  history  of  the  further 
iiianh  of  the  niouijti'd  riHe  re<;inient  which  founded  it 
i>  fully  giyen  in  my  ///.s7or//  nfOrrt/im. 

It  is  not  to  he  supposed  that  the  American  Fur 
Kiiiipany  riired  fn»m  the  territory  upon  the  advent 
(it  troops  They  simply  removed  to  Scott  ]^lutts, 
sixty  miles  distant  from  iheir  former  foj^.  where  tliey 
miitinued  to  trade  with  the  hutfaht  li'intinuf  Indians 
tut  a  number  of  years,  and  where  the'r  presi-nce  was 
iiilhuntial  in  the  su|>pression  of  tlifliculties  between 
llie  military  and  Indians,  and  in  the  making;  of  treat- 
it  s.''     Dripps  was  in  charge  in  I?j1. 

A  tr?-  linj;  establishment  was  also  maintained  in  the 
iiiiiiuiliate  vicinity  ot'  Fort  Ijaramie  by  Waid  ai.d 
( iiifirier.  In  fact  the  trading;  comj)anies  remained 
upt'ii  the  }j;round  so  lonor  as  a  skin  or  a  robe  cituld  be 
|»uirhaseil,  or  until  treaties  and  aimuities  had  rendered 
liUMtitisj;  less  neiessiiry,  and  the  wars  between  the 
aliori'Ljinal  and  invadiri<j;  ran  s  had  caused  the  removal 
nt  tlie  Indians  to  reservati<»ns. 


''Ill  a  coniiniinication  from  <ii-ii.  Ciirliii,  rol  4th  infantry,  who  waM  mU- 
tiiii'.i'il  iit  Fort  I^traniU'  when  a  licut  in  thi-  (tth  inf.  rcj;.,  in  ItiTh'),  I  liud  the 
M'lii's  of  HiitHoiiottf,  ItiiiukMii,  .loliii  Ilicliitrii,  Sr,  <i.  I*.  l<oauva<H,  St-th  K. 
\V. It'll.  postt-Htitk^r.  anil  I'ihUI  Itamliill,  M'ho  IivlmI  at  or  near  the  fort  at  tliat 
|Krii"l.  EriM-rii'HffM  in  ir»/"'"»«;/.  .MS.,  in  (iuii.  I'urhii'H  coiitrihr.tion  to  my 
work,  lie  left  the  l..;iraniic  country  in  IK.'iS,  ami  came  to  <  'al.,  vherc  he  wa.i 
t'lr  some  time  at  IV-iiicia.  In  IHH'J  he  wa^  again  for  a  nhort  time  in  Wyom- 
ing! at  Kurt  A.  I>.  KuhmcII. 

"Scott  llhitFti  are  a  )M'r|H!tnal  nioniimciit  to  the  trageily  of  the  ih-ath  from 
»tai'vation  of  a  man  of  that  name  ile!«erteil  hy  hiw  comi>aiiioiiH  on  l^aramie 
fxrk.  iN'inK  ^<x>  ''(  ^"  travel,  ami  the  wlioh'  party  witiioiit  tiMMJ.  lie  lived  to 
rr.iw  1  tM)  niilen,  ami  leave  hiw  Ihi.ics  in  this  |>lace.  Theic  1iliit1')<  are  among 
till'  many  curioUM  ami  intt.>resting  geoloifical  |ilienomeiia  of  the  ?i[orth  Plattu 
nvixii.  Wins  fantAHtic  .iliaiH^;)  in  imlurateil  day  anil  Hamlxione,  having  grand 
iir.  lutectural  cffeetn.  riiimey  nnk  and  IndejH'ndence  rmk,  much  farther 
wiwt.  have  long  l^'en  famous  features  in  the  to|M>graphy  of  the  country. 
hiili'|ieiiilenee  rrH'k  in  tiie  .Swe<»twat<'r  valley  was  thus  named  from  the  cir- 
iiiiiist4ince  oi  itx  iteing  ascendrd  l>y  a  party  who  there  ceUthrated  thv  uuni- 
vi>rs.iry  of  Auicricau  iudv[K:uileucv,  uu  thu  4th  ol  July. 


;:i 


CHAPTER   III. 

SETTLEMENT  AND  <JOLU-HUNTINO. 
1847-1863. 
l**rHw*r  TO  THE  Pacifu' — CoMiNu  OF  riiK  Lattkr-day  Saints  -Mil  !r\i:v 

Me\  — I'BtWPECTINd  KI)K  «ioI.I» — An  An«!RY  Kn<:LISIIMAN — BRIIMiCK  AMI 

Ills  FoKT — MoKMON  War— The   Lvitkr-dav   Saints   Abamxjs  \\'\n. 
Misi ; — Movements    of    Army    Forcks  -IIovf-knmknt    Exi-kkhiiin 

KOAPS  ORnKKKD  Ol'KNEI"  — I'LArEH  (lOLI)  DlS»H(VEItF.I>— TlIK  Mt»UKIslTK-i 

— lM>iAN  H<>siii.nii-;s     Military  Men  and  Fijontiersmkn     Lk<;ksih 
or  the  Wim>Ri\er  Mjhntains— SwiKr  Fetrifaitions. 


It  is  reinarkablo  that  a  section  «»t'  countrv  uuno 
travelUnl  ovor  than  any  othor  between  tlie  ;j;i('at 
plains  aiul  the  Pacific  ocean,  should  have  reniaiii'  il 
unsettleii  for  nearly  half  a  century,  the  only  whitr 
men  there  heiiiif  traders  and  military  men.  Tlu-  titst 
who  rame  to  spy  out  the  land  for  settlement  wriv 
men  |»rofc.ssin<r  a  lU'W  relitj;ion,  which  their  nti^liltnis 
did  n«»t  like,  who  .souy;ht  to  found  an  empire  in  tln' 
mountains  which,  in  time,  should  reach  to  the  shoirs 
of  th«-  l*a<'ifie.  Their  pioneers.  headt>d  hv  Hii.jl];nii 
Voun«4  and  Hti>er  C.  Kimball.  nund>ered  1 4:5  im  n. 
with  a  train  of  seventy-three  wa<^ons.  which  aiiixt  i| 
at  Fort  I^iramie  June  i,  1847,  while  it  was  Ml  a 
tmdinj;  jNist.  PassiiJij;  on  to  (irs^at  Salt  lake,  thtv 
.si'lei'U*d  a  sj)t»t  on  its  border  where  a  «'ity  was  tu  1" 
founder'.,  and  on  the  '2M\  of  .luly  plowed  tlie  tiist 
«rn»uiul  ever  broken  for  seed  in  all  the  rej^ions  wi  st  .>t 
the  PlatU'  and  t'ast  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.' 

In   1848  ptissed  Briirham  Youni;  airain  with  i>vti 

•It  i»  aaa<)  in  tJu  lU.iJi  Ifniut-Utnk  of  R>J'> rrm-r,  G.").  that  Briilgti  .  .iim<I 
•■rfl  It  iinpr»vltl«'  t«i  lirin({  :i  large  )ll^)luiati(lll  iiit<>  the  unsit  Imisih  inail  ii 
i-<Hil<l  ln»  a.«c«'r1aine<l  th<tt  );raiii  ooiild  Ik-  raii<e<l  there.  So  ((iui.i{uiii>'  "  'i"  1"' 
ttiat  it  oMiUl  EH't  1«c  <ioiie  that  he  ttitul  he  woultl  i^ive  |1,U00  lor  .1  l>iH'itl  "f 
d-m  pfwiiio  "I  tiiere." 
.ON) 


WYOMING. 


695 


1.200  men,  women,  and  cliildren,  and  397  wagons; 
H.  C.  Kimball  with  G6-J  jjersons  and  22G  wagons,  and 
\V.  Richards  with  52G  |>ersons  and  I  GO  wagons. 
There  was  a  lanje  mi<;rati(J!i  to  Orej^on  also  that  year, 
and  out  of  these  thousands  not  'i  o  cared  to  tarry  on 
the  North  Platte.  In  1849  l,40o  emigrants  for  Salt 
Lake  passed  Forts  Laramie  and  Bridgcr,  and  an 
unknown  jjreat  number  bound  to  the  ijold  mines  in 

•   •  • 

California. 

'n  this  year,  also,  came  Captain  H.  Stansbury  and 
Lieutenant  J.  VV.  Gunnison,  who  surveyed  the  valley 
of  Salt  lake,  bv  onler  of  the  ijcovernment.  And  every 
yrar  thereafter  emigration  passed  beyond,  pausing 
only  to  purchase  supplies.  There  are  indications  tiiat 
at  some  time,  probably  aft«'r  the  <iiscovery  of  gold  n» 
Ciilifornia,  some  persons  ha«l  turned  aside  to  prospect 
in  the  mountain  streams,  but  of  their  fate  nothing 
tktinite  is  known/  It  is  rfm»'inbered  that  frecjumt 
ertorts  to  discover  gold  were  made  by  persons  [»assiMg 
al<»!ig  the  Sweetwater. 

'Die  private  »x|H'iliti<ni,  in  Ih54-(».  of  Sir  (n'oi^t' 
(iore,  of  Slig«>,  Ireland,  from  tlic  ^[issouri  river  at  St 
Louis  to  the  heatiwaters  of  J\)wder  river  has  \hv\\ 
uit'ntioned  in  my  Uisfurfi  nf  Monlttnu.  The  liaroiu-t 
had   forty   ret;iinei"s.  fourtn-n   dogs,  imu*  hundre<l  and 

Siiuh  ;i  jiarty  w;n  one  i>C  .'Ml  iikii  tnnii  ('<iiiiu-il  Klutl's,  It-il  1>y  ('ii|if. 
I>im),'lii!<  of  St  .li>,fpli  valli-y.  Miili.,  \»li<i  in  ivVJ  M>t  out  for  ( 'ul.  At  Kori 
Laruiiif  .'Ul  riii'ii  left  tlit'  main  •-•.iii|>aiiy  t<>  |>ros|H'<'t  in  tlic  iiiouiitninM  to  tli<> 
iiurtli,  it^reeiitg  to  overtake  aiul  r»'|Mirt  t<>  iIil-  captiiiii  at  lluiiilioMt  river. 
I'.ii^lit  of  tlioiii  <liil  ovcrtakt*  tliv  i-oiii|iaiiy  ik  iirmiii.scil,  ruportiiig  that  tlicy 
iii'l  loiiiiii  uolil  upon  two  Mtrx-aiiit,  uliii'li  iroiii  tlic  iIc.hi  riptioii  art*  Ix'lii'Vctl 
t'>  liL'  lia]ii<l  ami  .Spring'  rn-«'ks  in  tin  lil.irk  lull-,  and  <li-Hiriiig  tlu-  CMiiipaiiy 
t<'  I'oturn  to  this  plai-i-.  Kiit  it  w.-i4  aln-atly  Lite  in  the  Ki'asoii,  ami  tln'  iinl- 
iiiis  alon^  tilt!  roiitf  wi-n-  tn>iil>lfj>>>iiu ,  mIiu'Ii  ilci'iilcil  the  rctinitt'tl  cKinpaiix 
t'l  push  forwanl  to  t'al.  Tlit* 'Ji  mt-n  i«-tt  ««■«•  m-vir  heard  from,  ainl  were 
-ilppoNed  to  have  JM'rished.  S'nli$<>rH.  Wifmiiifi.  Hlnrl:  llill.t,  itr..  'i'2^\.  In 
I'^Tti  some  pros]N-('tors  on  Kittle  i-nt-k.  Kl.iek  hille  re^'ioii.  hi  an  old  shaft 
rtluiOi  they  opened,  at  'M  Itft  fn»iii  the  ^urlaee.  under  10  feet  of  earth,  foiiiul 
I  'luivel  and  piek.  the  haiidlt-'*  »i  wlu<'li  were  ileiaved.  and  tlii>  iron  niiieh 
ni-t -eaten.  On  the  same  stream  were  foiiml  .1  skull,  umler  !!  fet>t  of  earth, 
iri'l  iiKar  hy  a  juir  of  sdver-'">we«l  ii|>«-etaeles.  There  were  several  pru-pi'ct 
'i"l'-i  in  the  vieinity,  in  some  of  wliii-h  tr^-en  six  iin'lies  in  diameter  were 
'.'rnwiuK.  On  WhitewiNMl  erf«'k  a  hammer  and  small  iioll-piek  were  found, 
I'  feet  from  the  surfaii>.  an>l  a  hat«  te  i  in  aiKitlier  piaee,  all  imWdded  in 
'  iith  and  ruMtinK  to  deeay.  Whetlwr  the««-  were  ndiuit  of  the  Council  Bluffs 
larty,  ur  4uiuc  utkvr,  will  prulMhly  uwcr  Ih:  kuuwu. 


i     *:! 


(>!K'> 


SETILKMKNT  AND  (;OLD  HL'NTlNll. 


twelve  horses,  six  wagons,  twenty-one  carts,  and  twelve 
yoke  of  cattle.  He  spent  the  first  winter  at  Fort 
Lfiranjie,  huntin<4  in  the  vicinity.  The  following 
year,  procurinj;  James  Bridger  for  a  guide,  he  trav- 
elled north,  making  his  headquarters  on  Powder  rivii 
foi-  a  seastMj.  after  which  lie  built  a  fort  near  tlu' 
iiiuutli  of  Tongue  river,  which  lie  occupied  until  tin 
autunni  of  1850,  when  he  left  it  to  return  to  St  Louis. 
His  only  oiyect  in  .seeking  the  mighty  solitudes  of 
the  heart  of  the  American  continent  was  the  gratifi- 
cation <»f  that  savage  instinct  preservcti  with  so  nuuli 
can-  hy  the  landed  aristocracy  of  (treat  Britain,  the 
love  of  the  <'hase,  to  si'cure  themselves  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  which  the  land  is  kei)t  from  the  homelos 
po<»r.  Whether  he  grew  more  savage  under  this  in- 
<lulgence  I  do  not  know,  but  h(>  was  furious  enough 
at  wiiat  he  considered  the  extortion  of  the  Noitli 
American  Fur  company,  with  which  he  had  contrac  t.d 
for  boats,  to  iiurn  all  his  Indian  gootls.  wagons,  ainl 
sup|)lits  in  front  of  Fort  Union,  guarding  the  flanits 
from  plunder  while  they  were  consumed,  and  evt  n 
throwing  the  irons  of  tlie  wagons  into  the  Missouri 
river,  ratlu-r  than  pay  tlu'  price  asked  for  boats.  Hi> 
horses  and  cattle  were  sold  for  little  to  vagalMUHl 
white  men,  or  given  to  the  Indians,  and  having  thus 
cut  himself  ott*  from  any  possible  return  to  civili/atimi 
that  year,  he  wuitered  in  the  lodge  of  a  Crow  clii*  I 
at  Fort  Biitbold,  imrchasin*;  fiftv  beeves  at  tliirtv 
dollars  a  heac^l,  rather  than  pay  fifty  tlollais  a  luad 
for  six.  which  was  all  he  needed.  That  transartidii 
was  purely  in  accortlance  with  the  reasoning  of  liis 
race.  He  returned  to  St  Louis  bv  steamboat  in 
IM;')?. 

Bridger,  before  engaging  as  guide  with  Gctv.  had 
disposed  of  his  post  on  (Jreen  river  to  the  ]\[oniu>ii>. 
who  were  the  first  actual  settlers,  to  the  nmiilMf  of 
fifty-five,'  in  what  is  now  a  portion  of  Wyoniiiiu.  hut 

^  Ac'jonling  to  tlif  i'lnli  llnml-ln^^k  o/  It'i'/i-nnfr,  'H,  .loliii  Nt'l'ik>i,  I-"''*! 
Rnllouk,  and  Xi  ntlitTH  wore  Inouted  at  Fort  Supply,  iu  (Jreen  KiM  i    .'initv, 


WVOMINIJ. 


«»: 


was  then  considered  to  l)e  in  Utali.  Fort  Supply,  as 
they  had  named  the  tornjcr  trading-|)08t,  was  intended 
as  ;i  station  whore  passini>-  onngrations  couKl  W-  t'ur- 
iiished  witli  [mivisiuns.  It  was  abandoned  on  the 
atlvent  of  a  coiniiiand  of  United  States  troops  in  the 
vitinitv,  the  oeeupants  retiring  to  SaU  lake.  The 
jirmy  taking  j)ossession  eonsiste<l  of  the  tiftli  and  tentli 
n".;iincnts  of  infantry,  and  Plielps'aiid  Heno's  hatteri«'s 
iif  artilK^y,  under  the  inunediate  <onnnand  of  Colonel 
Iv  H.  Alexandir.  It  niarolied  hy  the  Platt<'  route, 
and  passing  J^aramie  arrived  at  Henry  fork  of  (ireen 
rivei",  thirtv  niih's  east  of  Fort  Supply,  early  in  Oeto- 
l)ti'.  wlure  it  went  into  eainp.*  Whihj  awaiting  orders 
fioiii  Washington,  tlie  JVlornion  militia  <lestroyed  five 
supply  trains  of  twenty-five  wagons  each,  leaving  men 
uimI  animals  short  «)f  provisions  and  foragi-.  Soon 
ut'ti-rward  ( Jeneral  A.  S.  Johnston  arrived,  and  nioveij 
ra;np  to  Black  fork,  estahlishing  (^imj*  Seott.  two 
lailts  ;:»uth  of  the  present  Fort  Hridger.  In  the  fol- 
lowing  spring  the  Mormon  settlers  of  (ireen  river 
valli-y  were  called  in.  '•  exeei)t  a  few  nu'n  in  every 
s  ttlement  to  hurn  everything  in  case  the  tr(»ops,  u|K»n 
till  ir  ariival  in  the  valley,  should  prove  hostile."  The 
.i'lM  inment  retained  possession  «»f  the  valley.  Fort 
Supply  having  been  as  much  as  possible  destroyed, 
ami  when  Major  William  HoH'man  arrived,  in  the 
spring  of  IH.")H,  with  reenforcen\ents  and  ample  suj)- 
Itlit  s.  the  present  militsirv  post  was  t'li'cted,  the  former 
name    restored,   and    Hort'man    placed    in    connnand, 


r ; 


III  \.\.  I.S.'iH.  Tlufsi',  then,  wore  the  tirst  Hettlors  iiftcr  Britlger.  though  it  i« 
■<t.i\>  i\  liy  Hiiiiio  that  I.iuiis  Kuliiiii^oii  was  tlie  lir.it  setth-r.  Mr  is  ralh-il  a 
Miiniioii,  tiioit^h  h<<  is  said  to  have  coiiif  to  the  ciiuntry  in  if'M  froM  North 
•  'ir.iliiiji,  via  Taos,  N.  M.,  an  I  hail  prolialily  lu-vor  hcanl  of  the  Ijatwr-day 
Mints  lirfore  they  appearnl  at  Kort  Uriiljier  in  I.S47.  '  Uiu-U'.lai'k  Uohinsini,' 
t  wiinii  |iersonal  frl*'nil  of  Itriil^cr,  ami  an  olil  resident,  has  U'en  eonfoun<li-<l 
wiMi  Li>uis  Uoiiiiison,  who  may  have  hem  one  of  the  .V>  setth-rs  went  l>y 
Hriu'liiiii  Vounj;.  He  kejtt  a  ferry  on  (ireen  river  in  IWM).  Con.  Hitl.  Sik: 
"■'"'.  •-••JO.  'I'^l. 

'The  (^f.ii/i  Ifmiil'lnyik-  of  /*'j'iir)ir<-,  |».  7'),  informs  lis  that  cm  the  8th  Sept  . 
''il'tain  Viiu  Vliet,  of  «iei\  Harney's  statt.'  vihited  Salt  Lake  City,  ami  had 
III  interview  M'itli  IVo-sident  Young,  and  nf'  r  a  fewdiys  H|»ent  in  that  i>Uee 
|ir(ir<  I'ded  to  WoHhingtoii,   'wliure  he  UKen   liia  iiiHuonce  in   favor   of   the 


60S 


.SE'lTLEM    NT  AND  (;OLU  HUNTlNiJ. 


wliile  Johnsti)!!  marched  the  greater  poi-tion  of  th'> 
army  from  Green  river  to  Salt  lake,  and  estublii^lud 
Camp  Floyd  in  that  vicinity.  This  was  the  end  ut 
Mormon  occupation  in  Wyon»ing/ 

From  about  this  jjeriod  frequent  government  rxju  - 
ditions  touched  at  Laramie,  and  deflected  to  wliatcwi- 

''Lieut  JoHeph  H.  Taylor,  Ist  cavalry,  wax  the  finit  po8t-a<ljutaiit  at  Kurt 
Bridger;  lAeut  U.  F.  Niiiitli,  Utii  inf.,  tlie  tirtit  «le|Mit  (|uarteriiiaHt<>r.  On  tlic 
I'tli  of  Aug.,  18^)8,  Lieut-c-ol  K.  K.  S.  Canity,  iiiaj.  lOtli  infantry,  rLlirvoi 
Major  Hotlinan,  who  rvjoined  the  tith  inf.,  which  «oon  after  niarclit-il  t.  Cal. 
Canhy  was  relievetl  March  7,  IMSO,  liy  Maj.  li.  C  (ratlin,  7th  inf.,  ami  wmt 
to  N.  M.  In  June  (iatlin  also  wa8  ordered  to  N.  M.,  and  ('apt.  .Mtidl 
(.'uniniing,  10th  inf.,  took  command,  wlio  was  in  tuni  rclievid,  Aiij^.  Dtli,  liy 
C'apt.  Frank  (iardner,  aamo  regiment.  Wlien  the  civil  war  broke  <<ut.  ( 'um- 
niing  joinetl  tlie  confederate  army.  In  May  I84il  ('apt.  .le.tHe  A.  <ii>r',  llltli 
inf.,  waH  placed  in  command.  Wlien  the  triNtps  were  required  at  tlu-  cast 
during  the  rel>ellion,  C'ol  Cooke,  2d  cav.,  in  command  at  Camp  Fli>yil.  aliiin- 
donedtliat  potit,  and  re{)aired  to  Fort  Bridger,  where  the  I  ml  k  of  tljc  miI. 
HiNtence  and  quartcrmaHtera'  MtorcH  were  Rold  at  auction,  and  purcliasi'il  l.y 
the  MornionH.  It  was  eatimated  that  |4,0UO,UOO  worth  of  goods  ui'ic  .viM 
tor  $100,000.  /'<',•/(  JliimllH^tl-  of  Itefvrrw;  78.  After  tlii«  hoth  >j.uiis,  ri> 
were  marched  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  leaving  only  a  few  men,  wIumc  tiTin-t  v\ 
service  were  nearly  expired,  at  Fort  Bridger,  under  Capt.  .1.  C.  <'larki.  4ili 
art.,  who  in  Hcc.  IS«5I  was  ordered  east,  leaving  orderly  sergt  IJogic  at  tlir 
post,  witli  a  handful  of  privates.  For  alMiut  a  year,  at  a  critio.tl  |mtii«I. 
>'iiiisiderin^  the  civil  war,  anil  the  Mormon  and  Indian  hostilities.  Ilo^ii- 
rciiiaiueil  in  charge.  The  Mormons  setting  up  a  claim  to  the  lan<l,  oti  tin- 
gi'ouiul  of  a  conveyance  from  Briilger,  l*o8t-tra«ler  W.  A.  Carter  <ira;iiii/(Ml  a 
volunteer  company  of  mountain  men  for  the  protection  of  properts  at  the 
fiirt.  In  IK'C.  I8(12,  Capt.  M.  <J.  I.iewis,  'M  Cal.  inf.  vols,  arrived  at  tli--  pnst 
and  a.ssumed  conimand;  and  during  the  war,  ami  until  .luly  LStKi.  it  was 
^'arrisoned  liy  Cal.  and  Nev.  vols,  who  |)erformed  the  liard  scrvire  ui  giiani- 
iiig  the  mails,  escorting  travellers,  and  lighting  Indians.  Hvtiii.ii.  .\.  S. 
Hurt,  capt.  ISlii  inf.,  took  command,  when  tiie  vols  were  mustt^rcd  mit.  tin- 
garrison  consisting  of  F  and  ii  companies  1st  liattalion,  IHtli  inf.  hiinn^' 
the  construction  of  the  Union  I'acitic  H.  U.  a  garristm  of  5  companiiM  nf  the 
:«!th  inf.,  under  Bvt-col  Henry  A.  Morrow,  was  stationed  at  tort  l'>r'i<ii:rr, 
and  much  of  the  tinu^  employed  in  guarding  the  engineers,  and  tin  nv  ilariil 
stage  route  for  'JOO  miles  east  of  Creen  river.  Niaj.  .1.  II.  Ik'lclier,  |Hwt- 
i|uartermaster,  had  many  improvements  matle  during  that  perioil.  I'lnin 
May  1878  to  .lunt!  1880  the  jKwt  was  aUandoned.  When  reiistal.li-li.  I  tli.- 
garrison  consisted  of  F  an<l  H  companies,  4th  inf.  In  1881,  jii>-.t  tr  ultr 
Carter  caused  a  road  to  he  constructed  over  the  mountains  from  hmt  TlMini- 
IiUTj^  in  Utah  to  a  i.iail  station  ;!.'•  miles  south  of  Fort  Bridger,  to  i;i.ilit.itc 
comniuni<;ation.  In  I88:t,  adtlitional  Itarracks  and  quarters  were  coiiiniriiriii. 
anil  the.  garrison  increased,  i.-ousisting  then  of  B.  C,  and  C  ciinipaiiii'<  <>:  tlir 
Otii  inf.,  under  command  of  Lieut-col  T.  M.  Aiiderson,  same  regiimiit.  In 
dune  of  the  same  year  a  liatt.iIion,  consisting  of  two  comi>anies  I'min  K>'rt 
Bridger,  two  from  Fort  Fred  Steele,  under  Maj.  I.  U.  I>e  Hussy.  4tli  nilin 
try,  repaired  and  improvud  the  r«Knl  to  Fort  Thornhurg.  In  Aug.  I"^>«l.  tin' 
garrison  at  Fort  Briilger  was  increased  hy  comiianies  P  and  11,  '21st  int  .  aii<l 
( "ol  Anderson  was  relieved  hy  Lieut-col  Alexander  Chamiters  of  that  i  euini''"*. 
to  whiwe  Hixt.  Fori  Briil<j<r,  MS.,  I  am  indehted  for  mimt  of  the  ahove  1. 1  iiimt 
of  its  services  in  the  history  of  Wyoming.  Sun/.-i/rti.  (Vrr.,  8,  ,11(1  "J I:  /  >■ 
MiMC.  Do,'.,  40,  pp.  -i!)  :10,  list  c.mg.,  M  sess.;  'ul S.  II.  Com.  Hip.  r-V,  'n  , 
4'.M  cong.,  1st  sess. ;  Ilni/tlin,  N'-jit,  1870.  p.  iiO. 


WYOMINO. 


course  they  had  been  destined  for.  Captain  E.  (i. 
Heckwith,  third  artillery,  who  took  charge  of  the 
survey  of  a  railroad  route  near  the  forty-first  parallel, 
after  the  nlas^«lcre  of  C'a[)tain  (TUiniisoii  and  party  in 
!>;)!{,  expl«)red  the  valley  of  (»reen  river  alid  the 
streams  issuinj;  from  the  Uinta  mountiiins.  In  1857, 
Jt>liiison's  anny  eneamjK'd  in  (Jreen  river  valley,  and 
^H-ir  supplies  U?ing  cut  off  by  the  Mormons,  Captain 
K.  B.  Many,  with  forty  nien,  in  the  month  of  No- 
viiiil)er,  proceetled  from  Fort  Bridger  to  the  foot  of 
tln'  mountains  between  Cireen  and  Grand  rivers,  up  a 
cinon  to  the  top  of  the  range,  to  Grand  river,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  l^ncompahgre,  up  Eagle-tail  river 
til  CoschetojH'S  |»ass,  and  to  Fort  Massaehussetts. 
where  he  obtained  what  was  re«|uiri'd,  and  returned 
thr  ft-llowing  June  by  way  of  tlie  route  east  lA'  the 
mountains,  and  through  the  South  ])ass.  (^aptnin 
Marey's  sueet'ss  is  a  proof  both  of  the  courage  of  the 
man,  and  the  excellence  of  the  climate  which  spared 
his  life  on  so  terrible  a  journey." 

In  1857  came  V^illiam  M.  Magraw,  who  had  se- 
iiirod  a  contnict  from  tlur  g«»vennment  to  open  a  road 
through  the  South  pass,  as  if  that  road  had  uot  bt en 
ill  constant  use  bv  emiiirants  for  fourti-en  vtars.  But 
licing  a  govennne'nt  ixpitlitioii,  it  was  ac<'onipa!ii(<l 
liy  naturalists,'  whose  reports  were  of  valuo  to  sciiiice. 
ami  through  science  to  more  material  objtcts.  In 
18;)8  Captain  J.  H.  Simpson,  of  the  topogra]»bical 
«iigim?ers,  explored  and  opmcd  a  road  from  Fort 
Bri(l<j:er  to  Camp  Flovd,  and  thence  tln'  followinu: 
vcar  to  Carson,  Nevada,"  eking  out  the  survey  of 
Colonel  Stepttie  of  18,")."). 

In  July  1H5D  Captain  W.  F.  Reynolds,  of  the  tojH)- 

'Mornf,  riuiifi  Yriim  of  Arti,i(  /.»/;.  2*.»4  4«.). 

'.I.  (!.  CiMi|HT,  xuryeiiii  iif  til*-  wiigoii-roail  ex|M>(liti<iii,  uan  luitiirutist  to 
iio  prt'viouH  cxiMtlition  i>f  I.  I.  SU-vciim,  vi;i  tlic  Mi«H<>uri  rivnr  tii  I'lijift 
"iinil,  185,1.  C.  I)rexl<.-r  waM  taxi)l<-rniist  ill  IS.'»7.  <'(MijH,'r  n-tiirtUHl  ti>  Wasli- 
>>i.'ti>ii  the  Manic  M>aKi>n.  Imt  Magraw  ami  llnxlcr  wiiitcrcil  mi  Wind  rivt-r. 
!i"viiit;  to  <'ainp  Scott  in  Mart-li.  wlu-n-  the  latter  niadf  a  large  collfftinii  "f 
rils    Smit/i^mion  flrfit.  |.S.V<,  p.  Mt. 

'  ^■|(»Jw»<«  Kqtlor.  (.Imit  Jkuin,  7,  i!4-«i. 


\\-  i 


700 


SETTLKMKNT  AND  (iOlDHUXTINU. 


jjfrapliical  cnjujiiu-crs,  under  orders  from  govrniinrnt. 
led  ail  expedition  from  Fort  Pierre,  on  the  Mis.s(iuii 
river,  to  the  Blark  hills,  and  having  explored  tlu' 
northeastern  and  northern  portion  of  this  raniije,  mi(i\  nl 
on  to  Pt)wder  river  and  the  Bii>;horn,  explorin'^  tin. 
country  to  the  lieadwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  ami 
]\[issouri,'  with  Bridu;er  for  a  guide.  Reynolds  was 
tieconjpanied  hy  a  scientifie  corps  under  Haydeii,  who 
hud  previously  explored  the  Platte  valley  fci  sonic 


;  — ' — f^ — ^. ,_/ -i\S  -rlv  *"li"'^!yr' ■ ,r^ 


H   I 


•.'f.stbele 


|-tJI«lle.k   , 


ji^S^-^^  '"•'■''y.'.V 

Tl vPT.ornocKS  l;"-.'.-      ir   i,   i^n.":^""" 

Trails  in  Wvomish. 

distance.  They  were  escorted  by  a  single  company 
of  soldiers,  under  Maynadier  and  Lee,  and  nukli'  a 
favorable  rej>ort  on  the  country. 

Men  were  hy  this  time  earnestly  looking  fur -j^old, 
and  the  report  went  forth  that  gold  had  been  discov- 
ered in  the  Bighorn  mountains  by  this  expedition. 
But  Reynolds,  afraid  of  loshig  his  escort  by  desertion. 
forbade  the  discoverer  to  reveal  the  truth  to  any  l>ut 
himself  and  Havden.  which  reticence  caused  th  •  local- 

'  U,  S.  Jour.,  300;  37  coug..  3  seas.  Miillan,  Military  RmU  Iii}>l.  '.'7. 


VVYOMINii. 


701 


ity  to  be  lost ;  and  althou«{h  there  had  been  before, 
and  have  been  since,  several  reputed  discoveries  in 
this  range,  there  has  never  been  any  niininj^,  for  until 
w  itliin  recent  years  the  Indians  ninde  it  such  des|)«'r- 
iitr  hazard  that  few  would  venture,  and  those  who 
ventured  seldom  returned  to  reveal  any  tliscovcries 
tlity  had  made,  and  tlie  country  remained  |ira(tically 
un(X|)l«>red."' 

Colorado  was  swarming  with  gold-seekers,  and  Mon- 
txuii  was  known  to  bo  ri<'li  ni  auriftM-ous  dc|»osits;  why 
not  this  region  lying  .sandwichod  Ix'twccn  them  ' 
This  was  the  (|U<'stion  asked  by  thousands  who  trav- 
ersed it,  few  of  whom  failed  to  strike  a  pick  hen-  and 
there  as  they  passed,  or  to  curiously  examine  tlie  sands 
tif  evtsry  stream  crossed  in  their  wanderings. 

A  |)arty  of  twelve  men  who  left  Missouri  fttr  Mon- 
tana in  18(53  travelled  the  route  up  the  Cluyenne 
river  to  the  Black  hills,  where  they  prosjX'cted.  and 
tntik  out  in  three  days  $180  in  plactr  g«>ld  ;  after 
wlileh,  the  season  being  late,  they  proceeded  to  tlieir 
destination,  and  finding  plenty  of  tlie  precious  stuff  in 
.Montana,  did  not  return.  In  later  years  the  same 
persons  failed  to  rediscover  tlu'  spot  where  they 
washed  out  their  first  gold." 

I  have  referred  in  my  Niatori/  of  Mo)ikimt  to  an 
exjtedition  in  1863  which  left  Bannack  City  for  the 
purpose  of  exph)ring  the  country  drained  by  the  Yel- 
lowsttine  for  gold  mines  and  town-sites.  The  party 
travelled  up  tlie  Bighorn  river,  finding  no  gold,  but 
losing  several  of  their  i>arty  by  Indian  attacks,  and 
traversing  the  Wind  river  country,  came  to  the  Sweet- 
water at  "  Pacific  City,"  a  tratling-house  at  the  foot 

'"  A  small  party  of  Canadian  Frondiincn  in  ISl)'2  left  the  sinf;*-  Htation  at 
thi>  crossing  of  thu  Sweetwater  to  go  to  tlif  Kiglioru  mountanis,  having  in 
vam  cndcavon!)!  to  inihicc  others  to  join  then).  They  were  never  heard  <>f 
iiiiirc.  They  were  J.  Dubois,  J.  Patneese,  and  three  hrothem.  Tliere  was 
II"  (iM  trapfier  or  guide  in  the  country  who  did  not  have  a  tale  of  gcdd  «lis- 
ciivcry  to  rolate,  hut  they  could  not  l>e  induoeil  to  reveal  them  cither  UtcauHc 
tlicv  were  untrue  or  that  they  feared  the  Indians. 

"«;.  T.  Iac  of  i'entral  City,  black  hills,  was  one  of  the  party.  Stra/ioni, 
Wy,w,i„j,  niark  JlilU,  86,  222. 


1% 


I 


TO--' 


SKTTLKMKNT  ASU  <;OLD.HUNTIN<i. 


of  R«M*ky  rid»;e,  wIktc  tiiey  overtook  a  train  j^uarded 
by  a  tew  soldiers,  who  \v»'re  stationed  at  8outli  Mass. 
Along  tlie  road  at  ujtervals  o\'  abuut  fij^hty  r  lilcs 
were  found  small  squads  of  troops  for  this  seiiicf. 
They  met  here  a  Mormon  who  had  heeii  to  JXvils 
i^ate  for  a  rar«;o  of  gtida.  which  he  was  taking  t(»  Suit 
Lake,  this  U-ing  the  Hrst  recorded  exjn»rt  of  any  miii. 
v\ti\  from  Wyoming.  At  KiK'k  creek  "  they  foiiiid  a 
lieutenant  and  twenty  s«»ldiers,  a  telegraph  stjitidn, 
and  a  few  residents.  Walter  Cook,  the  t('l«Mrniiili 
operator;  Ij«juis  Sli*  ers,  who  had  located  at  this  jdiKf 
with  the  intention  of  farming,  hut  had  lost  all  liis 
stock  and  i'o«k|8  hv  the  Indians^,  and  every  iirowiii" 
thing  hy  the  grassliop|>ers;  a  hiaeksmith,  and  a  liadu 
constituted  the  s«*ttlement  :  hut  the  place  was  |i(i|»u- 
lous  durint;  the  seas«»n  of  travel,  and  business  was  at 
its  height  when  the  ex|H'<lition  passed.  It  visitttl 
Fort  J^ridger,  finding  on  Jiam's  fork  of  Green  rivt  i 
several  wood  and  stone  houses,  a  good  stone  corral  and 
barn,  with  plenty  of  hay:  signs  of  the  advance  <  »f(iv- 
ilization  whi4'h  had  but  little  chanctt  to  live  cxci  |it 
under  the  walls  «»f  a  fort.  At  tlii^  post  the  C()iii|iaiiy 
Wire  i;ntcrtain«d  by  the  California  minstrels,  a  snMj.r 
troupe,  which  ga\«-  a  conci-rt,  charging  fifty  »•<  nts 
admission.  Th«y  also  met  there  General  ('<tiiiiti. 
who,  on  hearing  of  the  .xutt'erings  which  had  bct'allrii 
the  exploring  pjirty  by  the  Indians,  did  not  show  tliciii 
nmch  .symjwithy.  Cornier  had  at  that  time  many 
lodges  of  the  natives  in  the  vicinity  of  the  fort,  liav 
ing  (*onipi>lled  them  t^t  bring  in  and  deliver  up 
stolen  ht>rsi'.s.  As  a  con.s«'<|U«'nco  many  whit*  im  n 
weri'  there  hoping  to  rec-ovi-r  their  property,  nidy  a 
iiioietv  of  which  wa.s  rest<Hvd."'     From  Fort  J^ridjftr 

'^. lames  Stuart,  in  Inn  JKumal  of  the  <-x]H;(liti(iii,  says  tliat  h«  li.nl  t'mm.l 
g(il<l  oil  thiit  cre«.-k  tlir<->-  niiie»  altovc  the  i-mssiii^in  ISCH).  Con.  IH-I  ^"'^ 
Mniitiiim,  -J IS. 


1  '  111  It-  iidVlk       l^iiiPilliMMI.     .«ltm»It:ur     Iwvi^tTll.      iri^-n     l  l<llllllt<Ml.     amiii     .ii..i|". 

iiiiil  \V.  A.  C'lrttT.  attcrwanl  yr>At»Xe  judge  of  Uinta  couuty,  be:«i<l'^^  inauy 
others  imt  kiiuwu  to  hiiii. 


WYOMlNii. 


7W 


tli<^  com|»any  returned  to  Bannack  by  tlie  iiiinii<j;raiit 
road  via  Soda  springs,"  lied  Kock  valley,  and  llorso 
Itrairie,  havin*;  made  a  cireiiit  of  I  GOO  nulcs  without 
Hiidinj^  any  dig«;in;4.s,  yet  not  convinced  that  tlu  y  did 
not  exist.  In  tin  two  t'ollowin*;  years  rttorts  wito 
iiiiule  to  ert'ect  a  more  satisl'actory  exploration  of  the 
Biijhorn  rcirioii  by  Montana coni|)anies,  none  of  whi<>h 
\vt  tv  able  to  hold  their  own  ai^ainst  the  Indians. 

The  Hi*rhorn  countrv  havinj'  yielded  nothi,' to  the 
hasty  search  which  alarmed  and  distressed  [>rospe«'t- 
ors  had  made,  rumors  were  sUirted  of  rich  dij^i^in^s 
•11  Wind  river,  a  feedt^r  of  the  Bighorn,  cominL(  down 
t'roiii  Wind  river  mountttins,  and  four  several  com- 
[taiiies  from  Idaho  took  the  fiild  in  IHOfi,  determined 
to  remain  ifi  the  countrv  lonijf  enouiJth  to  niak«'  a 
th<»rough  survey  of  its  mineral  resources,  while 
iuinther  from  Mitntana  joineil  its  fcuces  with  theirs." 

''A  half  iiiilu  .iIhivu  8(Mla  8i>rin)(H  Stuart  foiiiul  a  town  luiil  out  l>y  tlio 
\l"rri.site»,  sccetlcrs  friiiii  tin;  Monnonrluirrli.  Tlioy  hail  ahnut 'JO  Ihiii.si-h 
i'liilt.  and  were  erecting  otherH  in  iixpectation  of  a  train  of  tlit'ir  lin  th:-  n  to 
irrivi- in  threi!  (layK.  Alost  of  thtiin  wert'  Wt-lsh  arnl  |)arn's.  Tl  y  wne 
|i«ir  .-ind  Miiseralilc,  even  to  the  point  of  l)cjj;4{ary.  The  year  hefore,  in  .luin', 
I  ]i..-isv  from  Salt  Lake  hail  liesieged  for  three  dayn  a  eauip  of  Morriiites  on 
W.'litr  river,  and  after  killing  Morris  Hanks  and  four  others,  andhaviiiL;  two 
"I  the  attacking  pmse  kdlcd,  earried  Dw.  remainder  of  the  eanip  as  prison - 
iT<  to  the  city,  f'li/i  llnwI-BouL  of  ffr/nrurr,  ~'.t.  The  presenee  of  a  eoni- 
[wiiy  of  Cal.  Volunteers  xtationed  near  tiie  new  settlement  to  proteet  tin- 
iintin^ration  prevented  violence  toward  this  eanip  in  IS<i:<,  and  the  ork;ani/a- 
ri'iu  of  Idaho  in  that  year  was  another  Hafeguard. 

■  The  Idaho eoni[>anicd  W("re  led  as  follows:  ('apt.  Bledsoe,  4.'>nien;  ("apt. 
'•tl  >^tandifer,  4J>  men;  ('apt.  I).  (.'.  Patterson,  '.(."»  men;  C'apt.  Ifculey,  Xi 
Mi'ii.  In  Patterson "s  eompiiuy  were  Henry  Muelies,  ,lerry  Fitzgerald,  ('.  F. 
N'i<'hi>ls.  John  Arliiig,  Charle/  Merrill,  Charles  Tl.  ^'ounj;,  (Jeorge  I'<Mlj;ett, 
R.  r.  ( '<i(Mn!«s,  (ieorgc  Stonerocwl,  Itenjumin  White,  MeCraw,  llawthorne, 
rhuiiipkins,     and    others.    Iilitho    Wniil,    Aug.     IS.    IStitJ.      The    Montaniaus 

'IIP  d  Stamlifer,  who  had  at  one  time  II.")  men  in  his  company,  and  wlm 
k'l't  on  in  the  ilirectioii  of  Wind  river,  while  the  forim-r  desirnig  to  ^o 
•'1  th''  Kigborn,  wiiere  two  forts  had  Ween  ereetud  that  year.  7.")  of  tin-  eonipaiiy 
t'Hik  that  direction.  This  party  had  the  usual  t'xperii'nee  of  iu'nnlers  in 
'.hit  region.     On  the  VM\\  of  Sept.  ("ol  .1.  N.  Kiee  of   Idaho  and  .1.  W.  Smith 

f  lli'lena,  M(mt.,  were  killed  while  altseiit  from  camp  hunting.  Tiieir  hodiiM 
wiTi' not  diHcovercil  for  two  days.  They  were  at  this  time  IS  miles  from 
I'lrt  Philip  Kearny,  and  one  of  the  jiart.v  heing  ill.  the  exjilorers  turned 
iM'ii'  t.i  leave  him  at  this  post.  Twenty-six  of  the  men  engaged  at  the  fort 
:i  iii-lp  guard  liay-eutter.s,  who  could  not  work  for  lighting  Indian.s,  who 
■'i"t  aniiing  them  and  Inirned  their  hay-stacks.  Thi-s  with  other  desertions 
r-'lMied  the  Righorn  pr<>s|tecting  company  to  l(>,  a  party  too  Hmall  to  .safely 
.'•■t  iiiit  of  the  ••ountry.  But  a  detachnient  of  iiCi  Holdiers  heing  sent  to  Fort 
'     F.  Smith   with  the  mail,   they   joined    thiH  escort,  which  wiu  glad  of  rc- 

ruiti.     Wkca  witbiu  45  miles  of  Fort  C.   F.  Smith  they  wure  attacked  iu 


V.MA 


-.ill 


704 


SHrrrLKMKNT  AND  (J0LU-HUNT1N<; 


Tliey  truvollecl,  as  Stuart's  company  had  done,  al-uut 
IfiOO  iiiilcH,  |>n»«pcrtiiig  Biglunn,  Wind  river,  Mt.li- 
cine  lotlj^e,  and  the  HtreuniH  at  tlie  head  of  the  Vvlldw- 
8t<»ne  and  Snake  rivern,  Hndin<^  nothing  worthy  *<\' 
attention  hy  miners  '"  except  at  the  head  of  tlie  Stiuk- 
inj^Nvater,  where  some  of  Stantlifer's  party  ri'p«>it,(l 
HndiniT    j^ood    prospects,   and  the    folljwini'    sinina 


returned  to  that  reyjion." 


Wind  river  mountiiins  and  valhy  were  from  rarli- 
est  times  nmcli  tjUi<«d  of  by  wliite  and  red  nun. 
Many  h'«ifends  were  current  <'oncernint^  the  niouiituins, 
amon;^  whi<]i  was  one  that  ilk  some  places  timhci.  ani- 
mals, and  even  men  were  petriHe<l  in  the  very  >< m- 
hlance  of  life,  and  these  places  were  shunned  l»y  th. 
natives,  who  feared  l>einj^  turned  to  stone.  This 
letjend  prolmbly  ^ave  rise  to  the;  absurd  story  told  i.v 
a  Rocky  mountiiin  trapper  that  he  had  seen  a  tio 
petrified  with  all  its  branches  and  leaves  perfect,  with 
the  birds  on  it  turned  to  stone  in  the  act  of  sini^ini,'. 
The  story  was  considered  tough,  even  by  mountain 
men  ;  but  lioes  not  the  account  of  Lot's  wife  equal  it? 

The  valley,  ainrnt  eight  miles  wide,  and  betwtt n 
150  and  200  miles  in  length,  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  choicest  spots  on  the  eastern  slope  i>f  the  h'lxky 
mountains.  The  river  was  rapid  and  clear,  its  i>anks 
adorned  with  stately  cottonwo«)d  trees,  while  the 
mountain  sides  were  covered  with  forests  of  jtiiii'. 
The  soil  was  dark  and  rich,  the  climate  mild,  and  •j:anir 
abundant.  Vast  herds  of  buflaloes,  antelopes,  dtt i. 
and  elk  roamed  through  :c.     At  the  upper  end  was  a 

camp  l>y  »  large  miiiiltor  of  Indians,  and  compoUeil  to  intrench  tlu-mselvcs. 
Tlie  liattlc  la.<tt<:d  for  two  or  three  houra,  when  the  Indians  wi-m'  liiiullv 
driven  off.  During  the  tight  a  soldier  wan  wounded,  and  a  innnhor  i>i  ImrM"- 
ca|>tiire<l.  The  following  day  fhev  were  again  aurroundcd,  attackci.  aii'i 
forced  to  tight  their  way  out,  whicii  they  did  with  no  serious  i:i>ii,iltit"'. 
though  conipelle<l  to  altanilon  their  iniuiiig  t^Hils  and  iirovisions  in  onltT  t<> 
mount  all  the  men.  Tliey  arrived  at  Fo.'t  1'.  F.  Smith,  where  tiny  ^fr> 
aide  to  procure  from  private  individuals  r.  .supply  of  fiwd,  and  wlifiiro  tliey 
rctumetl  to  Virginia  City  in  com|>any  with  .\nother8uiaU  party  of  frtik^liter!' 
VitifiHkt  MoiiUiiui  Pout,  Oct.  27,  l8(Mt. 

**(hi<yhei-  Anthnehi',  Oct.  27.  I8fi<l. 

"  Vir-rinia  Mont.  Post,  March  IC,  1867. 


WYOMING. 


mi 


]i«)t  sulphur  spring."  It  was  these  attractions  which 
liad  uiade  it  a  favorite  wintering  ground  uf  thu  natives 
anil  the  fur  companies,  and  which  now  made  it  desir- 
ni)I('  that  a  reason  should  be  found  for  making  settle- 
111.  uta  in  it  The  Bighorn  valley  also  was  found  to 
Ik- an  excellent  grazing  country,  which  in  1866  was 
covered  with  immense  herds  of  buffalo,  pointing  to 
usfs  to  which  it  could  be  devoted  by  home- building 
men.  In  short,  Green  river,  Sweetwater,  Wind  river, 
anil  Bighorn  valleys  were  beginning  to  be  regarded 
as  desirable  for  inining  and  grazing,  if  not  for  agricul- 
ture, when  the  usual  check  was  placed  upon  settle- 
luent  by  the  bloody  protests  of  the  native  population. 

^SwtetwUtr  Miner,  Feb.  22, 1868^ 
Hin.  MiT.   46 


^;  f 


1 


ii 


I 


I     :\ 


I  1^ 


CHAPTER  IV. 

INDIAN   WARS. 
IMI   1868. 

KmIORANT   PaBTIIM— rilKYKINKM   ANI»   SKlfX  — FnlW'E   AT    FoilT     I.AItWIlK 

Ki.kmino'h   ArfArK— ^Ikattan'h    l>Eni.tr     A    KMNtov  Wak     I.ih;  .w 

JfoHt     LaKAMIK — MoVBMKMT?*    Or  THR  i'>IKVKNNK.S     AND     Alt  \l' MIiiKh 

Hvvn'v    or    I'omikaini    Immii;katI(»!<    am>    I'lvii.    Wak— Comim  ki> 

ItKI'ltXHATKINlt    -I'KACK    i*KS>I^MALJ*— 4fl>l.l»-lir>TI.Mti    ON    TIIK  IthillMltv    - 

t'AiiKiNdi-oN'H    KxrK'.nrio-i     KrrrrKMANH    I»kkkat     Akkaiiis   m    ihk. 

Fours    -OUNTINIKI)    liuHTILrilM — TkKATV    I'UMMIMXION. 


Thk  immigration   of  1842  wouM  Imvo  fared  >II  luit 
fi»r  tho  piosoiico  of  Fitzjuitrick  <»f  tli«'  Anu'riijii'  l"ur 
<'om[)atiy,  who  Ufunl   liin  |K»worful  influonri"  and  (  >ii- 
Hiimiimto  nkill  to  pn^vcnt  a  Blau^htor.     Not  tlwit  tlic 
112  had  doiio  aiiythiii<r  t4i  ottond  tlie   Intiiaiis,  hut 
that  thi'  Clujyomus  and  Sioux  wi-re  iMTomiiii;.  with 
thoir  Httlo  and  unfortunate*  kn«»\vK'd;^c  of  thf  wliitf 
raco,  tlu'ir  whiMkoy.  thfir  ini|»rove«l  rvfapons,  and  thiir 
wronj^s,  real  or  fancied,  u  fiM»  to  al    whom  th»v  nut, 
rod   mull   or   wlsito,    v,ho   won-   not   in  alHamr  with 
them.     More  than   that,  in    Au«^ust   1841,  thi  v  had 
fouj^ht  a  party  of  Hixty   uivn,  h-d  hy   Frapp,   nii  thi- 
lit'ad  wat»'rs  of  Snake  river,  lo«in«;  ten  warriors,  thiin.;h 
kinin;4  Krapp  and  four  trapinrs.     Durinj^  tlir  fiillnw- 
iiii;  rtprinLf  the  Sioux  had  rut  off  two  smnll  jt.titics. 
one  in  tlio  Hhiek  Hills  and  another  on  the  1{i'.rli"ni. 
Still  they  were  not  satisfied,  and  a  j)arty  of  MfjO  hiivis 
followed  the  iminl^nints,  overtakinij  them  near  imi"- 
pondiMicc   rock,    hut    the    couratjo  aiid   taet  nf  thi  ir 
^uido  averted  a  eataMtntphe  which  mitrht  havf  (h  hivoil 
tho  settlement  of  Oregon  for   anotlier  <le<iulo,  ami 


WYOMING. 


707 


nltcrctl  tho  [mlitiral  liistory  «>f  the  northwest  territory.' 
This  eoinpaiiy  was  ptiriuitted  to  |mi88,  with  the  assur- 
;;;i('e,  however,  that  ill  future  tlie  path  would  be  found 
clortod  whicli  led  tlirouj'li  tlieir  country.  On  this 
attount,  also,  Freniont  a  little  later  was  comiKjlled  to 
sK'uro  the  services  of  a  w»  11  known  j^uide  and  inter- 
|»rtter.  ]}ut  the  next  year  what  had  tho  doughty 
Sioux  warriors  to  say  ?  fur  here  came  1,000  white 
iiitii,  woniiMi,  and  chiidreii,  with  hundreds  of  wagons, 
and  great  herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  such  as  they  had 
never  dreamed  of  seeing,  whom  the\  rould  neither 
turn  ha<'k  nt»r  kill.  De.stiny  was  too  strong  for  them, 
and  thi!y  retreate«l  to  their  villages  to  consider  what 
could  now  he  done.  A  trihe  of  red  men  had  sonuv 
tinu'S  beiMi  exterminated  by  |H)rsistent  and  watchful 
hostility  ;  they  would  try  what  could  ho  aecomjilislM'd 
toward  ext«!rniinating  these  audacious  white  people. 
Their  ertorts  in  this  cause  led  to  the  occupation  of 
Fort  Laramie  as  a  militjiry  post,  in  order  to  wive  the 
annual  immigrations  from  plunder  and  massaere. 
While  three  companies  of  trooi)s  were  at  the  fort, 
comparative  onler  was  maintained. 

In  1851,  Kirkpatriek  having  been  appointed  Indian 
n«'('nt,  a  tnatv  wtis  entered  into  betw(>en  the  United 
States  government  and  the  Sioux,  Arapahoes,  an<l 
Chevennes,  «»f  the  X»»rth  Platte,  bv  which  the  ten!- 
tory  t»f  these  bands  should  be  that  contained  between 
the  100th  and  107th  ::>  vidians  of  longitude,  and  tho 
3litii  and  44th  parallelsof  latitude,  embnu-ing  rJ'J,.'>00 
s»|uare  miles.  Tliey  were  to  receive  ammities  of  tlie 
vahio  of  $;)0,000,  an«l  to  preserve  friendly  nlations 
with  citiz»ns  of  the  gov«rnment.'  The  nundtrr  of 
warriors  belonging  to  the  Ogalalah  and  lirule  Sioux, 
it'iil  the  Arapahoes  and  ^hevi-nnes  within  this  agency, 
\;  (s  estimated  to  1k)  2,000.  while  the  whole  nunduT 
V  as  contputed  t«i  Ik*  5,500,  To  hold  in  cluck  this 
'nsfile  ftm'e  — for  despite  treaties  these  wivages  were 

'  tWmoHi  Kiyrd.  fS43  .1  «.  17.1  4:    Whitr,  Trn  Ymrit  in  Ornjon,  165-57 


ifc 


:'.  j'  •  4 

■   r  rfiii 

^' '  ?i 

I  .  *» 

'  ■  m 

•li 


TW 


INDIAN  WAIIS. 


never  frieiully — after  tlu'  first  two  years  tlicrr  uas 
but  a  iiaiultul  of  soldiers,  under  youii^.  and  of  courx 
iiuxiR-rieiieed  ottieers.  As  80.111  as  the  Indians  Imciuiic 
aware  of  the  retluotion  of  tlu'  garrison,  tin  y  ixi  iiinc 
extp  niely  insolent,  refusing  to  »)l»ey  tlic  re;j;iilati.iii 
\vlii<li  exiH'lled  them  from  tlu'  limits  of  tin;  |^u^t  at'ttr 
"  retri'at, '  a  liand  to  hand  conHiet  Ueing  necessary  tn 
eject  thain.  For  this  insult  t«>  wivage  diLjnity  IImv 
made  a  d«'inonstration  on  the  fort,  which  <tnly  tlic 
|tri>mptitndi>  of  the  little  jj;arrison,  and  the  good  oHi- 
eers  of  Fitzjiatrick  [>revented  becoming  a  hloodv 
artair.* 

The  single  comimny  left  at  Fort  Laramie  was  in 
185*2  reduced  to  twenty-five  able  men.  An  atteiii|it 
was  made  by  Lieutenant  Fleming  with  twenty -flnvt 
nun  to  arrest  an  Indian  who  had  fired  on  a  seigt  nut 
in  eharije  of  the  ferrv  over  Laramie  river.*  He  wt  nt 
to  the  \iilage  of  the  liand,  halted  his  commaii<l  and 
8«iit   an  interpreter  to  inform  tin*  chief  of  the  natinv 


:i 


of  his  errand,  who  In'ing  absent,  the;  young  hrav 
dfcland  f»»r  war,  soomT  than  submit  to  amsl. 
Flaming  advan<'ed  with  fiv«!  men,  leaving  the  nst  in 
r«s«'rve.  Shots  were  oxchange<l,  four  Indians  killrd. 
and  two  <a|»tured.     This  ended  the  encounter  \\>i  tl 


lis 
iK-casioii. 

Tin-  following  vearbrouy:iit  matters  to  a  crisis.  A 
^lormon  emigrant  complained  at  tin*  fort  that  one  <>t 
the  Kind  of  Wahsidishe  Si»»ux,  who  sustainejl  hut  a 
Uui  chanieter,  hiul  killed,  and  caused  to  be  eati  n,  nuo 
<»f  his  cows.  Fletninjx  sent  Ijieutenant  (Jraftan.  a 
voun«'  Vermontir,  late  froni  West  Point,  to  tak(  tin- 
otlrnder  in  charge,  an  (!rraii«l  of  ,so  drli(*nte  a  iiiitnrr 
that  iinly  a  mature  and  discn-et  oflij'rr  should  Imvt 
btH-n  entrusted  with  it.     There  had  been  Mo  attrni|it 

*r.0i,ritit.  IliM.  F>^rt  />mi;HtV,  MS..  M  ft. 

•Tin-  lir«t  liriilnf  ovjT  tlio  I.nraiiiif  «ii»  Imilt  in   1*40  1>y  privnti'  jh  rsmis 
wl««.  riJIr.  u-<l  t.ill      It  wiiH  iimmI  tnily  iliiriiiK  tin-  tuaMtm  vi  lii^li  u.iii  i.  wluli 


hii-^l  tlin-( 


•i:'.)iv      III    IH.*i()  iii.in'  tliitii  4«I.(MMI  Iiih<I  of  rattl< 


III  IW.T  It  »a«  i>w<'|>t  itwity,  niiil  «  HatlMuit  ferry  Kiilwtitiitcl  for  I  "i  ">  N'^of 
A  IK  «  lin<Ui-  uiK  iriM-t'il  ill  IH.'iT.  ikii<l  ruiii<>\«^  m  \ii'M  lulf  i  i>uU'  u| 
•IrcMu.     rUu  WAS  aflvrwiirii  •M'vpl  aw»y, 


WYOMINO.  TH 

on  the  part  of  the  Indians  to  ronc(«al  the  act,  which 
lj<tir,  the  hea«l  chief,  ha<i  hiin.self  re|K)rted  at  tite 
l»u,st,  but  a|)«»li><;iz«-4i  for  the  rascal,  siiyin^  ho  had  uliot 
tilt!  cow  in  a  \\t  of  an«;er  at  his  lack  of  success  in  hunt- 
in>;,  and  after  it  was  killed  it  nii<^ht  aa  well  he  eaten. 

It  would  not  «lo.  however,  toestahlish  such  a  pn'ce- 
(li!ut,  and  (initt^m  wa«  ordered  to  tnVo  twenty-tiij^ht 
men  and  two  h«>wius<'rH,  the  Indians  hein<^  nuniemufl 
and  well  arnird,  and  hrin«r  this  Indian  to  the  fort. 
H»!  proceetled  U*  the  camp  of  Hrar,  nine  miles  away, 
and  Hndintr  strenuous  ol)j<-ctions  offered  to  tluj  arrest, 
and  that  the  Indians  were  attemptini^  with  sullen  and 
aiiirrv  demeanor  to  surround  him,  ordered  a  volley  to 
bo  tired.  The  ehief  fell  morUdly  woun<led,  and  one 
o^  his  hraves  was  killed.  Inniuu!iatelv  the  In<liaiia 
returned  the  Hn*  (iratUin  ordered  the  cannon  »lis- 
cliarijetl,  hut  iM'iui'  Um>  elevated  t!>ev  inHicted  no 
injury  on  the  enemy.  In  another  nwi'uent  the  com- 
mand was  closi-Iy  hennned  in  hy  en  raided  sava«{es,  and 
soon  all  lay  deail  and  mutilated,  e\<'ept  one  man,  who 
esi'ape<l  in  ailyin*^  condition  to  the  fort,  unable  to  i^ivu 
an  intclliiji'nt  a«-count  of  tlu*  battle.* 

Thus  |Hrishe«l  the  «;reater  part  of  the  j^arrison  of 
Kort  Laramie  in  the  sunnner  of  IH.^i4,  which  wai^  the 
I'lnnmenceinent  of  a  Kmvr  anil  costly  war  with  tlie 
Sii»ux. 

Kavins'  achiev«'d  this  vi«'torv  over  the  soldiers  the 
luilians  pr«»ceedeti  to  the  trading-houses  of  .lames 
Bordeaux  and  1*.  Chati-au.  Jr.  and  Co..  both  of  whi«h 
tiny  robbed,  th»  inmates  with  dilHeuIty  escapin;^ 
tVoni  their  furv.  <  >n  the  follo\viii>'  <lav,  however,  the 
In<lians  moved  ofl*  toward  the  Itlaek  hills,  and  ;.(oiii(^ 
tiist  put  themselves  in  eonimunieation  with  the  Ynne- 
tonnais  and  other  Itands  of  Siou\  in  that  direction, 
whieh  they  stirred  up  to  make  war  on  the  white  peo- 
ple, it  being  their  o|Nnly  avowed  intention  to  let  no 
whitt!  man  «'Sca|K'. 

''tttin,    A,'j7>ri».K-r4    in    H'y.mt-j.    MS.,    '2-3;   Iml.    Aff.    /{f)>t,    IS54,   «Hj 
'WAiurt'j.  //id/,  t'oit  /.(ini'itr,  M.S.,  36. 


J 


710 


INDIAN  WAR& 


Measures  were  taken  at  the  war  department  to 
puniHh  the  participators  in  the  Grattau  defeat,  l)ut 
owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season  nothing  more  was 
done  that  year  than  to  strengthen  the  garrison  at 
Laramie  with  three  companies  of  the  Gth  infantry 
under  Major  Wilhara  Hoffman,  who  assunicil  thV 
command.  In  tlie  spring  of  1856,  it  was  furtlicr 
reenforced,  but  there  being  no  cavalry  at  the  [xist 
httle  could  be  done  except  to  defend  certain  lixcd 
points.  During  the  spring  the  Sioux  captured  all  the 
mules  belonging  to  the  quartermaster's  dejwirtnitMit, 
which  the  infantry  did  not  and  could  not  rccovrr. 
At  the  same  time  the  Sioux  were  carrying  out  tinir 
threats,  murdering  mail  carriers,*  and  continuin<4  lin.s- 
tilities,  and  General  Harney  with  1,500  troojKs  nianlh  d 
up  the  Platte,  striking  a  village  of  Brule  Sioux  umlir 
Little  Thunder  at  Ash  Hollow,  100  miles  soiitlicust 
of  Laramie,  September  Hd,  killing  many  women  ami 
children  and  a  few  warriors.'  Harney  marclicd  to 
Fort  Laramie,  and  then  to  Fort  Pierre,  whore  in  tht- 
spring  of  1856  he  held  a  peace  council  with  all  tli.- 
Si«»ux  bands,  in  which  various  promises  were  nuuie  on 
both  sides,  which  were  afterward  forgotten  or  iv|tu- 
diated.  They  served  oidy  to  secure  a  temporary  triKv 
durinj;  which  the  belliijjerents  became  somewhat  I"  t- 
ttT  acquainted  with  each  other.  Fort  Randall  was 
also  established  this  year  by  order  of  (General  ilarii«  v 
in  the  Yankton  country  to  watch  the  movements  of 
the  Sioux. 


^C'-^hmn*  Hut.  Fnrt  Lammk,  MS.,  41.  It  Imcamfl  necennarv  to  *»n>\ 
eMCitrtt  with  ttieiii,  who  iiiut  midway  liutwecii  Kearny  ami  Liiriiiiiic.  In 
IS.'i«t  thix  ((uani  ooiiHiittutl  of  an  otHuur  ami  'H)  int>n,  wlio  wun*  fnim  l*<  tn  'JO 
ilayt  III  routti.  Thu  mail  c<)iitractf>r8  aomctinics  failed  in  tht!  wiiittr  to  ti" 
thriiii){li  fmni  ludvpendunco  to  Salt  Lake,  and  if  there  wan  nown  of  .uiy  mi 

{Mirt.inoe  a  military  i'Xiiren«  carried  it.  Prices  for  tranni>ortatii>ii  "'H'  «ii 
vitU  tliat  army  pay  could  hardly  Ihj  made  to  nw^t  cx|>en«eH.  ('iiiimii-"*.iry 
wliisky  wan  aiiiont{  the  indiH|)cnHaMo.4.  The ^ovi'r.imont  limited  tin  iiir, "11111 
is^Ufd  to  an  ottii'cr  monthly  to  2  gallonH.  SoidierM  itntfered  witli  »■  ui\y 
An  attempt  at  Hardening  was  made  in  IS.M,  which  failed  thnmuli  luk"f 
water.  A  hoxpital  w.ih  erected  in  IH.'rtJ,  which  wan  enlarged  in  |Mi^.  iiU'l 
nerveil  until  )H'-2.  when  tlie  fort  wan  relmilt.  'I  here  was  a  sawmill  il  l-ir* 
mie  |Miik  liflnnKinK  to  tlie  (Mut  i|tiarter-ma<tor  iu  1860. 
'  Curlitii  JuytnciuXd  in  Wyjinim/,  M!5.,  4. 


"WYOMING. 


9U 


Meantime  the  Cheycnnes  were  giving  employment 
to  the  garrisons  of  the  only  two  posts  between  the 
Missouri  and  the  Rtx^ky  mountains.  They  were  had 
tiiough,  no  doubt,  bofore  they  wore  furnished  with 
nil  incentive  to  worse  things  by  an  indis(*rect  military 
power.  At  the  upper  Platte  bridge,  126  miles  north 
of  Laramie,  was  stationed  a  eompaity  of  infantry  to 
prevent  the  natives  from  burning  it.  The  officer  in 
roiiiniand,  now  a  brevet  major-general,  ordered  the 
arrest  of  three  Cheyennes  who'u  ho  suspeeted  of 
wrtMigfully  rettiining  one  of  four  Ameriean  horses 
wliieh  they  had  in  their  possession,  tiiree  ef  whirh 
liutl  been  given  up.  The  Indians  attempted  to  esca|>e, 
and  being  shot  at  by  the  guard,  one  was  killed,  one 
mil  away,  and  the  third  remained  a  prist »ner  in  irons 
for  many  months.  The  second  night  after,  a  white 
iiiait  was  killed  near  Fort  Laramie,  and  soon  the 
Cheycnnes  of  the  North  Platte  left  that  agency  and 
joined  the  southern  Cheyennes,  who  were  committing 
depredations  «>n  the  travelled  routes  across  the  plains. 

A  residence  at  Fort  Laramie  in  IH.'ifi-?  was  the 
opposite  of  agreeable.  To  tramp  along  the  roads  in 
summer,  and  be  cut  off  from  all  conmmnication  with 
tilt!  world  througli  the  winter  months  in  poor  <|uarters 
was  the  sum  «>f  it.  A  reward  was  ott\;red  for  sharp- 
shooting  which  gave  the  men  something  to  <lo,  and 
ihiproved  the  efficiency  of  the  riHemen.  The  offi- 
(trs  discussed  the  }>residential  campaign,  the  renult 
of  which  was  not  known  to  tiuin  until  April  f(»llow- 
i:i;^  the  election.  They  rcatl,  played  cards,  and  con- 
sumed their  allowance  of  liquor.  Think  <»f  the 
ixcitement  of  receivin*;  the  first  mail  after  nearly  six 
months  of  imprisoitin«'nt  in  niidcontinent,  and  thank 
(io<i  and  nature  fiu*  steam  and  electricity. 

In  the  summer  of  18.")7  an  expedition  against  the 
riu'vennes  was  organized  partly  from  Lea\«'nworth 
and  partly  from  Larainit',  under  Colonel  K.  V.  Sum- 
ner, of  tlu»  1st  drai^oons,  who  had  his  camp  near  oM 
Kort  St  Vrain   on  the  south  Platte.     In  July  he 


.il 


I   u 


I 


i'i 


712 


INDIAN  WARS. 


marchod  to  the  Smoky  Hill  hranrh  of  Kansas  ri\i  i. 
whoro  he  mot  the  Cheyenncs  near  a  small  lake  whicli 
they  deemed  enchanted,  8<>  that  if  they  di|)i)ed  th.  ir 
hands  in  the  water  they  became  invulnerable.  I'nd.  r 
this  belief  they  met  tlie  troops  with  the  finnncss  of 
faith,  atlvancing  steadily  and  in  order,  chantinj^  tin  ir 
war  8<>n|^,  and  lookini^  for  divine  inter|K>8ition  as  much 
as  ever  did  the  heroes  of  Homer.  But  when  theonlrr 
was  j^iven  to  the  dra{jfo<jn8  to  charge  with  sabres,  tluir 
confidence  deserted  them,  and  they  fled  in  the  utiiiust 
terror.  They  lost  nine  of  their  principal  warriors  on 
the  field,  and  a  number  died  of  their  wounds  in  Hi^ht. 
Sumner  then  marched  to  Bent's  fort  onthe  Arkansas, 
to  the  relief  of  Indian-agent  Miller,  who  was  at  that 
place  with  the  annuity  goods  and  no  protection,  lb- 
ordered  the  ammunition  destroyed,  the  arms  and  gomls 
packed  in  wagons  to  be  carried  out  of  the  Cheviiuir 
ooantry,  and  the  subsistence  stores  turned  over  to  thi- 
commissary,  that  nothing  might  be  left  which  cnultl 
bo  of  use  to  the  enemy.  This  was  accomplished  only 
in  time  to  prevent  the  killing  of  the  few  persons  at 
Fort  Bent,  and  the  spoliation  of  its  contents,  as  tin' 
Arapah»)ei4  informed  the  agent  would  havo  linn 
effbctod  the  night  following,  but  f(»r  Sumner's  arrival. 
The  effect  of  Sunmer's  ex|M»diti(>u  was  to  intimidate 
the  Choyennes,  who  did  not  at  ••lu-o  recover  from  the 
stroke.  I^ate  in  Soptembet  Major  l.ynde  arrivrd  at 
Fort  Laramie  with  two  eoni|)anies  of  the  seventh  in- 
fantry en  route  to  lltaJi,  but  wbirh,  owing  to  the 
bidief  that  the  troop?  could  not  tj;ot  through  tlie  moun- 
tain i)aHs<  8  before  thev  werr  ch.jwtl  b\  nnows,  \vi  nt 
into  winter  (juarters  at  this  j-mt,  Holfman  leu\  iiiu;  t(ir 
Iieave,iw(»rth  with  thn!e  hundred  nuMi  of  the  sixth, 
and  Ly  IK le  taking  the  command.  In  tiie  Humnn  i"  "* 
IH[)H  lie  WHS  joine<I  hv  four  <'«Mnpanies  of  bin  regimtiit, 
with  htiuhjuarters,  start",  atid  l)aii<l,  all  faving  Liiianiii' 
in  August  for  Utah."     DitFeretit  companies  were  piv- 

'  Major  .T'>«iti   Si'ilnwif.k  \vni>  in  -^ittimami.     Tli<-    T4<ini»«>n  <littifii''\  "•"' 
Iwun  Huttluil  iMtitru  III'  ntaelivii  I'a.  :rii-  N|iriiii:^,  wlu-rt   iif  wax  tiiriifi     .  k  lo 


WYOMIXO. 


71S 


viously  encainpt'd,  some  at  Muddy  springs,  and  scuno 
oil  the  S<»uth  Platti',  this  display  of  force  heiii«r  not 
without  its  influence  in  keeping  the  Indians  quiet. 
'I'he  garrison  at  Laramie  was  now  c(»m|M)8ed  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  tenth  infantry,  and  two  com|>anies  of  tlie 
siconil  dragoons,  whose  principal  duty  was  to  furuisli 
tsct>rts. 


The  immigration  to  Colorado  which  began  in  1858 
was  a  new  element  in  the  problem  of  peaceful  relations 
with  the  Indians.  The  uneasiness  occasion<>d  by  this 
unex|)e<-ted  migration  to  territory  claimed  by  the 
ArajMihoes  and  Cheyennes  led  to  the  resumpti(»n  of 
hostilities  on  the  plains.  In  18(50  Sedgwick  was  in 
the  field  pursuing  these  savages,  and  Bent's  fi»rt  on 
the  Arkaitsas  was  <»ccupicd  by  a  garrison  of  Unitetl 
States  tnnjps.  as  I  have  already  related  in  my  account 
of  the  Indian  wars  of  Coloratlo.  When  the  n'>'ular 
troops  were  called  awav  to  fiirht  in  the  struj'ijlo  of 
tlie  government  against  disunion,  vijlunteers  wow  sent 
to  garrison  forts  and  protect  travel.  The  first  volun- 
tcera  at  Ijjiramio  were  two  troops  of  the  4th  Iowa 
<'avalrv,  one  «»f  the  0th  Ohio  cavalry,  and  one  of  the 
H\\  Kan.sas  infantry.  Changis  were  freijuent  in  gar- 
risons. The  1st  Ohi<)  ca\alrv,  imlcpendcnt  battalion, 
nmnnanded  by  Thomas  L.  M  tckcv,  the  lltli  Ohio 
cavalry,  under  Colonel  Collins,  ilu^  7th  I«>wa.  and  the 
<>th  Michigan  cavalry  were  at  ditfennt  times  stationed 
at  Kort  l^aranut'. 

Tlu'  Imlians  were  not  sl«»w  to  perceive  that  the 
irevernnient  \va>  endwrrassed  bv  the  civil  war.  nor 
Inath  to  take  advaiitiige  <>(  it>«  temiH»rary  disablement; 
hence  the  onslaught  t»f  ISHi!  in  Minnesotu,  ami  the 
ji;i  iieral  uprising  which  follow «'d,  ixtendiii.,'  to  tiie 
H<Mky  iiii>untiiin.s,  an<i  even  to  the  slu»res  of  tlnj  (^•- 
lumliia.     Wyoming  l«eing  still  unsettUil  sutfered  «)nly 

F.-rt  Riley.  Thi*  p<«t,  locateJ  «t  the  j«inotion  of  th«>  two  forku  of  th«> 
K.iii!.;,  I  river,  isi  IH.V.J,  w»a  tirxt  chIIimI  <  »ni|i  tViitn-,  from  iu  gi'ogra{)liici4l 
IX'Mtiub,  .jul  af UTwani  luuucit  in  tiomir       iM«.  B.  C.  UUuy. 


i    I 


'  <i 


714 


INDIAN  WARS. 


through  its  itinerant  population,  attacks  upon  travel- 
lers, the  robbery  of  supply  trains,  and  occasional  mur- 
ders, tlie  war  being  chiefly  carried  on  east  of  the  forks 
of  the  IMatte,  where  the  booty  was  richest,  IhIim' 
government  trains,  and  merchant  supplies  for  Colo- 
rado and  New  Mexico.  In  18G3  Fort  Halleck  was 
established  a  little  west  of  the  Medicine  Bow  moun- 
tains, on  the  route  of  the  overland  mail.  The  yvar 
1 804  was  one  of  the  bloodiest  of  that  i»eriod.  Gentral 
Alfred  Sully  had  made  an  ex|H3dition  into  the  Sioux 
country  via  the  Missouri  with  three  thousand  troops, 
havhig  to  fight  the  entire  Sioux  nation  of  15,000  at 
Deer  Stand,  where  their  loss  was  585  in  one  day. 
Sully's  loss  being  slight.  In  the  Bad  lands  he  liad 
another  battle,  killing  twelve  of  the  Indians  at  tLe 
crossing  of  the  l^ittlo  Missouri.  For  three  days 
tlierenfter  he  had  a  marching  fight,  the  Indians  en- 
gaging him  so  hotly  to  prevent  liis  coming  on  tlieir 
principal  camj),  which  was  in  his  route.  At  the  end 
of  the  three  days  they  (lisa])peared,  and  went  .fouth 
toward  the  Black  hills,  and  when  Sully  come  ujieii 
tlieir  village  he  found  it  deserted.  He  burned  it.  and 
pushed  on  to  Fort  Union,  returning  to  Sioux  City  t(» 
winter. 

^feantimo  the  Arapahoos  were  doing  deadh'  work 
in  the  territory  west  of  Fort  Laramie.  Survivor- 
general  Burr  of  Utah,  Peter  Dodson,  Boswi  II,  and 
ten  others  set  out  in  1864  to  explore  the  Biglinni 
country,  but  were  driven  back,  being  attacked  by  the 
Arapahoes  at  Medicine  Bow.  In  the  battle  sev(  n 
Indians  were  killed.  Their  band  retreated,  but  rem- 
ing  upon  an  immigrant  train  killed  two  men  by  burn- 
ing them  alive,  bound  to  their  wagon  wheels.  On 
the  Platte,  above  Fort  Laramie,  they  attacked  a  large 
train,  killing  five  men,  and  of  every  ctiiiipony  tiiat 
passed  over  the  route  they  took  toll  in  cattle  and 
horses,  amounting  during  a  season  to  nuiny  tiiiMsa 
congre.>ssional  a|ipro|iriution,*  besides  the  glory  ot  it. 

»/«'/.   .1/.  ll<}>t,  1804,  :.'5-'.     Lmimer'a  Caiiture  and  Etcupe,  3U-J7.  i^  »» 


WYOMING. 


716 


In  August  of  this  year  Fort  Sedgwick  was  established, 
at  the  junction  of  Lodge  Pole  creek  with  the  south 
fork  of  the  Platte. 

The  Sioux  having  moved  in  largo  numbers  into  the 
roijfion  of  the  Black  hills  and  Powder  river,  were  the 
ready  allies  of  the  Cheyennes  in  their  depredations. 
Ill  January  1865  they  advanced  ui>on  the  new  ]x>st, 
which  was  commanded  by  Nicholas  J.  O'Brien,  a 
young  officer  in  the  7th  Iowa  cavalry,  with  a  company 
of  thirty -seven  men.  The  Sioux  were  led  by  Man- 
afraid-of-his-horses,  Spotted  Tail,  and  Two-face,  and 
the  Cheyennes  by  White  Antelope.  O'Brien  charged 
a  division  of  the  savages  with  a  part  of  his  command, 
while  his  subordinate  officers  engaged  those  on  his 
right  and  left.  The  Indians  returned  the  charge  four 
or  five  hundred  strong,  and  again  the  troop  dashed  at 
tlxMu  and  into  their  midst,  h)sing  in  killed  and  wounded 
ahnost  half  their  number.  The  artillery  being  finally 
l»rought  to  bear  on  the  besiegers,  and  a  third  charge 
l)cing  made,  the  natives  retreated." 

( )n  the  2d  of  February  the  Indians  renewed  the 
attack,  and  succeeded  in  burning  Julesburg,  the  junc- 
tion of  the  overland  mail  Ihie  with  the  Denver  branch, 
and  the  headquarters  of  the  telegraph  manngenient 
for  the  plahis,  established  in  1801.  They  destroyed 
at  tlie  same  time  fifty-five  miles  of  the  telegraph  line. 
On  tlio  UHh  they  attacked  a  detachment  of  140  men 
under    Lieutenant-colonel    Collins    at   Hush   creek, 

accnunt  of  the  battlo  at  Little  Box  RMcr  in  18(U,  with  the  story  as  above 
iiiilioateil,  of  one  man 'a  cxjtorieni'c. 

"'O'Brien  was  liorn  in  Wexford,  Irelaml,  in  IS.IO,  an<l  came  to  the  U.  S. 
in  IS4S.  In  1803  lie  organized  a  uonqiany  of  the  7th  Iowa  cavalry,  and  wan 
nMiiiiiissioned  capt.,  and  repotted  to  (len.  McKanc  at  0<nalia,  who  sent  him 
1 1  Cotton W(M)d  springs  to  hnild  a  post  (Fort  MclMierMon).  and  in  the  foUow- 
iuu;  year  to  Laramie  and  to  Jiileshitrg  to  imild  Fort  Sedgwick.  He  was  with 
t'lMiiier  in  his  Powder  river  exi)edition,  as  chief  of  artillery,  and  estalillMJieil 
F.ii't  P.  E.  Conner,  afterward  Port  Heno.  He  returned  to  Iowa  and  was 
iiuiriod  in  th((  autumn,  reporting  at  Fort  Reno  in  Dec,  lieing  commissioned 
miiiir,  and  hiMng  musterea  out  the  following  year  on  expiration  of  service. 
Hi  took  a  land  claim  near  Fort  Sedgwick.  When  the  railroad  reached  that 
\<  I  "It  he  sot-tloil  in  Julodiuru,  hoing  one  of  the  first  officers  of  the  town,  and 
"ill  i'i|uentlv  mayor;  hut  soon  remove<l  to  Cheyenne,  where  he  remained. 
Hi'  lias  helil  the  offices  of  dept.  U.  S.  marshal,  sherifT,  citv  councilman  and 
nicmljur  of  the  8th  legislature, 


'••  •\''- 


';l;'i 


716 


IN'DIAN  WARS. 


ei^hty-tivo  miles  north  of  Julcsburg,  witli  a  force  »if 
2J)0().  Collins  had  one  twenty-four-pounti  hiuss  <.'uii, 
with  whieh,  and  with  eonstaiit  fii^htinj^,  he  held  tin m 
«»fl'  for  twenty-two  hours,  losing  but  three  nun  killid 
and  eight  wounded." 

In  April  they  again  attaeked  125  troops,  uiultr 
Collins,  Htationetl  at  Mud  springs,  to  the  nuinlxr  dt 
1,500  Sioux  and  Cheyennes.  The  tr(M)p8  d«  frinkil 
themselves  for  twenty-four  hours,  when,  rienfoivc- 
ments  arriving  with  artillery,  the  Indians  retnai* d. 
They  lost  a  considerable  number,  and  the  truupii 
eleven  wounde«l  and  two  killed. 

The  hostilities  of  18(14  were  repeated  in  IRfi;').  In 
four  weeks  of  July  and  August  the  Sioux  and  (Muv- 
ennes  killed  and  captured  forty-five  white  prisons 
between  Sage  creek  and  Virginia   Dale."     An  t\|»t  di- 

I'Tlu^re  waa  Mtme  very  l>ravc  tiglitiiifj  in  thii*  ull^aKv)■lellt.  Aotiiib;  lnut 
UtilicTt  K.  I'fttton,  with  7  ni<-ii  fmni  Imh  c<i,  H.,  Iltli  Ohio  cav.,  ami  .s  vul 
from  thu  otlii-r  c<>iii|>anii>«  ni»il«  a  cliarf^u  t<>  tlrivti  a  tlutacliiiuuit  of  W  iiidiaiii 
wliiuli  hail  Mtolcn  up  ti.  withiii  XM  yaniit  of  caiiip.  Tiiu  Mi|iia(l  was  aniit'il 
only  with  revolver*,  aiiil  rhargcnl  tlirough  all  right,  hut  wore  cut  oil'  liy  •'UNI 
IiiiliaiiK.  'I he  iiw-n  in  cbaqfu  of  tin  gun  weru  afraid  of  iiHiiig  it  mi  tliu 
t'lii^iiiy  le.-tt  they  shouhl  bit  utvir  oiiiiraileH;  hut  liy  tiring  to  tliu  ri^'lit  an'i 
left,  iiiailu  a  <liver»i»n  which  eiiahle<l  I'atton  to  chargu  haek.  The  ia^t  slict, 
liy  Oeorge  W.  ll<H>vrr.  iiav<-.|  ratt4>n'H  life.  With  ciii|ity  revolvern  tlic  littlo 
coiniiiaiKl  returned,  niinus  two  of  their  nuiiiher,  who  were  killetl.  Tlu'  imi- 
tientii  of  thi-i  Itattic  anil  Mrtiie  othern  are  rclateil  ilia  dictation  of  lliriij.uiii 
liaaM,  who  ]kirtici|iate<l.  llaA«  wat  Ihifii  in  IVuHnia  in  IH4(t,  emigrating' t<< 
Ainerie.-i  in  iHtil.  He  iM-rv«-d  in  the  union  army  nearly  4  yearn  an  a  iiunil'ir 
of  thu  iMt  Ohio,  CO.  II.  lie  arriveil  ftt  I^Araniie  in  INti'J,  and  wax  ihsiliarpil 
at  Omaha  in  ISIU.  The  mt«-uv  waa  guarding  the  road  and  telegrapli  line 
from  South  |ias«  t«  Juie«lHirg,  carrying  tlio  weekly  mail  for  the  govcriiinriit. 
and  Hooutitig  in  the  I'owder  river  country.  Ho  took  the  ItrnNii  gun  .iihI  4il 
men  from  l.aramic  to  Mml  SpringK  ntatioii  to  reeiiforoo  Colliiiii  previnUH  t.> 
the  attack  aUive  n-femil  In.  In  .Inly  IS<>'i,  while  going  with  a  I'liininatiil  tn 
l>evilgate  to  remove  tlie  •t»fftn  to  a  more  southern  route,  via  Hridgcr  p.i^s 
at  Soinimde  gap,  two  wddu-r*  w-ere  found  to  lie  drunk,  whereupon  tlif  olliicr 
in  command  onlcretl  all  the  whukey  {Miureil  out  on  thu  ground,  from  uliiili 
incident  the )KUii  of  tbeae  mountainit  tiMik  itn  name  of  Whiwkey  gap.  Mur 
iKMiig  niUHtered  iiut  of  service  Haax  located  himself  at  Fort  Lnianiir  in 
charge  of  the  government  wag<>naiid  lilacktimith  HhopH,  removing  afteruinU 
to  ('hcyenne  and  eiigaifing  in  the  name  IniHineiiH  for  hiniHulf.  lie  lias  tak<  n 
an  active  |iart  in  the  hUiorr  of  that  city;  wan  elected  to  thu  firit  ti'rritHnii 
leuidlature,  and  reelected  in  ItH-i,  1875,  and  1877.  Woh  delegate  at  lan.'<  i» 
1S75. 

"John  11.  Finfrock.  I*»m  in  Ohio  in  1830,  waa  educated  in  Riclilami  i"  . 
afterwariU  Mtudied  medicine  at  the  univeraity  of  Mich.,  Ohio  Meiiical  i'"!- 
lego,  ami  Long  IsUmi  h<wpital.  He  entered  the  union  army  ax  li>>H|iitAl 
ateward,  and  wa«  aftenranl  ra|>t«in  of  Ohio  vnluntocrs;  alno  Horvin^  at  n^^t 
tturgeon  from  IMM  ti«  l**.i  He  was  went  to  Fort  Halleck  in  the  lattt  r  lapii  • 
ity  iu  1903,  Iwutg  uoc  vt  ihuM  wliu  rMcuud  uuu  of  tbu  CuUott  fauiii>.    Hv 


WYOMING. 


717 


(l« 


ft 


tion  was  orj^anizcd  uiuKir  (iencral  P.  E.  Conner,  to  jro 
iiu'iiinHt  tla-tjo  Indians  in  tlioir  own  country  on  Pow- 

r  river.  It  was  hoped  that  Conner,  who  had  a 
reat  reputation  amongst  tlie  Indians  as  a  fi^htin^ 

leral,  would  he  ahle  to  clear  the  road  to  Montana, 
via  Powder  and  Bighorn  rivers.  He  had  with  him 
parts  of  tlie  fith  and  7th  Mielii«ran  cavalry,  and  200 
J'iiwnce  and  ( hnaha  scouts,  the  ordinance  he  in «:;  under 
Colonel  Colo  of  the  '2d  Missouri  artillery.  l*nM«eed- 
iii»;  to  the  head  «)f  Ton»;uo  river  with  lWtl«;er  anil 
otiier  mountain  men  for  >;uides,  the  of)i(>ers  s«'emed  to 
have  forgotten  their  errand,  and  to  have  inia«>;ined 
tlitinselves  upon  a  summer  hunt  on  the  plains.  Con- 
i;res8  had  appropriated  ^20,000  for  the  pur|>ose  of 
holding  {H!ac<;  negotiations  with  the  Sioux  and  their 
allies,  and  Ccneral  Sully  was  inarching  across  the 
northern  part  of  Dakota,  anxious  to  gain  the  consent 
tit*  Indians  to  a  treaty  looking  to  the  relinquishment 
of  the  valley  of  the  Platte,  and  of  all  that  country 
where  contact  with  the  white  people  seemed  inevita- 
hl«'.  Hut  l\t[Hi  was  averse  to  peace,  advocating 
slaughter. 

Ill  Octoher  General  Wheaton  decided  to  send  mes- 
sengers to  the  Sioux,  to  inform  them  that  other  trilK'S 
Were  making  ))eace,  and  should  they  desire  to  do  so 
tlu!  opj)ortunity  would  he  offered  them.  Having 
made  this  decision  he  l(;ft  I^iramie  for  Omaha,'*  leav- 
ing Colonel  Henry  E.  Mayna<lier  to  carry  out  his 
designs.  No  white  man  could  he  found  who  would 
undertake  to  deliver  the  nii'ssage,  the  proiiosition 
hcing  finally  conveyed  to  them  hv  friendly  Indians, 
who  afU?r  three  months  returned,  l)ringing  with  them 
Swift  liar's  band.  This  chief  profi'ssed  pleasure  In 
l»  ing  alile  to  make  peace  and  to  come  to  the  fort  for 

ha.)  a  ROD,  William  Rilwin  Fiiifrock,  Imm  at  Fort  llalleck,  Oct.  10,  IS(Vi, 
«ii  Ji  Ii<>  tliinki  in  tliu  tlpHt  whiU'  |)urMiiii  born  in  Wyoming.  Ho  Huttled  at 
I.  ir  unit'  <  'ity  in  1W>8.  Ho  watt  coronur,  i)rol>at«i  jutlgo,  anil  oonnty  jiliyMici.nn. 
II'  w.iH  iiioinlior  of  the  city  conncil  in  lS/2  ,1,  county  nujit  of  |iul>lici<i-h<Mi|Min 
1^>|>.  ami  was  niijHiintoil  in  IN.SOont)  of  tliii  lioanl  of  |M.-nitontiary  comuiu- 
(i'<rii'r'.  of  wliich  ImmipiI  Ih>  \va^  iirttitiilunt  for  two  yoara. 
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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREE1 

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718 


INDIAN  WARS. 


provisions  and  clothing  for  their  families,  and  reported 
that  Red  Cloud,  chief  of  the  Ogalallas,  was  also  oij 
his  way  to  Laramie.  On  the  1st  of  June  the  com- 
missioners appointed  assembled  at  Fort  Laramie, 
namely  E.  B.  Taylor  superintendent,  Henry  E.  Ma\  - 
nadier  commandant  at  Fort  Laramie,  R.  N.  McLaren 
of  Minnesota,  Thomas  Wistar  of  Philadelphia,  ami 
two  secretaries,  Charles  E.  Bowles  and  Frank  Leh- 
mer.  After  the  hesitancy  and  delay  always  affected 
by  Indians  on  similar  occasions,  the  Brule  and  Ogalalla 
Sioux  collected  a  majority  of  their  people,  althouj:h 
Red  Cloud  declined  to  be  present,  and  agreed  to  the 
terms  of  a  treaty. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  conditions  im- 
posed upon  the  Sioux  was  that  the  route  commonly 
known  as  the  Bozeman  road,  leading  from  Piatt- 
bridge  to  Bozeman  in  Montana,  should  be  secure  from 
hostilities.  Into  this  arrangement  the  northern  Chey- 
enne and  the  Arapahoes  expressed  their  willingners 
to  enter.  But  a  loop-hole  of  escape  from  responsibil- 
ity was  left  open  by  the  defection  of  Red  Ch»ud. 
who  had  a  numerous  following,  and  who  was  still  at 
liberty  to  commit  depredations,  while  the  greater 
number  were  clothed  and  fed  as  wards  of  ^^  tjov- 
ernment. 

While  the  council  was  in  progress  the  migration  to 
Montana  was  at  its  height.  Red  Cloud  had  made 
this  a  cause  of  disaffection.  Why  had  they,  the  com- 
missioners, asked  for  what  they  had  already  taken  i 
Before  the  commission  closed  came  a  military  exjit-di- 
tion  of  magnitude— 700  troops  with  over  200  nmk- 
teams,  besides  ambulances  for  officers  and  their  fami- 
lies, a  band,  and  everything  necessary  to  a  coni]>lete 
establishment  in  a  new  country,  under  Colonel  H.  B. 
Carrington,  18th  infantry,  commander  of  a  new  dis- 
trict. This  is  said  to  have  been  the  drop  too  nmch  to 
Red  Cloud,  who  with  300  warriors  sallied  forth  on 
the  heols  of  the  expedition  to  prevent  the  treaty 
having  effect. 


WYOMING. 


719 


Efforts  had  been  made  in  the  early  part  of  the  sea- 
son by  the  military  authorities  to  keep  prospecting 
parties  out  of  the  Bighorn  country,  and  with  toler- 
able success. "  But  immigrant  and  freight  trains  could 
not  be  turned  back,  and  must  be  guarded.  As  Car- 
rington  advanced  into  the  Powder  River  country  he 
bej^an  to  learn  what  he  had  to  encounter.  At  Fort 
Reno,  which  was  garrisoned  by  two  companies  of  the 
5th  United  States  volunteers  only,  were  found  three 
immigrant  trains  waiting  instructions  as  to  their  fur- 
ther advance  under  the  escort  of  the  military  expe- 
dition. Notwithstanding  this  large  number  of  people, 
civil  and  military,  all  the  horses  and  mules  belonging 
to  the  fort  settlers  were  run  off  in  open  daylight,  and 
although  the  troops  pursued  as  quickly  as  possible  for 
thirty-five  miles,  not  a  hoof  was  recovered.  The  only 
reward  of  their  exertion  was  the  capture  of  an  Ind- 
ian pony  so  heavily  laden  with  presents  received  at 
the  late  treaty  council  that  it  could  not  keep  up  with 
the  herd. 

Relieving  the  companies  at  Fort  Reno,  where  Cap- 
tain Proctor  remained  with  one  company  to  guard  the 
stores  until  they  could  be  removed,  Carrington  pro- 
ceeded north  to  select  the  site  of  a  post  in  the  Big- 
horn country,  which  was  to  be  district  headquarters, 
finding  on  the  second  day's  march,  at  Rock  creek, 
notices  left  by  trains  which  had  been  attacked  at  this 
place,  within  the  previous  week,  losing  considerable 
stock.  Arriving  at  Piney  fork  the  position  was  taken 
on  that  stream  and  the  dimensions  of  Fort  Philip 
Kearny  staked  ofl:*  July  15th. 

While  on  the  road  Red  Cloud's  adherents  had  sent 

•*  A  company  of  116  men  was  raised  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  pros- 
pect the  Bighorn  mountains  for  gold,  but  they  were  met  near  (>ray  Bull 
creek  by  troops  from  Reno  who  forbade  then  further  progress,  wlien  the 
majority  of  the  company  turned  back.  W.  L.  Kuykcndall,  however,  who 
vas  the  leader  of  the  expedition,  evaded  the  troops  and  with  about  '20  men 
imshed  on  find  reached  Bozeman.  He  M'as  the  means  of  rescuing  a  party 
which  had  been  rolibed  of  its  stock  and  had  two  men  killed.  Uniting  their 
f'lrces  they  finished  their  journey  without  any  further  serious  losses.  Her- 
man O.  Nickerson,  since  probate  judge  of  l-'remont  county,  was  one  of  the 
rescued  travellers.     I  shall  liavo  more  to  tiay  of  him  by  and  by. 


>   u 


'• 


720 


INDIi^  WARS. 


Carrington  a  command  to  leave  the  country,  sayinor 
that  Fort  Reno  in  that  case  should  not  be  disturbed, 
but  that  no  other  post  should  be  established  in  the 
country.  Carrington  responded  by  inviting  them  to 
meet  him,  which  the  Cheyennes  did  on  the  16th,  but 
no  Sioux  were  present,  Red  Cloud  having  already 
turned  back  to  intercept  travel.  The  Cheyennes 
accepted  some  presents  of  food  and  clothing  and 
promised  to  remain  at  peace,  which  for  a  time  they 
appeared  to  do. 

However,  on  the  next  morning  the  herds  belonging 
to  Major  Hammond's  command,  which  was  destined 
for  the  upper  Yellowstone,  in  the  vicinity  of  Boze- 
man,  were  stampeded,  and  in  the  effort  to  rescue  them 
two  soldiers  were  killed  and  three  wounded.  On  the 
return  of  the  detachment  they  came  upon  six  muti- 
lated bodies  of  a  trading  party  killed  within  a  few 
miles  of  the  post,  though  the  wife  of  a  principal 
trader  was  a  Sioux." 

The  abandonment  of  Fort  Reno  had  been  contem- 
plated in  the  establishment  of  Fort  Philip  Kearny,  as 
Fort  Casper  had  been  erected  on  the  Sweetwater,  and 
a  fort  was  to  be  built  both  on  the  Biijhorn  and  Yellow- 
stone  rivers.  But  the  condition  of  the  country  was 
such  that  Reno  must  not  only  not  be  abandoned,  but 
must  be  strengthened,  and  the  Yellowstone  post  was 
given  up,  while  a  company  was  sent  to  reenforce  Cap- 
tain Proct(>r  instead.  Early  in  August  Lieutenant- 
colonel  N.  C.  Kinney  and  Captain  Burrows  left  Fort 
Philip  Kearny  with  two  companies  to  establish  the 
Bighorn  post.  Fort  C.  F.  Smith,  which  reduced  the 
force  at  Carrington's  post  to  five  companies,  two-thirds 
of  which  was  composed  of  raw  recruits.  The  labor 
of  erecting  a  strong  fort,  with  sufficient  quarters  for 
eight  companies,  which  was  expected  would  be  fur- 
nished, tlie  material  all  to  be  obtained  in  the  forest; 


"  These  trader.i,  long  known  at  Fort  Laramie,  were  Louis  Gazzons  and 
Henry  Arriion.  The  other  tour  were  probably  herders.  The  Sioux  wite  and 
half-ljrecd  family  were  allowdd  to  eaca^)e. 


WYOMING. 


721 


and  of  cutting  wood  and  hay  in  preparation  for  a  long 
severe  winter,  was  added  to  the  duty  of  guarding 
trains,  carrying  mail,  and  escorting  detachments  of 
soldiers,  or  parties  of  citizens,  while  engaged  in  unmili- 
tary  labor. 

Carrington  had  represented  to  the  commander  of 
the  department.  General  P.  St  George  Cooke,  that 
the  status  of  the  Indians  in  his  district  was  that  of 
war,  and  had  made  his  situation  known  to  the  adjutant- 
general  of  the  army ;  but  it  was  December  before  he 
was  reenforced,  and  then  only  by  a  handful  of  pooi'ly 
armed  raw  recruits.  Ammunition  was  at  length 
wanting  for  the  practice  of  the  recruits,  or  even  for 
defence,  in  case  of  an  attack,  while  at  Laramie,  where 
no  trouble  was  apprehended,  twelve  companies  were 
stationed.  In  the  midst  of  several  thousand  hoit'tile 
Indians  was  a  small  garrison  of  untried  men,  without 
the  means  of  making  war  if  forced  to  it.'*  The  con- 
dition of  the  three  posts  on  the  Bozeman  road  was 
really  that  of  a  state  of  seige  from  July  to  January 
recjuiring  the  greatest  caution  to  prevent  capture. 
The  history  of  Fort  Philip  Kearny  during  the  autumn 
and  winter  was  one  of  a  careful  defence.  The  attacks 
on  the  timber  trains,  hay-cutters,  woodmen,  and 
escorts  were  unintermitting.  Serious  as  was  the  loss 
in  cattle  and  horses  to  a  community  so  isolated,  the 
frequent  loss  of  life  was  yet  more  painful. 

By  the  1 0th  of  October  there  were  not  forty  horses 
left  with  which  to  mount  mail  carriers,  escorts,  and 
pickets.  On  the  last  of  the  month  the  garrison  flag 
floated  for  the  first  time  from  the  flag-staff  of  Fort 
Philip  Kearny.  The  skirmishing  on  the  wood  road, 
of  so  frequent  occurrence  that  it  was  no  longer  in  the 
nature  of  a  surprise,  had  resulted  in  no  loss  of  life  for 
some  time,  when,  on  December  6th,  in  defending  a 

"'Cochran,  in  his  Hint.  Fort  Laramie,  MS.,  says:  As  many  as  12  com- 
panies of  cavalry  and  infantry  were  stationed  at  Fort  Laramie.  The  cavalry 
came  late  in  autumn.  One  troop,  under  Lieut  Bingham,  was  ordered  on 
escdrt  duty  with  a  train  to  Fort  C.  F.  Smith.  Bingham  was  killed  while  at 
Furt  Philip  Kearny.  Ui^  regt  was  the  2d  cavalry,  under  Palmer 
UIBT.  Nbv.    46 


722 


INDIAN  WARS. 


wood  train  Lieutenant  Bingham,  of  the  cavalry,  and 
Sergeant  Bowers  were  killed,  and  the  road  had  become 
so  dangerous  toward  Fort  C.  F.  Smith  that  it  had 
been  determined  not  to  attempt  sending  mails  in  that 
direction.  Thus  the  toils  tightened  around  a  devoted 
garrison. 

On  the  forenoon  of  the  21st  of  December  an  alarm 
was  signalled  by  the  pickets  on  the  wood  road,  and 
that  the  train  had  corralled  for  safetv,  waitinj;  for 
relief.  A  detail  was  quickly  organized  consisting  of 
seventy-eight  officers  and  men,  the  command  being 
given  by  his  own  request  to  Lieutenant-colonel  Fet- 
terman.  There  was  a  general  disposition  to  volun- 
teer, both  among  officers  and  citizens  employed  at  the 
post,  and  a  general  feeling  of  exasperation  in  all  minds, 
which  led  to  the  catastrophe  which  followed.  Before 
the  command  started  a  few  Indian  pickets  appeared 
on  Lodge  Trail  rids^e,  and  a  few  at  the  crossinjj  of 
the  Bozeman  road  below  the  fort,  who  were  scattered 
by  case  shot  dropped  among  them.  But  the  main 
force  was  entirely  concealed,  and  a  few  shot,  more  or 
less,  would  not  interfere  with  the  execution  of  a  well- 
considered  plan.  A  surgeon  sent  to  join  the  com- 
mand hastily  returned  with  the  report  that  the  train 
had  been  relieved  and  gone  on  to  the  woods,  but  that 
Fetterman  was  on  the  ridge  to  the  north  out  of  view, 
and  surrounded  by  a  large  force  of  Indians.  Soon 
the  sound  of  rapid  firing  came  from  the  valley  of 
Peno  creek  beyond  the  ridge,  and  then  it  became  evi- 
dent that  Fetterman  had  been  drawn  into  an  unex- 
pected engagement  by  Indian  cunning,  aided  by  the 
desire  to  avenge  the  death  of  Lieutenant  Bingliam, 
or  had  been  in  some  inconceivable  manner  entrapped 
into  disobeying  orders.  A  relief  party  was  dispatelied 
with  additional  officers,  surgeons,  ambulances,  and 
even  the  prisoners  in  the  guardhouse  were  placed  on 
duty  to  give  all  the  available  force  for  action  should 
further  aid  be  required  to  repulse  the  Indians.  The 
wood  train  was  ordered  in,  and  when  all  was  done 


WYOMING. 


723 


there  were  but  119  men  besides  those  with  Fetternian. 

Meantime  the  relief  party  reached  a  point  of  obser- 
vation just  as  an  ominous  silence  followed  the  crack- 
ling noise,  increasing  in  intensity  for  half  an  hour, 
of  rifle  discharges.  They  beheld  the  valleys  below 
them  filled  with  2,000  Indians,  yelling  and  inviting 
tliem  to  descend,  but  not  a  soldier  was  to  be  seen. 
Not  an  officer  or  man  of  Fetterman's  command 
remained  alive."  Tired  of  their  bloody  work,  with 
their  own  dead  and  wounded,  the  Indians  withdrew 
at  nightfall,  and  about  half  the  dead  soldiers  were 
brouijht  hito  the  fort  after  dark.  On  the  followinij 
day  the  remainder  were  found,  and  a  pit  fifty  feet  in 
l(>ngth  received  all  of  the  eighty-one  victims,  but  a 
few  whose  families  claimed  them  for  burial  elsewhere.'* 
On  the  night  of  the  21st  a  miner  named  Philips  car- 
ried dispatches  to  Fort  Reno,"  whence  the  news  was 
dispatched  to  Fort  Laramie,  where  it  arrived  in  the 
midst  of  the  festivities  of  Christmas  eve." 

Early  in  January  Carrington  received  orders  to 
remove  district  headquarters  to  Fort  Casper,"  and  at 

"  TrartJi.  Wyom.  Arnd.  Sciences,  etc.,  1882,  87;  Wyom.  Territorial  Affairs, 
MS.,  15-16;  Wyom.  Indians  and  Settlers,  MS.,  49-50;  Montana  Post,  Fel>.  9, 
lSt)7;  U.  S.  Sen.  Jour.,  575-6,  586;  39th  coug.,2il  sess.;  .!>'.  /'.  AUa  Cal.,  Feb. 
15,  and  28,  1867. 

'"The  officers  killed  in  this  battle  were  Col  Fetterman,  Cant.  Brown  of 
Ohio,  and  Lieut  Grummond,  making  with  Bingham  and  Daniels,  five  com- 
missioned officers  killed  while  Fort  Philip  Kearny  was  buihling,  and  over 
DO  men.  William  Daly,  now  a  resident  of  Rawlins,  was  employed  with  the 
i|uarterma8ter  in  erecting  Fort  Philip  Kearney,  and  was  the  first  carpenter 
in  that  section.  He  was  employed  l)y  the  government  at  Fort  McPlier.son, 
Nell.,  in  1867-8.  From  there  he  came  to  Cheyenne,  where  he  took  contracts 
for  putting  up  railroad  buildings  in  1869,  and  was  afterward  supt  of  con- 
struction of  the  N.  P.  R.  R.,  between  Cheyenne  and  Ogden  until  187.3,  whea 
he  wont  into  lumlier  and  contracting  at  Rawlins.  It  is  the  opinion  of  Daly 
that  the  Indians  might  have  taken  the  fort  on  the  Slst  of  Dec.  That  they 
rlid  not  pursue  their  victory  further  was  in  consonance  with  their  customary 
intcnuittent  violence. 

"  Phillips  was  one  of  the  Standifer  party  wliich  I  have  before  mentioned 
as  wintering  at  Fort  Phil.  Kearny.  Two  others,  Wheatley  and  Fislier, 
were  with  Fetterman's  command,  and  were  killed.  It  required  a  stout  heart 
to  carry  dispatches  through  the  Indian  country  at  that  time. 

'"  Cochran,  Hiit.  Fort  Laramie,  MS. 

'^'The  18th  infantry  regiment  built  Fort  Casper  soon  after  the  close  of  the 
Mar.  It  had  been  a  detached  service  station  to  protect  the  muil.  They  built, 
rdmilt,  or  repaired  forts  Halleck,  Laramie,  Sedgwick,  Reno,  Philip  Kearny, 
Fetterman,  and  Bridger,  several  of  them  mail  stations  previously,  all  within 
the  limits  of  what  ia  now  Wyoming,  besides  Fort  C  F.  Smith  iu  Montana, 


m\ 


mm 

ml 


m 


I 


m 


INDIAN  WARS. 


the  same  time  Brigadier-general  H.  W.  Wessuls, 
arrived  with  two  companies  of  cavalry,  and  took  com. 
uiaiid  at  Fort  Philip  Kearny.  The  cold  was  so  severe 
that  in  the  three  days'  journey  to  Reno  all  were  in 
danger  of  perishing,  women,  children,  officers  and  men, 
some  of  the  teamsters  suffering  amputation  of  the 
hands  and  feet  on  reaching  the  fort.  After  gcttin*r 
to  Fort  Casper,  the  orders  were  to  go  to  Fort  Mc- 
Pherson,  and  again  headquarters  journeyed  through 
winter  weather  to  within  ninety-seven  miles  of  Fort 
Kearny. 

The  spring  of  1867  opened  with  a  renewal  of  hos- 
tilities. The  military  authorities  near  the  eastern  end 
of  the  infested  line  of  road,  endeavored  to  prevent  the 
killing  of  small  parties  by  ordering  all  such  detained 
at  Fort  McPherson,  which  was  near  the  junction  of 
the  North  and  South  Platte,  until  they  were  organ- 
ized into  companies  of  not  less  than  thirty  men,  and 
by  furnishing  escorts  if  danger  seemed  to  threaten. 
A  large  number  of  troops  had  been  sent  into  the 
department,  with  the  design  at  first  of  sending  an 
expedition  against  the  Sioux  who  were  in  force 
between  Fort  Philip  Kearny  and  Fort  C.  F.  Smith," 
but  being  chiefly  infantry  they  were  unable  to  pursue 

and  .MuPherson  in  Nebraska.  There  was  also  a  sub-post  of  Fort  Laramie  at 
Scott  Bluffs,  called  Fort  Mitchell.  Aharaka,  70,  270;  Stunjlx,  Cyinnn'it  Stum: 
Vicnnf  the  Sio)tx  War,  22-:t. 

-Tlie  commander  of  the  department  of  the  Platte  in  1807  was  (ten.  ('.  C. 
Au'j;rii.  Early  in  the  year  (lov.  I.  N.  Palmer  commanded  at  Fort  Laramie, 
b\it  liter  Maj.  G.  W.  Howland.  After  a  number  of  changes  the  distributimi 
of  troops  was  as  follows: 


POSTS. 

COMMANDERS 

COMD 
OFFICERS 

SUBAL- 
TERNS. 

KNMSTKn 
MKN. 

Ft  Laramie 

Ft  1)    H.  Russell 

Ft  Sariilers 

Major  G.W.  Hr.wland.  .. 
IJrig.-gen.  J.  D.  Stevenson 
Maj. -gen.  John  Gibbons. . 

19 
17 

10 
7 

12 

10 
4 

15 
4 

7 
9 
4 
3 
4 

7 
2 

T 

;isfi 
;)io 

Ft   Itnio 

Ft  IM.i;.   Kearny  .... 
FdC.  K.  Smith  (Mont) 

Ft  Hridner 

Ft  Sclgwick 

Ft  Mnrt'an.  (Coin)...  . 

NLij.  James  Van  Voast. . . 

Maj. -gen.  J.  E.  Smith 

Brie;. -gen.  L.  P.  Bradley  . 

ColH.  R.  Mizner 

Brig.  -gen.  J.  H.  Potter  . . 
Maj.  W.  H.  Powell 

'j:.i 

•JO!) 

:u7 

lOli 

'.'■iii 

'.IS 

Tliutruopd  employed  in  the  department  were  the  2d  cavalry,  the  4tli,  10th, 


WYOMING. 


725 


well  mounted  Indian  forces,  which  appeared  iu  the 
most  unexpected  places,  and  were  off  as  soon  as  their 
mischief  was  perpetrated.  The  damage  done  to  prop- 
erty this  year  was  greater  than  since  1863-4  when 
Colorado  suffered  so  severely,  and  the  country  was 
again  cut  off  from  communication  with  the  east  by 
telegraph,  while  overland  wagon  trains,  and  even 
railroad  trains  were  interrupted.  In  May  the  stage 
lines  refused  to  carry  passengers,  their  horses  which 
were  not  stolen  being  withdrawn  from  the  road,  sev- 
eral of  their  stations  burned,  and  some  of  their 
drivers  killed  and  v/ounded.  The  public  survey  was 
interrupted,  and  the  whole  region  in  a  state  of  arrested 
growth."  The  Montana  route,  over  which  the  Sioux 
pretended  to  be  so  much  excited,  was  untravelled,  no 
citizen  trains  venturing  upon  it.  General  Augur, 
commanding  the  department  of  the  Platte,  reported 
that  it  was  a  daily  struggle  still  to  keep  open  the  route 
from  forts  Laramie  to  C.  F.  Smith,  for  the  passage 
of  government  trains,  without  having  to  guard  citizen 
trains.  Thirty  wagons  owned  by  J.  R.  Porter  of 
Plattsmouth,  Nebraska,  carrying  government  supplies 
to  Fort  Philip  Kearny,  escorted  by  Major  Powell, 
Lieutenant  Guiness,  and  forty  men,  was  attacked 
near  that  post  bj'  a  large  force  of  Indians,  with  whom 
the}'-  fought  for  three  hours,  until  relief  reached  them 
from  the  fort,  in  the  shape  of  two  full  companies  and 
a  howitzer.  The  train  was  saved,  but  all  the  mules 
and  horses  captured,  and  Lieutenant  Guiness  killed. 
Thirty  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  government  prop- 
erty was  destroyed  en  route  for  Fort  C.  F.  Smith; 
three  months  having  been  spent  in  attempts  to  get  it 

13th,  18th,'22d,  27th,  30th,  3l8t,  and  36th  infantry.  Fort  Fetterman  was 
erected  this  year  by  the  4th  and  18th  infantry  untler  Major  and  brevet  Col 
W.  MeE.  Dye,  at  the  mouth  of  Sage  creek,  M'here  the  road  to  Montana  left 
the  Platte.  It  had  a  garrison  of  472  men,  and  19  com.  officers.  Two  com- 
panies also  were  encamped  near  Laramie,  under  Maj.  C.  H.  Carleton,  during 
suiniiT,  inhich  went  into  garrison  late  in  the  autumn.  Rfvt  Sec.  War,  i.  438, 
440;  40th  cong.,  2d8es8.;  Cochran's  Hist.  Fort  Laramie,  MS.,  65;  Mont.  Post, 
July  JO,  1869. 

'^^Communication  of  Gen.  Shermaa  to  the  asat  adjt-gen.  of  the  army,  in 
SepL  ifec.  War,  l.  86-8. 


^f:i 


726 


INDIAN  WAIiS. 


to  its  destination  from  Julesburg."  No  attempts  wt  re 
ft)r  some  time  afterward  made  to  reach  this  \)ost  witli 
supplies,  ai.d  its  abandonment  was  suggested  as  a 
means  of  restoring  peace. 

Early  in  1867  congress  resorted  to  the  customary 
commission  to  settle  the  Indian  question, and  Gen«  ral 
John  B.  Sanborn,  General  W.  T.  Sherman,   General 
W.  S.  Harney,  General  C.  C.  Augur,  N.  J.   Taylor, 
John  B.  Henderson  and  S.  F.  Tappan  were  app)iiitt d. 
To  subsist  friendly  Indians  $300,000  were  apprnpri- 
ated,  and  half  that  amonnt  for  other  expenses.     A  t'tr  r 
a  month  spent  in  endeavors  to  have  a  general  couiuil, 
a  treaty  promising  much,  and  requiring  some  submis- 
sion to  government,  was  drawn  up,  signed  by  a  few  (jf 
the  so-called  friendly  Indians,  April  29th,  and  given 
in  charge  of  the  military  authorities  at  Laramie,  who 
were  to  i:se  every  means  to  induce  the  chiefs  of  the 
Sioux,  Arapahoes,  and  Cheyennes  to  sign  it.     Tliat 
they  were  in  no  haste  the  above  narrative  ])ro\es. 
General  Augur  reported  against  abandoning  the  line 
of  posts  erected  to  guard  travel  on  the  Bozeman  road, 
urging  the  importance  to  the  people,  and  the  loss  to 
the  government  of  the  money  expended  in  erecting 
and  maintaining  them,  to  say  nothing  of  the  nunal 
effect  on  the  Indians.     No  understandinij  was  arriv.  J 
at,  while  the  summer  passed  in  war,  and  the  winter 
was  spent  in  holding  one  of  the  northern  posts  on  tlie 
Missouri  in  a  state  of  siege  and  annoying  others.     In 
the  spring  of  1868,  two  years  having  been  spent  in  a 
warfare  exhausting  to  the  means  of  the  Indians,  their 
courage  began  to  fail  them.     Now  was  the  tinu-  for 
the   peace  commissioners  to  score  a  triumph.     Tiie 
treaty  lefb  at  Fort  Laramie  with  instructions  to  the 
interpreter  to  make  the  meaning  clear  to  ever}'  Indian 
of  any  consequence  who  came  about  the  fort,  b(  gan 
to  get  his  signatures.     In  the  first  place,  iu  "Mtxy,  a 
band  of  Ogalallas  arrived  with  two  chiefs,  who  signed 

"  U.  S.  Meaa.  and  Doc  Abridy't,  390,  40th  cong.,  2d  seag. 


WYOMINa 


m 


the  treaty.  The  commanding  officer  then  issued  to 
tlieui  an  ample  supply  of  provisions,  and  the  Indian 
agant  blankets,  cloth,  cooking  utensils,  knives,  guns, 
and  ammunition.  In  a  few  days  they  departed,  and 
others  came  of  the  Sioux  l>ands,  then  many  Ara))a- 
hoes.  All  signed  the  treaty,  and  received  arms  and 
at.imunition  in  addition  to  food  and  clothing.  But 
lied  Cloud  and  Spotted  Tail  held  al(K)f,  waiting  to 
have  their  will,  saying  that  when  the  posts  on  the 
Bozeman  road  were  abandoned  they  would  sign  tiie 
treaty.  In  August  the  posts  were  abandoned,'*  the 
troops  from  C.  F.  Smith,  Philip  Kearny,  and  Reno 
Ixiing  assigned  to  other  stations.  Though  they  may 
have  been  glad  to  leave  the  wilderness  behind  them, 
there  were  few  if  any  who  were  not  reluctant  to  quit 
the  country  with  the  Fetterman  defeat  unavenged. 
Still  Red  Cloud  did  not  sign  until  November,  and 
Spotted  Tail  not  at  all. 

After  being  fed,  clothed,  and  supplied  with  arms, 
the  Sioux  and  their  allies  cast  about  for  a  provocation 
to  further  hostilities,  and  this  they  found  in  the  condi- 
tions of  the  treaty.  The  country  set  apart  for  their 
exclusive  use  by  its  terms  extended  from  the  east 
bank  of  the  Missouri  river  where  the  46th  parallel 
crosses  it  dc  ami  to  the  Nebraska  line ;  thence  west 
across  the  Missouri  and  along  the  Nebraska  line  to 
the  1 04th  meridian  ;  thence  north  to  the  46th  parallel 
and  east  to  the  place  of  beginning,  "together  with  all 
existing  reservations."  Upon  this  territory  none  but 
officers  and  agents  of  the  government  should  intrude. 
It  was  also  stipulated  that  the  country  north  of  the 
Platte  and  east  of  the  Biijjhorn  mountains  should  be 
held  as  unceded  Indian  territory,  which  no  white  per- 
son should  be  permitted  to  occupy  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  Indians.  On  their  part  they  promised  to 
remain  at  peace,  to  relinquish  all  claim  to  the  lands 
north  of  the  Platte  which  was  outside  of  their  reser- 


'fj.! 

I  m 
1  ;i 


m 

I'm 


^MohL  Pout,  May  2d,  and  July  31,  1868;  compiled  Law*  of  Wyom.,  1876, 
IxxiL 


;i 


7» 


INDIAN  WAKS. 


ration,  except  to  hunt;  not  to  oppose  railroad  con- 
struction, except  on  the  reserved  lands,  not  to  atUick 
any  pertjons  travelling  or  at  home,  not  to  steal  cult  It- 
or  horses,  not  to  capture  white  women  or  chilcht  n. 
and  not  to  kill  or  scalp  white  men.  Should  the  <;ov- 
ernment  build  a  road,  it  would  pay  for  the  land  takin  ; 
and  benefits  were  to  be  bestowed  such  as  the  govern- 
ment bestows  upon  all  treaty  tribes." 

The  offence  given  was  in  an  order  of  the  president 
of  the  peace  commission,  General  Sanboni,  that  atur 
the  signatures  of  all  the  chiefs  had  been  obtained,  the 
Sioux  and  their  allies  should  no  longer  be  permitted 
to  come  to  Fort  Laramie,  as  it  was  not  within  the 
boundaries  of  their  reservation.  But  the  distance  to 
Fort  Randall,  where  they  were  directed  to  go  for  sup- 
plies, was  considerable,  and  the  dissatisfaction  great  in 
proportion.  They  were  unwilling  to  submit  to  tlie 
inconvenience  so  rigorously  imposed  upon  the  people 
of  Montana.  Depredations  continued  to  be  com- 
mitted upon  travellers,  and  upon  the  few  settlers  near 
the  forts,  and  along  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific 
railroad,  which  was  now  approaching  completion,  and 
for  the  safety  of  which  Fort  Frederick  Steele  was 
erected  this  year,  near  the  present  site  of  Rawlins. 
Meanwhile  Red  Cloud  and  Man-afraid-of-his-horses 
retired  to  Powder  river  from  which  they  could  follow 
the  chase,  invade  the  Crow  country  r<i  they  should 
feel  inclined,  while  the  Cheyennes  were  \  arring  against 
their  own  race  "  on  the  plains.  And  there,  for  a  space, 
I  will  leave  them,  to  turn  to  the  progress  of  affairs 
connected  with  the  existence  of  Wyoming. 

^Deer  Lodge,  Nortkwest,  Sept.  5,  1874;  Helena,  Moid.  Post,  May  29,  186X. 

"In  the  autumn  of  1868,  35  Kaw  Indiana,  being  on  a  buffalo  hunt  (JO 
miles  southwest  from  Fort  Lamed  on  the  Arkansas,  they  were  attacked  l)y 
60  Cheyennes,  the  battle  continuing  for  two  honrs.  The  Cheyennes  Io»t 
heavily,  the  Kaws  being  warlike  and  brave.  Returning  to  the  Kaw  ageiuy 
with  45  captured  horses,  they  were  again  attacked  by  the  Cheyennes,  wli<> 
had  been  reinforced  to  100,  who  beseiged  the  agency  for  48  hours,  killing  9 
of  the  Kaws  and  captnring  all  the  horses  and  stock.  I  have  this  account 
from  George  W.  Munkers,  of  Buffalo,  Wyoming,  who  was  present  in  botli 
battles.  Munkers  was  bom  in  Mo.,  in  1852,  and  brought  up  in  Kansas.  At 
the  early  age  of  10  yean  he  was  employed  as  interpreter  on  the  Kaw  reser- 


WYOMING.  m 

ration,  ami  was  Rent  to  Fort  FSill,  and  other  pout*,  to  negotiate  for  the  rentor- 
ittioii  of  white  captivcM,  in  which  he  was  HUccvmiful.  llu  aiUTmanl  trvvt-llftl 
xith  a  party  of  ludianM  to  exliiliit  their  war-tUneeM,  uuilcr  tin-  iitaiiagi-intiit 
iif  i*.  J.  iiiirnuiii.  In  ISl'A  he  went  to  C<il.,  engaging  lu  niiuiug  au<l  treight- 
iiig  in  the  Sun  Juan  country.  ISubMetjueutly  he  coustructed  Jl  luiles  of  tite 
I 'cnver  anil  New  Orleans  railroad,  and  7  niilen  of  the  (.'hicago,  Turlington, 
and  Quincy  raiIroa<l.  His  next  enterprise  was  in  town-lind<ling.  havinir 
,'ii'tei<  aH  manager  in  the  affairs  of  Robert  Poote,  in  starting  tlie  growtii  fit 
HutTa'lo  in  the  Powder  river  country.  Hiit  wife  in  a  il.iughter  of  .J.  P. 
Mather,  a  pioneer,  who  vi-ected  the  first  grist-mill  in  .JohnMm  en.  He  was 
t lotted  town  trustee  iu  iStiti,  and  wa»  always  an  inHiimtial  lucmlief  ui  Ute 
cuuiiuuu  wealth. 


:ii';^ 


CHAPTER  V. 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 

1867-1888. 

Gold  Discovert  —  South  Pass  Citt  Organized— Oroanizatiov  ok 
Counties—  Founding  of  Cheyenne — Advance  in  Town  Lirrs-  lUi) 
Element  —  Viuilance  CoMMiTTEts  —  Newspapers  Estaiilishkd  —  A 
Maoic  City  —  The  Name  Wyomino  —  Territorial  Organization-. 
Female  Suffrage — Judicial  Distkktts — County  Seats  and  Coi'my 
Offki  us— Elect'Ions— Law  Making— Military  Posts— Admin  is  ik.a- 
tion  of  Governor  Campbell— Thayer,  Hoyt,  and  Hale— Massackk 
OF  Chinese — Legislation. 

Hitherto  the  territory  which  was  the  scene  of  so 
many  adventures,  and  so  much  activity  of  an  itinerant 
character,  had  no  permanent  population,  no  poHtical 
organization,  and  no  name.  It  was  spoken  of  as 
the  North  Platte,  with  the  sub-titles  of  the  Sweet- 
water, the  Wind  River  Valley,  the  Bighorn  Country, 
or  the  Black  Hills.  Really  it  was  a  part  of  Da- 
kota,' but  had  never  been  districted,  and  possessed 
no  local  machinery  of  government.  Originally  it 
was  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase,"  confirmed 
by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  in  184G.  I 
have  referred  in  a  previous  chapter  to  the  "fruitless 
attempts  to  discover  the  precious  metals,  which  from 
time  to  time  were  put  forth  in  this  region,  while  Col- 
orado and  Montana,  Idaho,  Utah,  and  Nevada  were 
pouring  their  millions  of  treasure  into  the  lap  of  a 
luxurious  civilization.  Notwithstanding  the  repeated 
failures,  it  was  no  surprise  when  in  tlie  summer  of 
1867,  upon  the  sources  of  the  Sweetwater,  gold  was 
found   in   paying  quantities  by   prospectors,  anioiijj; 


6. 


^ Ziiht-uliie,  Land  Laws,  848,  777;  Slnmjhtcr,  ii\fe  m  Colo  and  Wyom.,  MS., 

''US.  H.  ^fisc.  Doc.,  45,  pt  4,  vol.  2.  105,  47th  coug.,  2d  boss. 
(730) 


WYOMING. 


731 


whom  were  Heniy  Riclell,  Frank  Marshall,  Harry 
Hubbell,  Richard  Grace,  and  Noyes  Baldwin,  who  dis- 
covered the  Cariso  lode  and  made  the  first  locations 
at  South  pass.  When  the  news  reached  Salt  Lake, 
a  company  of  about  thirty  men  repaired  to  South  pass 
l^repared  to  winter  there  while  they  prospected.  Their 
camp  was  surprised  by  a  band  of  hostile  Arapahoes, 
looking  for  plunder.  In  the  first  onset  they  killed 
Lawrence,  the  captain  of  the  party,  and  drove  the 
prospectors  to  the  Sweetwater,  where,  after  killing 
another  man,  they  abandoned  the  pursuit,  it  was  sup- 
posed because  they  feared  to  meet  the  Shoshones  in 
whose  country  they  were.  The  miners  being  on  foot, 
could  not  overtake  them  if  they  would;  nevertheless 
there  were  soon  700  persons  on  Willow  Creek,  con- 
stituting the  municipality  of  South  Pass  City,  which 
was  laid  out  in  October.  From  the  Cariso  $15,000 
was  taken  out  by  crushing  in  hand  mortars  before 
winter  set  in.  The  Atlantic  ledge,  six  miles  north- 
east of  Cariso,  was  considered  a  very  important  mine. 
Miners'  Delight,  two  miles  mirtheast  of  the  Atlantic, 
was  even  more  promising,  while  the  Summit,  King 
Solomon,  Northern  Light,  Scott  and  Eddy,  Lone  Star 
State,  Hoosier  Boy,  Copperoixilis,  Mahomet,  Cali- 
fornia, Elmira,  Colonel  Mann,  and  Jim  Crow  were 
regarded  as  valuable  discoveries.  Late  in  the  autumn 
placer  mines  were  also  found,  which  yielded  flatter- 
ingly. They  were  in  gulches  running  into  Willow 
Creek,  which  was  a  branch  of  the  Sweetwater  head- 
ing in  Wind  River  mountains,  and  flowing  south. 
The  Dakota  was  the  first  gulch  discovered,  after  which 
followed  half  a  dozen  otliers.  A  ditch  five  miles  in 
length  was  partly  constructed,  before  cold  weather  set 
in,  which  was  to  carry  water  to  J^akota  gulch.  A 
sawmill  was  also  in  operation  before  the  winter.  Be- 
sides the  population  at  South  Pass  City,  there  were 
several  mining  districts  each  with  its  hundred  or  more 
inhabitants.  Such  is  the  magic  progress  which  gold 
inspires. 


L 

•  -i 


-nil 

I. 


■I 


[  4 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIR& 

In  January  the  county  of  Carter  was  organized,* 
with  Hubbell  as  recorder,  and  John  Murphy  as  sheriff. 
By  the  middle  of  February,  although  the  snow  was 
deep  and  drifted,  parties  from  Salt  Lake  strugt'led 
through  in  order  to  be  on  the  ground  with  the  opening 
of  spring.*  In  April  i.  lother  town  of  300  miners  had 
sprung  up  four  miles  northeast  of  South  Pass  City,  in 
the  midst  of  a  quartz  district  situated  on  Rock  Creek; 
and  soon  a  third  town  called  Hamilton  was  started 
four  miles  north  of  that.  Game  of  many  kinds  was 
plenty,  and  water  power  convenient,  but  the  first  set- 
tlers pronounced  against  the  prospect  of  raising  farm 
products  in  that  section.  Business  was  good  if  the 
merchants  could  get  their  goods  upon  the  ground, 
which  was  difficult." 

The  Indians  continued  to  infest  the  roads,  makintr 
travel  dangerous;  and  notwithstanding  detachments  of 
troops  were  stationed  at  intervals,  who  patrolled  the 
highway  or  pursued  depredating  parties,  a  number  ot 
persons  were  killed  in  the  summer  of  1868,  and  again 
in  1 869.  A  newspaper  called  the  Sweetwater  Miner  was 
started  at  Fort  Briger  in  Feburary  1868,  by  Warrtn 
andHastings,  which  was  active  in  promoting  immigra- 
tion to  this  region.    The  existence  of  a  mother  lode  was 

*  Named  after  W,  A.  Carter  of  Fort  Bridger. 

*J.  F.  Staples,  John  Able,  John  M.  Neil,  William  F.  Berry,  John  Hol- 
brook,  James  Leffingwell,  Frank  McGovern,  John  Ekives,  Peter  Brade.  Louis 
Brade,  Alexander  and  bro.,  H.  A.  Thompson,  Jefif.  Standifer,  Kit  Cai-tle. 
George  Hirst,  W.  Matheney,  Chris.  Weaver,  and  Moses  Sturman  iiasM^d 
Fort  Bridger  in  February,  and  Col  Morrow,  in  command,  was  forced  to  jnib- 
lish  a  special  order,  warning  citizens  not  to  expect  to  obtain  supplier  from 
that  post.    Wyominij  Scraps,  1 3. 

'  Worden  Noble  was  the  first  merchant  in  these  parts.  He  was  born  at 
Sackett  s  Harbor  in  1847,  and  came  to  Fort  Laramie  in  1866,  taking  a  situa- 
tion as  book-keeper  for  E.  CoflFee  &  Caney.  He  went  to  South  pass  in  tl.e 
spring  of  1868,  when  he  was  attacked  by  Indians.  He  remained  iiere  nier- 
cnandizing  one  year,  when  he  commenced  contracting  for  Camp  Stamliaujrh, 
afterward  a  permanent  post,  and  continued  in  this  business  for  7  years.  att«  r 
which  he  engaged  in  stock-raising  near  Lander,  being  a  pioneer  in  this  ImA- 
neas.  In  1880,  he  removed  to  the  Shoshone  agency.  In  1880,  he  erei  tui  a 
quartz-mill  at  Atlantic  City,  doing  custom  work  as  well  as  reducing  hi**  *"" 
ores.  He  organized  the  Nevada  Clover  Valley  Land  and  Cattle  co.  at  <iol- 
conda,  Nev.,  with  a  capital  oi  (1500,000,  and  60,000  acres  of  land,  of  v liith 
he  became  president,  and  also  engaged  in  sheep  raising  in  1882.  In  *8T7  )(- 
was  elected  to  the  upper  house  of  the  Wyoming  legislature  from  Sweet*  .^er 
CO.,  and  was  county  commissioaer  from  1871  to  1877i 


WYOMING. 


788 


questioned,  and  various  opinions  exist  among  the  best 
informed  miners  regarding  the  value  of  the  quartz  in 
the  Sweetwater  country.  The  country  rock  is  slate, 
and  the  gold  where  found  is  free  milling;  but  the  rock 
is  wliat  miners  designate  as  spotted,  or  pockety,  and 
consequently  not  altogether  profitable'  to  work, 
although  considerable  metal  has  been  taken  out  of 
this  region. 

Contemporaneously  with  the  first  mining  on  the 
summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains  in  Dakota,  the  pro- 
gress of  railroad  construction  had  brought  to  the 
North  Platte  country  a  working  and  a  vagabond  pop- 


Railroad  Builders'  Fout. 

ulation,  one  to  prey  upon  the  other,  and  together  they 
formed  several  communities  on  the  line  of  the  road, 
the  most  important  of  which  was  Cheyenne,  situated 
at  the  base  of  the  Laramie  range,  in  the  vicinity  of 
several  military  posts,  at  the  point  nearest  Denver 
and  its  bankintj  facilities,  and  where  the  railroad  com- 
pany  placed  its  shops,  which  alone  gave  it  a  valuable 
business  from  the  start.' 

At  this  point  in  July  1867  the  land  agent  of  the 
Union  Pacific  railroad  erected  a  rude  structure,  which 
had  for  company  several  canvas  houses.     Lots  sold 

*The  Bullion  mine,  discovered  at  Lewiston,  on  the  Sweetwater,  by  H.  G. 
Nickerson,  in  1868,  was  considered  a  good  mine.  The  Buckeye,  iliscovered 
ill  186!),  on  the  north  Sweetwater,  yielded  in  1871,  $25,000  i;i  a  lO-stamp  mill. 
Louis  P.  Vidal  located  the  Buckeye  Extension.  John  D.  Woodruff  located 
a  claim  in  1870,  which  he  abandoned,  out  of  whirh  another  locator  took 
.*-'V,000. 

'  RiT^t  Sec.  flit.,  in  U.  S.  Mm.  di  Doc.  Abridy't,  655,  1867-8;  Byers  Cenlen- 
>iuU6late,  MS.,  3^1, 


'iVl 


784 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


at  a  good  figure  at  this  early  period,*  and  the  popiikv 
tioii  rapidly  increased.  A  city  government  was  t'oriiud 
in  the  autumn  of  1867,  with  a  good  police  system  ami 
a  determination  on  the  part  of  the  permanent  iuhiil»i- 
tants  to  prevent,  if  possible,  the  disorders  which  ]iacl 
attended  the  early  development  of  cities  in  the  sur- 
rounding mining  territories.  That  it  was  found  im- 
possible without  resorting  to  the  vigilant  system  was 
not  the  fault  of  the  founders.  Cheyenne  received 
many  settlers  from  Colorado.* 

The  first  actual  settler  at  Cheyenne  was  J.  "R. 
Whitehead,  followed  the  same  day  by  Thomas  E. 
McLeland,  Robert  M.  Beers,  and  three  others,  witli 
their  families.  The  railroad  company  sold  lots  tor 
$150,  one  third  cash,  and  the  same  lots  sold  one  niontli 
later  for  $  1,000,  increasing  in  price  at  the  rate  of  $  1 . 000 
per  month  during  the  summer.  In  August  the  city 
government  was  formed,  H.  M.  Hook  being  chosen 

*One  of  the  first  permanent  settlers  in  Cheyenne  was  Morton  E.  I'ost, 
who  located  himself  in  the  Platte  valley,  75  miles  below  Denver,  rt'imiviiii; 
to  Cheyenne  in  1807.  Purchasing  two  lots  of  the  land  agent,  he  was  ruturii- 
ing  to  Denver  to  make  arrangements  for  Imilding,  when  he  fell  in  with  a  man 
at  Willow  springs,  who  had  made  a  coal  discovery,  and  was  afraid  td  n'tuiii 
to  it  on  account  of  Indi:  s  in  the  vicinity,  but  being  very  anxious  almutit, 
persuaded  Post  to  return  with  him.  He  found  the  coal  mine  IG  milfs  frum 
Cheyenne,  and  staked  otf  claims.  In  August  he  erected  a  store  at  the  ounuT 
of  17th  and  Ferguson  streets,  selling  the  fractional  parts  of  his  two  hits, 
which  cost  him  loOO,  for  $5,600.  In  1877,  he  purchased  a  gold  mine  in 
Deadwood,  and  erected  the  first  quartz-mill  in  that  section,  making  the  lirst 
shipment  of  gold  bullion  from  the  Black  hills.  In  1878,  ho  opened  a  li:iiik<iig- 
house,  under  the  stylo  of  Stebbins,  Post  &  Co.,  in  the  Deadwood  country. 
He  was  elected  a  commissioner  for  Laramie  county  in  1872,  together  witli 
T.  Dyer  and  J.  H.  Nichols.  The  county  was  at  this  time  $40,000  in  delit, 
its  warrants  worth  40  cents  on  the  dollar,  and  it  owned  no  property  except 
a  wortldess  old  safe.  At  the  expiration  of  their  second  term  tlie  old  enunty 
debt  was  paid,  and  a  jail  and  court-house  costing  §40,000  erected;  tlie  enmity 
warrants  were  at  i)ar,  with  a  bonded  indebtedness  of  $30,000.  Substautiul 
school  buildings  had  also  been  built,  and  a  suri>lus  remained  in  the  treasury. 
In  1878  Post  was  elected  to  the  territorial  council,  doing  good  service,  ami 
securing,  against  strong  opposition,  the  repeal  of  the  law  licensing  lotteries. 
In  1880  he  was  electe<l  delegate  to  congress,  reelected  in  1882,  and  nominated 
again  in  1884,  when  lie  declined.  Poore'a  C'owj.  Direct'y,  48th  coug.,  1st  .sess., 
p.  79;  ]Iome  Jmn:,  1884-5,  923. 

•Nathaniel  Robertson,  bom  in  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  in  1841,  migrated 
with  ins  parents  to  the  U.  S.  in  1846,  and  to  Colo  in  1865,  locating  luniself 
at  Denver,  and  opening  the  first  carriage-making  establishment  in  that  jilaee. 
Wlion  Cheyenne  was  laid  oflF  he  removed  his  Imsiness  to  that  point,  anil 
merged  it  into  a  company  called  the  Clieyenne  Carriage  company,  witli  F.  K. 
Warren  i)rest,  Thomas  Swan  vice-prest,  Morton  £.  Post  treoa.,  J.  K.  Jetirey 
sec  y,  and  Robertdou  general  manager  aud  supt. 


^VYOXIING. 


736 


mayor;  R.  E.  Tapley,  W.  H.  Harlow,  S,  M.  Pres- 
haw,  J.  G.  Willis,  and  G.  B.  Thompson,  councilmen ; 
J.  R.  Whitehead,  city  attorney;  H.  N.  Meldrum, 
treasurer ;  Thomas  E.  McLeland,  clerk ;  and  E. 
Melanger,  marshal/* 

On  the  lOtli  of  September  N.  A.  Baker  commenced 
the  publication  of  the  Cheyenne  Evenimj  Leader  news- 
paper, which  later  became  a  morning  daily.  On  the 
25th  of  October  the  Daily  Argus  began  publication 
under  the  management  of  L.  L.  Bedell.  Telegraphic 
communication  with  the  east  and  Denver  was  com- 
pleted the  same  day.  On  the  1 3th  of  November  the 
railroad  reached  the  town  limits,  the  first  passenger 
trains  through  from  Omaha  arriving  with  a  special 
party  on  board,  which  was  enthusiastically  welcomed. 
A  month  later  the  track  was  laid  to  Fort  Russell, 
and  on  the  8th  of  December  a  third  newspaper,  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Star,  issued  its  first  number,  edited 
by  0.  T.  B.  Williams.     Wonderful  development  of  a 

'•The  first  house  erected  on  the  south  side  of  Crow  creek  on  the  site  of 
Cheyenne  was  built  hy  a  mountain  man  named  Larimer.  It  was  followed  in 
July  by  a  two-story  frame  house,  erected  by  Whitehead,  which  is  still  stand- 
ing on  the  west  side  of  Eddy  street.  Lumber  was  brought  from  Colorado, 
and  the  first  houses  were  roofed  with  boards  lapped;  but  in  Aug.  Thomas 
Murrin  had  a  shingle  roof  on  his  liouso  on  17th  street.  Hciulquarters  saloon 
built  about  this  time  was  36  by  100  feet,  and  stood  on  16th  street,  where 
Hellman'a  brick  block  now  stands.  Atljoining  it  was  a  two-story  hotel, 
owned  by  Ford  and  Durkee,  the  same  Ford  who  built  the  fine  hotel  on  the 
corner  of  Hill  and  liJth  streets.  Opposite  the  Ford  and  Durkee  hotel  was 
the  Rollins  house,  owned  by  J.  Q.  A.  R,-illius,  now  a  wealthy  mine  owner, 
and  the  founder  of  Ilollinsville,  Colo.  The  post-office  was  a  10  by  15  frame 
building  on  16tli  street,  but  soon  proving  inadequate  to  its  purpose,  the 
postmaster,  Thomas  E.  McLeland,  erected  a  building  on  the  s.  e.  corner  of 
Ferguson  and  17th  streets,  where  later  was  placed  the  banking  hou.se  of 
Stebbina,  Post  &Co.,  of  about  diuible  that  size.  It  is  stated  that  E.  P.  Snow 
and  \V.  N.  Monroo  arrived  in  Cheyenne  Aug.  liith  as  rianagers  of  the  busi- 
ness of  M.  S.  Hall,  and  in  4S  hourii  bad  erected  a  building  o't  by  25  feet.  It 
stood  on  a  part  of  the  groui'  r  occupied  by  the  furniture  establishment 

of  F.  E.  Warren  &  Co.  A  i-.rgo  wareliouse  was  opened  in  Sei)t.  by  Corn- 
forth  &  Bro.  on  the  corner  of  Eddy  and  liHh  streets.  On  the  'Joth  tlio  first 
bank  was  opened  in  Cornforth  &  Bro.  s  stort  by  J.  H.  Rogers,  who  soon  after 
erected  a  building  on  Eddy  and  16th  streets.  Two  other  banks  were  estab- 
lished soon  after  uy  Kauntze  Bros  &  Co.  and  J.  A.  Ware  &  Co.  In  Oct.  (ien. 
Stevenson  caused  to  be  erected  the  stone  warehouse  on  the  corner  of  Eddy 
and  15th  streets,  costing  S20,000.  The  same  month  the  mammoth  corral, 
known  as  the  Great  Western,  was  completed  by  Hook  &  Moore  on  the  cor- 
ner of  O'Neil  and  ?Oth  streets.  Charles  McDonald  began  the  erection  of  a 
lilock  of  houses  88  by  90  feet,  in  Oct.,  which  ho  used  as  a  general  merchan- 
dising establiahmeut. 


li^n 


789 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS, 


six- months-old  town  in  the  midst  of  uninhabited 
plains  1  No  wonder  it  was  named  the  Magic  City. " 
Such  progress  did  not  fail  to  invite  that  pest  of  new 
towns,  the  squatter.  Town  lots  were  seized,  and  tiie 
city  police  being  too  few  to  eject  them,  a  call  was 
made  upon  the  commandant  at  Fort  Russell,  who 
sent  a  battalion  to  escort  the  invaders  outside  the  city 
limits. " 

On  the  27th  of  September  a  mass  meeting  was 
held  "  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  county.  Three 
commissioners  were  appointed  to  district  the  county 
into  three  election  precincts  ;  the  county  to  be  called 
Laramie,  and  its  boundaries  to  be  "the  same  as  those 
established  by  the  act  of  the  legislative  assembly  of 
Dakota. "  '*  The  commissioners  chosen  by  the  meeting 
were  W.  L.  Kuykendall,  L.  L.  Bedell,  and  Thomas 
J.  Street.  It  was  resolved  that  the  county-seat 
should  be  located  by  vote  at  an  election  to  be  held 
October  8th,  when  a  delegate  to  congress  and  county 
officers  should  be  chosen ;  and  that  all  United  States 


^^  Slaufkter's  Life  in  Colo  and  Wynrn.,  MS.,  2-3;  Wyom.  Trihme,  Oct.  8, 
1870;  Wj/oin.  Misc.,  MS.,  53-5;  Hayden's Great  West,  89;  Bendk'a  Undmlyiwd 
West,  134;  Strnhorn's  Wynmina,  Black  Hills,  etc.,  142;  Ooddard's  Wheiv  h 
Eimjrate  and  Why,  176;   Williams'  Pacific  Tourist,  64. 

"  This  question  of  squatters's  rights  and  title  to  public  lands  claimed  for 
town-sites  was  not  understood  by  every  one.  Cheyenne,  like  every  other 
such  town,  had  its  clouds  on  title  to  overcome.  Lots  were  purchased  from 
the  U.  P.  railroad  CO.  When  the  government  surveys  were  in  progress  it 
was  discovered  in  1869  that  no  plot  of  the  town  had  ever  been  nled  in  the 
office  of  the  land  commissioner,  or  in  any  office,  or  any  official  notice  given 
of  such  a  town-site  on  the  public  lands.  It  appeared  to  be  the  intention  of 
the  company  to  allow  the  government  surveys  to  cut  it  up  into  sections,  anil 
then  to  claim  the  odd  numbered  sections.  Other  parties  could  preempfr— no 
tiling  having  been  made — the  other  sections,  and  thus  the  town-site  be  dis- 
membered, and  titles  be  brought  into  dispute. 

*'  This  meeting  was  held  at  the  city  hall,  which  was  on  16th  street  between 
Eddy  and  Thoinas,  north  side.  H.  M,  Hook  was  chairman,  and  J.  R.  White- 
liead  sec.  Johnson  and  TtUhill,  Cheyenne  Dir.,  1883,  11;  Mont.  Post,  Got.  '-'6, 
1867. 

"This  refers  to  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  Dakota  of  Jan.  9,  IW".  hy 
which  the  county  of  Laramie  was  organized,  and  bounded  east  by  the  KMth 
meridian,  comprehending  all  the  territ(.ry  west  of  it,  or  all  of  what  booaine 
Wyoming.  It  was  reorganized  Jan.  3,  1808,  and  the  western  bonmiary 
placed  at  the  107th  meridian.  All  the  first  counties  of  Wyoming  extended 
xroin  the  northern  to  the  southern  boundariea. 


if. 
I' 


WYOMING. 

citizens  who  had  been  in  ^i,    .      .  ''^ 

previous  to  the  election  shoJdrt^^^u/^^  ''-  %s 

The  election  resulted  i     chn       "^''^l^^^  ^'«<^^^«-'^ 
fomerlv  of  Painesv  lo   Ohio  X^'  '/"  ^^  ^^'^^^^^nt, 
J-  R.  Whitehead  renrei,ltn    '    !    «?^^  *^  congress  • 
^Ji'^\V  C.   L.  How^ellT'iJ^^^^^-  I^akotalogil' 
liopkins  county  co.nn  ;.  •  ^issman  and  W  T. 

Fobate  Judge;^T^;;rr4"it'^,^  h  f  "^'^^^^^i 
D.  J.  Sweeney  sheriff;  J    ;g*"^f  .^ f^rict  attorney; 

<^«eds ;  L.  L.  Bedell  treasurer   ?'"^«^^t*^"  register  of 

Whitehead  returned    fro,,,    y,„  .       • 
'av„,g  succeeded  i„  l,is  , ,,iX„^'"r,*™,  .J,"    J«"""y> 

ald.andBeals;  sheriff  t  r  t  •  ?""'«'=>■,  P.  McDon- 
L.  M„,.ri,;  eo'r„„e"j„h,.i:„^''l1'  T""^-^'  ■'^'"i"'" 
J-  H  GiJ.lersleevo;  just  ice  '  f  Vl      ""'  ^«P«rintendent, 

l^eiidall  was  retained  a,  nlt]t'   ■    T'"'''''^""-     Ku,- 
wa.  appointed  coZ^'^^^^'^i^-  H.  Wi„s,^r 


^J'-^tnct  court  for  this"  part  oTboI- ^^"'  ^T-^"'^^"^'  a 
^''corporation    ,>f  the    Citv  of  Pi  ^*^'  ^"'^  ^"  ^^^^^  of 
P^'^'J«ecI      Laran^ie  cc>unty\a:  ?.WT    '^^^'^^    ^^'^o 
judicial  district,  to  which  the  ol.tf-'^  J''  *^^^'   «^^«ncl 
Asa  Bartlett,  was  assigned    .t^^"^^^ 

;'I>Pointed  district  attorney  '    T  It  f' f''^''''''''  ^^^« 
vas  ordered   for  the  first  If  ^f'^t  t^rni  of  court 

^•tt  held  two  ternis  of  :  u?f  ^;  r  "^  ^^-•^^^-     Bart- 
?^ut  the  first  courts  in  tl  i^  n  r'""'  '''  «^'«"tl  judoe 

^"  the  first  towns    nldahrM'^"''^'^"'''^'  ^'^^'^  tlu^S 
^^•^^^<^  the  people's  courts  ^'         "*""^'  ^^^^  Colorado 


t 


788 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


Shootings  were  frequent,  and  every  manner  of  vice 
abounded.  Finding  that  Cheyenne  was  to  be  tlie  ter- 
minus of  the  railroad  for  that  winter,  all  the  scum  of 
Gociety  which  had  drifted  along  with  the  pay  car  of 
the  railroad  company  as  far  as  Julcsburg  took  up  a 
temporary  residence  here.  Six  thousand  people  win- 
tered in  Cheyenne,  the  accommodations  for  the  slioltor 
of  a  large  part  of  them  being  tents  and  sod  houses,  or 
"  dug-outs."  A  canvas  saloon  would  answer  as  well  as 
another  for  gambling,  drinking,  and  the  practices  of 
the  dives.  Various  men  and  women  made  the  place 
intolerable.  Tne  city  authorities  were  powerless. 
Robberies  and  assaults  with  deadly  weapons  were  of 
daily  and  nightly  occurrence.  Then  the  patience  of 
the  people  failed,  and  the  vigilance  committee  came  to 
the  front.  Its  first  act  was  on  the  11th  of  January, 
when  it  seized  three  men  who  had  been  arresteil  for 
robbery  and  placed  under  bonds  to  appear  before  the 
court  on  the  1 4th.  These  men  were  bound  togctlur 
abreast,  and  a  large  canvas  attached  to  them  beariiiif 
this  legend:  "$900  stole;  $500  returned;  thieves. 
F.  St  Clair,  W.  Grier,  E.  D.  Brownville.  City  author- 
ities please  not  interfere  until  10  o'clock  A.  m.  Next 
case  goes  up  a  tree.  Beware  of  vigilance  committee." 
During  the  next  six  months  a  dozen  men  were  handed 
and  shot  by  the  vigilants,  after  which  law  became 
operative  in  Cheyenne,  and  the  plague  passed  on  west- 
ward to  Laramie  City  and  other  towns  which  defeucletl 
themselves  in  a  similar  manner." 


■■:i 


the  city  attorney  during  a  part  of  Whitehead's  term.  Tliis  was  iKsfnro  the 
irruption  of  the  criminal  chiss,  which  came  with  the  railroad,  and  witli  vlmm 
the  provisional  government  could  not  deal.  There  was  no  prison,  and  tiiic^ 
were  readily  paid  when  imposed.  BotUcher,  Fltuth  Times  in  Colorado,  MS.,  1. 
"The  first  hanging  in  Cheyenne  occurred  on  the  night  of  the -dtli  of 
March,  when  Charles  Martin  andCliarles  Morgan  were  executed  by  the  vig- 
ilance committee.  Martin  had  killed  Andrew  Harris  in  a  quarrel.  He  "»•< 
from  Lexington,  Mo.,  and  respectably  connected.  For  some  time  lie  vas 
wagon-master  for  Russell,  Majors,  and  Waddell,  but  finally  became  reel;  less, 
and  consorted  with  gamblers  and  vile  associates,  becoming  a  despeniilo  in 
his  habits.  He  had,  without  provocation,  shot  at  Capt.  O'Brien  at . I  iili'-'- 
burg,  and  was  regarded  as  a  dangerous  person.  Morgan  was  hangt d  f"r 
horse-stealing.  The  gallows  on  which  Martin  died  8to(3  where  I.  C.  W  liip- 
ple'a  house  was  built,  the  other  behind  the  Elephant  corral.  Clieyennc  A  rju-s, 


WYOMING. 


7S0 


Laramie  City  was  laid  off  by  the  railroad  company 
ill  April,  18G8,  when  the  early  history  of  Cheyenne 
was  repeated.  During  the  first  week  400  lots  were 
sold.  In  a  fortnight  500  dwellings  and  business  houses 
of  all  kinds  had  been  erected,  mostly  of  a  very  transient 
character.  The  road  was  completed  to  that  point  in 
May,  where  the  town  was  quickly  over-run  with  des- 
l)eradoes  and  lewd  women,  as  its  predecessor  had  been; 
and  as  forbearance  ceased  to  be  a  virtue  they  were 
visited  by  those  unrecognized  ministers  of  justice  the 
vigilants,  and  Laramie  became  a  well  ordered  as  it 
was  a  thriving  town.  This  year  also  the  counties  of 
Albany  and  Carbon  were  organized  by  the  Dakota 
legislature.  Laramie  county  having  elected  Charles 
D.  Bradley,  brotlier  of  Judge  Bradley  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  representatives  who  pro- 
cured the  passage  of  bills  for  their  establishment. 


As  early  as  1865  a  bill  had  been  introduced  in  con- 
gress, by  Ashley  of  Ohio,  to  provide  a  temporary 
government  "  for  the  territory  of  Wyoming."  "  Who 
it  was  first  suggested  this  beautiful  but  misplaced 
name  does  not  appear.  The  bill  was  referred  to  the 
committee  on  territories,  where  it  rested.  When  the 
delegate  chosen '*  on  the  8th  of  October  1867,  pre- 


March  22, 1868;  S.  F.  Aim,  An.  10,  1868;  CorUU.  FoHmllnri of  Cheycnm,  MS., 
7.  Not  long  after  a  party  or  desperate  men  went  carousing  down  Eil<ly 
street,  and  couiiug  opposite  a  saloon  kept  by  Tim  Dyer,  later  the  proprietor 
of  Dyer's  hotel,  and  a  member  of  the  city  council,  fired  several  shots  into  it, 
fortunately  killing  no  one.  They  left  town  immediately,  fearing  the  vig- 
ilants, but  were  followed  and  overtaken  at  Dale  City  and  hanged,  three  of 
tiiuni,  Koefe,  Hays,  and  a  very  tall  man  nicknamed  Shorty.  Two  men  wore 
killed  and  a  woman  woundeil  in  a  house  of  ill-fame,  but  no  clue  could  be 
obtained  to  the  murderer,  although  the  shots  were  distinctly  heard  Ijy  many 
])erson3.  The  mystery  engendered  fear.  After  the  committee  Iiad  per- 
fjrined  the  service  of  ridding  the  community  of  its  worst  element,  it  was 
condemned  and  superseded  by  legali/eil  justice,  but  only  to  !»e  revived  in 
later  times,  when  a  new  set  of  desperate  men  as  highwaymen  made  even 
fiv'lroad  travel  dangerous.     See  Popuhir  Trilmnab,  this  series. 

^^Gomj.  Gln/ie,  18C4-5,  116;  U.  S.  Home  Jour.,  78,  256,  38  cong.  2  8688. 

"The  regularly  elected  delegate  for  Dakota  in  1868  was  S.  L.  Spink,  who 
had  his  friends  and  funds  in  this  section.  He  ran  on  the  republican  ticket 
acjainst  Burley  and  ToiM,  in  the  eastern  part,  and  Dennis  J.  Toohey,  after- 
wards editor  of  the  Suit  Luke  Tri'mnv,  in  the  western  part  of  the  territory. 
CirlcU,  Foundinj  (/  Cticycnnc,  M.'S.,  18;  Foster  d  Outlines  of  Uintory,  3b, 


iii 


740 


POLITICAL.  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS, 


sentcd  himself  at  the  dr)or  of  congress,  lie  was  not 
permitted  a  seat,  but  he  nevertiielcss  was  al)lc'  to 
refresh  the  memories  of  the  territorial  committee. 
A  memorial  introduced  in  tlie  Dakota  le;^islaturo  l)y 
W.  W.  Brookmg,  asking  congress  to  organize  a  nt  w 
territory  in  tlie  southwest  to  be  called  Lineohi  was 
also  })resented;"  and  in  the  spring  a  petition  fur  a 
territorial  organization  was  adihvssed  to  the  house  of 
re[)resontatives,  signed  by  "  H.  Latham,  agent  for  the 
pef)ple  of  Wyoming."  When  the  bill  before  congrt  ss 
had  reached  tlie  senate  considerable  discussit)n  t<ink 
place  u[»on  the  subject  of  the  proper  nomenclature  to 
be  adopted,  and  Wyoming  was  preferred  by  a  major- 
ity, although  Cheyenne  came  very  near  being  the 
name  chosen." 

Without  opposition  or  prolonged  discussion  the 
organization  took  place,  the  act  being  approved  July 
25,  1868,'^  the  boundaries  of  the  new  territory  lieiu' 
the  27th  and  34th  meridians  of  longitude,  and  the 
41st  and  45th  parallels  of  north  latitude,  embracin:^ 
100,284  square  miles,  or  04,181,700  acres."  The 
western  boundary  took  in  the  Green  lliver  valky, 
which  had  previously  formed  the  northeast  conu  r  of 
Utah,  but  which  since  the  occupation  of  Fort  Bridger 
bv  the  u'ovcrnment,  had  been  abandoned  bv  the  ^Ii>r- 
nions,  and  also  a  portion  of  Idaho  north  of  this  secllmi. 

■'"Mont.  T.  W.  Post,  Jan.  2.S,  1SC8. 

-'A  (juestion  arising  as  to  the  orthography  of  Clieyennc,  the  lihrari.in  of 
congress  was  appealed  to,  who  ipiotetl  SehimliTuft  .'i->  the  liiuliest  aiithi'riiy, 
who  says  the  meaning  of  the  wonl  is  not  known,  and  the  ortiiiigrajihy  ihtjir-. 
The  Moiit4iiia  Post,  July  3,  ISGS,  gives  the  true  pronuiieiati:in  Shai-tn-n  i, 
'with  a  prolonged  breatliing  aeeent  on  the  second  byllal)le. "  This,  in  fait. 
is  the  manner  of  pronouncing  all  Indian  names  of  tliree  .■<yllal>les  among  tlie 
western  Indians,  wliieli  being  condensed  into  two  syllal>le->  or  rapidly  >p"V,i  n 
lose  tlieir  beauty,  as  no  doul)t  their  nicauin>j.     C'lieyenne  divided  into  ti  ixe 

Earts,  and  ending  in  a  is  as  beautiful  a  word  as  AVyomiug,  and  should  have 
een  the  name  adopted. 

'■''Coi-lHt,  FoiiiK/in:/  of  Clici/rmie,  M.'^.,  8,  18-20;  ir»/o,.,.  JfUrellnn;/.  yiS., 
4;  Znliri-<kic,  Laii'l  L<iir.<,  S4S-S57;  //.  E.r.  D  «:,  xxv.  no.  47,  pt  4,  p.  4."i7.  4(5 
coijij.  Ssess. ;  ]Yijoiii.  Gen.  Laws,  1st  sess.,  IS  24: /''/r^c,  TV/c  l('«>y  C'- /(-"■'" 
18Si>,  p.  41t);  U.  S.  If.  Jour.,  240,  40  cong.  2  sess.;  H.-pt  Ser.  J„t,r.,  i.  iji, 
41  cong.  3  sess. 

-•'  .lAws.  n,w.  Hale,  1884,  137.  Zabriskie  makes  it  <»T,883  square  niil.'^  i" 
extent.  That  portion  of  the  boundary  common  to  Nebra>k.-i  was  •surveyed 
in  bS70-71;  tlio  southern  an  1  we-tern  l)oiindarii'-'  in  1 -^74  by  Alonzo  V.  l':ch- 
ards;  the  northern  boundary  in  1882-83  by  Rolliu  J.  Reeves. 


WYOMING. 


741 


Tlio  territorial  officers  were  not  ftp[.ointed  uiitil 
April  ISG'J,  wlien  Jolm  A.  Cainplx'll,  of  CltvclaiKl. 
( )hio,  was  coimnissioiied  goveri:<)r.  Arcordinj^  to 
his  conteini)ories,  lie  was  possessed  of  sufficient abiiit}-, 
not  brilliant  t)ut  industrious  and  conscientious,  and 
respected  njost  by  those  who  knew  him  best."  Ed- 
ward ^I.  Lee,  was  api)ointed  secretary,  who  was  aii 
active  [jolitician  if  no  more  ;  Church  Howe.  United 
States  marshal,  anotiier  politician ;  J.  M.  Carey,""* 
United  States  attorney ;  John  M.  Howe,  of  Illinois, 
chief   justice;""    W.    S.    Jones,''  and   J.    W.    King- 

-•  (."aiiiplK'U  had  lieen  an  editor  on  the   Cb-relnnil   L-.-ader.     In   IM5I  he 

entered  the  Union  army  as  'Jil  liout  1>eing  from  time  to  time  j>r'ini<ittd  uiitd 
lie  1>eeanie  adj.->ieii.  on  Schofii'ld's  statr.  He  Mas  in  many  I  attie.",  among 
wliieh  were  Rich  Mountain,  I'ittsliurg  I^inding,  I'errjville,  an<l  all  of  ti.e 
Atlantic  campaign.  He  was  hrevetted  I>rig. -gen.  in  I.s(»4;  and  during  the 
rtconstruotion  of  tlie  south  was  with  Scotield  in  Virginia,  ami  called  uji>n 
to  apiiortion  the  state  into  senatorial  and  representative  districts,  prttcrdi- 
i:i^  the  time  and  manner  in  wiiich  elections  should  Ik?  held.  He  jierfornnd 
tlie  duties  of  asst  sec.  of  war  from  May  1SG8  to  March  1809.  He  vas  sid>- 
seciucntly,  uniler  Hayes'  administration,  M  asst  ^ecretary  of  state.  Hia 
li.  ilth  sotin  gave  way,  and  lie  died  of  softening  of  the  hrain  in  1879  at 
Wasliingtoo.  C'"ifift'.i  FunmUnj  of  Ch ynim,  MS.,  23;  Wyom.  Ttr.  Ajfoir", 
MS.,  1--J. 

■-•Carey  was  ln.rn  in  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  in  184,'i,  and  eilncated  at  Fort 
EUvard.i  collegiate  institute  and  Union  college,  K.  Y.  He  studied  law  in 
i'iiiladelphia,  grailuating  from  the  law  dept  of  *'ie  university  of  Pa.  emigrat- 
ing to  Wyoming  on  his  apjiointment  in  18(>9.  In  1S72  l:e  was  couimis.-iioned 
a-sociate  U.  S.  justice,  serving  4  yeiir.H,  after  which  he  went  into  thchnsiness 
of  cattle  raising,  and  became  jiresideiit  of  the  Stock  ( I  rowers"  aj'.'-ociatirin, 
whose  property  came  to  represent  ><  100, 000, 000.  He  was  three  tinies  oiayor 
of  Uheyeiine,  and  enjoj'ed  other  honors  which  will  appear  in  the  prr-gres.-  of 
ti:e  history.  A  dictation  from  him,  I'olitirit  onil  J'"jil',  MS.,  is  amtng  my 
valued  original  authorities.  He  hi^  ever  been  cue  of  Wytiming's  most 
prominent  and  pul)lic  spirited  men. 

*  Howe,  like  Campbell,  had  served  in  the  civil  war.  and  risen  to  be  a 
general.  He  was  an  aide  lawyer,  and  after  the  war  w  a^  chosen  circuit  judge. 
«■'./<•  (;/o  Lfjiil  Si'ws,  in  ir(/</H.  Mixr.,  M.S.,  28.  He  wa.s  l«)m  at  Kiga.  in 
Monroe  en.,  X.  Y.,  removing  when  a  youth  to  Kiiig.-ville.  Ohi«i,  where  he 
received  a  lil>eral  educ.ition,  and  studied  law,  practising  in  the  courts  of  that 
state  for  .-everal  year.s,  after  which  he  reinovol  to  Kewaiiee.  111.,  in  1^."4. 
He  was  elected  judge  of  the  6th  judicial  district  ff  111.,  holding  the  oflite 
some  years.  Formerly  a  whig,  he  became  a  lei'uMioan,  and  was  efficient  in 
politics.  Corlett  call.s  him  'peevish  and  fretful,  although  a  man  of  jiretty 
C'hmI  ability.  He  was  undoubtedly  ont  of  health.  dysjK-ptic  in  his  st<'mach, 
and  in  his  nature,  too.'  Frmmliivj  nf  Cht ii)-tiin>,  M.S.,  19-20.  After  ser\ing 
two  years  he  resigned,  and  accepted  a  positif>n  as  secretary  to  a  commi.^sif.n 
a]i]K>inted  to  settle  some  affairs  between  the  U.  S.  and  Mexico,  and  died 
while  holding  that  office,  of  consumption,  aged  abont  50  years.  He  was  a 
}Hilitician,  and  a  poli.shed  speaker.  C<irlett  accu.ses  him  of  taking  advantage 
<■:'  the  inexijerience  of  the  members  of  the  bar.  DiH.  of  Pfjt^j  S.  WiLs-m, 
M.S.,  .1. 

-■  Corlett  says  of  Jones,  who  was  a  young  nun,  not  more  than  28  years  of 


748 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAI.,  AND  MATKUIAL  AFFAIIiS. 


inan,'"  associate  justicoa  ;  Silas  Roccl,  of  St  Louis,  sur- 
veyor gcueral ;  '*  and  Frank  Walcutt,  of  Kentucky, 
receiver  of  public  means. 

ih\  the  lUth  of  May  the  judj^es  havin<^  qualititd, 
and  tlie  or*;anization  of  the  territory  being  coinpletvil, 
Governor  Campbell  issued  a  proclamation  assigning 
them  to  their  districts  ;  the  county  of  Laramie  con- 
stituting the  1st,  to  which  the  rhief  justice  was 
assigned,  the  counties  of  Albany  and  Carlxm  the  Jd 
to  which  Judge  Jones  was  assigned;  and  the  3d  th.> 
county  of  Carter,  to  which  Jud^e  Kingman  was 
assigned;  designating  the  times  antf  places  of  holding 
courts  therein,  and  subsequently  attaching  the  (tivl'Ii 
River  region  to  Carter  county  and  the  Hd  judicial 
district.  The  first  term  of  court  was  held  at  Cluv- 
enne,  September  7th,  18G9.  The  census  returns, 
owing  to  the  sparseness  of  the  population,  and  the 
difficulty  of  finding  deputies  willing  to  travel  over  tla- 
country,  nmch  of  which  was  unsafe  on  account  of 
Indian  raids,  were  not  all  in  before  the  last  of  July. 
On  the  2d  of  August  a  proclamation  was  issued  c;ill- 

agc,  tliat  he  was  entirely  cool  ami  impartial  on  tlio  hcncli,  and  for  that  riM"..!! 
was  approved  by  the  har  ami  people.  He  was  of  intenii>eratc  )ia1>its.  Init 
Bticli  was  his  popularity  that  lie  was  elected  delegate  to  congress  from  tlie 
tf-rritory  before  his  term  was  ended.  He  was  born  in  Ind.  in  lS4'i,  anil  v>\n- 
eated  at  Miami  university,  Ohio,  afterwards  studying  law  at  Coryilon.  In  i. 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  volunteered  in  the  17tli  Indiana  ngt.  He 
distin<{uished  himself  in  all  the  campaigns  in  which  he  served,  rising  to  tin- 
rank  of  major  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct. 

^^  '  Kingman,'  says  C'orlett,  '  was  regarded  as  a  very  interesting  man.  but 
I  cannot  say  ho  was  succcasfnl  as  a  judge.  He  was  a  man  of  very  stroti^; 
prejudices,  and  was  in  tlie  hibit  of  allovving  himself  to  l>e  informed  alx.ut 
the  case,  and  was  apt  to  espouse  one  side  or  the  other.' 

^"According  to  yo/iH.so«  ,0  Tiit/iill'x  Direc  n/ C/ieifiiniP,  18S3,  C.  D.  Kuytr 
was  nominated,  but  if  so,  ho  must  iiave  declined  immediately,  as  Ri'i-.l  w  is 
nomiiiateil  in  April  1869.  Congiess,  however,  had  passed  i.o  law  estalili^li- 
ing  the  olfice  of  surveyor-genera     and  although  an  appropriation  was  niaile, 

the  surveying  and  local  land  offices,  tli«.y 
'ut  of  congress.     This  neglect  caused  tlie 
in  Wyoming  until  the  summer  -if  l^TO, 
->i  the  railway.     They  commenceil  at  the 
illel  with  tlie  guide  meridian  at  tlie  tcr- 
The  delay  in  stirveyinu  was  injuri"iis 
lands  and  town-site  comiKinies.  Ki>]«t  nf 
p.  2,  41st  cong..  3d  sess. ;    Wi/oiii.  <',:iiii-',l 
d  in  the  imion  army,  and  reached  tlie 
rank  of  major.     Ho  was  U.  S.  marshal  of  Wyoming  in  1871-2,  and  bei.aine 
a  wealthy  cattle-dealer. 


and  bills  introduced  cstablishin 
did  not  pass  before  the  adjourn, 
postponement  of  a  surveying  of 
when  surveys  licgan  ahmg  the  lii 
intersection  of  the  3d  standard  p 
mination  of  the  Colorado  survej 
and  irritating  to  settlers  on  publi 
8ur-gen.,  in  U.  S.  If.  Misr.  Dor.,  4' 
Jour.,   18()«»,    18-1<).     Wolcott   ser 


WYOMING. 


713 


iivjf  for  an  election  on  the  2tl«>f  SeptcinlH-T,  f<»r  clioos- 
ii»*I  a  ilcloy:ato  to  conurcss,  and  nieniljcrs  <»f  the  first 
territorial  legislature,  which  by  the  organi**  aet  waa 
liiiiitod  to  nine  councilnien  and  thirteen  representa- 
tives, which  might  he  afterward  increased  t4>  thirteen 
and  twenty-sevun  respectively." 

The  candidates  for  the  congressional  delegateshlp 
were  S.  F.  Nuckolls  and  W.  W.  Corlett,  Nuckolls, 
doniocrat,  being  elected  by  a  majority  of  1,:{G8  in  a 
total  vote  of  5,2G(>.  He  was  of  the  family  some 
members  of  which  are  settled  in  Colorado,  where  he 
also  came  in  an  early  period,  being  known  as  a  busi- 
ness man  rather  than  a  politician,  \  ..„  his  syni{)athies 
were  with  the  slave-holding  south  during  the  war. 
He  was  not  renominated,  and  died  a  few  years  after- 
ward. 

The  legislature  in  a  sixty  days*  session  perfect* 'd 
find  adopted  a  code  of  laws  which,  with  the  example 
of  the  several  new  territories  adjacent  to  guide  them, 
was  an  admirable  foundation  in  which  to  construct  a 
perfect  state  in  the  future.  Had  no  omissions  been 
made,  there  need  have  been  no  more  legislatures  *' 

"The  council  consisted  of  T.  D.  Murrin,  J.  R.  Whitehead,  and  T.  \V, 
Poulu  of  Laramie  co. ;  W.  H.  i^right,  W.  S.  Rockwell,  and  Gc<irge  Wartlmen 
of  Carter  CO. ;  Frederick  Laycock  and  Jamea  W.  Brady  of  All<anycii. ;  and 
Oeiirgc  WiUon  of  Carbon  co.  Briglit  was  chosen  president,  T.  .S.  I'<M>le 
cliaiilain,  Edward  Ori)eu  sec,  Mark  Parish  asst  sec,  Charles  H.  Moxley 
sorgt-at-ariii»,  I'eter  Lcninion  messenger,  Henry  Amesfeld  tirenian.  Tlie 
house  of  representatives  consisted  of  Posey  S.  Wdson,  J.  C.  Abney,  Herman 
Haas,  Howartl  iSebree,  Louis  Miller,  J.  N.  Douglas.  William  Herrick,  Ben- 
j.kuiin  Shucks,  James  Mcnafee,  J.  C.  Strong,  John  HoUiruok.  J.  M.  FrL-enian, 
;itid  S.  M.  Curran,  speaker.  L.  L.  Be<1ull  was  chooen  chief  clerk,  W.  C. 
."Stanley  asst  clerk,  A\  illiam  Baker  sergt-at-arins. 

^'  The  Wyomiwj  Tri'miie  commented  upon  the  neglect  to  pass  a  militiA  law, 
which  the  governor  had  recommended;  to  provide  for  a  commission  of  sta- 
tiUics,  and  a  bureau  of  immigration;  and  to  exempt  certain  kiixls  of  pi^rsonal 
jiroperty  from  seizure  and  sale  on  execution.  Wyom.  JIur.,  M.S.,  9.  In8tea<l 
of  the  militia  law,  the  legislature  memorialized  congress  to  order  paid  to  the 
jifivernor  of  Wyoming  all  the  internal  r«;  venue  collections  not  already  appro- 
jiriated  fo*  otlier  territorial  objects,  for  the  purpose  of  paying  volunteer 
tr>H)p3  who  might  1>c  ciilled  into  the  field  to  serve  against  hnctde  Indians. 
H'vom,  Imiph,  18G9,  721-2.  The  legislature  ot  1871  paase<l  an  act  authorizing 
tlie  formation  of  volunteer  militia  companies,  but  it  waa  not  put  in  exeeation. 
An  act  was  passed  for  the  same  pnqjoae  in  1882.  Sext.  Lam,  18''2.  155.  The 
presence  of  a  number  of  U.  S.  postn  has  a  tendency  to  cause  neglect  of  mili- 
tia organizations.  Congress  was  .still  further  memorialize*!  on  the  Indian 
troubles,  and  asked  to  reiJatablish  the  forta  on  the  Powder  river  route  to 


■:-■    .tI 

it' 


H'l 


744 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


The  laws  of  Dakota  were  repealed  December  lOtli, 
the  act  to  take  effect  on  the  1st  of  January,  and  not 
to  impair  any  rights  acquired  under  Dakota  laws,  nor 
to  interfere  with  the  course  of  actions  at  law  already 
commenced. 

A  county  was  established  in  the  Green  River  coun- 
try called  Uinta,  with  the  county  seat  temporarily  ai 
Merrill,  near  Fort  Bridger.  The  name  of  Carter 
county  was  changed  to  Sweetwater,  and  the  c(Hiiitv 
seat  located  at  South  Pass  City."  The  judicial  dis- 
tricts were  altered,  making  Laramie  and  Albany 
counties  compose  the  1st,  Carbon  and  Uhitathe  2d,  and 
Sweetwater  the  3d,  Judge  Kingman  was  assigned  to 
the  2d,  and  Jones  to  the  3d.  The  official  year  w£i.s 
made  to  terminate  on  the  last  day  of  October.    The  seal 

Montana.  Increased  sal  ' ea  were  asked  for  the  judges  and  legisliitors.  An 
appropriation  was  made  by  the  legislature  of  jf  1, 500  additional  to  be  pui<l  ti 
tlie  cliief  justice,  and  $1,000  to  the  associate  judges.  Better  mail  fucilititi 
were  petitioned  for. 

^^The  officers  appointed  for  Sweetwater  co.  were  W.  C.  Erwin,  James  A. 
Brennan,  and  John  Dugdale,  commissioners;  T.  Cjuinu,  probate  judge;  John 
McGlinchy,  sheriff;  Tim.  MeC'arty,  co.  clerk;  1*.  L.  AV  illianis,  prosecuting 
atty;  Henry  Smith,  assessor;  Frank  Oilman,  supt  of  schools;  William  Sinitli, 
CO.  sur. ;  John  Morris,  coroner;  James  \V.  Stillman  and  Presley  J.  Talhcrt, 
justices  of  the  peace  in  South  Pass  precinct;  James  Smith,  constable;  F.d- 
ward  Lawn,  justice  of  the  peace  in  Atlantic  City  precinct,  aud  W.  Hogan, 
constable;  William  (Trinnell,  justice  of  the  peace  in  Bryan  precinct.  No 
appointmeuta  were  made  for  Point  of  Rocks,  although  such  a  precinct  ^\us 
named. 

The  officers  appointed  for  Carbon  co.  were  A.  B.  Donnelly,  E.  V.  Upton, 
and  Robert  Foot,  commissioners;  George  Doyle,  sheriff;  Robert  Foot,  justice 
of  the  peace  of  Fort  Halleck  precinct;  Hin ton,  justice  of  the  peace  of  Carbmi 
precinct;  probate  judge  and  ex-officio  justice  of  the  peace,  William  R.  Hun- 
ter, of  Rawlins  Springs;  Thomas  J.  Williams,  clerk  and  registrar  of  deeds. 
H.  C.  Hall,  supt  of  public  instruction.  The  county  seat  of  Carbon  co.  was 
located  at  Rawlins  Springs. 

The  county  seat  of  Albany  co.  was  located  at  Laramie  City;  officers,  11. 
Wagner,  Joseph  Mackle,  an<l  S,  C.  Leach,  commissioners;  J.  W.  Connnr, 
sheriff;  L.  D.  Pease,  probate  judge;  Charles  Hilliker,  assessor;  George  Van 
Dyke,  justice  of  the  peace;  R.  S.  Kinney,  clerk;  John  Barton,  D.  Slinnks, 
William  Carr,  and  George  Young,  constables;  Foose,  coroner;  James  Vine, 
surveyor;  S.  W.  Downey,  prosecuting  attorney. 

The  county  seat  of  Laram ie  co.  was  located  at  Cheyenne.  Officers :  L.  M  urrin, 
H.  J.  Rogers,  and  George  D,  Foglesong,  commissioners;  T.  Jeff.  Carr,  siieritl; 
William  L.  Kuykendall,  probate  judge;  John  T.  Chartin,  clerk  and  registiar 
of  deeds;  C.  C.  Turley,  coroner;  S.  H.  Winsor,  surveyor;  H.  Garbanati. 
county  atty;  Rev.  H.  P.  Peek,  supt  of  public  schools;  D.  C.  Tracy,  justicv 
of  the  peace  at  Pine  Bluffs;  William  Baker,  justice  of  the  peace  at  Cheyeniu  ; 
Frank  Gates,  justice  of  the  peaco  at  Fort  Laramie;  William  Rowland,  con- 
stAl^ie  at  Pino  Bluffs;  A.  J.  Mead,  constable  at  Cheyenne;  and  Gibson  Clark, 
constable  at  Fort  Laramie. 


WYOMINa. 


;'45 


designed  for  the  territory  had  on  its  face  a  Norman 
shield,  on  the  upper  half  of  which  was  enibhizoned 
mountains,  with  a  railroad  train,  the  appearing  alx)v-e 
the  horizon,  and  the  figures  "  1868  "  below  the  middle 
point  of  the  shield.  On  the  first  quarter  below,  on  a 
white  ground,  a  plough,  pick,  and  shovel,  and  a  shep- 
herd's crook.  On  the  second  quarter  on  a  red  grouncl 
was  an  arm  upholding  a  drawn  sword.  The  motto 
"  Cedant  arma  toga"  surmounted  the  shield  and  the 
whole  was  encircled  by  the  words  "  Territory  of  Wyo- 
ming, great  seal." 

The  code  adopted  allowed  gambling,"  and  taxe«l 
every  kind  of  property,  except  United  States  and 
public  property,  which  included  scientific  and  all 
school  or  benevolent  institutions,  with  the  monev 
and  credits  belonging  exclusively  to  them,  and  the 
kitchen,  furniture,  bedding,  and  clothing  of  every  per- 
son, and  provisions  for  a  family  amounting  to  the 
value  of  $100.  The  school  tax  was  fixed  at  two  mills 
on  a  dollar  of  the  assessed  value  of  all  taxai)Ie  prop- 
erty. Jails  were  required  to  be  erected  and  kept  in 
every  county,  the  sherifi^  to  be  responsible  for  the 
manner  in  which  they  were  maintained.  The  terri- 
torial penitentiary  was  located  at  the  town  of  Lara- 
mie, Albany  county,  and  congress  was  memorialized 
that  the  territory  had  been  deprived  of  the  use  of 
that  part  of  the  internal  revenue  sot  aside  by  law  for 
penitentiaries  in  the  territories,  f(t»r  a  large  portion  of 
the  year  1807,  the  whole  of  18(!8,  and  tlie  greater 
part  of  1809,  during  which  time  the  internal  revenue 
of  W^'^oming  had  gone  to  the  credit  ol  Dakota,  for 
which  loss  the  legislature  asked  to  be  reimbursed.  A 
second  memorial  declared  tliat  in  and  about  the 
Sweetwater  mining  region,  and  on  the  border  of  the 
Shoshone  reservation  set  apart  by  Sherman  and  his 
co-commissioners  in  1868,  were  congregated  many  of 

•'Says  one  of  my  authorities:  'J.  M.  Pattee  houpht  up  the  legislatnre, 
iind  ran  the  Wyouiing  lottery.  In  1870  it  collapsod,  but  Pattee  had  drawn 
prizes  euough  to  become  rich.' 


\i 


' 


_sias 


746 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIBSb 


the  criminal  class,  who  constantly  committed  thet\ 
robbery,  and  murder,  there  being  sometimes  twenty 
persons  held  for  trial  at  the  same  time  in  that  county, 
which  had  no  prison.  The  military  posts  of  Fort 
Bridger,  and  the  camp  on  the  Popo  Agie  had  kt  pt 
in  the  guard-houses  a  number  of  criminals,  in  aid  the 
officers  of  the  law.  but  refused  longer  to  make  these 
places  serve  as  jails  for  this  class  of  offenders.  The 
expenses  of  holding  prisoners,  under  the  circumstances 
was  a  heavy  tax  on  the  county,  and  it  was  asked  the 
secretary  of  war  should  aid  the  people  by  providing 
a  prison  at  one  of  the  military  posts  in  which  prison- 
ers lield  for  trial  could  be  confined  and  subsisted  until 
the  people  were  able  to  meet  the  difficulty.  Convicts 
were  taken,  at  great  cost,  to  Detroit,  where  they  w  ere 
imprisoned  in  the  house  of  correction." 

The  seat  of  government  of  the  territory  was  estiib- 
lished  at  Cheyenne,  and  an  appropriation  asked  fur 
the  erection  of  a  capital.'*     All  this  was  legislation 

^  Wyoin.  Gin.  Lnwn,  Ist  sess.,  pp.  32.  Tlie  penitentiary  was  complettd 
in  1872,  ami  in  less  than  a  year  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Laramie Scnltn'l,  Aug. 
27,  1873.  It  was  partially  rebuilt,  soon  after  which  the  government,  by  act 
of  congress,  transterred  the  prisoners  from  the  charge  of  the  U.  «S.  marshal 
to  the  control  of  the  territory.  A  coinnjission  was  appointed,  consisting  cif 
Herman  Haas,  James  France,  W.  H.  Halliday,  and  (Jov.  Thayer,  to  invisti- 
gate  tlie  cost  of  keeping  prisoners  at  Laramie,  and  at  other  prisons  in  the 
neighboring  stjitcs,  the  result  of  which  wa.s  that  the  penitentiary  of  Xtbra>ka 
was  declared,  by  act  of  legislature  of  1879,  to  be  the  territorial  prison  "i 
Wyoming.  Wi/om.  Seni^.  Litwi*,  1879,  142.  As  late  aa  1884,  a  penitentiary 
commission  for  selecting  prisons  existed. 

•^6'.  .S'.  //.  MUcvL,  iii.,  No.  60,  41st  cong.,  2d  sess.  Cheyenne  was  niii- 
corporated  at  this  session.  W.  W,  Slaughter  was  mayor  in  1809;  E4hv:inl 
0q>en,  city  clerk;  John  Burrows,  city  marshal;  Oeorge  Raymond,  fire  war- 
den; .T.  R.  Whitehead,  N.  J.  O'Brien,  Henry  E.  Eisfelder,  Dayton,  and  T. 
W.  Poole,  aldermen.  Wi/nw.  Mhr.,  IMS..  2.  Cheyenne  stistained  the  los-;  oi 
8250.000  by  tire  on  .Tan.  11,  1809.  Wifom.  W.  frilmne.  Jan.  1.'),  1S«>9.  Hie 
commerce  of  Cheyenne  was  immense  for  a  frontier  town  during  ISfeS  0,  it 
being  the  entreprtt  of  the  vast  region  lying  north,  west,  and  sonth.  nntil  the 
railroad  was  completed,  when  of  course  the  trade  was  divided  Wtween  the 
many  points  along  the  lino.  But  in  this  brief  period  fortunes  were  made 
and  lost.  Prices  were  fabulous,  and  business  partook  of  the  recklessties*  of 
gambling.  It  was  never  <lisputed  that  this  town  exceeded  in  vice  and  Kn- 
wholesnme  ovcitement  any  of  the  many  new  cities  in  the  west.  Yet  that  it 
was  not  wholly  composed  of  the  transient  classes,  some  facts  go  to  show.  In 
ISrtO  it  had  a  population  of  over  4.000,  sometimes  nearer  6,000.  In  th-* 
autumn  of  1S70  it  had  l.fiOO.  It  had  at  this  period  a  public  school,  wit'i  2 
denartments.  arcommodating  abont  100  pupils,  and  two  select  schools.  •  «'h 
with  .-xbout  30  in  attendance.  Tliese  were  under  the  management  oi  t'"> 
catholic  and  episcopal  aouieties,     It  had  5  well  built  and  well  fiimi:^he\l 


act 

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she.1 


WYOMING. 


747 


to  the  point.  But  what  attracted  most  attention,  at 
home  and  abroad,  was  an  act  passed  and  approved 
December  10th,  giving  women  the  right  to  vote  and 
hold  office,  and  was  cordially  approved  by  the  gov- 
ernment. The  law  was  innnediately  put  in  practice 
by  the  summoning  of  women  on  juries,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  women  justices  of  the  peace,  the  first  being 
by  the  commissioners  of  Sweetwater  county  who 
cliose  to  that  position  Esther  Morris,  the  wife  of 
John  Morris. 

The  j  udges  of  Wyoming  were  no  more  happy  than 
had  been  those  of  the  other  territories.  Aside  from 
the  firm  support  given  the  rights  of  women  under  the 
suffrage  act,  there  was  the  usual  opposition  to  imported 
officers,  and  demand  for  home  appointments.  Howe, 
who  was  probably  annoyed  by  this  clamor,  resigned 
at  the  end  of  two  years.  Jones  being  nominated 
tielegate  to  congress  to  succeed  Nuckolls,  there  were 
two  vacancies  on  the  bench,  which  was  filled  by  the 
appointment  of  J.  W.  Fisher  chief-justice,  and  J.  M. 
Casey,  the  United  States  district  attorney,  associate 
justice,  who  held  the  office  four  years.  Fisher 
remained  chief  justice  until  about  1879,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  J.  B.  Sener,  who  held  the  office  for  six 
years,  and  was  succeeded  by  John  C.  Perry.  The 
associates  of  Fisher,  after  Kingman  and  Carey,  were 

churches,  occupied  hy  the  episcopal,  methoilist,  congregational,  prealiyterian, 
and  catholic  congregations.  The  masons,  knights  templar,  othl  fellows,  and 
good  templars  liad  lodges  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Some  business  liouses 
would  compare  favorably  with  tiio.ie  of  cities  of  ten  times  the  age  and  popu- 
iition.  The  furniture  and  crockery  house  of  A.  R.  Converse  carried  from 
••«:!0,<X)0  to  9.")0,0()0.  Joslyn  &  Park,  manufacturers  of  native  jewelry,  had  a 
liusiness  of  ?7r>,000  per  year.  Tlie  dry  goods  houses  of  C.  D.  Foglesong.  S. 
F.  Nuckolls,  Marks,  Myers  &  Co.,  carried  each  from  8iir>,000  to  ^0,0(K)  in 
stock,  besides  which  there  was  another  dry  goods  store.  There  were  '2 
banks,  .3  wholesale  and  retail  toliaeccnists,  .1  hardware  houses,  2  hoot  and 
shoe  establishments,  3  clothing  houses,  2  l)ook  and  stationery  stores,  .3  drug 
stores.  1  confectionery,  2  bakeries,  1  livery  stable,  2  first-class  hotels  and 
^«  veral  inferior  ones,  1  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers,  a  well  organized  fire 
department,  with  1  steam  fire-engine  and  a  hook-anddadder  company.  A 
t'oinpany  had  nearly  completed  an  acequia  for  bringing  water  a  distance  of  7 
ni'lcs  to  run  through  the  principal  ftreets.  And  better  than  all,  it  was  at 
tliis  time  a  well  governed  and  orderly  town. 


'ypi 

Mj|lll 

i   Is 

J    j 

I 

1 

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■,;j 

3 

li 

1 

748 


POLITICAL,  SOCLVL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


E.  A.  Thomas,  followed  by  Jacob  B.  Blair,  and  Wil- 
liam Ware  Beck.  The  latter  failed  to  give  satisfac- 
tion to  the  people  of  his  district,  who  caused  the  leg- 
islature in  1877  to  memorialize  the  president  for  his 
removal.  The  petition  was  not  heeded.  In  187'J  tlii' 
president  was  memorialized  thatW.  W.  Corlett  would 
be  acceptable  as  a  successor  to  Chief-justice  Fisher, 
which  prayer  was  also  disregarded,  efforts  to  shake  otf 
non-resident  officials  being  nearlv  always  futile." 
Peck  was  succeeded  by  Sanmel  C.  Parks.  The  suc- 
cessor of  district  attorney  Carey  was  Edward  P. 
Johnson,"  who  remained  in  office  over  seven  years, 
and  was  succeeded  by  C.  H.  Laynian,  followed  l)y 
M.  C.  Brown,  and  J.  A.  Riner,  W.  T.  Sweesy,  and 
Gustav  Schnitirer  succeeded  to  the  marshal's  office. 

The  legislature  of  1869  fixed  the  time  of  elections 
on  the  first  Tuesday  of  September  in  each  year.  At 
the  election  of  1870  there  was  to  be  chosen  a  delegate 
to  congress,  and  on  every  succeeding*  alternate  year  a 
delegate.  Members  of  the  legislature  and  county 
officers  were  to  be  elected  in  1871,  and  every  two 
years  thereafter,  and  the  legislature  was  to  meet  on 
the  first  Tuesday  in  November  after  election.  By  tlie 
ori;anic  act  the  length  of  the  sessions  was  fixed  at 
forty  days,  except  the  first,  which  was  permitted  t>< 
be  sixty.  There  was  none  of  that  turbulence  or 
etfort  to  evade  obliijations  which  disgraced  some  of 
the  territorial  legislatures  during  their  infancv;  no 
needless  increase  in  the  number  of  legislators,  no  whole- 
sale thieving  or  reckless  plunging  of  the  territory  in 
debt,  and  congress  found  little  to  disapprove." 

»  H>im.  Session  Laws,  1877,  142;  I<L,  1879,  156. 

"Jolinson  was  born  ia  GreenUush,  Ohio,  Aug.  21,  1842.  He  entered  tlic 
union  army,  and  served  3  years  in  the  9.3d  Ohio  regt.  bi  1867  he  gradiiatnl 
from  tlie  university  of  Mich.,  removing  soon  after  to  Denver,  wiifiu  lit- 
stopped  a  short  time  Ijefore  easting  in  his  fortunes  with  Cheyenne.  Ho  win 
prosecuting  attorney  for  I^aramie  eo.  in  1869-70.  His  appointment  as  V.  s. 
dist.  attorney  was  one  of  the  few  instances  of  domestic  niateriall>eii)K  olin-'ii 
to  rill  government  offices.  He  resigned  after  7  years  to  accept  again  tl.o 
otfice  of  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  county.  He  was  chosen  to  the  ccmmil 
of  the  territorial  legislature  in  1879,  hut  died  Oct.  3,  Iwfore  it  was  convoiii.l. 

«•  U.  S.  S<'n.  Jour.,  1170,  1546;  41  cong.  2  seas.;  Id.,  548,  3  sess.;  U.  S.  H. 
Jour.,  1359;  42cuug.,  2  seas. 


WYOMING. 


749 


The  subsequent  act  of  congress  providing  that  rep- 
resentatives and  delegates  to  congress  should  be  elected 
on  tlie  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber IS7C),  and  every  second  year  thereafter,  caused  a 
ohange  in  tlie  law  of  Wyoming,  which  was  made  to 
conform  to  this  act,  and  the  biennial  election  of  the 
legislative  and  county  and  territorial  officers  to  <^ccur 
upon  the  same  day.  The  council  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives were  increased  to  the  full  immber  allowed 
bv  the  organic  act  in  1875.  No  session  was  held  from 
November  1870  to  January  1882,  from  which  period 
the  biennial  sessions  subsequently  dated. 

The  republicans  in  convention,  in  August  1870,  nom- 
inated Jones,  and  the  democrats  John  Wanless. 
Jones'  majority  was  227  in  a  total  vote  of  3,202.  In 
1872  Jones  was  again  nominated,  but  was  beaten  by 
William  R.  Steele,  democrat,  by  a  majority  of  271 
in  3,213.  In  1874  the  republicans  nominated  J.  M. 
Carey,  who  was  beaten  by  Steele,  nominated  to  suc- 
ceed liimself.  In  1876  the  republicans  again  nomi- 
nated W.  W.  Corlett,  their  choice  in  1809,  whose 
majoi'ity  over  Steele  was  1,104,  in  a  total  vote  of 
G,62G.^*     Again  in  1878  the  republicans  elected  their 

"  Corlett  was  l)om  in  ConcoFfl,  Ohio,  in  1842.  His  parents  were  from 
the  Isle  iif  Man,  but  migrating  to  the  U.  S.  their  son  was  eihieated  in  Amer- 
ican institutions,  spending  three  years  in  Willouglil))'  collegiate  institute, 
ne:ir  C'lcvt'laiiil,  where  he  was  employeil  as  tutor  for  (mo  year.  In  18(52  he 
inliste<l  in  tho  87tii  Oiiio  regt  as  'id  lieut.  He  was  captuied  at  Harper's 
Ferry,  paroled,  ami  sent  home.  After  teaeliing  another  year  he  exchanged 
a-i  a  i>risoner,  and  again  entered  the  army,  joining  tlio  'jr)tli  Ohio  Iiattery  in 
tlio  Hotith-west,  where  he  remained  until  the  closi!  of  tlu^  war,  after  which  ho 
returned  lioine,  and  hogan  the  study  of  the  law,  graduating  in  IStJG.  His 
liealth  failing,  he  went  to  Denver,  and  thence  to  Cheyenne.  wIuto  he  was  one 
"f  iialf  a  ddzen  repuhlicans  who  effected  an  organization  of  the  i>arty  in 
Wyoming  called  the  Orant  club.  He  was  defoateil,  as  already  known,  on 
the  congressional  ticket  in  1869,  but  was  ap])ointed  ])ostmaster  of  Cheyenne 
llii-  following;  year,  which  office  he  held  for  three  years.  He  held  the  otfiee 
of  iirosccntiiig  attorney  for  Laramie  county  from  1870  to  18T('(,  when  he  was 
elceted  dele!rat(!  to  congress,  declining  a  renomination  in  1878.  DnHi/  Sun, 
Sept.  21,  1S7f);  fif.,  Oct.  1.'),  187().  For  8  or  10  years  he  was  a  member  of 
the  school  lioird,  and  never  relincpiislied  the  practice  of  the  law excejit  when 
a'lsent  in  Washington.  In  1885  he  was  chairman  of  the  commission  to  com- 
I'li'te  and  revise  the  laws  of  Wyoming.  His  life  helps  to  make  history  a 
stiidv  worthy  to  be  pursue<l.  Mr  Corlett  has  furnished  to  my  collection  of 
iir'.uuscripts  The  Fotnuliivj  ofCluycHne,   which  ia  a  complete  syuopiis  of  the 


I 


780 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AXD  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


candidate,  Stephen  W.  Downey,  by  about  tha  same 
majority  over  E.  L.  Pese,  democrat.  In  1880  the 
choice  lay  between  A.  H.  Swan,  republican,"  ami 
Morton  E.  Post,  democrat,  who  received  a  majoritv 
of  147  in  7,667  votes.  But  in  1882  Post  had  a 
majority  of  1,111  over  the  republican  candidate  J.  M. 
Meldrum.  In  1884  his  party  again  nominated  Josepli 
M.  Carey,  who  was  elected  in  opposition  to  William 
H.  HoUiday. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Campbell,  wliioh 
lasted  until  1875,  was  attended  by  no  disorders,  iior 
was  it  embittered  by  political  feuds.  The  utmost 
harmony  existed  between  him  and  the  legislaturo. 
which  three  times  left  to  him  the  apportionment  of 
the  territory  into  legislative  districts.  He  found  it 
without  funds  to  carry  on  the  government ;  he  left  it 
out  of  debt,  and  with  nearly  $20,000  in  the  treasury. 
He  found  the  territory  with  a  small  tixed  population, 
its  improvements  of  the  most  transitory  character;  he 
left  it  with  permanent  towns,  comfortable  homes,  ami 
substantial  business  establishments.  The  unsettled  val- 
leys had  become  settled  with  thrifty  stock-raisers  and 
agriculturalists.  The  vigil  ants  of  Wyoming  per- 
formed no  more  the  functions  of  courts  and  execution- 
ers after  his  first  proclamation,  and  where  the  wildest 
orgies  had  once  been  witnessed  order  and  decorum 
prevailed.  He  was  not  superseded,  but  called  to 
Washington  to  fill  a  higher  if  not  a  more  useful 
office.*' 

To    Campbell    succeeded    John    M.     Thayer    of 


estal>lishment,  not  of  Cheyenne,  but  of  the  provisional  and  territorial  gnv. 
ernnients. 

*^  A.  H.  Swan  was  born  in  Greene  co.,  Pa,  in  1831,  of  Scotch  and  A\\i-h 
progenitors,  long  settled  in  that  state.  He  was  one  of  8  boys,  and  rcceixtil 
an  academic  education.  He  removed  to  Iowa  in  early  manhood,  uiigajraiK 
in  stock-raising,  which  he  followed  for  14  years  before  coming  to  WyiMiiiii).', 
where  he  very  much  extendevl  his  operations,  and  became  an  associate  in  tlif 
great  cattle  companies  that  represent  millions.  His  name  in  Wyoiiiint,'  'i* 
synonymous  witli  ability,  enterprise,  and  honor.  Wyom.  Rtyt  Gov.,  1SS3,  u7; 
i'")V!i.  Politics  <nul People,  MS.,  2. 

'^VheymmifiWh  Fub.  15,  1875;  Bristol,  yewspaper  i^resa,  MS.,  2. 


WYOMING. 


751 


Nebraska,"  who  held  the  office  four  years.  During 
his  administration  occurred  the  Bighorn  expeditiv)n, 
and  the  failure  of  a  commission  appointed  by  the 
president  to  treat  with  the  Indians  for  the  extinguish- 
ment of  their  title  to  the  Black  hills  reofion  where 
gold  was  believed  to  exist.  A  scheme  was  proposed 
about  this  time  of  annexing  a  portion  of  Wyoming 
to  Colorado,  by  settlers  on  both  sides  of  the  boundary 
line,  which  had  no  foundation  in  reason,  and  came  to 
nothing."  Another  proposition  was  more  seriously 
entertained  in  1877,  of  forming  a  new  territory  out  of 
the  Black  hills,  a  portion  of  northern  Wyoming,  and 
parts  of  Montana  and  Dakota."  Thayer  was  opi)osed 
to  the  scheme  of  another  territory,  but  favored  the 
project  of  severing  the  Black  hills  from  Dakota  and 
attaching  them  to  Wyoming,  which  as  they  lay  half 
in  the  latter  territory,  and  had  intimate  relations  with 
Cheyenne,  seemed  a  proper  connection.  The  legisla- 
ture was  advised  to  and  did  memorialize  congress 
against  a  division  of  the  territory." 

The  successor  of  Thayer  in  the  executive  office  was 
John  W.  Hoyt,  a  popular  man  and  able  officer.**    He 


*'  Wj/om,  Territorial  Affairs,  MS.,  4.  The  territorial  officers  during  Thay- 
er's adiinnistration  were:  Sec,  George  W.  Froncli;  marshal,  W.  F.  Sweesy; 
dist  atty,  E.  P.  Johnson;  surv.-gen.,  E.  C.  David;  treas.,  A.  R.  Converse; 
auditor,  S.  W.  Downey;  collector,  E.  P.  Snow;  supt  of  schools,  John  Slaugh- 
ter; justices  supreme  court,  J.  W.  Fisher,  W.  W.  Peck,  J.  B.  Blair;  U.  S. 
commiss'r,  J.  W.  Bruner;  register  U.  S.  land-office,  G.  R.  Thomas;  receiver 
public  moneya,  I.  C.  Whipple;  librarian,  John  Slaugliter.  Wyom.  Si'us.  Lmm, 
1877,  iv.  John  Slaughter,  who  tilled  several  offices  in  the  early  days  of  the 
terrritory,  and  who  in  1884  was  still  librarian,  was  born  in  Va  in  1809,  re- 
moving to  Oliio  in  infancy.  He  came  to  Cheyenne  in  18G7  from  Denver, 
with  the  founders  of  the  Wyoming  capital,  and  for  Wivnt  of  something  else 
t©do,  kept  a  restaurant,  and  then  went  into  lumber  dealing,  buying  his 
stock  in  Denver.  He  was  citj*  marshal  and  magistrate  under  the  provisional 
government,  Corlett's  Founilimj  qfC/n'i/i'inie,  MS.,  4,  and  was  appointed  jus- 
tice of  the  peace  by  Gov.  CamplwU  until  there  was  an  election,  and  held 
the  office  until  1880,  less  one  or  two  years.  His  Lifi'.  in  Coin  ami  Wijomimj, 
MS.,  refers  briefly  to  early  society,  business,  i)rices,  etc.  in  Cheyenne. 

*-^  Bi/eri'  Ceiitditml  Stiitr,  MS.,  34. 

«  Wyoin.  Home  Jour.,  1877,  19;  Mesa.  Gov.  Hayeji,  1877,  13. 

«  Wyom.  Sess.  Laws,  1877,  138-9. 

"The  other  territorial  officers  were:  A.  Worth  Spates,  secretary;  J.  B. 
Lewer,  chief  justice;  J.  B.  Blair  and  William  Ware  Peck,  associate  justices; 
C.  H.  Layman,  U.  S.  dist  atty;  Gustave  Schnitger,  U.  S.  marshal;  E.  C. 
David,  surv.-gen.;  E.  P.  Snow,  U.  S.  collector;  I.  C.  Whipple,  receiver  of 
public  money;  H.  W,  Mauu,  register  of  land-office;  S.  W.  Downey,  delegate 


II 


■^  ill 

.■'l,:!| 


7S2 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


travelled  over  the  territory  to  inform  himself  of  its 
resources,  and  wrote  a  report  for  the  interior  depart- 
ment, which  was  printed  by  congress  for  circulation. 
He  also  advocated  the  construction  of  a  wagon  road  to 
the  Yellowstone  park.  The  survey  of  the  boundary 
of  Wyoming  was  begun  during  the  first  half  of  his  term, 
having  been  authorized  by  the  45th  congress  in  com- 
pliance with  a  joint  appeal  from  delegate  Corlett  and 
the  delegate  from  Montana."  The  reappointment  of 
Hoyt  was  desired,  and  asked  for  by  a  joint  resolution 
of  the  legislature  of  1882."  He  was  succeeded  how- 
ever at  the  end  of  four  years  by  William  Hale,  who 
appointed  him  to  the  congenial  work  of  commissioner 
to  bring  the  resources  of  W^yoming  before  the  Denver 
expositions  of  1882  and  1883,  which  was  so  executed 
as  to  surprise  all  beholders."     Hale  proved  a  popular 

to  congress;  J.  S.  Nason,  auditor;  F.  E.  Warren,  trcas. ;  J.  Slaughter, 
lihrariau  and  supt  public  instruc'n;  E.  Nagle,  J.  H.  Finbrook,  Thos.  Lank- 
tree,  penitentiary  commissioners;  H.  B.  Ilumsey,  fish  commissioner.  Sesnioii 
Luw^  Wyomiwj,  1879. 

*'  U.  S.  IT.  Ex.  Dor.,  no.  1,  pt  5,  p.  52,  vol.  iii.,  42  cong.,  2  sesa.;  Porter's 
The  West  Ceiwia  of  1880,  419. 

*8  Wi/oiii.  Sc.ss.  Laivs,  1882,  221.  The  territorial  officers  during  Hoyt's 
term  were:  Sec,  E.  S.  N.  Morgan;  auditor,  Jesse  Knight;  trcas.,  F.  K. 
Warren;  surv.-gen.,  E.  C  David;  U.  S.  collector,  E.  P.  Snow;  receivers  of 
public  moneys,  William  M.  ftarvyardE.  S.  Crocker;  registers  of  laud-oUiccs, 
E.  W.  Mann  and  Charles  H.  Priest;  justices  of  supreme  court,  James  B. 
Sener,  J.  B.  Blair,  and  S.  C.  Parks;  U.  S.  <list  atty,  M.  C.  Brown. 

**From  Albany  were  3,000  pounds  of  black  magnetic  iron  ore  from  Iron 
mountain;  graphite  from  Sybdle  creek;  sulphate  of  magnesia  from  Rock 
creek;  kaolin  from  near  Laramie  City;  blocks  of  soda  from  Laramie  plains, 
which  formed  a  monument  12  feet  high;  copper,  gold,  and  silver  ores  from 
Cummins  City,  Douglas  Creek,  Centennial,  Spring  Caflon,  Laramie  Peak. 
Blue  Grass,  Tie  Siding,  and  Diamond  Peak;  Luilding  stones  from  seven!' 
localities;  timber  from  the  Laramie  range  and  the  forests  beyond  Cumiidns; 
and  specimen  iron  rail  and  mercliant  iron  from  the  rolling-milk  of  the  rail- 
way company  at  Laramie. 

Carbon  co.  sent  coal,  iron,  asbestos,  copper,  gold,  and  silver  ores  from 
Seminoe  and  Ferris  mountains,  soda,  petroleum,  and  a  bushel  of  moss  agates 
from  the  Sweetwater  section;  iron  and  iron  paint  from  Rawlins;  buiKling 
stones  from  the  hills  near  Rawlins;  coal  from  Carbon  mines;  copper  and  sil- 
ver ores  from  (Jrand  Encampment  and  other  creeks  heading  in  the  inoiui- 
tains  west  of  the  Platte;  naitive  quicklime  from  Platte  valley;  mineral  watirs 
from  the  Warm  springs  and  Sulphur  springs  near  Rawlins;  and  bundles  uf 
grain  and  grasses  from  the  valley  of  the  upper  Platte. 

Crook  CO.  sent  coal,  petroleum,  and  salt  from  the  section  about  Jenny 
Stockade  and  Inyan  Kora. 

Laramie  co.  sent  a  four-horse  load  of  copper  ores  from  Running  Water 
mines.  Rawhide  Buttcs,  Muskrat  Caflon,  Hartville,  and  Copperopolis;  copiiur 
and  golil  f)res  from  the  Laramie  range  back  of  Cheyenne,  mica,  micaci-inis 
irou  paint,  aud  plumbago  from  near  Whaleu  caQou;  building  stoue  frc  u  Crow 


WYOMING. 


768 


executive,  being  devoted  *^o  the  promotion  of  the 
material  interests  of  the  territory,**  of  which  he  wrote 
an  excellent  report  to  the  secretary  of  the  interior." 
His  death  occurred  in  January  1885,  and  he  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1885  by  F.  E.  Warren,  a  pioneer  legislator 
and  successful  business  man  of  Wyoming,  and  conse- 
quently an  executive  acceptable  to  the  people  who 
were  assured  of  a  sympathizing  administration.*" 

creek  and  the  Laramie  range;  coal  from  the  Shawnee;  and  numerous  l>irdB 
and  fnr-bearing  animals  from  Cheyenne  collections. 

Sweetwater  and  Uinta  counties  were  partially  represented  only  by  some 
small  lots  of  line  ores,  a  huge  hlock  of  coal  from  Rock  Springs,  curious  fos- 
sils from  the  same  place,  bundles  of  grain  and  grasses  from  the  ranchos  in 
Lander  valley  being  sent  by  the  former;  and  sulphur  ore,  manufactured 
.sulphur,  petroleum,  coal,  charcoal,  rare  fossils  from  Fossil  forest,  scientific 
collections  from  Fort  Bridger,  samples  of  Angora  wool  and  skins,  bundles  of 
alfalfa,  and  other  agricultural  products  being  furnished  by  the  latter.  From 
Yellowstone  park  were  sent  sulphur,  obsidian,  amethysts,  agates,  and  other 
precious  stones.  Owing  to  want  of  railroad  trsnsportation,  and  to  the  lim- 
ited time  and  means  at  command,  the  exhibit,  tine  as  it  was  for  so  young  a 
territory,  fell  far  short  of  what  it  would  have  been  with  more  time,  and  county 
appropriations  for  the  purpose,  MeM.  Oov.  hale,  1884,  158-CO. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  exhibits  was  of  the  native  grasses,  over  100 
varieties  being  classified  and  shown  in  parcels.  In  Stonf^s  General  View  of 
Colorado,  MS.,  9,  he  refers  to  this  exhibit,  and  gives  some  interesting  facts. 
The  buffalo  grass  grows  on  the  plains;  next  to  the  mountains  the  gramma 
grass,  which  has  a  small  seed  on  it,  with  the  head  growing  at  right  angles 
to  the  stalk.  It  grows  no  more  than  6  inches  high  where  it  is  not  irrigated, 
but  when  water  is  furnished  it,  will  grow  to  a  height  of  two  feet.  It  fattens 
iinimals  like  grain,  and  is  superior  to  blue  grass  on  account  of  the  seed.  On 
the  mountains  grows  the  bunch  grass,  of  which  I  have  made  frequent  men- 
tion. Between  these  three  principal  species  are  many  varieties,  as  stated  by 
Mr  Stow,  all  except  the  bunch  grass  bearing  a  seed  on  the  side,  and  all  very 
nutritious.  Thus  is  Wyoming  made  the  great  catt  3  pasture  of  the  United 
States,  if  not  the  world. 

*•  Wyom.  Sess.  Latos,  1884,  187.  The  territo  al  officers  during  Hale's 
administration  were:  Sec,  E.  S.  N.  Morgan;  auuitor,  P.  L.  Smith;  dept; 
aaditor,  C.  W.  Stewart;  treas.,  F.  E.  Warren;  sur.-gen.,  E.  C.  David; 
receiver  of  public  moneys,  W.  S.  Hurlburt  and  E.  S.  Crocker;  registers  of  land 
oiKce,  E.  W.  Mann,  and  Charles  H.  Priest;  U.  S,  collector,  James  S.  Wolfe; 
ilcpt.  collectors,  H.  S.  Oliver,  and  J.  W.  Dykins;  judges  of  supreme  court, 
■John  C.  Perry,  J.  B.  Blair,  and  Samuel  C.  Parks;  U.  S.  district  attorney, 
.1.  A.  Riner;  U.  S.  marshal,  Gustavo  Schnitger;  superintendent  of  public 
iiutruction,  and  territorial  librarian,  John  Slaughter;  penitentiary  coninirs, 
Luke  Marrin,  Frank  M.  Foote  and  James  M.  Tisdel;  fish  conimr,  Otto 
(rramm;  stenographer,  Robert  C.  Morris;  commrs  to  revise  and  arrange  the 
statutes  of  Wyoming  territory,  W.  W.  Corlett,  Isaac  P.  Caldwell,  and 
Clarence  D.  Clark. 

^^BeptOov.  Wyom.,  1883.  Contains  geographical,  mineral,  topographi- 
cal, meteorological,  live  stock,  agricultural,  questions  of  public  polity,  and 
miscellaneous  information. 

^^  The  prompt  action  of  Gov.  Warren  on  the  occasion  of  the  Rock  Springs 
riot  is  worthy  of  all  praise,  though  at  the  time  his  measures  were  freely  crit- 
icised by  political  demagogues.  The  following  is  a  brief  account  of  the 
uffair.  In  August  1885,  the  officers  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  im^rted 
a  large  number  of  Chinese  laborers,  to  be  employed  in  the  company  s  coal 
HiR.  Nkv.    48 


Ml.! 

IPs 
' '  1*1 


1i 


7M 


rOLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL   AFFAIR.S 


The  successor  of  Governor  Warren  was  Thomas 
Moonhght/'  an  appointee  of  President  Cleveland,  wh 


o 


iiiiiiea  at  Evanston,  Rock  Sprinss,  Carbon,  and  other  points  on  the  roatl,  tli> 
object  being  to  have  at  hand  laborers  enough,  in  case  of  a  strike  among  th>' 
miners.  8oou  the  European  miners  evinced  a  jealous  hatred  of  the  Asiatics, 
accusing  them  of  usurping  places  in  the  mines  which  gave  them  an  advan 
tagu  in  the  matter  of  wages;  but  there  seems  to  have  been  no  real  groun-l 
for  the  charge,  race  prejudice  and  jealousy  being  the  cause  of  the  animosity. 
Tliu  former  demanded  that  the  Chinese  should  be  sent  away,  to  which  lii- 
maud  the  railroad  company  returned  a  refusal.  They  then  organized  t<> 
drive  out  the  Chinese.  On  the  2d  of  Sept.,  200  men  at  Rock  Springs  at- 
tacked them  with  firearms,  driving  them  into  the  hills,  killing  and  wound- 
ing about  50,  and  destroying  all  their  property.  Of  400  Chinamen  not  nni- 
was  permitted  to  remain.  The  sick  and  the  wounded  who  fell  amidst  tli< 
shanties  were  consumed  in  a  conflagration,  which  was  started  by  the  infuri- 
ated mob,  the  wives  of  the  minors  assisting  in  the  Hendish  massacre.  Fifty 
houses  belonging  to  the  railroa«l  company  were  destroyed  along  with  tl.i- 
Chinese  dwellings.  On  being  notified  of  what  had  taken  place,  (iov.  War- 
ren at  once  telegraphed  to  Gen.  Howard,  in  comuiand  of  the  department  <>t 
the  Platte,  asking  for  military  protection,  and  riding  over  to  Fort  Ku-stM-li 
Mecured  the  promise  of  a  sufficient  force  pending  the  genera.'  »  answer.  A-i 
more  serious  reports  reached  him  he  proceeded  by  special  train  to  Rock 
Springs,  and  telegraphed  to  the  secretary  of  war,  and  finally  to  the  president. 
.\fter  much  delay  the  troops  arrived,  barely  in  time  to  prevent  a  repetition 
of  the  massacre,  and  thus  by  his  urgent  appeals  and  at  his  own  personal  ri.ik 
the  governor  prevented  further  destruction  of  life  and  property. 

Francis  Emroy  Warren  is  a  native  of  Hinsdale,  ^lass,  where  he  was  Imni 
on  the  20th  of  June,  1844,  his  ancestry  being  traced  in  direct  line  to  the  War- 
rens who  landed  in  tliat  state  soon  after  the  a4lvent  of  the  pilgrim  fatherr<. 
After  serving  dunng  the  civil  war  in  the  49th  Mass  volunteers,  lacing  pres- 
ent at  Plains  Store,  Donaldsouville,  and  Port  Hudson,  in  1868  Mr.  Warren 
settled  at  Cheyenne,  where  he  took  charge  of  the  house-furnishing  sture  of 
A.  R.  Converse.  An  excellent  salesman,  hard-working,  economical,  ami 
thoroughly  reliable,  he  was  soon  afterward  admitted  into  {tartnership,  aii<l 
in  1877  purchased  the  entire  concern,  which  a  few  years  later  was  incor|><)- 
rated  in  the  F.  £.  Warren  Mercantile  company.  In  1873  he  first  engi«gt.'<l 
in  stock-raising,  and  is  now  the  principal  owner  in  the  W^arreii  Live-stoek 
company,  by  far  the  larg  st  corporation  of  the  kiml  in  W^yoming.  Its  prop- 
erty includes  from  70,0C  >  to  80,000  sheep,  and  aliout  3,000  hea<l  of  cattlf, 
with  nearly  as  many  hor.cs,  and  more  than  250,000  acres  of  land,  exteniliug; 
in  one  unbroken  range  on  either  side  of  the  Union  Pacific.  Elsewhere,  not 
only  in  Wyoming,  but  in  all  the  adjoining  states  and  territories,  he  is  largt-ly 
interested  in  lands  and  live-stock.  By  him  were  erected  some  of  the  most 
substantial  buildings  in  Cheyenne,  and  at  a  time  when  the  future  of  tii>< 
city  was  by  no  means  assured.  He  is  also  the  guiding  spirit  in  several  oi 
her  leading  enterprises,  and  in  a  word  there  ia  no  man  who  has  contributtil 
more  to  the  prosperity  of  Wyoming,  and  especially  of  Wyoming's  nietroiHih<. 

^  The  secretary  of  the  territory  under  Moonlight's  administration  was 
Samuel  D.  Sliannon;  chief  justice,  William  L.  Maginnis;  associate  justices, 
Jacob  B.  Blair  and  Samuel  F.  Com;  U.  S.  atty,  Anthony  C.  Campbell;  U. 
S.  marshal,  Thomas  J.  Carr;  sur.-gen.,  John  C.  Thompson,  U.  S.  revenii>> 
col.,    James   F.    Benedict;   dept  do.,  Mr  Stitzer;  regr  of  Cheyenne   l.ui<l 
office,  Edgar  S.  Wilson;  do,  of  Evanston  office,  Eklwiii  D.  Steele;  receiver  of 
public  moneys  at  Cheyenne.  W'illiain  M.  Garrard;  do,  at  Evanston,  William 
T.  Shaffer;  special  agent  of  land  office,  Henry  B.  Fry  and  E.  N.  Boiitil^ 
The  officers  elected  l>y  the  people  and  appointed  by  the  governor  won- 
Delegate  to  congress,  Joseph  M.  Carey;  atty -gen.,  Hugo  Donzelmann;  au>!i- 
tor,  Mortimer  N.  Grant;  dept  do,  Charles  W.  Stewart;  treasr,  Williajn  1' 
Gannett;  dept  do,  Jacob  D.  Freeborn;  insurance  commr,  Joseph  B.  Adam-: 
librarian  and  supt  public   instruction,  John  Slaughter;  fish  commr,  Ott' 


WYOMINU. 


788 


was  sworn  into  office  January  24,  1887,  and  who  made 
several  suggestions  to  tlie  legislature  which  met  in 
January  1888  touching  the  election  law,**  the  grand 
jury  system,''^  salaries  and  taxation.  That  taxes 
should  increase  with  the  erection  of  the  public  build- 
ings required  by  the  territory  was  unavoidable,  and 
the  bonded  debt  of  Wyoming  in  1888  amounted  to 
$230,000,  of  which  $200,000  had  twenty-five  years 
to  run,  and  $.'10,000  thirty-five  years,  all  at  six  per 
fent.  There  was  a  balance  in  the  treasurv  in  Decem- 
ber 1887  of  over  $51,000/*  Whatever  tendency  t<» 
extravagance  the  ambition  «>f  the  young  conunon- 
wealth  might  lead  to  was  likely  to  be  checked  by  the 
(•ongrcssio:ial  act  of  1886  prohibiting  the  jjassage  of 


(iraiiiiii;  coal  mine  iiiuiicctor,  P.  J.  Qucaly;  gcoI(igi.tt  ami  mining  cnKineer, 
l»iiiit  I>.  KickettH;  veterinarian,  James  I).  Ho|ikni!i;  NU-n<igra|ilicr,  Koliert 
1'.  .Mt>rrii«,  iirivate  sec.  to  the  g*>v.,  Nellie  E.  Moonlight;  i>cnitt.-ntiary  com- 
iiiissioner.t,  Luke  Murrin,  Frank  M.  Foote,  John  ('.  Dyer;  pharmacy 
conimrs,  K.  |).  WooilrufF,  A.  Kichanl  Troxell,  Freil  1'.  Shannon;  reviue-l 
Ktatutes  couiinr^,  Isaac  P.  Caldwell,  J.  W.  Black,  Willijj  Van  Devanter: 
university  lantl  eoninir,  F.  0.  Sawin. 

-''The  legifllatiire  ut  its  (itii  biennial  sesnion  in  1879,  changed  the  time  of 
hoUling  the  general  election  to  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Momlay  in  Nov 
188t».  and  every  two  years  thereafter.  All  county  ofticers  entere<l  upon  the 
duties  of  their  office  on  the  lirst  Monday  in  January  next  following  their 
flection;  hut  the  time  of  convening  the  legislature  was  on  the  «ecoml  Tuef- 
day  in  .Ian.  1882,  and  every  second  year  thereafter.  Tliis  arrangement 
'•rought  the  election  of  mcnd)er8  of  the  legi.'ilature  14  months  Itefore  the 
meeting  of  that  hody.  was  inconvenient,  an<l  was  altered  l>y  recommendation 
nftlov.  M<K>nlight. 

^The  ditference  lietween  federal  and  territorial  salaries  was  slight,  but 
v-ounty  officers  had  opportunities  by  reason  of  atlditional  fees  to  greatly  aug- 
ment their  salaries  above  what  the  federal  and  territorial  officers  received. 
This  state  of  affairs  furnished  the  temptation,  and  also  the  means,  to  the 
incundn-'ut  of  an  im)iortant  place  to  keep  himself  in  office  by  corrupti«in. 
M'-'tM.  ^.'i>r.  Moonliijhl,  1888. 

■'*  Among  the  funds  in  the  treasury  was  the  ' stock  indemnity  fund,"  of 
?ll,  1*24.24.  This  might  puzzle  the  reader  not  conversant  with  the  interests 
of  a  cattle  growing  region.  A  veterinarian  is  reckone<l  as  a  public  officer  in 
Wyoming,  and  so  are  pharmacy  commissioners.  Tlie  8i>read  of  pleuro- 
jmeumonia  and  other  diseases  auKtng  the  cattle  on  the  ranges  rwjuires  the 
utmost  care  at  times  to  prevent,  and  when  other  remeilies  fail  the  infected 
.'attle  are  killed  to  prevent  the  further  spread  of  the  contagion.  In  this  con- 
tingency the  territory  pays  a  certain  amount  of  indemnity  to  the  owners  of 
the  slaughtered  cattle.  The  law  providing  compensation  for  cattle  and 
'norses  destroyed,  was  enacted  in  I'o&l.  In  six  years  from  1882  tn  1887 
inclusive,  the  horses  and  mules  condemned  numlietvd  248,  valued  at  $22,021.- 
i*2,  for  which  the  territory  paid  $15,200.13,  or  two-thirils  their  value.  All 
the  cattle  driven  into  the  territory  had  to  be  inspected.  The  salary  paid 
the  veterinarian  was  $2,500,  to  which  the  Stock  tirowers'  associatUHi  added 
as  much  more.  Oov.  Meae,,  ISSb,  15. 


7fi6 


POLITICAL.  80CIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIR8. 


special  laws  in  the  territories,  and  limiting  their 
indebtedness. 

The  political  history  of  Wyoming,  fortunately  for 
its  happiness,  is  unmarked  by  any  striking  events. 
It  has  cost  the  general  government  little  except  for 
military  service,  the  appropriations  for  the  govern- 
ment not  exceeding  $34,000  annually,  including  the 
legislative  expenses.  Its  county  aflairs,  in  somo 
instances  in  its  earlier  period,  were  not  well  managtnJ 
by  the  commissioners,  but  the  vil  was  removed  by 
the  election  of  competent  men  who  soon  brouglit 
about  a  prosperous  condition,  aided  by  wise  legisla- 
tion."    Indeed,   of  all  the  younger  connnonwealths. 

''The  legislature  of  1871  was  cotnpoaed of  councilineii  .lohii  Foslier,  F.  H. 
Harrison,  W.  R.  Steele,  S.  F.  Nuckolls,  W.  W.  f'orlett,  NoniiaJi  Potter,  .1. 

E.  Gates,  S.  VV.  Downey,  and  E.  W.  Bennett,  9;  Nuckolls  president;  reiirv- 
sentatives,  C.  K.  Castle,  H.  Ir.  Nickcrson,  (iibson  Clark,  Ben  Slieeks,  K.  L. 
Pease,  T.  J.  Dayton,  Ora  Haley,  Duncan  itlair,  William  L.  Kuykendall,  Ni. 

C.  Brown,  C.  C.  Wilson,  John  C.  Friend,  and  John  Talbot,  I'i;  Sheeks. 
speaker. 

The  lesislature  of  1873  was  composed  of  councilmen  S.  W.  Downey,  .1. 
H.  Ellis,  A.  Eurgens,  J.  C.   Friend,  P.  McKay,   E.  L.  Pease,  T.  W.  yuiuii. 

F.  E.  Warren,  1.  C.  Whipple,  9;  Warren,  president;  rcpresentativea,  N.  I., 
Andrews,  H.  Conley,  A.  E.  Farley,  J.  E.  Ferris,  H.  Haas,  W.  H.  Holli.laj , 
J.  Joslin,  v.  R.  Kina,  C.  A.  Phipps,  G.  W.  Hitter,  V.  L.  Tisdalc,  F.  S 
Whitney,  and  S.  H.  Wilkerson,  13;  Wilkerson  speaker. 

Ilie  legislature  of  1875  was  composed  of  councilmen  L.  U.  Bresnalion, 
W.  L.  Kuykendall,  (i.  A.  Learight,  H.  B.  Kelly,  Herman  Haas,  W.  H.  11.1- 
liday,  S.  L.  Mills,  C.  W.  Bramel,  James  Frances,  James  Calhoun,  W.  A. 
.Fohnaon,  0.  North,  and  E.  L.  Pease,  13;  Pease  i)resident;  repre^'entative.'t, 
Charles  M.  Scrihner,  F.  M.  Footo,  Jolin  E.  Davis,  John  Nealon,  A.  H.  R»-il. 
N.  Weeks,  C.  M.  White,  William  Evans,  J.  K.  Watson,  Herman  Kinum-. 
N.  L.  Andrews,  Thomas  Green,  Leonard  Coates,  L.  Ahrams,  Michael  Mur- 
phy, C.  E.  Castle,  William  McDonald,  Thomas  E,  McLelland,  Rol)ert  Sinitli. 
M.  H.  Murphy,  A.  E.  Bradbury,  Peter  Hamma,  George  W.  Hitter,  A.  > 
Williams,  C.  A.  Pieronnett,  and  W.  M.  Ward,  '26;  Andrews  speaker. 

The  legislature  of  1877  was  composed  of  councilmen  Herman  Haas,  Tim 
Dyer,  J.  N.  Keller,  A.  H.  Swan,  G.  A.  Vr^i'ir,  W.  H.  Holliday,  1.  I». 
Pease,  S.  W.  Downey,  Jjawrence  Hays,  Honur  M;;rriH,  F.  F.  Chiuey,  K  I- 
Pease,  and  Frederick  Mertsheimer;  E.  L.  Pcti-n!  president.  The  following 
were  the  representatives:  R.  H.  Homer,  .Jotui  C.nigdon,  I.  P.  Caldwell,  N 
L.  Andrews,  N.  F.  Spicer,  Charles  Klingcr'naa.  George  Ferris,  Jame.-*  lo'-'. 

D.  v.  Whitney,  John  E.  Davis,  Peter  Haiuuia,  A.  Kyan,  D.  C.  Traoy,  1' 
McKay,  R.  F.  (ilover,  J.  F.  Coad,  H.  H.  Helphenstine,  <J.  D.  Foglesong,  H 
J.  Gurney,  B.  F.  Lowe,  T.  Kinney,  J.  McGlinchey,  Cliarles  Stone,  R  H. 
Carter,  M.  Ferrell,  J.   H.   Hoy,  and  J.   M.  Tisdal,  '2G;  Andrews  speaker. 

The  legislature  of  1879  was  composed  of  councilmen  R.  Homer.  W.  !l. 
Holliday,  P.  L.  Smith,  R.  M.  Galbraith,  Thomas  Swan,  H.  Glafecke,  A.  H. 
Reel,  M.  E.  Post,  W.  P.  Noble,  H.  Garbonetti,  L.  G.  Christie,  12;  repres.  n- 
tatives,  H.  G.  Balch,  Edwin  Brazier,  M.  C.  Johnson,  H.  L.  Myrick,  W  S. 
Phillips,  N.  G.  Spicer,  J.  F.  Crawford,  George  Giunis,  L.  Johason,  .1.  Y. 
Skiles,  Cbarlea  Couray,  J.  £.  Davis,  B.  F.  Deitrick,  W,  J.  Harding,  W,  H. 


wyomim;. 


m 


none  have  conducted  their  pubUc  affairs  more  care- 
fully or  with  better  results.  The  levy  for  1H87,  for 
territorial  purposes,  including  tlif  several  buildiri«r 
and  bond-tax  funds,  was  only  3,J,  mills.**  A  law 
taxiiit;  railroad  lands'**  was  enacted  in  1886,  and  the 
first  lew  made   in    1887.     The   valuation  for  assess- 


Hilbanl.  W.  V.  Irvine.  E.  W.  Mann,  S.  K.  Sh*rple»«,  J.  S.  Taylor.  P.  I'. 
DickinHon,  A.  C.  Liithrit]).  Charlen  Kice.  Charles  Mc<;hee,  VV.  .1.  Haya,  W. 
A.  Harker,  John  McManuH,  Mark  .Murphy.  '17. 

The  legiHlature  <if  1882  was*  eomp(M«ii  ni  cnuncilmen,  Kniiert  <iall>raith, 
Ora  Haley,  I.  V.  Lalilwell,  IVrry  L.  Smith.  A.  F.  Harer.  T.  \V.  Qumn.  \V. 
\V.  Corlett,  Thomai  Sturgis,  W.  ('.  Irvine,  A.  11.  Keel.  W.  A.  H»i»-ktT,  an<t 
H.  A.  .'Man,  I'J;  (.'aldwell  prcxitlent;  representative*.  J.  I>.  FraMer,  W.  C. 
Lane,  ('.  W.  Uinor,  H.  OelrichH,  1.  S.  Rartlett,  H.  M  Beuchuer,  A.  CilchriHt, 
\V.  .1.  Hardin,  M(»rri«  Davix,  .lames  AilaniK.  W.  \V.  Alexander,  <!eorge  l>. 
Deane.  H.  Tliayer.  .1.  S.  Jones,  K.  \V.  Kennett.  J.  H.  Kelly,  H  N.  Snyder, 
T.  A.  McCoy,  F.  H.  Jonen.  1*.  J.  Hine«,  A.  H  Heald.  A.  ti.  Kex,  I'.  A. 
Dawes,  and  L.  C.  Briggs,  24;  Lane  H]M-aker. 

The  legialatnre  of  1884  was  <:o!ni>osed  of  cnnncilmen  \V.  H.  Holladay, 
llohert  Homer,  .Fohn  W.  (!ray,  K.  \\ .  Bennett,  William  Daley,  A.  T.  Habitt, 
IMiilip  Dater,  F.  K.  Warren,  W.  C.  Irvine,  1'.  J.  Mines.  A.  V.  Quinn.  K.  S. 
Whittier,  12;  Holliday  president;  representatives,  O.  D.  Downey.  I>.  D. 
Kennedy,  C.  H.  liussard,  H.  V.  S.  (;rf>H.Hl>eck.  Lerr»y  Crant.  L.  Qu<^lv, 
Hiram  Alien,  D.  F.  Dudley,  \V.  H.  Weaver.  X.  X.  Craig,  John  F.  C.«d. 
Tlioinaa  CaliiU.  D.  Miller,  F.  W.  Schwartze,  H.  E.  Teschcmacher,  J.  H. 
Ford,  .-X.  Jackson,  H.  (5.  Nickerscm,  F.  H.  -lones,  O.  C.  Smith,  K.  B.  Seaton, 
and  Charles  I'elaney.  22;  Jones  ajH-'aker. 

The  legislature  of  1880  was  comi>osed  of  conncilmen  H.  E.  Teschemaeher. 
.lo«ei>h  (Jainger,  J.  H.  Ford,  Leroy  Crant,  C.  W.  Wright,  J.  W.  BUke,  A. 
.S.  I'ciihody,  William  Daley,  Joseph  E.  Cashin,  Charles  Delaney,  A.  T. 
Chalice,  John  McCormi<'k,  12;  Blake  president;  representativea,  Addison 
Turrill,  1).  B.  Dole,  N.  M.  Knight,  S.  W.  Downey.  J<>hn  A.  Matthews. 
Frank  Williams.  E.  W.  (Jenter,  J.  S.  Kerr,  James  Rime.  A.  I*.  Kellev,  C. 
A.  (iuernsey,  N.  J.  O'Brien,  W.  A.  Rol.hins,  Frank  A.  Miller,  J.  M.  Tomp- 
kins, M.  P.  Keefe,  Isaiah  \Nniitehonse,  K.  B.  Seaton,  .l*ihn  L.  Kusaell,  Wil- 
liam Summers,  M.  M.  .lerome.  f!eorge  Mitchell,  C.  H.  Vflnuey,  .1.  M.  Loh- 
haii,  24;  Kerr  speaker. 

The  Icgi.slature  of  1888  was  composed  ef  cunncilmen  C  1*.  Organ,  John 
A.  Riner,  James  VV.  Hammond,  Charles  A.  •Iuernsey,  W.  If.  Holliday. 
.lohn  H.  Symons,  P.  L.  Smith,  Frank  A.  Hadsell.  J."  D.  Loueks,  RolieVt 
Smith,  L.  C.  Bliss,  O-.  W.  Carletou,  12;  Riner  preaiilent;  rejire.^entatives, 
Willis  V^an  Devanter,  .Tohn  Roherts,  W.  S.  Weaver,  Thomas  B.  Adams, 
Edward  T.  Dufly,  F.  W.  Lafrertz,  .F.  .\.  .Johnston,  Thomas  Hrx^per,  Leroy 
<  Irani,  Howard  Chigston,  A.  L.  Sutherland.  W.  C.  .Samp«»r>n,  L.  D.  IVai*'. 
Charles  E.  Blydenlmrgh.  .fohn  M.  Kuykendall.  W.  D.  Carrier,  Xat  Hunt- 
ington, J.  C.  Rummel,  E.  S.  Murray,  James  I.  Patton,  J.  B.  Cumniock, 
William  Summers,  O.  E.  Snyder,  24;  Huntington  speaker. 

*The  assessed  valuation  of  the  several  counties  in   1887  was:  AlUanv, 
«{,9n,l.^-..40;     Carl»on,      $.'»,250,3.'M.60;     Crook,     «l,81l,i57..50;  Fremont. 
*1. 99.3, 000. 00;    Johnson.  $3, .348, 42 1.29;      Laramie.   «».O«O.008.38:     Sweet- 
water, $l,.'ill,6<i6.03;  UinU,  $1,386,294.70,  eqnal  to  $26.232,238. 70.  Replof 
Onv.  MoonUijht  to  See.  Int. 

■'*  A  law  was  enacted  in  1879  taxing  the  road-lied,  unperstnietare.  right  of 
way,  rolling  stock,  telegrap'u  lines,  etc.,  but  not  the  land.  •9«f*.  Ixnm,  179, 
p.  13. 


788 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


ment  placed  upon  668  miles  of  road  was  $5,741,715.46, 
or  less  than  $9,000  per  mile;  and  upon  1,226  miles 
of  telegrap  lines  a  valuation  of  $95,660.76,  or  $7h 
per  mile.  The  total  assessed  value  of  territorial 
property,  including  railroad  property,  was  $32,089,613. 

The  legislature  of  1888,  acting  upon  the  advice  »>f 
the  governor,  reduced  the  salaries  of  county  officers 
and  changed  the  time  of  the  election  of  members  of 
the  council  and  house  of  representatives.  It  also 
defined  the  powers  of  foreign  railroads  doing  bushiess 
in  the  territory.  It  provided  for  the  erection  of  a 
normal  school  building  at  Sun  Dance,  and  an  agricul- 
tural college  at  Sheridan.  That  a  municipality  con- 
sisting of  less  than  100,000  inhabitants  should  take 
upon  itself  the  support  of  all  needful  institutions, 
discharsin*'  its  obligations  with  ease,  is  evidence  of 
great  resources. 

Three  new  counties  were  authorized  by  legislative 
act  in  1888;  Converse,  taken  off  the  north  of  Lara- 
mie and  Albany;  Sheridan  off  the  north  of  Johnson; 
and  Natrona  off  the  north  of  Carbon.  The  first  was 
named  by  the  legislature  of  Wyoming  in  memory  •>! 
the  late  A.  R.  Converse,*"  formerly  territorial  trras- 
urer,  and  one  of  the  leading  citizens  of  Cheyenne. 

The  penitentiary  not  yet  being  completed  in  18HH, 
the  98  convicts  belonging  to  the  territory  were  still 
confined  in  Joliet  and  other  eastern  prisons.  Amon^,^ 
the  trials,  for  all  new  countries  nmst  have  some  form 
of  hardship,  was  the  irruption  into  the  territory  about 
1877  of  organized  bands  of  road  agents,  who  for  a 
number  of  years  infested  the  highways,  and  attempted 

'•A.  R.  Converse,  born  in  Mass  in  1842,  arrived  in  Cheyenne  Nov.  14. 
18G7,  and  established  the  first  house-furnishing  business  here,  taking  F.  V.. 
Warren  for  a  partner  in  1873,  and  selling  out  to  him  in  1878.  In  1875  li' 
engaged  in  stock-raising  on  the  Ciiugwater,  and  later  organized  the  Natioiuil 
Cattle  CO. ,  but  sold  his  interest  in  1 884.  He  also  organized  the  Converse  (  at 
tie  CO.,  with  a  range  on  Lance  creek,  180  miles  n.  of  Cheyenne;  capital  stocL 
$1,000,000.  Ho  was  one  of  the  first  county  commissioners  elected  after  tin- 
organization  of  the  territory,  and  from  1876  to  1880  was  territorial  trea.< 
urer.  He  was  one  of  the  most  public-spirited  citizens  of  Wyoming,  an 
assisted  materially  in  building  up  Cheyenne. 


WYOMING. 


759 


the  wrecking  of  railway  trains  for  plunder.  They 
were  after  a  struggle  brought  under  control  by  the 
courage  and  skill  of  the  shcritfs." 

•*  What  the  Btrueglc:  was  will  appear  from  the  following:  Ervin  F.  Cheney, 
while  deputy  aheriffof  Atlantic  C'lty,  succeded  in  arretiting  three  who  had 
escaped  trom  prison.  He  was  assisted  by  McCabo,  a  well  known  scout,  and 
another  person.  All  three  of  the  criminals  were  resentence*!  to  prison  for 
long  terms.  Bill  Bivens  was  one  of  these  robbers.  Scott  Davis  was  thanke<l 
by  a  joint  resolution  of  the  legislature  of  1877  for  the  capture  of  Blackburn 
and  Wall,  two  notorious  desperadoes.  Wyom.  Seas.  Lairs,  1877,  144-5. 
Coaches  in  those  days  were  iron-clad  to  ward  off  bullets.  In  1878  the  coach 
from  Cheyenne  to  Dea<1wooil  was  attacked  by  G  masked  men,  and  roblied. 
Meeting  the  coach  from  Deadwood  at  Lightning  creek,  the  driver  gave  a 
description  of  the  spot,  and  warned  the  south-bound  driver  to  look  out  for 
it,  as  the  robbers  were  no  doubt  waiting  for  his  coach  to  repeat  the  asimult. 
There  were  three  passengers  inside,  one  a  woman,  the  express  messenger, 
Capt.  Eugene  Smith,  on  horseback,  and  the  driver,  John  Flaherty,  on  the 
box  to  defend  the  coach.  Smith  rode  about  400  yards  ahead  of  the  stage. 
At  the  scene  of  the  robbery  he  picked  up  some  certiticates  of  registered  let- 
ters left  on  the  ground,  but  saw  nothing  of  the  robbers  until  I  k  miles  l>eIow 
Cheyenne  river  station,  where  a  dry  creek  offered  a  favorable  ambush.  In 
this  ravine  Smith  was  seen  by  the  driver  beckoning  to  liim  to  come  on.  He 
had  a  revolver  in  his  left  hand  and  a  riUe  in  his  right.  '  I  have  gr>t  them 
here,  and  I  must  get  them  out,'  he  shouted;  '  you  drive  on.'  He  ro<ie  alone 
up  and  down  the  creek  for  some  distance,  and  dually  tired  a  shot,  whicli 
caused  one  of  the  concealed  road  agents  to  tire,  and  reveal  their  hiding  plac«. 
which,  seeing  tliat  they  were  sought,  and  judging  by  Smith's  coolness  that 
he  had  assistance  at  han<l,  they  were  anxious  to  conceal.  Tliey  soon  <lis- 
covered  that  he  alone  wa.s  opposed  to  them,  and  shots  were  freely  exchangeil. 
Smich's  horse  was  mortally  wounded.  In  the  skirmish  he  tired  4  shots  with 
his  pistol  and  17  with  his  riffe,  and  had  50  shots  tired  at  him,  none  of  which 
touched  him.  The  robliers,  who  had  concealed  their  horses,  mounted  and 
rode  off,  thinking,  no  doubt,  that  Smith  was  endeavoring  to  drive  them  into 
a  net  prepared  Tor  them.  He  then  mounted  the  coach,  which  proceeded 
safely  to  its  destination.  The  Rocky  Mountain  Detective  association,  at 
the  head  of  which  was  Gen.  D.  J.  Cook  of  Colorado,  had  its  memlj«r« 
among  the  sheriff<i  and  their  deputies  in  Wyoming,  who  did  some  courageous 
work.  Nathaniel  K,  Boswell  of  Laramie  City  was  one  of  the  most  ethcient. 
In  the  ivintcr  of  1878  he  took  13  deputies  and  follov^.  il  up  until  he  arrested 
this  gang  of  6  stage  robbers,  whose  names  were  Irwiii  Marr-r.tT,  Harring- 
ton, Congdon,  and  two  others,  all  desperate  men.  T;  y  wee  siii-roundetl  7 
miles  east  of  Rock  creek  station,  and  taken  without  resistance.  He  arrested 
Jesse  James  in  Nebraska  for  one  of  the  gang,  without  knowing  that  he  wa.« 
the  notorious  man  of  that  name.  James  was  lodged  in  Jiiilat  Laramie  City; 
but  the  prisoner  escaped  through  want  of  evidence.  Afterward  when  he 
saw  a  photograph  of  Jesse  James,  he  knew  he  had  liadthe  famous  rnblier  in 
his  power.  Jack  Watkins,  a  much  drciided  desperailn,  was  arrested  by  Bos- 
well when  no  one  else  would  attempt  it.  He  followed  Miller  ami  Oai». 
horse  thieves,  400  miles,  alone,  and  getting  ahead  on  their  trail,  made  them 
throw  up  their  hands  and  dismount,  as  they  had  compelled  many  an  honest 
man  to  do,  and  making  the"*  nut  the  handcuffs  on  each  other,  brought  them 
back  to  Wyoming.  He  ■■  .•■  ppointod  chief  of  the  detective  bureau  of  the 
stock-growers' association  in  188.%  and  had  from  'Mi  to  50  t-ubordinatei.. 

In  the  autumn  of  1878,  in  the  vicinity  of  Laramie,  an  extra  locomotive 
preceded  railway  trains,  which  were  nm  slowly  for  fear  of  wrecking,  and 
which  carried  a  gtianl  of  soldiers.  Such  a  state  of  affairs  suggested,  if  t 
did  not  justify,  the  revival  of  the  vigilance  committe.  In  Nov.  a  coach  from 
the  north  for  Laramie,  having  ou  board  two  captured  robbers,  Manstield  and 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


The  advancement  of  Wyoming  from  1884  to  1888, 
if  not  as  rapid  as  in  some  portions  of  the  inter-mon- 
tane territories  was  steady  and  permanent.  The  I^- 
islature  of  1886  had  authorized  the  issue  of  $230,000 
in  bonds  to  be  divided  between  the  capital  building 
fund,  the  university  building  fund,  and  a  hospital  for 
the  insane.  These  bonds  were  payable  in  15  and  3.') 
years,  and  found  a  ready  sale  at  five  cents  premium. 
An  act  has  also  been  passed  to  create  an  institute  for 
the  education  of  deaf  mutes;  and  $100,000  was 
appropriated  in  1888  for  the  construction  of  a  peni- 
tentiary." 


McLaughlin,  was  stoppod  at  Platte  river  ford  by  masked  men,  their  guard 
<lisarined,  and  the  priaoncrs  taken  out  and  hanged.  ^.  F.  BuUetin,  Nor.  4, 
1878.  Donovan  was  hanged  for  murder  in  Fremont  county.  Several  valu- 
aiile  lives  were  lost  in  the  effort  to  thwart  the  operations  of  organized  lNui<i^ 
of  outlaws.  By  the  combined  action  of  the  local  authorities,  the  depart- 
inents  at  Washington,  and  the  railroad  and  stage  companies,  a  check  wa> 
put  upon  their  operations.  Mtsx.  Gov.  Hoyt,  1879,28-9.  They  were  not  ex- 
terminated, and  in  a  year  or  two  began  their  depradations  once  more.  Bit; 
nose  (reorge,  Dutch  Charley,  and  others  attempted  to  wreck  a  railroad  tram. 
.Several  were  captured.  Bignose  (leorge  contrived  to  get  off  his  shacklf.'-. 
and  attacked  his  jailer,  Robert  Rankin,  whom  he  injured  seriously.  He  w.ts 
taken  from  continemont  the  aight  following  and  hanged  by  i-igilants,  wh<  • 
also  executed  some  of  his  associates,  Jim  Lacey  and  Opium  Bob.  In  ISM 
ten  sdhd  men  of  Cheyenne  took  from  jail  cue  Mozier  and  hanged  him.  H:.- 
crime  was  that  of  killing  one  of  two  men  who  had  kindly  offereil  to  carry 
him  in  their  wagon  from  near  Laramie  to  Fort  A.  D.  Russell.  Some  soldiers 
coming  in  sight,  the  otiier  intended  victim  escaped,  and  the  murtlerer  was 
captured.  Two  conditions  seem  to  accompany  robber-gangs — the  prosperity 
of  the  producing  class  whom  they  prey  upon,  and  an  unsettled  country  at 
hand  in  whicli  to  make  their  rendezvous.  These  conditions  have  esistetl  in 
the  Rocky  mountain  territories.  \\\  Hands  Up!!  or  Tictnty  Y^xn  oj  DrU'- 
tij*?  Life  on  the  PUiins,  by  D.  J.  Cook,  a  book  of  nearly  300  pages,  is  c«'n- 
tained  the  narrative  of  many  of  the  most  celebrated  crimes  and  arrests  u<'- 
oiirring  in  liis  department.  Cook  was  born  in  Ind.  in  1840;  reared  on  t 
farm,  and  received  a  common  school  education.  He  went  to  Colo  in  I8.'i'.'. 
and  mined  in  (iilpin  CO.      Two  years  afterward  lie   returned  to  Kansas  an<i 

{>iirchased  a  fari.i,  but  soon  engaged  in  freighting  for  the  government.  H-' 
fanned  a  gooil  deal  of  the  villainy  practised  in  his  calling,  when  employt  •< 
fif  the  quartermaster's  department  stole  the  horses  and  stock  Itelongiug  to  i 
train,  and  sometiines  the  whole  train,  taking  advantage  of  the  baO  repnta- 
tioii  of  the  Indians,  whom  tlioy  t-niulated,  Cochran's  Ifist.  Fort  Laramie,  M."» . 
6t>-7;  and  his  natural  qnickiies.s  of  <il).><crvatioii  l>ecainc  shar{>ened.  He  w,i< 
tran<ferre<l  to  the  ordnance  dupartiiient  of  the  army  of  the  frontier  in  IM^i. 
and  on  returning  to  (,^olu  established  the  association  of  which  he  was  i-T 
more  than  20  ..  ars  chief.  He  is  inentioneil  in  n.y  HiM.  Col\  467,  as  majiir- 
general  of  the  militia  of  that  state. 

'-'The  capital,  located  at  Cheyenne,  waa  designed  by  D.  W.  Oibjs.  .■' 
Toleilo,  Ohio.  Its  outline  is  classic,  and  it  is  built  of  Rawlins  sandstone . 
which  has  a  pleasing  greenish  gray  tint.  The  size  is  216x112  feet,  and  th' 
height  to  the  liual  poiut  uf  the  dome  153  f«gt.    Tbu  iiuposiug  structur., 


WYOMING. 


761 


Wyoming  experienced  the  same  hardships  which 
has  always  embarrassed  the  efforts  of  the  territories 
to  establish  a  school  system.  During  the  period  of 
sparse  settlement,  when  aid  is  most  required,  no  rev- 
enue is  derived  from  the  school  lands,  which  are 
either  unoccupied,  or  ranged  over  by  the  herds  of 
cattle  companies  who  are  at  liberty  to  graze  their  ani- 
mals upon  them  year  after  year,  while  the  schools  must 
wait  for  state  government  to  give  them  any  right  to 
benefit  by  them.  Congress  should  have  authorized 
the  territories  to  lease  the  16th  and  36th  sections,  in 
order  that  a  revenue,  however  small,  might  be  gath- 
ered vhich  would  lighten  the  burden."  Wyoming 
vas  f^,'  p  -ted  in  1881  the  customary  72  sections  for 
uiii.crs/i.j  purposes,  and  set  about  selecting  them  in 
I88t*.  iL  cask  not  without  difficulty,  owing  to  the  rail- 
road grants,  Indian  and  militia  reservation  lands,  and 
Yellowstone   park  reserve.     The  same  necessity  for 

which  coiit  ?l 50,000,  ntands  on  a  gentle  elevation  facing  Capitol  avenue. 
Bmnl  of  Trail,'  JiejX,  1888,  p.  13. 

Tlie  university,  located  at  Laramie,  cost  $50,000.  Tlie  corner  stone  was 
laid  Sept.  27,  188(5,  and  the  building  was  completed  in  the  following  Sept. 
It  occupies  the  city  park,  the  grounds  comprising  4  blocks  donated  by  the 
city  council  and  tlie  U.  P.  R.  R.,  and  10  acres  besides  added  by  the  commis- 
sioners, making  about  20  acres  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  The  plan  of  the 
edifice  is  elegant  ui  style,  tl'.e  material  being  Laramie  sandstone,  with  orna- 
ments of  Kawlins  stone.  It  is  157x71  feet.  The  university  is  non-sectarian, 
and  open  to  all.  The  first  board  of  regents  consi.sted  of  M.  C.  Brown,  J.  H. 
Finfrock,  W.  'i.  Hollid;  y,  iWward  Ivmson.  J.  H.  Hayford,  John  W.  Hoyt, 
and  Samuel  Aughey.  I!"'t  •.vas  made  prest  of  the  university.  He  was 
.\.ssisted  by  Charles  I '.  (^yisley,  W.  Smith,  and  A.  Nelson.  Hoyt  had  long 
been  connected  wit'i  <'<iu  -i'  .onal  matters,  domestic  and  international,  ana 
was  three  timis  jv  >st.  .■  i"  'u^^rriational  juries  on  learning,  for  which  services 
he  was  knii;litpi'  ■  /  i-.:  r;'  r,  .••  Fr^'.-cis  ,loseph  at  Vienna.  Conley  had  filled 
ditiFerent  oliairs  av  Viaik'  Ta  univt'rsity.  ''".  Sniitli  was  a  graduate  of  Uart- 
nionth  college,  and  a  •'on  .f  <""  ii-f-justice  .Smith  of  N.  H.  Nelson  was  a 
graduate  of  tlie  state  norniai  s'thool  of  Mo.  Larunik  IK.  Boomerawj,  Aug.  18, 
1887. 

The  insane  asylum  was  located  at  Evanston,  and  completed  in  1887.  The 
commissioners  were  A.  C.  Beckwith,  C.  D.  Clark,  and  William  Hinton. 
Rfjtl  of  Gov.  Monuliijlit  to  thi>  See.  of  ltit>'rior,  1 887,  p.  40. 

•^  NotMithstanding  that  no  aid  was  expected  or  received,  the  territorial 
legi.slature  provided  for  a  school  system  of  a  high  order.  The  librarian  of 
the  territory  is  supt  of  public  instruction.  Tlie  law  provides  for  a  teachers' 
institute,  which  holds  annual  sessions  of  from  6  to  10  days.  The  public 
school-houses  in  ."i  "  counties  cost  !|17.'i,47I,  of  which  the  amount  raised  by 
tax  was  J,19,82(>.  -■  remainder  by  voluntary  subscription.  In  three  other 
counties  .'?lG,5.'iO  .v  ■  .-%i?ietl  in  1886  for  this  purpose.  The  average  cost  of 
tuition  i>er  |>npil  p>':  .  .-ith  varied  from $2  to  89,  according  to  the  number  of 
students.  Id.,  3D-4i. 


m 


POUTICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  MATERIAL  AFFAIRS. 


leave  to  utilize  the  university  land  existed  chat  was 
urged  on  account  of  the  public  school  lands.  The 
college  so  courageously  founded  by  the  public  spirit 
of  the  inhabitants  should  have  enjoyed  the  rental  of 
the  lands  appropriated  by  congress,  and  not  a  railroad 
or  a  cattle  company,  and  the  more  so  that  tuition  was 
free  to  all  those  nominated  by  the  commissioners  i^f 
the  several  counties,  and  nearly  free  to  all  students 
from  any  quarter. 

The  land  laws  of  the  United  States,  although  the 
most  liberal  in  the  v:orld,  and  made  to  suit  the  neces- 
sities and  encourag  7^  nterprise  of  the  people,  have 
always  been  subject '«.  'iicism,  and  have  been  many 
times  amended  to  adjusi  ^nem  to  the  different  condi- 
tions of  new  communities.  The  irruption  into  the 
mid-continental  portion  of  the  United  States  of  Eng- 
lish and  other  foreign  capitalists,  who  purchased  mines 
of  which  they  knew  little  and  spent  money  lavishly  in 
an  attempt  to  make  money  out  of  them — an  attem[)t 
which  often  proved  abortive — was  welcomed  by  the 
pioneer,  because  it  at  least  brought  into  the  country 
means  which  could  be  used  in  other  forms  of  develop- 
ment ;  but  when  foreign  capital  was  applied  to  the 
purchase,  at  the  minimum  price,  of  millions  of  acres  of 
the  best  land,  including  the  banks  of  rivers,  prevent- 
ing small  farming  and  nullifying  the  purpose  of  tlie 
land  law,  which  was  to  benefit  the  poor  man,  congress 
was  appealed  to  with  a  request  to  enact  a  law  against 
alien  land  holding.  Accordingly  on  March  3,  1887, 
such  an  act  was  passed.  No  sooner  was  this  done 
than  a  cry  was  raised  that  the  act  worked  injury  to 
the  territories,  preventing  mining  men  from  securing 
loans  on  mining  property  and  other  classes  of  real 
estate,  a  complaint  which  proceeded  rather  from  east- 
ern operators  in  western  mines,  than  from  the  actual 
settlers  and  residents  of  the  territories.  Wyoming 
encouraged,  ^and  derived  much  benefit  from  tlie 
investment  of  English  capital  in  manufacturing  and 


WYOMING. 


763 


other  enterprises ;  but  the  sentiment  of  the  majority 
was  that  instead  of  one  man  with  1 00,000  cattle  occu- 
pying 1,000,000  acres  of  the  pubhc  land  and  making 
$500,000  per  annum,  it  was  better  to  have  1,000  men 
with  100  head  and  640  acres  making  a  profit  of  $500 
yearly. 

In  1889,  after  the  election  of  President  Harrison 
had  again  brought  the  republicans  into  power,  F.  E. 
Warren  was  reappointed  to  the  governership,  a  choice 
all  the  more  welcome  to  the  people  on  account  of  his 
liberal  land  policy,  and  his  efforts  in  securing  from 
the  general  land  department  a  large  number  of  [)at- 
onts  for  years  wrongfully  withheld  from  the  smaller 
settlers."* 


**  Especially  during  his  forruer  administration,  his  resignation  being  largely 
due  to  diflfereuces  with  U.  S.  commr  Sparks.  In  hia  NepoH  for  1889  the  gov- 
yrnor  states  that  the  U.  S.  laud  laws  were  originally  framed  with  a  view  to 
the  prairie  sections,  and  when  applied  to  the  mountain  regions  worked  great 
hanfshin  and  injustice.  In  the  Mississippi  valley,  for  mstance,  ItiO  acres 
selected  almost  anywhere  would  be  sufficient  for  a  farm,  but  in  Wyoming, 
except  for  a  few  choice  locations,  such  an  area  would  not  support  half  a 
dozen  full-grown  domestic  animals.  Still  the  people  of  that  territory  have 
been  held  to  the  same  rulings,  and  compelled  to  pay  the  same  prices,  as  in 
the  western  states.  In  other  respects  this  report  is  a  most  able  document, 
furnishing  the  most  complete  account  of  the  reso«irccs  of  Wyoming,  its  in- 
dustrial, social,  commercial,  iinaneial,  and  political  position,  that  lias  ever 
come  to  my  notice. 


CHAPTER  YI. 

MILITARY   AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 
1849-188G. 

.STANsnrRv's  Observations — Belief  in  tick  Presence  of  Gold— Indian 
Treaties— ArriTUPE  of  the  Savaces— .Smith's  Exi'loits — Mii.italv 
Massacre  of  Inuian.s — Indian  Chiefs  at  Washin(;ton  City— Divkks 
Military  Expeditions — (Iold  Ai'PEARiNo-lNEvn aisle  Destiny  oi 
THE  Red  Race — Broken  Pleikjes — The  Army  of  the  United  Siaiks 
Broi-oht  Out — Lonc,  CoNTiNrors,  and  Bloody  Fkjhtincj— Final 
Triumph  of  Civilization — Slavery  and  .Sava(jism  Exterminated. 

The  earlier  explorations  of  Wyoming  by  the  gov- 
ernment were  for  the  i)urp(»se  of  ascertaining  the  best 
wagon  and  railroad  routes.  Caj^tain  Howard  Stans- 
bury,  who  was  ordered  to  explore  the  Great  Salt  lake 
and  its  valley  in  1849,  after  performing  this  duty, 
made  a  reconnaissance  of  a  railroad  route  from  Salt 
Jjake  City  to  Fort  Bridger,  and  from  Fort  Bridger 
to  the  Platte  valley  east  of  Fort  Tjaramie.  An  almost 
straight  line,  he  found,  could  be  extended  from 
Bridger  to  Laramie,  forming  a  chord  to  the  arc  of  the 
North  Platte  route  in  u.se,  a  line  which  was  subse- 
quently adopted  by  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  except 
that  he  advocated  going  through  the  Cheyenne  pass,' 


'This  term  is  deceptive.  It  ia  applied  to  a  valley  about  4  miles  wide  and 
4ii  miles  long,  lying  between  the  Laramie  hills  on  the  west  and  the  elevated 
plains  on  tlie  cast,  and  between  Crow  creek  on  the  south  and  Chugwater  on 
the  north.  It  appears,  says  .Stansbury,  '  to  have  l)€en  cut  out  by  the  violent 
action  of  an  immen.se  body  of  water  Mowing  in  a  nortliern  direction.'  Stanx- 
liun/''<  K.qH'i/Uinn  to  Utnh,  i!6().  Cliugwater  on  the  north  is  said  to  have  hisen 
so  called  by  the  Indians,  who  meant  by  it  'the  place  where  the  butfalos 
throw  themselves  away,'  the  hunters  chasing  the  animals  until  they  pbinf^cd 
over  the  clifl's  formed  by  the  tabh'dand  into  the  river.  Water  not  being  an 
Indian  word,  it  seems  more  probable  that  white  hunters  named  it.  from  tlie 
circumstance  referred  to,  or  that  they  put  the  ineauing  of  some  Indian  words 
iuto  this  one. 

(764) 


WYOMING. 


76ff 


whereas  the  road  passes  over  the  southern  end  of  the 
Laramie  range.  Stansbury's  report  did  not  mention 
any  mineral  discoveries  except  coal.  In  September 
1857,  Lieutenant  G.  K.  Warren  of  the  topographical 
engineers,  who  had  been  exploring  on  the  upper  Mis- 
souri for  a  year  or  two,  made  an  exploration  from 
Fort  Laramie  north  to  Inyan  Kara  mountain,  on  the 
west  slope  of  the  Black  hills,  from  which  point  he 
was  turned  back  by  the  Sioux. 

Among  other  interesting  observations,  he  found  the 
composition  of  those  hills  to  be,  1st,  metamorphosed 
azoic  rock,  including  granite;  2d,  lower  silurian  (pots- 
dam  sandstone) ;  3d,  devonian ;  4th,  carboniferous ; 
5th,  permian;  6th,  Jurassic;  7tli,  cretaceous.  The 
highest  peaks  were  granite.  He  found  between  the 
elevations  small,  rich  valleys,  covered  with  fine  grass 
for  hay,  and  susceptible  of  cultivation  by  means  of 
irrigation ;  fine  timber  for  fuel  and  lumber,  limestone 
and  good  building  stone,  many  coniiuon  and  useful 
minerals ;  but  that  which  was  of  greater  interest  at 
that  period  was  his  assertion  that  gold  has  been 
found  in  places  in  "valuable  quantities."" 

In  July  1859  Captain  W.  F.  Raynolds  of  the  same 
corps,  under  orders  from  the  war  department,  pene- 
trated from  Fort  Pierre  on  the  Missouri  river  to  the 
Black  hills,  which  he  explored  on  the  northeast  and 
north,  after  which  he  proceeded  to  Powder  river. 
Bighorn,  and  Yellowstone  valleys,  wintering  near  the 
Platte  bridge.  In  his  report  he  alleged  that  very 
decided  evidences  of  gold  were  discovered  in  the  Big- 
horn mountain.s,  and  also  in  tlie  Black  hills.  He 
dared  not  make  known  to  the  men  in  his  command, 
which  was  largely  composed  of  irresponsible  adven- 
turers, what  he  believed  to  be  true,  lest  th<;y  should 
disband    and   leave  him   in  the  wilderness.*     F.  V. 

■*  Cheyenne  Leader,  Oct.  24,  1874. 

* HaynoMx'  Jtept,  in  U.  S.  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.,  No.  77,  p.  14,  vol.  ii.,  40th  coug., 
2(1  aaaa.  Raynolds  was  accompanied  by  Lieutenant  H.  E.  Maynadier,  .1.  I). 
Mutton  topographer  and  artist,  J.  H.  Snowden  topographer,  H.  C.  Fillc- 
Urown  meteorologist  and  astronomer,  Antoine  Schonuarn  nieteoroloniat  and 


766 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


Hayden,  geologist,  who  accompanied  Raynolds,  as 
he  had  Warren,  was  placed  under  a  pledge  of  secrecy 
until  the  expedition  was  out  of  the  mountains.  Their 
reports  to  the  government  were  supplemented  by  tlie 
statements  of  many  persons  that  the  Indians  had  ex- 
hibited gold  nuggets  at  Fort  Pierre  and  Fort  Lara- 
mie, and  by  the  assurance  of  De  Smet  that  he  had 
discovered  rich  gold  mines  in  these  regions,  althoutrh 
with  Jesuitical  slyness  he  refused  to  reveal  the  locality, 
out  of  consideration  for  his  "dear  Indians,"  whom  in 
his  writings  he  describes  in  colors  not  very  different 
from  those  on  frontiersmen's  palette. 

I  have  already  related  how  strong  was  the  impros- 
sion  in  the  public  mind  that  gold  existed  in  the  Bijjj- 
horn  and  Black  hills  countries  when  the  treaty  was 
made  with  the  Sioux  and  Arapahoes  in  1868,  exclud- 
ing white  men  from  all  that  region  extending  from 
the  Missouri  river  to  the  104th  meridian  west,  and 
between  the  43d  and  46th  parallels;  and  also  from 
the  country  north  of  the  North  Platte  river  and  east 
of  the  summits  of  the  Bighorn  mountains,  permittint^ 
no  settlements  of  white  men,  no  forts,  and  no  roads  in 
all  that  territory.  Of  this  impression  the  (commis- 
sioners were  well  aware,  and  equally  cognizant  of  tlio 
fact  that  where  gold  is  known  or  believed  to  exist 
men  will  go,  at  any  risk  to  themselves,  and  in  oppo- 
sition to  any  laws.  In  the  face  of  this  knowledge, 
the  commissioners  pledged  the  government  to  keej* 
white  men  out  of  this  entire  region,  and  to  close  uj) 
the  road  to  Montana.* 


artiit,  F.  E.  Hayden  naturalist  and  surgeon,  M.  C.  Hinea  asst,  George  Wal- 
Ion  time-keeper,  and  several  unprofessional  gentlemen.  The  escort  w;i< 
commanded  by  John  Mullan. 

•The  wording  of  the  treaty  seems  to  imply  a  reservation  of  the  country 
lying  north  of  Nebraska,  but  simply  to  regard  as  '  unoeded  Indian  territory  ' 
that  portion  afterward  included  in  Wyoming.  Wi/om.  Compiled  Laws,  ISTii. 
Ixx.  It  gave,  while  excluding  white  men  from  Indian  territory,  the  right  tn 
the  Indians  to  hunt  outside  their  reserved  lands  on  the  Republican  fork  nf 
the  Smoky  Hill  rivei-,  and  'on  any  lands  north  of  North  Platte.'  On  tlicir 
part,  the  Indians  agreed  to  preserve  i)eace,  to  make  no  opposition  to  railroail 
Construction,  to  attack  no  travellers,  kill  no  white  men,  and  take  no  captivC'^. 
The  treaty  was  confirmed  Feb.  16,  1869. 


WYOMING. 


767 


On  the  3d  of  July  following  the  treaty  with  the 
Sioux,  the  same  commissioners  concluded  a  treaty 
with  the  Shoshones  and  Baimacks,  at  Fort  Bridger, 
and  set  apart  as  a  reservation  for  the  former  tribe  all 
that  country  lying  south  of  the  Owl  creek  mountains, 
and  north  of  the  divide  between  the  Sweetwater  and 
Popo  Agie  rivers,  and  between  the  Wind  river  moun- 
tains on  the  west  and  Bighorn  river  on  the  cast,* 
leaving  north  of  the  Sweetwater  mountains  only  a 
single  narrow  strip  of  country  between  the  east  shore 
of  the  Bighorn  river  and  the  west  flank  of  the  Big- 
horn mountains  which  white  men  might  traverse,  and 
on  which  the  Indians  were  permitted  to  hunt  so  long 
as  unoccupied,  or  game  could  be  found  upon  them. 

At  the  moment  these  treaties  were  being  negotiated, 
the  Union  Pacific  railroad  company  was  already  be- 
yond Laramie  City  with  its  track,  and  towns  and 
population  were  drifting  with  it  rapidly  westward. 
Congress  had  established  the  territory  of  Wyoming 
between  six  and  seven  months  before  the  senate  con- 
firmed the  treaties  with  the  Sioux  and  Arapahoes, 
Shoshones  and  Bannacks,  excluuing  from  occupation 
and  exploration  fully  half  its  area.  Before  the  treat- 
ies, or  the  organization  of  the  territory,  gold  mining 
was  already  being  carried  on  in  the  Sweetwater  coun- 
trv,  and  settlements  beins:  made.  Such  was  the  con- 
dition  of  Wyoming  relatively  to  the  Indians  and  the 
government,  such  the  keeping  of  the  compact  made 
by  the  govertiment  with  the  savages,  when  it  became 
a  territory,  and  for  which  a  reckless  peace  commission 
and  a  careless  senate  were  responsible. 

The  Sioux  and  the  Shoshones  preserved  for  some 
time  a  peaceful  attitude  toward  the  white  people,  ex- 
cept where  renegades  of  these  tribes  joined  vvicli  tin; 
Arapahoes,  who  paid  no  more  attention  to  the  treaty 
than  the  United  States  had  done,  merely  presenting 

'"  This  ia  not  the  exact  description  of  boundary,  but  comes  near  enough  to 
it  for  my  purpose. 


768 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


themselves  at  the  agencies  to  draw  their  rations. 
These  Arabs  of  the  plains  roamed  as  far  west  as  the 
Sweetwater,  and  were  so  swift  and  so  cunnhi^  that 
their  raids  were  at  first  imputed  to  the  Shoshonts. 
Their  depredations,  which  included  many  inurdors. 
and  the  destruction  or  robbery  of  a  large  amount  of 
property,  H.  G.  Nickerson,  in  the  spring  of  1870. 
after  a  number  of  murders  had  been  perpetrated,  vis- 
ited the  Arapalioe  camp  as  a  spy,  and  being  suspecttd. 
very  nearly  lost  his  life.*  Upon  the  evidence  gathen-d 
by  him,  a  company  of  175  well-armed  men  was  i-aist'<l 
to  avenge  the  death  of  these  citizens.  But  through 
the  leadership  having  been  assumed  by  one  Williuin 
Smith,  a  bravado,  who  was  subsequently  killed  in  a 
brawl,  the  hitended  effect  of  the  lesson  was  In.st. 
Dividing  his  command,  Smith  marched  in  broad  day- 
light with  sixty  men  toward  the  Arapahoe  camp.  ( )ii 
the  way  he  met  a  party  of  Indians,  with  their  chi.  f. 
Black  Bear,  going  to  the  settlements  to  trade,  with 
their  families,  sixteen  in  all;  and  slew  them  without 
mercy.  This  piece  of  infamy  gave  the  Indians  furtlui 
grievance,  of  which  they  quickly  availed  themselves. 
These  disturbances  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  j)ci- 
inanent  military  post  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Sweetwat«r 
settlements,  which  was  named  after  Lieutenant  Stiuii- 
baugh,  a  promising  young  officer  killed  in  a  skirmisli 
May  4,  1870.  Men  slept  with  their  cartridge  belt:^ 
and  gun  at  hand,  and  when  surrounded,  crawled  into 
a  thicket  to  defend  themselves  as  best  they  could. 

*HermanG.  Nickerson,  horn  in  Ohio  in  1841,  received  a  collegiaU- c<li;- 
cation  in  tlie  same  state,  and  entered  tlie  union  army  in  1801  a.s  a  private  in 
the  'J3d  Ohio  rcgt,  and  was  mustered  out  in  l>Sti5  at  Nashville,  witli  th<.  cus- 
tomary honors,  lie  returned  to  Ohio  to  study  law,  hut  his  health  failiii  • 
he  went  first  to  Nebraska  City,  tlien  to  Bozeman,  Mont.,  in  I8W),  drivinu  . 
team,  and  fightins  Indians  nearh*  all  the  way  from  Fort  l.aramie,  having  '. 
of  liis  company  killed.  On  one  occasion  180  head  of  stock  were  capture^i. 
Selling  his  goods,  and  engaging  in  mining,  for  15  years  Nickerson  continiU'l 
to  reside  in  this  district,  undergoing  all  the  difficulties  attending  pioneeriiu' 
and  Indian  disturhances.  He  went  into  sheep-fanning  in  1882  on  a  lart*- 
scale.  In  1868  he  was  appointed  supt  of  schools,  and  was  chosen  justice  <•! 
the  peace  several  times,  appointed  U.  S.  commissioner  in  1870,  elected  U> 
the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  in  1871  and  1884,  and  was  elected  prol«t(t 
judge  and  county  treasurer  of  Fremont  co.,  of  which  he  secured  the  organi- 
zation. 


WYOMING. 


im 


In  the  winter  of  1868-70  a  scheme  was  set  on  foot 
at  Cheyenne  for  raising  an  expedition  of  two  thousand 
men  to  explore  the  "  unceded  Indian  territory,"  which 
by  the  treaty  of  1868  was  promised  to  the  Sioux  for 
a  special  preserve. 

Meanwhile  the  Indian  commissioner  invited  Red 
Cloud  and  Man-afraid-of-his-horses  to  Washinijton,  in 
order  that  they  might  observe  the  power  and  magniti- 
cence  of  the  government.  Red  Cloud  became  so  well 
convinced  of  the  superiority  of  the  United  States  in  a 
long  war  that  he  gave  his  influence  for  peace,  and  for 
some  months  restrained  his  band  fn)m  hostilities.  It 
was  duriiiij  the  sunnner  of  1870  that  a  jreoloj;ical  sur- 
vey  of  Wyoming  was  made  from  Cheyenne  to  Fort 
Fetterman,  to  the  South  pass,  to  Fort  Bridger  and 
the  Uinta  mountains,  to  Henry  fork  of  Green  river, 
t:>  Brown's  hole,  to  Green  river  station,  on  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad,  and  thence  via  Bridger  s  pass  back 
to  Cheyenne. 

In  May  1873  General  Ord,  commanding  the  mili- 
tary department  of  the  Platte,  ordered  a  nnlitary 
expedition  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Snake,  Bighorn, 
and  Yellowstone  rivers,  which  was  placed  in  charge 
of  Captain  Jones.  The  route  of  the  expedition  lay 
from  Bryan,  on  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  north 
through  the  Wind  river  vallev,  across  Wind  river 
mountains,  and  that  interesting  northwest  comer  of 
the  territory  dedicated  to  the  nation  for  a  public  park. 
This  was  the  first  attempt  of  a  government  ex}fedition 
to  approach  this  region  from  this  direction,'  and  was 

'In  1870  Lieut  ffustavus  C  Doane,  liy  onler  of  Major  Baker,  coinniaii<l- 
ing  at  P'ort  Klli.s,  Mont.,  made  a  reconnai-isance  from  the  fort  to  Yelliiwstone 
lake,  via  the  general  course  of  the  east  (lallatin  river  Tliis  wa^  the  rir.'st 
military  expedition  to  thi.i  lake,  ami  was  aecoinpanieil  \>y  a  party  <>f  civilians 
from  Helena,  namely,  tl.s  surveyor-general  of  >lontaiia,  H.  U.  Washljum,  X. 
R  Lani;forl,  T.  ('.  Everts,  C.  He.lges,  Samnel  T.  Hauler,  Warren  C.  Gd- 
lette,  Benjamin  C.  Stickney,  jr,  Walter  Trumlmll,  and  Jacoh  .Smith.  They 
proceeded  to  the  geyser  basina  and  Yellowstone  lake,  making  an  extended 
report  of  their  explorations.  Tlie  liighest  mountain  in  that  region  was  named 
aitPT  the  surveyor-general,  Waxhlnirne.  U.  S.  Sfn.  Er.  Dor.,  51,  41st  cong., 
.11  -.ess.:  Ovrlivnl  MoiiMy,  vi.  431-7,  489-96;  Mi.**oul>i  Pionter,  March  9-30, 
lS7tJ.  It  was  upon  the  report  of  this  exj>editi'>n  to  the  ^ec.  of  war,  and 
thruugh  the  labors  uf  the  MouUua  djlcgale,  C'ligge.t,  tLit  the  Y^elluwdtoue 


WP 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


successful,  the  expedititm  proccetiing  through  the 
Yelh)W8t()ne  national  park  to  Fort  Ellis.* 

national  park  watt  roHorvcil  for  a  jtloaHure  ground  for  the  l)enefit  and  enjoy- 
ment of  the  iMJOiile.  U.  S.  II.  tr.  Dor.,  3'Jtt,  p.  102,  4l8t  Cong.,  M  se*;  : 
Cnnif.  (/l(M  1871  2,  app.  CIH;  Aiwunl  lirjit  Sitfit  \iit.  Park,  IJ>8I,  74  .'.; 
Jlinjileii,  UiviU  HV.i<,  30-8.  Anotlier  governinunt  i»arty  in  1872  dexigiit-d 
visiting  thu  YulloWHtouo  park,  namely,  the  pnace  uomniissiunera  to  the  &<utux. 


Yellowstone  National  Pakk. 


headed  by  Gen.  Cowan.  They  were  prevented  by  these  Indians.  No,  go  tlu- 
U.  S.  geol.  surveying  exped.,  under  Hayden,  which  approachetl  from  the  wi>t 
by  the  Snake  river  cafion  through  the  Teton  range,  tinding  immense  snow- 
drifts and  glaciers  in  July,  and  a  lake  at  an  altitude  uf  1U,2IK)  feet,  whi.  h 
was  frozen  15  feet  deep.  N.  Y.  Herald,  in  Helena  Rocly  Mountain  G-iy/i.. 
Sept,  29,  1872.  Hayden  penetrated  to  the  geyser  basin,  which  was  descriUil 
in  his  report.  Numerous  visiting  and  exploring  parties  have  traverst-d  tlif 
park  since  1872,  notably  one  which  fell  in  with  the  Nez  Perces,  under  Joseiih 
in  1877,  by  whom  they  suffered  severely.  A  reconnaissance  for  a  wapon-n>^^il 
from  Fort  Washakie  was  made  in  1881  by  Gov.  Hoyt  and  Col  Julius  \V. 
Mason,  3d  cav.,  and  a  small  escort.   Tmns  Wyom.  Acad.  Srinttrs,  43-69. 

^Mess.  Gov.  Camphell,  1873,  10.      IVyom.  H.  Jour.,  1873,  27.     IUii<ier.<'\ 
Knocking  Bound  the  Rockies,  181.     'It  is  the  intention  of  the  military  auth.ri- 


WYOMIXr,. 


rri 


Tho  inovitablo  crisis  was  approarhin*;  wlion  tlie 
adoptiuu  ut'  u  dfoidcd  |Kilicy  witli  the  Indians  would 
he  forced  upon  the  j^oveminent  for  the  mutual  ^o(xl 
of  white  and  red  men.  Some  depredations  iK'ing 
again  committed  by  the  Cheyennes  and  Araimhoes  in 
Wind  river  valley  in    1874,  Captain  Bates  attacked 


V.  rampltcll,  *  to  mIc  of  congrnm  an  appropriation  sufficient  to 
lilitary  road  from  itome  point  in  Wyoming  on  the  \.  I*.  K.  K., 


tiea,'  MiyH  Gov. 
c  instruct  a  mil 

to  Fort  Kllid.'  .loneM,  cm  p.  55  of  his  fejiort,  aayn  one  in)|Mirtaiit  o1>je4-t  of 
his  expedition  waa  to  diitcover  a  practicaltle  route  to  YelIowiit4ini-  lake  from 
the  Houtli  or  Houtheast,  ami  that  he  ha«  foan<l  it  practicaMe  to  Luild  a  wason 
roail  via  Yellowiitouu  lake  to  Montana,  which  would  »ave  a  coiiiiidcralile 
dlHtaiice.  It  was  discovered  that  there  were  three  \mt)e»  througli  the  Sierra 
Shoshones,  affording  approached  to  YellowKtone  liasin.  First,  from  the  head 
of  Clarke  fork  to  the  east  fork  of  the  YellowsU>ne;  Mecond,  from  the  head 
of  tho  north  f<>i'k  of  Stinkingwater,  entering  the  laasin  oppoeite  the  fo<it  of 
Yellowstone  lake,  (Colter's  route,  INOT)  which  route  was  folluw<»l  l>y  the 
exiiedition;  third,  from  the  head  of  Ishawo<«  nrer,  entering  the  l)asin  opi*o- 
sitti  tho  head  of  the  lake.  MiMoHlitH,  Aug.  22.  itfJX  All  these  passes  were, 
ho  ackiiowlogcd,  ditiicult.  But  one  at  the  hea<I  of  Wind  river,  a  little  south- 
cast  of  the  lake  was  practicable  from  Wind  rit'er  valley,  lliis  pass  he 
named  Tngwater,  an  Indian  wonl.  Its  altitude  was  li,t>*_M  feet,  and  the 
slopes  of  approach  long  and  gradual,  so  that  a  railrnaal  coc  .  lie  built  over 
it.  U.  S.  11.  Ejc.  Dof.,  28.'),  p.  55,  4%1  cong.,  1st  seas.  Jone^  reixirt  contains 
contributions  on  the  geology,  meteorology,  iMitany,  and  entomology  of 
Wyoming,  liexides  its  geographical  and  descriptive  matter.  The  Wyoming 
legislature  of  1873  petitioned  congress  to  appropriate  money  to  establixh  a 
military  road  over  the  route  repi>rte«l  upon  by  C'apt.  Jones.  Il'yoin.  Suit. 
Lawn,  1873,  p.  2G1-2.  Again  in  1879  congress  was  niemorialize<l  on  the  sub- 
ject of  a  road  to  Montana  over  the  June;  survey  of  1878,  but  nothing 
resulted  from  these  petitions,  and  the  A\>\\t«ax:\t  via  the  route  from  Bozeman, 
has  alone  been  rendered  itracticable  to  onlinary  tourists. 

N.  G.  Langford,  of  Montana,  was  made  supenntemlent  of  the  Yellow- 
atone  park  in  1872,  and  maile  some  improvements  by  way  of  laying  out 
roads  to  points  of  special  interest  in  the  reser\'ation.  Little,  however,  has 
l)een  done,  tlie  object  l>cing  to  keep  it  in  a  state  of  nature  as  much  as  iMtssi- 
blc,  and  to  preserve  the  game.  For  a  long  time  it  had  not  even  one  resident, 
amino  accommodations  for  vi.sitor9  nntU  |S80.  In  that  year  i'.  W.  Mar- 
shall erected  a  cabin  at  Mammoth  hot  springs  in  Firehole  l>asin,  and  kept  a 
hotel.  Marshall  was  born  in  111.  in  1846.  In  the  Firehole  he  was  in  tnith 
a  tresspasser;  but  Secretary  Schurz,  of  the  interior  de^iartment,  l*eiug  in  the 
park  during  a  rainstorm,  and  having  no  shelter,  snggeste<l  that  he  should 
enlarge  his  domicile  and  prepare  to  fumi-^h  accommolation  to  t«mri>ts,  for 
which  purpose  he  secured  Marshall  a  permit  from  the  go%-emment,  to  reside 
in  the  park  and  keep  a  hotel.  In  1884  he  obtained!  a  V-aae  for  ten  years.  He 
had  a  daughter  born  there  Jan.  30,  1881,  the  first  child  Wm  on  the  reserva- 
tion, and  50  miles  from  any  neighlmrs.  Gov.  Hoyt  name<l  her  Hose  Park, 
in  memory  thereof.     Marshall  married  .Sarah  Rnmrell  in  1875. 

The  government  superintendent  of  the  park  had  his  headquarters  at 
Mammoth  springs,  but  as  no  work  could  lie  carried  on  in  the  winter,  did  not 
reside  there  permanently.  His  duty  is  to  construct  roads  and  bridle  paths,  to 
discover  mountain  passes,  geysers,  hot  springs,  falls,  fo8«>!  iorests,  and  relics 
of  prehistoric  people,  in  which  latter  search  considerable  success  was 
attained,  as  shown  in  a  previous  chapter.  He  also  enforce«l  the  observance 
of  rules  against  the  spoliation  of  timber;  against  hnnting,  trapping,  and  fish- 
ing, except  to  supply  food  to  miton  or  residents;  against  the  removal  of 


^:f 


772 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


their  camp  at  Point  of  Rocks,  on  tlie  head  of  Powder 
river,  with  thirty-five  soldiers  and  seventy -five  Slio- 
shones,  killinij  about  fortv  of  them,  with  a  loss  of 
three  soldiers  killed  and  several  wounded,  including 
himself.  The  Indians  were  in  force,  numlxiring  be- 
tween two  and  three  thousand,  and  the  battle  was  a 
victory  which  relieved  the  western  division  of  the 
territory  of  the  Arapahoes  for  the  remainder  of  the 
summer,  only  one  murder  occurring  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  year.*  In  the  meantime  the  Sioux,  as 
before,  were  preserving  an  armed  neutrality,  drawing 
their  rations,  and  keeping  the  agents  who  furnished 
them  in  a  state  of  alarm  by  their  overbearing  man- 
ners. Red  Cloud  had  consented,  reluctantly,  to  bo 
removed  to  an  agency  of  his  own  on  White  river,  late 
in  1873.  Like  Spotted  Tail's  agency,  it  proved,  on 
the  survey  of  the  boundary,  to  be  in  Nebraska,  with- 

mineral  deposits,  or  any  uuriositieii;  against  liquor  selling;  anil  ag-iin.st  net- 
tling oil  the  reiiervation,  except  under  a  lease  from  tiiu  department  of  tlio 
interior.  Report  of  P.  NorrU,  swpt,  1881,  p.  75;  Jlekiia,  MonUimi  JJeraUl,  Nov. 
18,  187!). 

In  order  to  maintain  these  laws  and  regulations  against  infringement,  the 
le^iihitiire  of  Wyoming  in  March  1884,  pas.scd  an  act  making  that  portion  ef 
the  park  which  was  altogether  in  Wyoming,  (a  narrow  strip  on  the  norlh 
and  wett,  projecting  heyond  the  houndary,)  a  precinct  of  Uinta  county,  tlie 
governor  ;vp|)ointiiig  oominissioner.s,  ju^tice^  of  the  poaco,  and  conntaMes,  to 
serve  until  otticer-)  were  elecccd,  and  the  territorial  laws  are  made  oi)erative 
in  the  park;  and  to  carry  out  this  act,  an  njipropriation  was  made  from  tiie 
territorial  treasury  for  the  payment  of  tlie<e  otiiccia,  and  the  construction 
of  a  jail  in  Firehole  basin.  Wi/mi.  Scsn.  Ijitwn,  1884,  ITT-cIl?,  U)4-r),  l'.lii-7. 
Lnm  iippcrtiiiiUiiif  tt  tin'  Yclloiontone  Katioiial  Park,  passed  l>y  4<tli  cong., '2d 
sell.,  ch.  I4H,  (Srw.  Lhwk;  48th  cong.,  1st  seas.,  ch.  [VA'l,  Skkh.  Lau\i;  Mont. 
Jour.  Coiiii-il,  188,$,  2:{9-40. 

Wyouiiiii^  tiuH  became  actually  po.ijsessed  of  the  largest  and  nuwt  remark- 
a1il(^  pleauiro  ground  in  tlie  world.  Among  the  many  descriptions  of  its 
scenery,  are  f/ni.  (lili'Mm/i'  Lecture  on  Uie  Wonders  «/  YeUniMtniw  Parkm  llelnia 
OiziUe,  .Sept.  '£),  187'2.  Leftern  <>fG.  C.  CLiWiion  in  Deer  Lodije  New  Ni>rtlnr<H, 
May  18th  an  1  June  1,  1872.  Nitrtons  Womleriunl,  1  •5!,  u  complcti;  accouht 
of  ths  ditfereiit  geysers  and  Other  curiosities,  with  a  good  map;  liielmnlitim'.: 
Won  tern  of  Yell  tioxt-uM  Park,  1-256,  a  more  lalioreil  description  than  the 
former;  Ruf  nnn'l,  Camp  ami  C'lhin,  154-207,  narrative  of  a  visit  to  the  park; 
OiinnixoH,  Rainhles  Ov'rliin'i,  20— 14,  including  a  ramble  in  the  park;  a  scries 
of  descriptive  article,  in  The  CmC'Umtor  for  188.3,  a  monthly  magazine  puh- 
Itsliod  ill  .Salt  Lake  t'itv;  a  series  of  articles  in  f>eer  Lrxlie  New  NortliniKf, 
fro,.,  O  't.  5th  to  Nov.  23.  1872.  Repi  nfSiipt,  for  ISSO.  with  map;  Dioirareis 
Oie-it  Dlm'le,  194-293,  a  readable  narrative  of  a  tour  by  a  party  of  Kngli-ih- 
m"ii.  a'n(»nij  whom  wa<  the  author,  the  earl  of  l)unravcn,  in  1874,  and  St'in- 
/■'i/'i  Wnyt'lerhmly  still  another  descriptive  and  narrative  account  of  a  tour. 

»T'i'  battle  was  foui/ht  .Inly  4^1l,  and  tlie  17th  of  Sept.  following  a  murd«r 
wat  comniittud.  lity.  Sec,  /»(.,  vol.  1,  578,  43d cong.,  2d  soai. 


WYOMINO. 


773 


out  the  limits  of  the  reservation,  but  since  it  was  tlie 
best  hx'atioii  for  opening  farms,  the  land  being  good 
and  water  plenty,  it  was  retained  for  the  Indians. 

Owing  to  an  extraordinary  nugget  of  gold  being 
exhibitcti  at  Bisinark  by  a  Sioux  woman,  who  pn»- 
fessed  to  have  obtained  it  in  the  Black  hills,  Gent-ral 
Custer  determined  upon  a  military  reconnaissance  to 
that  region,  accompanied  by  scientists  who  should 
settle  the  question  of  its  value  as  a  mining  country-.'* 
It  was  a  well  organized  and  well  furnished  expiMJition, 
and  when  it  returned  there  was  wild  ajjitation  over 
the  question  of  to  go  or  not  to  go  where  Custer  had 
led.  No  secret  was  niade  of  the  existence  of  gold  in 
abundance ;  on  the  contrary,  the  military  officers,  the 
scientific  explorers,  and  the  press  corresjx)n<lents  con- 
nected with  it,  combined  to  paint  the  Black  hills 
region  with  the  most  brilliant  touches  of  fascinating 
descriptiim.  Water,  soil,  timber,  minerals,  all  came 
in  for  a  share  of  this  enthusiastic  praise.  If  a  j^cheme 
had  been  purposely  devised  for  vi*>lating  the  treaty  of 
1868,  it  could  not  have  aroused  the  j)eople  more 
quickly.  As  if  to  remove  the  last  impediment,  an- 
other military  expedition  was  fitted  out  at  liawlins 
late  in  the  summer,  the  object  of  which  was  t«>  rid 
the  country  of  wandering  Indians.  A  camp  was  to 
be  established  on  the  Sweetwater,  where  the  infantr\' 
should  guard  the  niiUtary  stores,  while  the  cavalry 
scouted  as  far  north  as  Fort  Reno,  and  scoured  the 
whole  country  east  of  the  Bighorn  mountains  and 
west  of  the  Black  hills,  drained  by  the  Cheyenne, 


'•The  expedition  consistcil  of  5  companies  of  cavalry  nniler  Custer,  ami 
5  nmlor  (!eu.  ForMytii,  and  (jun.  Tilxon;  '1  coinpianicH  t>f  infantry  un<l<>r 
Major  L.  II.  Sanger:  a  liattcry  of  gatlinii;  guns  uniU-r  Lieut  Josiali  Ciiam-t-: 
a  (letachnient  of  engnieeri4,  unilor  I  ol  Ludlow,  \\.  H.  \Vo<h\  aitst:  <iO  M-<>ut« 
under  Lieut  Wallace;  Lieut  Callioun,  A.  A.  A.  (ien;  Cant.  .\.  K  Sniitit, 
quartermaster;  J.  W.  Williams,  chief  medical  oHicer;  AlK-n  an;!  'V-rgi-n. 
a^st  nnrgennH;  Cot  Fred  Orant,  acting aid-de-c<«mp;  I^nin  Argani.  ga\>\?  and 
interpreter;  ProfeMoni  Winchcll  and  (irinncU,  and  other-s.  liinmnrk  TrVmn*, 
June  17,  1874;  Drer  Lmlje  Xao  Knrthm-Kt.  July  II,  1874.  T)ie  route  of  the 
ex])edition  was  Fort  Laramie,  thence  north,  sti  iking  the  Black  hilU  alM»ut 
French  creek,  passing  northward  to  ISear  Lodjje  iuouu«aiii,  the  Little  Mi«- 
■ouri,  Mui  Hftrk  river,  and  theuce  eaiit. 


m 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


Powder,  and  Tongue  rivers,  thus  enabling  the  settlers 
to  further  break  the  treaty  at  will.  To  prevent  this. 
General  Sheridan  hastened  to  warn  the  public  against 
invading  the  Sioux  Indian  reservatioi,  unless  author- 
ized by  the  secretary  of  the  interior  or  act  of  congress 
to  do  so.  In  spite  of  this  interdiction,  several  com- 
panies proceeded  to  organize,  at  different  points  in 
Dakota,  Montana,  and  Iowa.  Orders  were  issued  to 
generals  Terry  and  Ord,  should  these  companies  tres- 
pass on  the  Sioux  reservation,  to  burn  their  trains, 
destroy  their  entire  outfit,  and  arrest  their  leaders, 
confining  them  at  the  nearest  military  post.  The 
commander  of  Fort  Ellis,  in  Montana,  succeeded  in 
preventing  a  Bozeman  company  from  starting.  The3'^ 
were  more  readily  quieted,  the  promise  havin<;  gone  out 
that  Sheridan  would  soon  open  the  country  from  the 
western  slope  of  the  Black  hills  to  the  Gallatin  valley. 
The  only  party  that  really  reached  the  Black  hills 
during  the  season  of  1874,  was  one  which  left  Sioux 
City  October  6th,  consisting  of  twenty -seven  men,  a 
woman  and  boy.  The  men  were  well  mounted  and 
armed ;  they  had  six  wagons  and  were  provided  with 
provisions  and  mining  tools.  They  proceeded  to  the 
Niobrara  above  its  mouth,  where  they  met  200 
mounted  Indians,  and  held  a  parley  with  them.  No 
opposition  was  made  to  their  progress,  and  they  kept 
on  to  their  destination,  finding  a  pass  through  the  hills 
to  a  point  two  miles  from  Harney  peak,  where  they 
erected  a  stockade  eighty  feet  long,  and  built  a  log 
house.  They  found  the  weather  cold,  but  sunk 
twenty-five  prospect  holes,  finding  gold  in  each,  and 
discovered  several  quartz  lodes.  They  were  not  dis- 
turbed either  by  Indians  or  military  companies  for  a 
considerable  time,"  but  were  finally  arrested  and 
taken  to  Fort  Laramie.  In  March  1875,  the  presi- 
dent directed  another  order  to  be  issued,  excluding  all 
white  persons  from  the  Sioux  reservation 

"  Dffr  L<yl'ff  Sein  XoHlnveMt,  March  19,  1875.  Among  the  jtartv  wtrt- 
Enh.  Witclier.  of  Yankton,  and  GorJou.  Witchcr  rotuructl  to  Yaukt.m 
before  the  arreat. 


WYOMING. 


775 


The  government  was  now  forced  into  a  position 
in  which  it  must  pay  or  fight.  It  preferred  to  pay, 
and  steps  were  taken  to  secure  the  consent  of  the  Sioux 
to  the  sale  of  the  Black  hills,  a  C(tmuiission  being 
appointed  to  negotiate  for  the  purchase.  While  this 
matter  was  pending,  preparations  went  on  uninter- 
ruptedly for  mining.  The  books  of  the  Black  Hills 
Transportation  company  at  Sioux  City  showed  that 
from  April  7th  to  May  7,  1875,  over  300  men,  forty 
wagons,  and  a  pack-train  had  left  that  point  for  the 
mines,  and  about  200  had  gone  from  York  town  and 
other  points,  including  a  few  women.  In  the  east  a 
company  of  1,800  men  was  formed,  O.  H.  Pierson, 
president,  which  was  only  waiting  the  result  of  the 
negotiations  of  the  commissioners.  It  was  the  inten- 
tion of  this  company  to  open  mines  and  lay  out  towns 
by  corporate  means. 

So  confident  was  the  secretary  of  the  Interior  of 
the  purchase  of  the  Black  hills  that  he  authorized  an 
exploring  expedition  under  the  charge  of  Walt*?r  P. 
Jenney  of  the  school  of  mines  of  New  York,"  which 
organized  at  Cheyenne  in  May.  It  was  attended  by 
a  military  escort  under  Colonel  R.  I.  Dodge. 

In  tV  )  meantime  meetings  had  been  held  in  Chiy- 
enne  early  in  January,  looking  to  tlie  organization  of 
a  citizens'  company  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  in 
the  Bighorn  mountains,  and  developing  the  Black 
hills  mining  region,"  Cheyenne  being  once  more  filled 
with  a  surging  ma'is  of  humanity  panting  to  ac(iuire 
wealth  by  luck  rather  than  labor.  The  merchants  of 
the  town  quickly  perceived  the  advantage  to  be 
reai)ed  from  a  nuning  excitement,  with  Cheyenne  for 
an  outfitting  point,  and  entered  into  the  project  of  an 
exploring  company  with  enthusiasm. 

''  Hia  assiHtants  were  Henry  A.  Newton  of  Oliio,  geologist;  H.  P.  Little, 
formerly  of  the  U.  S.  navy,  astronomer;  Dr  V.  I'.  MiHfillicuddy,  topog- 
rapher; D.  Newl)orry,  and  a  corps  of  surveyors.  A/.  Ri^>t  Src.  Int.,  vol.  T, 
OaS;  4V  eoug..  1  sens.:  Dfrr  Lviit  Nrw  Nortlxof'M,,  May  14,  1875. 

^'Vhfyfnnf  Nf•^r^,  Jan.  11,  \'2,  and  13,  187.>.  The  committe  appointed  to 
d«vi'<e  plan.s  for  carrying  out-,  the  purposes  of  the  organization  were  F.  R. 
WarroM.  A  R  rouvorse.  i.  K.  Whitehead.  Luke  .Murrin,  P.  S.  WiUon,  J. 
Josliu,  E.  P.  fSuow,  D.  McLoughllu,  M.  £.  Poot,  and  A.  E.  Swan. 


f'i:i 


776 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


Early  in  May  there  appeared  upon  the  scene  a 
leader  such  as  the  occasion  demanded.  This  was  C. 
C.  Carpenter,  a  man  with  considerable  experienre 
both  as  a  frontiersman  and  a  military  officer.  Makiii^- 
Cheyenne  his  headquarters,  he  issued  his  i^encrai 
orders  like  the  commander  of  an  authorized  ariiiv, 
vindicating  the  character  and  purposes  of  his  men, 
which  Governor  Pennington  of  Dakota  had  attacked, 
and  promising  them  that  they  should  not  be  prevented 
from  entering  the  Black  hills  or  Bighorn  mountains. 
And,  in  truth,  it  would  be  an  awkward  thing  for  th(? 
government  to  train  its  guns  on  the  citizens  of  an 
organized  territory  for  traversing  any  part  of  it  for 
what  it  might  contain. 

In  July  the  commissioners  reached  the  Black  hills, 
finding  mining  camps  and  military  camps  at  peace 
with  each  other,  and  the  Indians  more  or  less  sullen 
on  this  account.  They  had  exhibited  some  temper  by 
destroying  a  few  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  goods 
belonging  to  a  trader,  but  further  than  that  there  had 
been  no  trouble  in  the  Black  hills.  It  wi;s  in  vain, 
however,  that  terms  were  proposed  for  the  ceding  of 
the  mining  territory,  or  anj'^  part  of  the  unceded 
Indian  lands  heretefore  reserved  by  treaty  from  the 
occupation  of  the  white  race.  At  a  general  council 
held  in  September,"  the  demands  of  Red  Cloud  a».id 
Spotted  Tail  were  exorbitant,  being  no  less  than 
$r>00,000,000.  In  this  matter  the  ability  of  a  savage 
to  comprehend  such  a  sum  being  on  its  face  impossi- 
ble, it  was  plain  that  they  were  not  without  malicious 
white  advisers.  The  council  ended  by  ]>lacing  the 
government  under  greater  enibarassment  than  before. 
"  However  unwilling  we  may  be  to  confess  it,"  said 
the  secretary  of  the  interior,  "  the  experience  of  the 
past  summer  proves  either  the  inefficiency  of  the  large 
military  force  under  the  command  of  such  officers  as 
generals  Sheridan,   Terry,  and  Crook,   or  the  utter 

'^In  Maya  large  Sioux  delegation  had  lieen  taken  to  Wasliington  for  nii 
interview  with  the  president,  which  was  intended  to  smooth  the  way  tu  an 
arrangement.  Reft  Sec.  Int.,  voL  1,  509;  44  cong.,  1  sesa 


WYOMING. 


777 


impractioability  of  keeping  Americans  out  of  a  coun- 
try where  gold  is  known  to  exist,  by  any  force  of 
orders,  or  of  United  States  cavalry,  or  by  any  consid- 
eration of  the  rights  of  others."  " 

*^  If  tlic  government  was  in  a  hole,  as  the  Indians  would  have  said,  it  was 
put  there  by  the  seerctary,  and  not  by  the  people  of  tlio  west,  who  v/ouKl 
never  have  l)ound  themselves  by  such  a  treaty  as  that  of  18(58.  The  nation 
was  bound  by  a  promise,  the  inevitable  breaiiing  of  whieii  could  produce 
but  one  result,  Hince  the  very  explorers  authorized  by  the  secretary  of  the 
interior  to  make  an  examination  of  the  Black  hills  had  reported  finding  a 
gold  field  fifty  miles  in  extent. 

Up  to  this  time  miners,  except  ivbout  500,  had  yielded  to  authority,  and 
kept  out  of  the  forbidden  territory.  But  seeing  that  delay  did  not  lessen 
the  ditHculty,  tliey  began  early  in  this  year  to  prepare  for  a  general  move- 
ment in  tliat  direction.  In  Fob.  187(5  Custer  City  had  been  laid  ojf,  and  was 
the  central  point  for  trade.  The  improvements  mentioned  were  Bevy  and 
Boughton's  saw-mill  from  Cheyenne;  two  portable  saw-mills  eu  route  from 
Colorado;  the  steam  saw-mill  from  Spotted  Tail  agency  being  the  first  to 
blow  a  whistle  in  the  Black  hills,  Feb.  6,  187(5.  A  herd  of  cows  had  ar- 
rived for  a  dairy.  A  couple  had  been  married  at  Custer,  namely  William 
.Hardesty  and  Ida  Simm.s.  Chnji  une  Lvmhr,  Feb.  li),  1870. 

Parties  from  Illinois,  Nebraska,  and  Colorado  were  on  the  road  in  Febru- 
ary, antl  newspapers  gave  full  information  about  routes  and  outtitting  places, 
each  one  in  its  own  interest,  Omaha  and  Cheyenne  taking  the  lead.  By  the 
4th  of  March  there  were  4,000  people  in  the  Black  hills,  and  the  military 
had  orders  from  the  president  not  to  interfere  with  them. 

The  JSioux  nation  at  this  time  numbered  about  .^SiCKX)  persons,  divided 
among  ten  agencies,  situated  chiefly  in  north-eastern  and  eastern  Dakota. 
Of  these,  9,087  were  Ogallalas,  of  wiiom  Red  Cloud  was  ])rincipal  chief,  and 
7,000  Brules,  over  whom  Spotted  Tail  was  head  chief.  Add  to  these  '2,'2y4 
northern  Arapahoes  and  Cheyennes,  who  were  associated  with  the  Ogallulas 
and  Brules  in  the  treaty  of  1868,  and  there '■•  re  over  19,000  abcmginals, 
who  had  the  privilege  of  roaming  over  a  large  part  of  Wyoming. 

Generals  Reynolds  and  Crook,  hoping  to  gain  a  victory  over  some  of  the 
hostiles  which  should  render  future  concessions  obtainable  without  a  general 
war,  left  Fort  Fetterman  early  in  March  to  attack  Crazy  H<irse.  After 
passing  Fort  Reno,  from  which  point  only  the  cavalry  was  allowed  to  pro- 
ceed, he  took  a  northerly  direction  seventy  miles  to  Tongue  river,  the  march 
lying  over  high,  well-grasse«l  plains,  watered  by  numerous  streams  flowing 
toward  Tongue  river,  which  was  found  to  course  through  a  narrow  vullcy 
furnished  with  an  aburdance  of  timber,  After  scouting  toward  the  Yellow- 
stone, and  explorirg  iht  lower  Tongue  and  Rosebud  valleys  M'itliout  finding 
the  enemy,  the  expedition  marched  toward  Powder  river  through  a  moun- 
tainous region,  the  weather  being  very  cold,  and  the  troops  enduring  much 
hardship.  The  scouts  discovered  the  enemy's  camp  on  that  stream,  which 
was  attacked  at  daylight  on  the  17th  by  the  main  force  under  Reynolds, 
Crook  having  gone  toward  Sitting  Bull's  camp  on  the  Rosebud,  with  only 
two  companies  of  cavalry.  The  attack  on  Crazy  Horse  failed  througli  the 
disobedience  of  Captain  Webb  of  the  3d  cavalry,  who  remained  inactive, 
although  ordered  to  charge  from  one  side  of  tlie  village,  while  Captain 
Eagan  met  him  from  the  other.  Eagan  was  left  to  fight  his  way  out,  after 
having  plunged  into  i;he  midst  of  the  Sioux,  with  a  loss  of  ten  men  killed 
and  wounded.  The  savages  fled,  leaving  their  lodges  and  camp  property, 
which  were  destroyed,  and  many  of  their  horses  captured.  Knowing  that 
this  blow  would  only  exasperate  the  Sioux,  and  finding  circumstances  against 
him,  while  his  command  was  insufficient  to  carry  out  his  designs,  Reynolds 
returned  to  Fort  Fetterman,  and  Crook  went  to  Omaha,  determiued  not  to 


778 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


make  any  further  domonstratinus  agiiinst  the  enemy  until  new  troo^K)  were 
sent  to  the  frontier.  Scarcely  had  lie  reached  lieadquarters  when  (ioveniDr 
Thayer  of  Wyoming  applied  to  him  for  military  protection  tor  the  road  lead- 
ing from  Cliejenne  to  the  Black  hills. 

About  the  1st  of  June  Crook  prepared  to  take  the  fiehl  again  with  1, 000 
men,  and  a  largo  num1>er  of  scouts  from  different  trilnts.  Ahout  the  midiUi! 
of  the  month  the  command  started  from  camp  on  (Joose  creek,  nortliwest  (if 
Fort  Philip  Kearny,  and  on  the  17th  attacked  the  8ioux  on  the  head  of  Uo.su- 
hud  river,  fighting  them  all  day  without  achieving  any  signal  victory.  The 
Crow  scouts  who  had  been  sent  forward  had  not  behaved  with  the  caution 
necessary,  or  were  ignorant  of  the  country,  an«l  were  themselves  surpriscil 
by  coming  on  Sitting  Bull's  camp  in  a  cafion  of  tlie  Rosebud,  alarming  tiiu 
Sioux,  and  Ixiing  fired  on.  They  retreated  to  C'rfM>k's  command,  wliiclx  was 
lialtcd,  And  which  now  pushed  f<irward,  met  by  the  Sioux,  also  eager  for  tlie 
combat.  The  face  of  the  councry  hereabout  w.is  a  succession  of  ridges,  which 
made  it  difKcult  to  operate?  with  cavalry,  but  the  most  brilliant  exidoit  of  the 
day  was  a  charge  made  by  the  first  battalion  of  the  3d  cavalry,  underColoncl 
Mills,  who  took  his  three  comitanies  up  over  a  ridge  onto  the  plateau  between 
him  and  the  next  ridge,  crowded  with  savages,  stopiting  to  deliver  one  vol- 
k-y,  and  then  mounting  the  second  ridge  at  a  gaUop,  driving  the  enenty  to 
coTer  behind  a  third  ridge.  Ihe  battalion  then  dismounted,  and  deployed 
as  skirmishers,  holding  the  p'>sitiou  they  had  carried.  The  second  battalion, 
under  Colonel  Henry,  were  to  attack  Sitting  Bull's  right,  and  driving  it 
back;  and  the  third  battalion,  under  Colonel  Van  Vliet,  that  of  holding  the 
bluff  in  tha  rear  of  the  troops  to  check  any  advance  from  that  quarter.  The 
battle  raged  obstinately  all  day,  and  had  it  not  been  that  the  Sioux  aimeii, 
generally,  too  high,  the  loss  on  the  side  of  the  army  would  have  been  great. 
i\3  it  was,  eight  were  killed  and  twenty-one  wt.unded,  including  the  gallant 
i'olonel  Henry.  The  loss  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  was  50  warriors  and 
100  horsed  killed,  and  many  of  both  wounded.  They  abandimed  their  vil- 
l.ige  on  the  approach  of  Mills  iu  the  aftcrnmrn,  and  moved  rapidly  nortliwest , 
whereupfMi  Crook  turned  back  to  camp  at  (Joo-se  creek,  forty  miles  distant, 
not  being  prepared  to  pursue  a  numerous  enemy  who  could  not  be  surpriscil. 
Thus  ended  the  seconcl  battle  with  the  Sioux. 

About  the  middle  of  May  a  force  of  1,000  men,  under  Cleneral  Terry, 
left  Fort  Lincoln  Tor  the  Bighorn  country,  to  enter  it  by  way  of  the  Mi.ssouri 
and  Yellowstone  rivers  in  Montana.  The  exi>edition  was  composed  of 
twelve  companies  of  the  7th  cavalry  under  Custer,  and  about  4oO  other 
troops.  At  the  mouth  of  I'owder  river  the  cavalry  was  disembarked,  and  a 
supply  depot  established.  Major  Reno  of  the  7th  was  sent  up  Powder  river 
to  look  for  the  enemy,  while  Terry  consulted  with  (Jibbon,  whom  he  found 
awaiting  him  with  450  men  from  Fort  Ellis,  ronceming  the  summer's  cam- 
paign. Reno  returned  from  his  scout  without  having  encountered  any  Ind- 
ians, and  on  the  21st  of  June,  several  days  after  Crook's  tight,  which  had 
again  doubly  exasperated  the  Sioux,  but  which  was  entirely  unknown  to  tlie 
two  generals,  whose  plans  included  Crook's  co-operation,  now  withdrawn 
until  he  could  be  reinforced,  they  settled  upon  their  course. 

Gibbon,  who  was  on  the  north  side  of  the  Yellowstone,  was  to  cross  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Bighorn,  an<l  proceed  up  it  to  the  junction  of  the  Littii' 
Bighorn,  to  \>e  there  on  the  26th.  Custer  was  to  proceed  up  the  Ro.scbiid  to 
ascertain  the  direction  of  an  Indian  trail  seen  by  Reno.  If  it  led  toward  tin' 
Little  Bighorn,  he  was  to  avoiil  following  it,  but  to  keep  south  for  some  dis 
tance  bef()re  approaching  the  stream  in  ortler  to  W  where  ho  could  interin-pt 
the  savages  should  they  move  that  way,  and  to  give  (iibbon  time  to  conic 
up. 

Custer  left  the  mouth  of  the  Rosebud  on  the  22d,  striking  the  Indian 
trail.  On  the  24th  his  scouts  discovered  fnvsh  trails  twenty  miles  above  tin' 
mouth  of  the  I  jttle  Bighorn,  and  on  the  following  morning  a  deserted  villai.'<'. 
A  little  further  down  the  stream  they  reported  a  large  village,  and  the  Ind- 
ians deeiug.     Sending  Lis  adjutant  to  Reuo,  who  was  on  the  opposite  or  >^cst 


WYOMING. 


779 


»u\e  of  tlie  stream,  tn  liring  him  over  ^nr  a  conference,  he  determined  to  at- 
tack witliout  waiting  f(ir  (.iihhou,  believing  that  tu  wait  would  he  to  permit 
the  escape  of  the  enemy,  lieno  was  ordi^red  to  recross  to  the  wei«t  Kiile,  and 
attack  from  the  upi^er  end  of  the  village,  which  was  in  a  valley,  while  he 
shouM  strike  the  lower  end,  and  meet  him. 

Leaving  a  reserve  of  four  companies,  under  Benton,  Reno  entered  the 
valley  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  a])pt)inted,  but  instead  of  tinding  a 
frightened  and  yielding  people,  which  by  their  apparent  alarm  they  might 
have  been,  lie  fimnd  himself  surrounded  by  a  terrible  and  infuriated  horde, 
bent  upon  his  anuiliiiation.  Dismounting,  tlie  men  fougiit  their  M'ay  on  foot 
tlirougli  tlie  woods  to  a  high  blutf,  which  he  attempted  to  hold  while  sending 
Captain  Weir  with  his  troops  to  open  conimunication  with  Custer.  Weir 
was  HUrrounded,  and  forced  to  retreat  to  Reno's  position,  now  placed  on  the 
defensive,  being  furiously  assaultetl.  The  battle  lasted  until  t)  o'clock  in  tlio 
evening,  when  the  Indians  retired  to  liold  their  customary  war-dances  and 
death  rites. 

During  all  thi.<i  time  no  wonl  h.'id  reached  him  from  Custer,  whom  ho 
imagined  to  be  fighting  like  himself,  cut  off  from  communication  by  the 
great  body  of  Indians.  The  battle  was  renewed  with  fury  between  two  and 
three  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  2(ith,  the  troops  lighting  from  ritle-pita 
constructed  during  the  niglit,  and  barricaded  with  dead  liorses  and  nmles, 
and  boxes  of  hard  bread,  lu  the  afternoon  the  Indians,  having  tired  the 
grass  in  the  valley,  retreated  under  cover  of  tlie  smoke,  taking  their  way 
toward  the  Bighorn  mountains,  in  good  order,  with  all  their  profierty  and 
families,  tiieir  scouts  having  discovered  (ribbon's  command  approaching,  a 
few  miles  distant. 

The  relief  which  this  moveuient  furnished  to  Reno,  whose  fortiflcaticma 
contained  eighteen  dead  and  forty-six  wounded,  was  great,  the  men  having 
been  fighting  for  twenty-four  hours  without  rest,  and  their  sutlerings  being 
extreme  for  want  of  water.  Eight  men  had  lieen  killed  and  wounded  in  tlie 
endeavor  to  procure  a  few  canteens  full  for  their  dying  comrades,  and  not 
until  midnight  of  the  second  day  did  they  again  make  the  attempt. 

Althougii  wondering  at  the  continued  silence  and  absence  of  Custer,  the 
truth  did  not  suggest  itself  to  any  one  until  nightfall,  when  a  lieutenant  of 
(tibbon's  scout')  dashed  into  their  midst  with  the  astounding  intelligence  that 
of  the  five  companies  of  the  gallant  7th  cavalry  which  had  entered  the  valley 
a  few  miles  below  simultaneously  with  themselves,  every  man  and  every 
otlicer  lay  dead  on  that  fatal  ground. 

As  there  were  no  reliable  witnesses,  so  there  could  bo  no  incontestable 
history  of  tlie  engagement.  The  account  which  was  pieced  together  from 
the  narrative  of  a  Kcout  who  was  hid<len  in  the  woods  which  covered  the 
bluff  alntve  the  valley,  and  the  reluctant  admissions  drawn  afterward  from 
the  Sioux,  were  all  the  foundation  on  which  to  build  a  theory  of  the  tight. 

All  that  could  Im5  learned  was  that  soon  after  reaching  the  valley,  which 
could  be  entered  only  by  a  narrow  detile,  the  command  was  checked  in  its 
march  by  a  terrific  tiring  from  ambush,  which  compelled  the  troops  tt»  dis- 
mount. They  were  soon  snrrouinlcd,  and  while  fighting  their  way  toward 
tlie  hills  were  all  cut  off.  Thus  perislied  259  officers  and  men,  in  the  third 
battle  with  the  Sioux. 

The  remainder  of  the  7th  cavalry  umler  Reno  and  Gibbon's  command, 
retreated  to  Bighorn  river,  whence  the  woundcil  were  transported  by  steamer 
to  Fort  Lincoln.  Terry's  division  remaineil  all  summer  on  the  Yellowstone, 
having  occasional  skirmishes  with  the  Indians,  but  making  no  movement 
toward  the  interior.  It  was  not  until  August  that,  being  joined  by  (Jen. 
Miles,  with  six  companies  of  infantry,  2l8t  regiment,  under  Col  Otis,  that 
he  moved  up  Rosebud  river  to  form  a  junction  with  Crook,  who  had  Iteen 
ret'nforced  by  cavalry,  makint;  the  numlwr  of  men  in  the  field  against  the 
Sioux,  in  Wyominif  ami  Montana,  over  3.000.  ARainot  such  a  force  as  this, 
the  Indians  could  not  Ik?  brouffht  to  battle,  but,  eluding  the  troo^is.  moved 
their  v  illages  up  and  down  the  country,  froir.  the  Missouri  to  the  head  of 


"I ; 


780 


MIUTAUY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


Powder  river.  Only  onco  during  many  months  were  tuey  ijurprisod,  when  a 
quantity  of  winter  Htore.s,  and  many  of  their  horses  were  captured  on  the 
road  to  tiie  lilack  liills  l>y  a  detachment  of  Mile^'  command. 

The  point  in  which  the  white  soldier  is  superior  to  the  Indian  warrior,  jm 
in  stultlxtni  endurance.  The  Indian  must  have,  after  his  outburst  of  fury,  a 
THirioil  of  repose;  after  gorging  himself  like  an  anaconda,  he  must  lie  torpid 
tor  awhile.  Keeping  on  the  march  for  months  exhausted  hia  ardor  andliis 
resources.  In  Septendwr  the  least  valiant  of  the  SSioux  began  to  visit  the 
agencies  to  beg,  and  being  turned  away,  oti'ered  to  surrender.  In  Octohur 
the  troops  of  Miles' comniaml  in  Montana  captured  a  large  part  of  (Sitting 
Bull's  supplies,  in  return  for  that  ciiief's  attempt  to  take  a  train  on  its  way 
to  Fort  Kcogh.  Starvation  is  a  greater  general  than  the  greatest.  It 
brought  '2,000  of  the  Sioux  people  to  Miles'  feet,  but  did  not  bring  Sitting' 
Bull  and  his  immediate  followers,  who  continued  hostilities  as  before  until 
January,  when  he  went  over  the  border  into  the  British  possessions,  wlicrc 
the  authorities  compelled  him  to  promise  peace  or  be  ejected  from  tin- 
country. 

Crazy  Horse,  with  whom  Crook  was  left  to  deal,  proved  equally  obdurate 
if  less  successful.  When  Terry's  force  moved  hi»  Rosebud  river  to  juin 
Crook,  CrJizy  Horse  eluded  both,  dividing  his  followers  into  small  parties, 
and  sending  them  by  different  routes  to  Tongue  river,  and  across  the  country 
to  Powder  river,  following  the  latter  to  its  mouth,  pursued  all  the  May  by 
the  troops.  At  this  point  the  twf)  forces  separated,  Terry  going  north  of  the 
Yellowstone  to  prevent  escape  in  that  direction,  and  Crook  returning  soutli- 
east  on  the  trail  of  the  Sioux  until  it  iiecame  undistinguishable.  Un  the  Utii 
of  Sept.  his  advance  surprised  a  village  of  thirty  lo<lgcs  near  Slim  Buttf>i, 
ISO  miles  from  the  Cheyenne  river  agency,  inflicting  considerable  injury. 
In  retaliation  Crazy  Horse  attacked  his  main  column,  the  battle  again  being 
a  drawn  one,  after  which  the  Indians  went  into  winter  camp  on  Tonf^nio 
river,  at  the  eastern  base  of  Wolf  mountains. 

About  the  middle  of  November  Crook's  force  left  Fort  Fetterman  to  linil 
Crazy  Horse,  Gen.  McKenzie  striking  on  the  l!5th  a  detached  village  cf 
Ciieyennes,  on  the  west  fork  of  Powder  river,  destroying  it  and  butclifring 
men  wontcn,  and  chihlren  like  the  blomliest  savage  of  them  all,  and  depriv- 
ing those  who  were  left  of  subsistence  at  a  season  when  to  obtain  it  was 
most  ditticult.  By  this  cruel  punishment  another  portion  of  the  natives  were 
brought  to  surrender. 

Again,  in  .lanuary.  Miles  came  upon  the  village  of  Crazy  Horse  iii 
Tongue  river,  skirmishing  with  the  Indians  from  the  1st  to  the  7th,  an<l 
having  a  five  hours'  engagement  with  them  on  the  8th,  which  compel'e  I 
them  to  abandon  their  position;  but  owing  to  the  worn-out  condition  of  )in 
army  trains  he  found  it  impracticable  to  follow.  This  ended  the  canipuign 
of  1870.  In  the  spring  of  1877  Lame  Deer,  another  hostile  chief,  'wih 
attacked  at  his  village  of  fifty  lodges  on  Rosebud  river,  by  Miles.  The  linl- 
ians  tied,  but  their  horses,  provisiono,  and  camp  equipage  were  captureil. 
Raids  by  this  band  on  settlers,  surveyors,  and  wagon  trains  followed,  contin- 
uing until  July. 

In  July  1876  Sheridan  requested  the  interior  de]>artment  to  turn  over  to 
the  military  the  management  of  the  Lower  Brule,  Cheyenne  river,  and  Stand- 
ing Rock  agencies,  on  the  Missouri  river,  and  also  the  Red  Cloud  an<l 
Spotted  Tail  agencies,  which  were  placed  in  charge  of  army  otiicers.  From 
time  to  time  during  the  summer  and  autumn,  numerous  small  parties  snr- 
rendered,  l>eing.  as  they  acknowleilged,  'tired  of  war.'  Those  whom  MiUs 
captured  on  the  Yellowstone  were  ordered  to  go  to  the  Cheyenne  riv(  i 
agency  in  November,  hostages  1>eing  retained  for  their  oltedience.  I>>  <'"' 
spring  other  parties  came  in,  raprenenting  that  the  main  lK>dy  were  willing 
to  do  the  same,  upon  which  rejiort  Spotted  Tail  was  induced  to  visit  the 
hostile  camps  with  a  deputation  of  head  men,  and  per8u<vde  the  Initians  ti. 
return  to  their  allegiance.  He  returned  in  May  with  1,100.  In  June,  Cru.y 
Horse  formally  surrendered  with  his  Cheyenne  allies  at  Red  Cloud  agency. 


WYOMING. 


781 


But  hia  Bubmiasson  was  ratlicr  tn  gain  timo  than  to  1)e  at  peace,  and  \mng 
fiiuutl  inviting  the  Inilian;)  to  runvwed  hontilitiuH,  he  wiia  arrested,  and  hid 
foUowuri  duarnied.  He  huou  escaped,  and  heing  re-arrested  Sept.  4th,  at 
tlie  agency,  to  which  he  had  returned,  was  taken  to  Camp  Roliinson  on  the 
fiih,  and  while  being  disarmed,  resisted,  and  was  wounded  by  the  guaid, 
from  wiiich  wound  he  died  tlie  ioUowing  day. 

In  this  niontli  Lame  Dour  voluntarily  surrenderee],  making  an  end  of 
the  >Sioux  war.  A  commiS'tioii  visited  the  agencies  in  Oetobi-r,  to  negotiate 
witli  the  Sioux  for  a  surrender  of  the  Black  hills,  and  tlie  privilege  of  liunt- 
iug  lUUsidutho  rewrvation,  which  had  been  guaranteed  to  them  by  tiie  treaty 
of  1808.  They  were  asked  to  relinquish  all  claim  to  any  country  west  of  tuo 
10;id  meridian;  to  grant  a  right  of  way  for  three  roads  a('ro.-.8  tlieir  reserve; 
to  consent  to  tlio  removal  <tf  the  Red  Cloud  and  Spotted  Tail  agencies  to  the 
Missouri  river;  to  receive  their  supplies  at  such  points  as  the  ^resident 
miglit  designate,  and  to  enter  into  arrangements  looking  to  their  becoming 
HeU-:;upporting  at  an  early  day. 

Tlie.se  u(mcessioiis  were  made,  though  partly  under  protest,  as  to  removal. 
0:i  the  side  of  the  United  States  it  wa.s  agreeil  that  their  subsisteiieo  should 
bo  provided  for  until  they  should  become  self-supporting,  and  they  be  fiir- 
nishoil  with  schooU,  aiul  instruction  in  agriculture  and  the  iiiechanieal  arts. 
This  treaty  congress  ratified  February  'M,  1870.  Their  removal  to  the  Mis- 
souri river  took  place  late  in  1877,  when  14,000  of  these  people  were  taken 
in  winter  to  new  and  unprepared  situations,  where  the  usual  unhappiness 
and  rebelliousness  prevailed.  In  the  following  spring  an  effort  was  made  to 
find  land  suitable  for  farming  on  the  western  side  of  tlieir  reserve,  where  at 
i'liie  ridge  and  lloseltud  agencies  the  two  principal  chiefs  of  the  Ogalallas 
and  Brules  were  finally  settled  Mith  their  peoitle.  Tliey  roamed,  by  per- 
mission, in  small  l)an<U  through  the  Black  hills   in  search  of  game. 

Tlie  northern  Cheyennes  to  the  number  of  300  were  removed  to  t!ie  Ind- 
ian territory,  to  which  they  M-ent  willingly  in  May  1877,  but  wliere  they, 
with  characteristic  restlessness,  soon  became  trouiilesome,  and  in  .Sei>teniber 
1878  left  the  territory  to  return  north.  Troops  from  Camp  Koliiiisdn  pur- 
sued to  bring  them  back.  Fighting  occurred,  in  which  both  sides  sustained 
losses,  ;<.iid  tlio  Cheyennes  sub-sequeiitly  eoiniiiitted  atrocities  in  Nebraska, 
as  of  obi.  Tliey  finally  surrendered,  were  taken  back  south,  and  again  in 
January  Dull  Knife's  band  attempted  to  escaj»e,  when  forty  of  them  were 
killed  by  guards,  and  the  troops  being  called  out,  the  fugitives  were  pur- 
sued for  two  weeks  and  nearly  all  cut  I'ff. 

The  remainder  of  tlie  band  in  1881  was  permitted  to  lio  incorporated  with 
the  Sioux  at  Tino  ridge  agency,  wliere  a  vigilant  police  system,  in  which 
service  the  most  trusty  natives  Mx>re  employed,  preserved  order,  and  pro- 
veiitt'il  thieving  and  mischievous  roving.  In  1881  the  Indians  at  Fine  ridge 
agency  earned  S4I,.382  freight  money,  using  their  ponies  and  wagons  to 
transport  the  agency  goods  from  tlic  nearest  point  on  the  Missouri  river. 
This  woulil  seem  an  improvement  on  the  chase,  whether  the  game  were  bulla- 
loes  or  white  men. 

The  northern  .Vrapahoes,  who  surrenilered  themselves  with  the  Chey- 
ennes in  1876,  asked  to  be  allowed  to  go  upon  the  Slioshoiie  reservation,  and 
the  consent  of  that  trii)u  being  gained,  were  placed  there,  where  tlii'v  have 
reiniim-d  at  peace.  The  Slioslioiie  chief,  Wasliatin,  was  a  rare  Indian,  for 
he  would  work,  and  also  weep  over  the  idleness  and  drunkenness  of  his 
young  men.  According  to  some  authorities,  the  good  behavior  of  the  Sho- 
shone s  and  Bannacks  was  ilue  to  the  severe  treatment  of  tliein  by  (ieneral 
Conner  at  Bear  river  in  I8(i7,  when  they  lo-t  nearly  500  warriors.  Hut  pre- 
vious to  that  engagement,  Washakie  withdrew  his  band;  therefore  he  has 
the  benefit  of  the  doubt,  and  has  certainly  been  a  cimsistent  friend  of  the 
white  people  ever  since  the  treaty.  In  cotnpliment  to  his  fidelity,  his  musi- 
cal name  has  been  l)estowed  upon  a  military  ]>o-t  on  Wind  river,  and  upon 
a  group  of  mountain  peaks,  the  Washakie  Needles,  in  t!io  iShosheiio  ::>ouu< 
tains. 


m 


MILITARY  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


When  Ute  Jack  wa^  planning  the  onthreak  of  1879  in  Colortdo  he  vis- 
ited the  Shoshones  to  incite  them  to  irjiurrection,  which  cauiteil  an  onler  t^i 
be  itisued  for  his  arrest.  He  seized  a  gun,  an<l  guiiig  into  a  ItMlge  where  vk^* 
the  sergeant  of  the  guard,  shot  him  deatl,  and  wounded  another  man,  «'Ii<mi 
he  was  killed.  This  incident  checked  any  teadeucy  to  iaaubordinatiou 
which  the  Utes  may  b«ve  wmUmL 


CHAPTER  VII. 

RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

!8(i8-1888. 

Division  or  Tkrritory  into  Cor nties— Birth  of  Towns,  asp  Orowth  or 
PoPCLATioN— Pioneers  and  Pri>minent  Men— Commerce  ask  Imhs- 
tuiks — Grasses  andISrazino— Ranchos  and  Ran«seh— St<jck-Raimno 
— Some  ok  riiefrREAT  Cattle  Men— L.*nd  Scr\evs  and  Sales  — Im- 
frovement  or  Breeds — Cattle  Drivino  from  Texas  and  Ore<;«is— 
Cteneral  Condition  or  the  Cocntrt — Agrici'lture  and    Mine*  — 

BlOORAPBICAL. 

The  growth  in  population  of  Wyoming  was  slow 
during  the  Indian  wars,  first,  from  the  natural  evi- 
dence of  danger,  and  second,  from  the  exclusion  of 
white  people  from  the  best  lands  in  the  territory. 
The  government  surveys  were  also  impeded  except 
along  the  line  of  the  railroad,  where  the  {xipulation 
was  gathered  into  towns.  The  legislature  ot  1875 
established  two  counties  in  the  northern  portion  of  the 
territory,  which  had  not  enough  white  inhabitants  for 
the  four  years  following  to  organize.'  The  amount  of 
land  which  had  been  entered  for  settlement  in  1876, 
before  the  northern  portion  of  the  territoiy  was  thrown 
open,  amounted  altogether  to  38.734  acres.  It 
increased  steadily  thereafter,  and  in  1883,  over  79,- 
000  acres  were  entered  at  the  land  office.  The  whole 
amount  filed  upon  from  1873  to  1883  was  201,264 
acres.'  The  population  at  this  time  did  nckt  exceed 
30,000.     In  1886,  with  a  population  of  65,000,  the 

»Jf**«.  Gov.   Hoyt,    187»,   p.    33;  ComfiUd  Layr»  Wjfom.,    1876,    198-201; 
Wyoiu.  Sesa.  Laws,  1877,  34. 

'  Rfft  ofOov.  Hale,  1883,  p.  61;  U.  S.  H.  &.  Doc,  72,  p.  156,  roL  19;  47 
eaog.,  2  sou. 

(7W) 


784 


UESOURCKS  AND  DFA'ELOr.MKNT. 


amount  of  land  entered  under  tlie  liomestead  and 
otlier  aets  of  congress  was  *J{),1>IH/.)(I7  acres.  Tlie 
first  division  into  counties,  of  the  territory,  way  l»y 
runniiiij;  imaginary  lines  from  the  northern  to  the 
southern  houndary.  Carter  county,  first  oi-ganized  i»y 
miners  and  established  by  the  Dakota  K'gislatuie 
December  '27,  18G7,  was  bounded  by  the  3Md  merid- 
ian on  the  west,  and  extended  east  two  and  one-halt' 
degrees.' 

The  eountioa  above  referred  to  as  having  been 
erected  in  1875,  were  named  Crooks  and  Pease;  the 
former  being  taken  from  that  portion  of  the  counties 
of  Laramie  and  Albany  lying  north  of  43°  30',  and 
iacludiiiLt  as  nmch  of  the  Black  hills  country  as  lies 
in  Wyoming :  and  the  latter  from  Carb»>n  countv, 
north  of  the  same  line/ 

Uinta  county,  containing  15,000  square  miles,  was 
the  most  western  division.  Historicallv,  it  is  the 
most  interesting  portion  of  the  territory,  having  been 
»>(•(  upied  by  adventurers  ever  since  1823.* 

'The  first  legisliiture  of  Wyoming  clianged  its  nninc  to  Sweetwater,  M 
lia»  liffori!  li'jeii  iiu'iitioiied.  Oii  tlie  oth  of  .Maroii.  1884,  the  li-gt>luture  i-rc- 
atfil  the  Louiity  of  Fremont  out  of  tliat  portion  of  Sweetwater  lying  lK.'tweeii 
nil  east  ami  west  line  as  drawn  hy  the  survey  lietween  townships  twenty -six 
ami  twenty-seven  north,  ami  the  line  of  43^  'M'  north  latitude,  including  the 
.Sweetwater  and  the  Little  \\'intl  river  valleys,  leaving  to  .Sweetwater  county 
tiie  Ued  desert  and  tlie  1>roken  country  Kouth  of  the  Union  Pacitie  railnad. 

^TliiK  rectangular  mode  of  division  is  extremely  »iniple.  and  in  this 
niountainiins  region  as  convenient  as  any.  Tlie  c.uinty  oi  ri.*se  had  its 
name  diaujied  in  1870  to  .Johnson,  in  honor  of  Edward  P.  Johnson,  territorial 
auditor,  and  litloved  pioneer  of  Wyoniing.  These  three  addition:*  to  the 
original  live  cnunties  constitiitetl  in  1884  the  whole  of  Wyoming  not  reser%-e<l 
to  tlie  use  of  the  Indians. 

^It  was  taken  off  from  Utali  and  Idaho  on  the  organization  of  th<»  terri- 
tory of  Wyoiniiig,  to  straighten  the  west  houndary,  and  was  hy  the  first 
I.'gislatnre  attached  to  Carter  county  for  judicial  purposes.  Evanston,  a 
town  which  the  Union  Pacitie  railroad  company  fountled  ami  nourished,  was 
t'len  in  its  infancy,  having  heen  located  in  June,  18«;9;  but  in  August  it  was 
declared  a  voting  precinct  for  the  purpose  t>f  electing  a  meniher  of  the  leijis- 
l.iture.  Oil  the  1st  of  Dcoeinher  the  county  was  iTgunized,  and  Merrill,  a 
place  which  no  longer  exists  as  a  town,  named  a  i  t!ie  temporary  count}'  seat. 
Tiio  ofhcers  appointetl  hy  the  governor  Mere  J.  Van  A.  Carter  county  clerk, 
R.  H.  Haiiiikiiii  sheriff,  W.  A.  Carter  treasurer  and  prohate  judge,  and  K. 
.S.  Jacobs  .superintendent  of  puhliu  schooh.  The  first  election  to  (HTmanently 
1  >cate  the  eoniity  seat  was  held  Septeinher  (5,  1870,  Evanst<m  having  a  small 
majority  over  Merrill.  The  eoinmissio'iers  elected  «-ere  J.  Van  A.  Carter. 
I'ui-iell  Tliorp,  a:nl..T.  L.  Atk'n^on.  Joue  L.  Atkin  ;"n  was  Imtu  in  Xov.i 
.Sjotia  in  IS^j,  a.id  Let'.le.l  i:i  Uluta  co.  in  1870,  engaging  in  lumhering,  get- 


WYUMDfG. 


78ft 


L-rn- 
Itir-'t 
In,  a 
1  was 

Uvas 

111.  a 
pat. 

lerk, 

llK. 

litlv 
Lail 
Her. 
lova 
Iget- 


Uinta  was  the  fourth  county  in  population,  having 
about  4,000  inhabitants.  Its  rest^un-i'S  arc  timber, 
cua!,  iron,  sulphur,  uf  which  there  is  a  mountain  on 
the  west  fork  of  Bear  river,  aj^eulture,  and  grazing. 
Coal  oil   is  also   believed    to  exist  in   the   county.* 

ting  timber  fr<>m  tho  Uinta  ni<mntain«.  T!  .n  he  went  to  cattle-raiitiug 
with  Benj.  Majoni  of  (.'olo,  anri  accumulateti  a  fortune.  ."Sheriff  of  Carter 
county  was*  Harvey  K<M>th,  county  clerk  Levia  1*.  ticutt,  prolate  ju<lge  and 
treasurer  >V.  A.  Carter.  Evannton,  the  county  •eat,  i«  the  chief  ottice  of  the 
MeHtem  diviMion  of  the  Union  I'acitic  nulnad,  altitude  7,U0U  feet  It  was 
iueoriioratcd  in  Ueceniher  lt>73,  ilii»iucor|Mirate<I  in  li>7.'>,  and  incoriMtrated 
again  in  I8.S>J.  Its  iM>|>ulation  in  IMMi  alM>ut '2.000.  Frank  M.  F<Mitc  imi- 
cured  itti  diMiucoriM>ration.  Hewan  lK>m  in  ■'Nwth  Ben<I.  Ind.,  in  lt>4ti,  came 
to  Bryan,  Wyoming,  in  1871,  where  he  wan  employtil  l.y  tlie  U.  V.  K.  1{, 
a8  clerk,  and  snlwequently  an  agent.  Iiv  1^7-  he  reinoveil  to  F^-anxton, 
where  ho  sulmcciuently  resided.  He  was  elect*-"!  to  the  K-giKlature  in  187.'». 
M'ati  elected  prdltate  judge  and  treaMurer  the  following  year,  ami  reele«ted  in 
1878.  In  I8ViMiO  ho  scrvol  abio  a^  deputy  nheriff,  ancl  in  1S81  '2  as  un<ler 
sheriff  of  the  county,  'fe  engagol  in  cattle-raising  in  IHS3,  hin  range  lieing 
near  Medicine  Butte,  15  miles  from  Kranstno.  K%-anston  was  Rurveyed  and 
lots  offered  for  sale  .Inne  £>,  1870,  H.  S.  Whittier  Wing  the  first  purchaser.  A 
i>oHt-offico  was  estahlisheil  in  April,  with  Charles T.  l>evel  jMwtmaster.  In.Tuly 
Whittier  took  the  ofKce,  which  he  held  8  years.  A  iiuldic  iK-ii.Mil  was  uiteued 
July  8,  with  8  pu|>ils.  Tliere  were,  in  18*3,  12  »cho«d  district*  in  the  county, 
with  6'i2  children  in  attemlance.  Tlie  first  marriage  c«-lehrate<l  in  the  county 
was  on  June  1,  1871,  between  Oeorge  Kast  an<l  Annie  I'orter.  The  first  church, 
presbyterian,  was  incoriM>rate<l  .lulv  17th,  the  'laptist  church  .S.>pt.  7th.  and 
Hoon  after  the  methmlist  church,  "the  railroa*!  machine  shojis  were  located 
lere  in  Nov.  1871.  On  the  Hhh  of  <X-t.  I87i  the  first  newsjiaiier,  the 
ViiintttoH  Aijf,  was  started.  Thr  Tin'*'.  Th*  f'hirfuuH,  andthe^VH/Vif '<>.  Ariju* 
were  all  published  at  Evanston.  On  the  6th  of  .luue.  187'<.  the  Evanston 
library  and  literary  as-sociation  was  ino>qK»rate«l,  which  receive«I  much  as- 
nistance  from  W.  W.  Peek.  Tlie  Evanston  Water  IHtch  co.  was  incorporatetl 
to  bring  water  to  the  town  from  Bear  river,  8  miles  distant.  F.  L.  Arnold,  in 
TnniM,  Wyom.  Arm/.  S'-i'-nff,  I.S82.  9»>-7.  A  court-house  and  jail  M-ere 
authorized  at  Evanston  in  1874.  Wfim.  S'**.  hiir;  1874.  226.  \  land  dis- 
trict was  created,  with  an  office  -it  Evanston.  in  1x76.  l'.  .">.  Sf'ittiU*,  126-7, 
44th  cong.,  Ist  sess.  Abny,  ne.-^r  Evanston,  is  a  coal-mining  town.  There 
are  a  numl>er  of  small  towns  in  the  county,  naniely,  Asiien,  Hilliartl,  Old 
Bear  City,  Piedmont,  Leroy,  Bridirer.  <'art*-r.  Hampton,  ilillersville,  Coke- 
ville,  B«>ckwith,  Nugget,  Fossil,  Twin  Creek.  Ham's  Fork.  Waterfall,  Wriuht, 
Oj>al,  Nutria  Sloxa,  and  (Jranger.  the  latter  Wing  on  the  Ixiundary  line 
between  Uinta  an<l  Sweetwater  counties,  and  the  initial  p<^>int  of  the  Oregon 
short  line  railroa<1. 

*ln  the  summer  of  1868  coal  was  found  three  miles  from  Evan.ston.  In 
1809  the  first  mine  was  ojH.'ne<l.  In  IS70  the  lUicky  Mountain  Coal  and 
Iron  company  was  organized. 

Newell  lieemiin,  bom  in  iliitario  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1844.  came  to  Alniy  in 
1871,  engaging  as  book-keej>er  of  the  R.  M.  C  k  I.  comjiany,  and  in  \S~'.\ 
became  supt  an«l  business  manager.  He  was  electetl  county  commissioner 
in  1874,  and  twice  reolectetl;  was  also  schotd  trustee,  and  several  times  on 
the  republican  central  committee  for  the  territory.  The  coal,  accortling  to 
lieeman,  is  semi-bituminous  brown  coal,  of  good  frinality.  which  is  u.se<l  by 
the  company  and  the  towns  along  the  railroad.  Its  quantity  is  practically 
unlimited. 

Justin  Pomeroy  was  the  first  agricultural  settler  and  cattle-r:;iser  north 
of  th3  railroad  in   Uinta  co.,    where  a  large  number  of  farms  were  later 
Hist.  Nev.    50 


786 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Since  the  completion  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  rail- 
road, this  county  has  progressed  rapidly  in  improve- 
ments, and  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant in  the  future  state.  Its  assessed  valuation  in 
1883,  was  $2,096,377. 

Sweetwater  county  by  the  erection  of  a  new  coun- 
ty, Fremont,  out  of  the  Sweetwater  region,  has  lost 
tlie  significance  of  its  name,  as  well  as  the  most  val- 
uable portion  of  the  territory.  Tlie  county  seat, 
which  m  early  times  was  at  South  Pass  City,  was 
removed  in  1874  to  Green  river.' 

Fremont  county  established  in   1884,  contained  nn 

opened,  chieily,  however,  for  raising  liay,  oats,  potatoes,  and  vegetables.  In 
]8(i8  M08CS  Byrn  amlC  (ruild  located  themselves  on  Muddy  creek,  12  miles 
east  of  Fort  Bridgcr. 

,Tolin  W.  Myers  took  a  land  claim  at  the  crossing  of  Rear  river  on  tlie 
dill  stage  road.  In  1877  a  Mormon  colony  located  in  8ait  river  valley,  140 
miles  north  of  Evanstou.  The  valley  is  'J()  miles  long,  and  7  to  9  milciiwide, 
with  beautiful  scenery.  In  1 81)8  Iteckwitli,  Quinn,  and  comiiany  took  up  a 
tract  about  !iO  miles  north  of  Evanston,  containing  ].'>,000  acres,  4,000  of 
which  is  under  cultivation,  400  acres  l)eing  in  lucem,  wliicli  yielded  from  '2 
to  H  tons  to  tlic  acre,  and  cut  twice  a  year.  From  H,000  acres  of  irrigatcil 
meadow  land  they  cut  in  1881,  .'{,500  tons  of  hay,  and  thrashed  1,800  bushels 
of  barley.  They  wintered  *2,!)00  head  of  cattle,  of  which  97  were  thorouuh- 
t)reti  i>uriiam  bulls  and  40  thoroughbred  cows.  They  owned  a  large  number 
of  thoroughbred  horses,  and  fattened  a  herd  of  Rerkshiro  hogs  on  lucorii, 
turni|is,  and  barley  raised  on  the  rancho.  Rly  the,  i'ixley,  Christie,  Lank  - 
tree,  and  many  others  ha«l  extensive  ranchos  on  Rear  river  previous  to  !8M(t, 
since  which  time  there  has  been  a  marked  increase  in  settlement.  Tituix. 
Wjpm.  Aeiul.  SrinwfM,  Hi-.,  1882,  98  9.^ 

Kol)ert  L.  Hereford  was  born  in  Va,  in  1827,  and  crossing  the  plains  in 
ISul,  Wcindcrod  about  the  Rocky  mountain  region  and  west  coast,  always 
occupying  high  and  responsible  positions,  when  he  went  to  Rig  Thompsmi 
river,  Colo.,  m  18<>0. 

.Tcsse  Knight,  born  <n  1850,  and  educated  at  an  academy,  went  to  Omalwi 
in  ISOO,  to  Wyoming  in  1871,  remaining  at  South  Pass  city  until  1873,  beini; 
one  year  in  merchandi'^ing  business,  and  two,  clerk  of  the  court  for  the  ;<tl 
judicial  district.  Uinta  county  being  a<bled  to  the  district  in  1873,  and  he 
has  been  in  tho  same  othcc  f>ver  since. 

'Irrocn  river  was  an  interesting  point  to  travellers  on  aecimnt  of  the  fos- 
sils found  in  the(ireeu  river  sholes.  These  are  arranged  ni  thin  layers  of 
ditl'erent  colors,  some  of  which  contain  thousands  of  improssior.s  of  tisli, 
insects,  and  water  plants.  At  Rurning  Rock  cut,  I  etwecn  layers  of  a  light 
oolore<l,  chalky  limest<me,  were  strata  of  a  dark  color,  saturated  witli 
petroleum,  which,  l)eing  ignited,  burned  for  several  days  hence  the  nai  iiv 
The  Siirttiriitfr  (J<ierllf  is  published  at(ireeu  river.  (Jreen  river,  ><amcd  after 
a  member  of  Ashley's  expedition  of  18*23,  and  not  on  account  of  its  color  as 
is  commonly  asserted,  furnishes  some  of  the  finest  views  of  the  passage  of 
the  continent.  All  the  other  town-  in  the  county  with  the  oxcepti<ui  of 
Downicville,  on  <iroon  river,  are  simply  railroad  stations.  Tliey  are  Marx 
ton,  Rryan,  Wilkins,  Salt  Wells,  I'oint  of  Rocks,  Hnllville,  Rlack  Rutte. 
Ritter  Creek,  Table  Rock,  Tipton,  Red  Desert,  Wathakic,  Latham,  Crostoii. 
and  FiUmorj.    Wolf*;  MereuHtile  </twir,  178-84. 


WYOMING. 


787 


area  of  about  20,000  square  miles,  inclusive  of  the 
whole  Sweetwater  mining  country,  the  Shoshone  res- 
ervation, and  the  elevated  valley  of  the  Bighorn  on 
the  west  side  of  that  river,  with  the  Shoshone  moun- 
tains on  the  western  border.* 


''The  Wind  river  valley  ia  a  fertildond  beaatifal  region,  popnlariy  known 
as  the  ffardeii  of  W'yoiiiiug.  The  tir  st  coniniiwiioners  appointed  to  ot^ganizi-. 
were,  H.  (i.  Niukerson,  B.  F.  Low,  and  Horace  E.  Bunn.  Tfte  first  oom- 
inissioners  elected  weri  R.  H.  H>j.'  dem.,  A.  J.  MeI>Miali%  and  H.  K. 
Blinn  rep.,  J.  J.  Atkira  was  elected  bheriff  on  the  republican  vicket.  Er\-in 
P.  Cheney  appointed  deputy  district  clerk.  South  Pass  cit}  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  county.  A  newspapitr  was  started  there  in  Itk^  by  \.  A. 
Baker  called  The  AiV«w.  It  was  sohl  to  E.  A.  Slack,  who  nM»vei'  «t  to  Lara- 
niie.  This  paper  was  succeeded  by  the  SiofetmittT  Mimer,  which  wa.4 
removed  to  Bryan. 

Horace  K.  Bliiin  was  born  in  Snelbum,  Vt,  in  1847,  and  r  mcat«^l  there. 
In  1870  he  niigritod  to  Wyoniins,  looatintf  himself  at  Canp  Brown,  now 
Fort  Washakie,  as  post  trailer  with  J.  K.  M(M>re,  and  remai  ling  there  three 
years.  He  then  went  to  Boulder  co.,  ('olo,  where  he  ere«  ted  a  saw  mill. 
In  1881  he  rutunicd  to  North  Fork  city,  I'opo  Agie  vr  'ley,  settling  thnee 
years  later  in  Laiulrr. 

L4)uiH  r.  Vidal,  'oni  in  France,  came  to  Wyoming,  locateii  himself  dnally 
in  Atlantic  City,  uid  took  up  the  extension  of  the  Bnckeyc  mine.  He 
erected  several  liouses  tliere,  nnd  t(H>k  contracts  for  supplying  Camp  Brown 
with  certiiin  n<;cussary  articles.  In  1871  he  went  to  this  jMHtt,  which  liad 
lieen  rcuioved  to  the  Shoshone  niscrvation,  and  nametl  Foit  Washakie,  but  in 
1872  engaged  in  stock  raiding  witli  )iis  residence  at  Lander,  the  must  impor- 
tant town  in  Fremont  county. 

Amtmg  the  early  settlers  of  what  is  now  Fremont  county,  was  John  I>. 
WoiMlrutf,  born  in  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  184V,  and  in  I80ticame  to  Wyoming. 
Keing  well  acquainted  M'ith  the  country,  hi.'  a>.-te«l  as  guide  to  generals 
Slieritlan  and  Crook  when  selecting  the  site  Fort  Custer. 

The  piimcer  cattle  raiser  of  Fremont  county  was  John  Lnman.  Imnv  in 
1838,  in  .lackson  oo.,  Va.  In  1854  lie  settled  in  Kansas,  migrating  to  Colo 
in  l8o9,  ami  sikhi  going  to  Fort  Bridger,  where  he  was  eniphiyetl  by  the-  piait 
sutter  two  years.  He  then  returnt!d  to  Colo,  remaining  there  seven  year*, 
mining  and  prosiiecting.     He  later  becanio  a  successful  st<ick  raiser. 

Anotlier  ]iioiiucr  was  James  A.  .McAvoy,  born  in  Ohio  in  1842,  and  in 
1868  came  to  Cheyenne.  Tlieiice  ho  went  to  South  Pass  city  in  IHtiO.  renuin- 
ing  tliere,  engaged  in  mining.  In  IS7:t  lit,  locattMl  hinii'elf  on  Willow  cr-ek 
in  the  Wind  river  valley,  within  the  lines  of  the  Indian  reservation.  He  next 
engaged  with  Samuel  Fairliehl  in  constructing  a  niad  from  the  timltered 
lan'is  at  th*;  head  of  Big  I'opo  Agie  to  l^iiacr.  When  Fremont  oo.  was 
organized  he  was  elected  county  clerk. 

Still  another  sort  of  frontiersman  was  Major  Noyes  BaUlwic,  lw>m  in 
Woodbridge,  Conn.,  in  I8'2(i,  served  in  tlie  civil  war  ami  aftttrward  came  to 
Wind  river  valley  and  established  a  trading  post,  dealing  with  the  Indujis 
for  three  years.  He  was  one  of  the  HrMt  discoven*rs  of  gold  at  Soath  p'ia«. 
with  him  lieing  Henry  Kidell,  Frank  Marshall,  Harry  HablieL.  Ricliarxl 
(trace,  and  others.     He  is  now  a  resilient  of  Lander. 

Roliert  H.  Hall,  Urn  at  ^cketts  llarl>or,  N.  Y.,  in  1852.  cams  to  Camp 
Stamboush  in  1873,  remaining  there  for  over  four  years,  when  he  rcroored  to 
liander,  having  Itecomc  intoreiited  in  cattle. 

Jame*  J.  Atkins,  Imm  in  Wis.   in  180.3,  came  to  Dakota  in  1S72,  and 
afterward  to  I^ander,  where  he  secured  a  farm  and  raiaed  atock.     He 
elected  ■heriff  on  the  orgMiinticm  of  Fremont  co. 


788 


llESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Carbon  county  contains  13,500  squai'e  miles.  As 
its  name  indicates,  it  overlies  extensive  coal  deposits, 
particularly  in  the  southern  portion.  It  has  several 
mineral  districts,  in  which  are  found  the  precious 
metals,  besides  copper,  iron,  iron-paint,  fire-clay, 
gv-^psum,  salt,  and  coal  oil.  The  latter  promises  to  be 
on^i  of  the  foremost  resources  of  the  territory,  and 
particularly  of  Prdmont  and  Carbon  counties.  The 
petroleum  of  Wyoming  lies  near  the  surface,  and 
resembles  the  best  Russian  and  Rangiwn'oils.  For 
lubricating  purposes  it  is  not  excelled  by  any  known.* 

'This  county  embraces  .i  larse  extent  of  the  Laramie  plains,  derotetl  to 

Czing.  Tfond  agricultural  lanus  are  found  chieHy  along  the  north  Platte, 
wlins,  founded  in  1870,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  A.  Rawlins,  is  the 
county  seat,  and  haet  about  1,800  inhabitonts,  railroad  machine  shops,  Itauks, 
an  assay  oiBce,  established  by  the  legislatum  in  1877,  good  public  buildings 
erected  in  1882,  two  newsj>apers,  the  Tribune  and  JoHnniL,  and  a  general 
condition  of  prosperity.  It  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  mineral  duitrict, 
centrally  in  relation  to  other  districts,  and  the  east  and  we^it  portions  of  the 
territory,  and  is  the  natural  outlet  of  north'em  Colorado.  The  mineral  paint 
mine  at  Rawlins  was  discovered  by  John  C.  Dyer  ami  others.  It  was 
workeii,  but  not  profitably,  owing  to  railroad  rates.  Tlie  Rawlins  district 
contains  copper  mines  which  assay  40  per  cent  of  copper  to  tlie  ton.  with  an 
ounce  of  silver  and  traces  of  gold.  The  Ferris  mineral  district  near  Rawlins 
was  discovered  by  ( Jcorge  Ferris,  John  C.  Dyer,  and  others.  The  Me<lium  B«'W 
Range  contains  several  mining  districts.  Dexter  district,  40  miles  snutli  of 
Rawlinh,  Summit,  Douglas,  Centennial,  and  Bramel  districts,  are  in  this 
range,  and  contain  l>oth  quartz  and  placer  mines.  Hanspeck  gold  plaoer 
inines,  80  miles  south  of  Rawlins,  yiehi  well  to  the  hyiiranlic  process.  Tlie 
Seminole  district,  3o  miles  north  of  Rawlins,  contains  quartz,  free  mir.ii^;. 
yielding  from  $12  to  ^30  per  ton. 

CarboK  is  a  coal  mining  town,  where  about  500  miners  are  employed. 
Warm  Springs  is  a  settlement  of  250  i)eople  in  the  Platte  valley,  and  the 
only  agricultural  town  in  the  county.  Large  herds  of  cattle  have  lieon  kept 
on  the  ranges  for  stock-raising  purposes,  but  there  is  a  tendency  to  *lairying 
and  farming,  which  will  ultimately  drive  out  the  stock  cattle,  and  result  in 
more  compact  settlement.  The  population  of  (7arl)on  co.  in  IS83  was  aliout 
5,000,  clistributed  upon  farms,  in  railroad  towns,  and  in  the  mines:  and  the 
assessed  valuation  ^3,062,368.  Tlio  railway  rtations  are  Separation,  fireen- 
ville.  Fort  Steele,  Kdson,  Station  House,  Percy,  Medicine  Bow,  and  Aurora. 
Taking  into  consideration  tlie  age  of  the  territory,  the  wealth  of  thi.s.  the 
thinl  county  in  value,  is  w  rthy  of  remark.  Its  property  had  incTea»f<l  in 
188t;  to  between  ^,000,000  and  $5,000,000.  The  hisbiry  of  the  men  who 
foundc<l  tlu!  prosperity  of  thu  county  is  prope«  in  this  place. 

Jairics  France,  bom  in  Pa  in  1838,  came  to  Wyoming  in  1868,  and  opene<l 
store  un-ler  the  tirm  name  of  H.  C.  Hall  &  Co.  A  branch  store  was  estab- 
lished at  Rawlins  in  1809,  of  which  Franco  took  charge.  He  continued  in 
merchandising  until  1884,  when  ho  engaged  in  Iianking,  erecting  a  building; 
for  that  puri'osc.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislative  «Y>ancil  in  1874.  an<l 
was  appointed  territorial  auditor  by  Gov.  Hoyt,  vice  Downey,  electe«l  to  con- 
gress. He  wasappointcd  postmaster  in  1871,  retaining  the  offic*  until  IS8.1; 
and  was  several  times  county  comm'ssioner,  lieing  chairman  of  the  Kwnl 
for  three  terms. 

DevittC.  Kelley,  bom  in  Pa  in  1850,  came  to  Rawlins  in  the  spring  of 


WYOMING 


789 


Johnson  county  was  organized  out  of  the  northern 

1870,  engaging  aa  book-keeper  for  France,  wl'ich  situation  he  retained  until 
1882,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  James  France  '  <uik,  of  which  he  was 
made  cashier.  In  Dec.  1882  he  went  into  merchar  i.-<  ig  for  himself.  The 
same  year  he  was  elected  probate  judge  and  county  tieasurer,  and  reelected 
in  1884. 

John  C.  Davis,  bom  in  Ireland  and  educated  in  England,  came  to  VVyom- 
iug  in  1869,  and  was  engaged  in  dififerent  situations  for  7  years,  when  he 
went  into  mercantile  business,  managing  the  establishment  of  J.  W.  Hughes 
for  four  years,  and  being  made  i>artner  in  1880. 

Bart  u  T.  Ryan,  bom  in  Ind.  in  1838,  and  accompanied  Gen.  Sully  on 
his  marcii  across  Dakota  to  the  Yellowstone,  to  intimidate  the  Sioux,  and 
being  in  the  battle  of  Deerstai-d,  where  15,000  Indians  were  opposed  to 
3,000  troops.  In  the  tisht  585  Indians  were  killed  against  a  loss  of  a  few 
men  killctl  and  wounded  on  the  side  of  the  army.  In  1870  he  purchased  an 
interest  in  i  lot  of  cattle  shipped  from  Iowa  to  Carbon  co.,  and  engaged  in 
the  business). 

Isaac  C  Miller,  )>oro  in  Denmark  in  1844,  came  to  Omaha  in  1860,  and 
the  following  year  to  North  Platte,  merchandising  at  Bitter  creek  until  1870, 
when  he  locat-id  himself  at  Rawlins.  In  1871  he  went  to  mining  at  Halm's 
peak,  and  in  1373  retumed  to  Rawlins  and  engaged  in  cattle  raising.  He 
was  elected  sheriff  in  1880,  holding  the  office  two  terms. 

Perry  L.  Smith,  Iwrn  in  111.  in  1836,  came  to  Rawlins  in  1868,  dealing  in 
icattle  and  keeping  a  meat  market.  He  wasappoi^  ted  county  commissioner 
!!>  I  SGI*,  and  subsequently  elected  two  terms,  ueing  chairman  of  the  board 
each  term.  In  1874  he  was  elected  county  clerk  for  two  years,  and  in  1879 
was  elected  to  the  council  of  the  legislature,  being  reelected  in  1881.  He 
was  appointed  territorial  auilitor  in  1884. 

Sanmel  Fairfield,  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1836,  came  to  lender  in  1873, 
and  erected  three  saw-mills,  one  of  which  he  sold  to  the  government,  remain- 
ing in  that  region  until  1880.  He  then  moved  to  Rawlins,  where  he  remained 
three  years,  when  he  went  to  Gartield  co.,  Colo,  and  with  others  located  the 
town  of  Meeker  on  land  purchased  of  the  government,  and  partly  improved 
for  a  militiiry  post. 

.lolin  C.  Dyer,  born  in  \Vashington,  D.  C,  in  1846,  came  to  Fort  Bridger, 
Sweetwater  mines,  and  Cheyenne  in  1867,  where  he  engaged  in  merchandis- 
ing, following  the  railroad  west  to  RaM'lins.  He  1)ecame  interested  in  min- 
ing, and  M'as  one  of  the  discoverers  of  the  Ferris  district,  (ieorgc  Ferris, 
another  of  the  company,  discovering  the  first  mine,  which  entitled  him  to 
have  the  district  named  for  liim. 

Robert  M.  Galbraith  was  born  in  Kngland  in  1844.  He  had  charge  of 
the  shops  at  Omaha,  iKiraniic,  or  Benti»<,  beginning  when  ho  was  but  22 
years  of  age,  and  having  then  700  men  uiidc  him.  In  1870  he  Injcaine  inter- 
ested in  mines  in  the  Seminole  district.  In  1S82  he  engaged  in  merchandis- 
ing at  Rawlins,  selling  out  in  1884,  and  goii<g  into  the  stock  business  with 
Blake,  his  cattle  range  being  .30  miles  south  of  Rawlins.  He  was  elected  to 
tlie  territorial  council  in  1882. 

JapRs  V.  Cantlin,  born  in  III.  in  1848,  went  to  western  Neb.  in  1868, 
and  thence  to  Rawlins  in  1871.  He  was  appointed  pi>stniaster  at  Ferris  in 
1877,  and  deputy  sheriff  of  Carb<m  co.  in  1878,  holding  until  1884,  under 
James  Rankin. 

Homer  Merrill,  bom  in  Rochester,  N.  V.,  in  1846,  came  to  Wyoming  in 
1872,  and  was  admitte<l  to  the  practice  of  the  law  at  LarainioiCity,  removing 
to  Rawlins  in  1874.  He  was  elected  proscri.^^ing  attorney  for  Carbon  co. 
soon  after,  which  othcc  he  held  almost  continuously  for  10  years,  and  was 
supervisor  of  census  in  1880. 

A.  L.  Mauk,  born  in  Pa  in  1846,  of  German  and  French  parentage,  came 
to  Rock  Spring,  Wyoming,  in  1878. 

William  McCarty  was  bom  in  Irelaud  in  1837,  &nd  after  tome  mining 


>    ■'■li 


790 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


portion  of  Carbon  county  in  March  1881."  It  pos- 
sessed at  this  period  assessable  property  valued  at 
$1,259,981,  which  had  increased  in  1883  to  $2,481,- 
404.  It  contains  a  large  amount  of  good  land  which 
is  being  brought  into  a  condition  for  farming  by  irri- 
gating canals  cut  on  the  bench  lands  lying  back  of  the 
mat  dows  along  the  numerous  streams  in  the  county. 
Coal  is  abundant  and  of  good  quality.  The  county 
seat  is  Buffalo,  founded  in  1879-80  by  W.  L.  Andrews, 
A.  J.  McCray,"  William  H,  Phillips,  and  Charles 
Williams,  on  the  south  side  of  Clear  creek.  It  is  now 
chiefly  on  the  north  side  of  the  stream,  and  within  a 
short  distance  of  Fort  McKinney.'* 

The  town  was  incorporated  in  1884,  having  at  the 
age  of  three  years  500  inhabitants  and  a  municipal 

experiences  in  Colorailo,  became  t.) Eureka,  Ncv.,  C'al.,  iind  Mont.,  returning 
to  Utah  anil  Colo,  and  finally  tiettling  in  Uawlins  in  1873.  He  acconipaniL-d 
(ten.  Crook  in  his  cxiiedition  to  the  Powder  river  in  1876. 

Frank  A.  Hinman,  born  in  Iowa  in  1857,  and  educated  in  Colo  common 
HchooU,  engagoil  in  placer  mining  in  1877  at  Malm  ijoak. 

Benjamin  F.  Northington,  horn  in  Ky  in  ISXS,  of  English  parentage, 
was  educated  in  Cal.  His  father  erected  the  first  grist-mill  in  Ky.  In  1849 
lie  went  to  Texas  in  the  cattle  business,  ami  to  Cal.  through  Mex.  and  Ariz, 
ill  1849,  in  a  company  commanded  by  Uavid  .S.  Terry,  the  first  to  take  that 
route  and  cro.ss  the  Colorado  m.'ar  Yuma.  In  1873  he  settled  in  Raw- 
lins, giving  up  mining,  though  he  went  to  the  lihu'k  hills  in  187ti.  He  was 
electiid  sorgt-at-arms  of  the  h<  i  «e  of  represfiitativos  in  187.5. 

Charles  K.  Blydenburgh,  A.  B. ,  A.  M..  aiiil  Km.  was  born  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  v.,  in  '8.'>4.  and  came  to  Wyoming  in  1878,  locating  himself  at  Kawlin.s, 
with  .1.  (r.  Mariihy,  in  the  business  of  mining  engineering.  When  the  terri- 
torial assay  othce  was  com]deted,  according  to  an  act  of  the  legislature  <it 
1877,  the  firm  took  charge  of  it. 

'"iff*').  Gon.  Jli'ifff,  lS8'i,  p.  19.  This  county  was  first  established  ijndcr 
the  name  of  Poaso  in  Uoc.  XH'ii,  but  was  not  to  be  orgaiiL-TMl  until  it  .slmuM 
have  .'iOJ  elect-irs  residing  within  it.  Cmnp.  Lmrs  Wi/oiii.,  18715,  198  '201. 
Owing  to  the  obstinacy  willi  whi?h  the  Sioux  resisted  white  occupatinn,  ii 
was  not  settled  until  after  the  Indians  were  placed  on  reservations  uiidi'i- 
renewed  treaties.  Its  advance  Miiir(!  1877  lia>  Ikx-u  rapid.  It  was  finally 
naii>ed  .Johnson,  in  honor  of  E.  P.  J<'linsoii  of  Cliuyenne.  Johmoii  Mfinoriitl, 
?A. 

"AlvinJ.  MeCray,  of  Bntfalo,  Wyoming,  was  one  of  the  first  settle  ivs. 
He  was  l)orn  in  Buffalo,  X.  Y.,  in  18.VJ.  In  the  spring  of  187(5  he  joined  the 
migration  to  the  Black  hilU,  locating  himself  ai  Deadwmxl,  where  lie  es- 
talilisheil  the  first  hotel. 

'■'The  first  actual  permanent  settler  in  the  county  was  Klias  X.  Snider, 
post-tr.ador  at  Fort  jIcKinney.  Snider  was  born  in  Mansfield,  Ohio,  in 
1842,  and  in  1877  was  made  po&t-trader  of  Fort  McKinney,  which  appoint 
mont  he  resigned  in  1879  to  engage  in  stock  rai.dng  and  farming.  Major  Ii 
J.  Hart  was  the  first  to  locate  land  west  of  Snyder,  and  Hart's  claim  became 
a  part  of  Buffalo.  When  the  county  was  organi'/ed  he  wai  elected  probitc 
judge,  and  served  one  term.  In  1882  ho  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of 
the  legislature  and  reelected  in  1884. 


WYOMING. 


791 


JlldiT 

'JOl. 
fru,  it 
Imli'i' 
Imlly 


1),  111 

|>int- 
Ir  h 

liino 
pate 

of 


3 


o 

Li 


792 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


government."  The  citizens  are  intelligent  and  liberal, 
supporting  law,  order,  and  educa*'on  generously.  It 
has  one  newspaper,  the  Echo,  founded  by  a  company, 
and  first  edited  by  T.  V.  McCandlish."  In  the  mean- 
time, stock-raising  is  the  principal  source  of  wealth, 
there  being  a  number  of  stock  companies  in  the  coun- 
try, as  well  as  individual  owners.'"     The  military  post 

"The  first  mayor  of  Buffalo  was  H.  A.  Bennett,  born  in  Tenn.  in  1854, 
and  removed  in  1877  to  Cheyenne,  and  tlienco  to  Rock  creek,  where  he 
engaged  as  clerk  with  G.  D.  Thayer,  anil  remained  until  1881,  when  ho 
removed  to  Powder  river  and  went  into  business  with  Conrad,  to  whom  hu 
sold  out  in  1882. 

Another  early  settler  was  Richard  Kennedy,  who  waa  '>orn  in  N.  Y.,  and 
brought  up  in  Iowa.  In  1872  he  drifted  to  Montana,  mining  near  Helena, 
prospectiuK  on  Clark  fork  in  1873,  trapping  in  the  Bighorn  mountains,  trad- 
ing with  the  Crows,  organizing  a  town  site  co.  in  1877  and  calling  it  after 
Gen.  Miles.  Before  it  had  obtained  a  goo<l  start  a  rival  Miles  city  was 
started  two  miles  nearer  the  fort,  which  overshadowed  his  town. 

Stephen  T.  Farwell  assisted  in  forming  tlie  county  organization,  and  wa.-i 
a  justice  of  the  peace  previously.  He  was  elected  probate  judge  and  county 
treasurer  in   1884.     Farwell  M-as  born  in  Cambriiigc,    Mass.,  in   18ik3. 

Noel  T.  Webl)er,  another  early  settler,  was  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1822.  In 
1864  he  joined  the  3d  Colo  regt.,  Cai>t.  Talbot's  co.,  and  served  four  months, 
being  at  the  battle  of  Sand  creek.     He  has  hail  a  varied  exi>erience. 

James  M.  LobI)an,  who  M-as  Iwrn  in  Miss.,  came  to  tort  McKinney  in 
1879,  engaging  as  clerk  to  the  post  tr<uler,  J.  H.  Conrad,  and  remaining  until 
1882.  Lobimn  was  elected  prol>ate  judge  and  county  treasurer  in  Ih8'J, 
and  member  of  the  lower  hou.se  of  tho  k'gislature  in  1884. 

Frank  M.  Canton,  a  native  of  Va,  boni  in  1854,  removed  to  Colo  in  18(i8, 
with  hia  father,  vho  settled  himself  southwest  of  Denver.  He  soon  went  tn 
Montana,  and  engaged  M'ith  William  .Jamison,  who  was  in  the  stock  busi- 
ness, remaining  untd  1877,  when  he  came  to  Cheyenne  and  went  into  tlio 
service  of  the  Wyoming  Stock  growers  association,  as  a  detective.  He  made 
many  arrests  of  horse  and  cattle  thieves,  and  some  worse  criminals,  estab- 
lishing his  reputation  for  nerve  and  ability.  In  1882  he  was  elected  sheriff 
of  Johnson  co.,  to  which  ho  had  removed  M'ith  his  family  in  1881. 

'•CuUen  Watt  was  Imni  in  Scotland  in  1864,  and  educated  in  Canada. 
In  1867  he  came  to  Laramie  river  in  Wyoming.  When  Fort  McKinuey  was 
building  in  IS78,  he  located  a  large  tract  of  land  2^  miles  cast  for  a  farm 
and  stuck  range. 

Eugene  B.  Mather  and  George  W.  Mnnkcrs  brought  in  the  first  consign- 
ment of  goods  for  Robert  Foote  of  Buffalo  in  1882,  consisting  of  80,00() 
pounds.  I  have  already  mentioned  Munkers.  Mather  was  Ixirn  in  Pa  in 
184!),  and  in  1868  went  to  Butler  co.,  Kan.,  and  established  the  first  saw- 
mill in  that  region,  20  miles  c.  of  Wichita,  remaining  there  until  1873.  In 
1870  he  went  to  Colo  with  his  brother-in-law,  Munkers,  and  thence  to  Buf- 
falo, where  l)oth  took  up  their  residence.  Mrs  Mather  is  a  daughter  of 
Justice  Pomeroy  of  Uinta  co.,  the  lir.st  white  settler  of  Foutcvillo. 

'*  William  J.  Clarke,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  England,  \wm  in  185!),  and 
educated  at  York,  came  to  Wyoming  in  1878.  Heremained  there  until  1881. 
Clarke  made  his  residence  at  Buffalo. 

Fred.  G.  S.  Hesse,  born  in  England  in  1852.  came  to  Wyoming  in  187C 
from  Tex.,  where  he  had  arrived  3  years  previous. 

Delos  Ifabcock,  born  in  Iowa  in  1857,  went  to  Colo  in  1873.  In  1878  lie 
came  to  Wyoming. 

Charles  H.  Burritt,  born  in  Vt  iu  1854,  ami  educated  iu  Middlebury  ol- 


WYOMING. 


7N 


has  assisted  materially  in  opening  up  the  frontier. 
The  legislature  of  1879  passed  an  act  to  locate  and 
establish  a  territorial  wagon  road  from  Kawlins  to 
Fort  McKinney,  which  being  used  by  the  military  is 
improved  by  the  soldiers.  The  presence  of  a  garrison 
gives  a  feeling  of  security  which  settlers  would  lack, 
surrounded  as  the  territory  is  on  the  west,  north,  and 
east  by  Indian  reservations. 

The  second  town  in  the  county  wan  Sheridan,  sit- 
uated where  the  Bozeman  road  crosses  the  middle 
fork  of  Tongue  river."  Bighorn  city,  a  few  miles 
south  of  Sheridan,  on  the  same  stream,  is  the  third. 
There  are  post-offices  at  Depot  McKinney,  Trabing, 
and  at  Colo,  all  on  the  road  to  Montana 

Albany  county,  with  less  area,  has  more  population 
than  any  county  except  Laramie.  It  comprises  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  Laramie  river,  the  remainder 
of  its  surface  being  broken  and  mountainous." 


lege  ami  at  Brown  univcrmty,  U.  I.,  studied  law  in  Detroit  with  Wni  A. 
Moore.  He  came  to  Cheyenne  in  1879.  In  188.'?,  he  settled  at  Buffalo  iu 
the  practice  of  the  law. 

Chauncy  Sto<Ulard,  Iwrn  in  Peru,  N.  Y.,  in  1829,  came  to  Wyoming, 
Johnson  co.,  in  1879,  an  important  cattle  man. 

John  R.  Smitli  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1844.  In  1879  settled  near  Trading 
P.  O.  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  organize  tlie  county, 
and  was  treasurer  of  his  school  uistriet. 

'"Sheridan  was  incorijorated  in  1884.  Wuom.  Scm.  /,<»»/«,  1884,  129,  Its 
first  mayor  was  John  D.  Loucks,  who  was  born  in  N.  Y.  iu  1845.  With  J. 
M.  Works,  he  settled  in  I8S0  on  Big  (loose  crock.  He  was  appointed  post- 
master in  1882,  wivs  elected  justice  of  the  peace,  and  chosen  on  the  scliooi 
board,  which  he  was  active  in  establishing.  The  first  40  acres  of  the  town 
were  laid  off  in  lots,  and  about  four  buildings  erected;  the  2d  year  there  were 
50  buildings,  an<l  every  lot  sold. 

HtMiry  Held,  born  iu  Bavaria  in  1849,  tame  to  Cheyenne  in  18(>8  and  to 
Sheridan  in  1882. 

Marion  C.  Harris,  born  in  Ind.  in  ISuli,  came  to  Wynmiiig  in  1S8.1. 

James  B.  Culver,  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1857.  In  1884  ho  came  to  .Sheridan, 
and  engaged  witii  J.  W.  C<inrail  &  Co. 

'•  Its  resources  are  principally  grazing  and  mining.  It  is  cspcci-iUy  rioli 
in  iron,  its  Iron  mountain  yielding  85  per  cent  pure  metal.  Laramie  City, 
tiie  county  seat,  has  4,000  inliabitants.  Tlie  military  post  and  reservation 
of  Fort  Sanders  adjoins  it  on  the  south.  The  Union  Pacific  railroad  oper- 
ates large  rolling  mills  at  this  place,  and  iu  1883  erected  soda  manufacturing 
works.  There  are  2,000  inhabitants  divided  among  a  <lozen  railroad  sta- 
tions, and  a  number  of  ranchos  devoted  cliiefiy  to  cattle-raising.  The  as- 
sessed valuation  of  the  county  in  1883  was  §2,8.'W,5I5.  Nathaniel  K.  Bos- 
well  discovered  the  80<la  lakes  in  1869,  and  subsecjuently  sold  them  to  the 
railway.  He  was  then  shipiiing  20  tons  iM)r  week,  at  a  profit  of  ?7.50  jHsr 
ton.    I'be  railway  taeu  would  only  pay  what  the  mine  bad  cost;  and  when 


794 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Laramie  county  was  divided  in  1877,  and  the  north- 
ern portion  given  the  name  of  Crook.  It  remaiiiod 
tor  some  time  unorganized,  being  very  sparsely  popu- 
lated.    On  the  western  flanks  of  the  Black  hills,  in 


HoHwell  refused  tn  8ull,  niado  the  bhipping  ratoa  so  high  aa  to  take  away  lii^ 
Iirotit,  and  0(>iii[hj11  him  to  sell  at  thuir  price,  i$l*i,(Njiu,  the  proiterty  Ikmh^ 
worth  |i*i,OU(),OUU.  The  Hoda  iit  from  '2  to  21  feet  tliiuk,  over  about  "200  aen^ 
and  forniii  as  faxt  as  it  ix  removed.  lioMWoll  was  liorn  in  N.  H.  in  1840,  and  in 
1807  removed, to  t'lieyenne  and  went  into  the  dnig  husinosa,  having  a  hrumli 
at  Laramie,  where  lie  settled  him.selfin  l8tiH.  He  wan  sheriff  i)  ycurx,  duriiiL; 
which  time  ho  made  several  arrests  of  noted  desiHirudoes.  See  t'ook'n  llmtili 
Uj>,  14.t.  He  has  lieun  also  U.  S.  dopt.  marshal  ever  since  1809.  Fort  San- 
ders took  charge  of  the  prisoners  before  a  jail  was  erected,  and  had  at  on<- 
period  'M  convicts,  14  of  whom  were  in  for  munlcr,  ami  all  arrested  hy  Ho* 
well.  He  was  appointetl  chief  of  the  Wy(mi.  stock-growers'  asso.  in  ISN.I, 
ami  had  from  'M  to  50  8ulM)rdinates,  recovering  stolen  stock,  and  seeing  tliut 
liranding  Mas  properly  done.  He  stopped  that  kind  of  stealing  when  tin' 
thieves  turned  their  attention  to  horses,  ;«M)  of  which  were  stolen  ir.  IH.S^. 
The  thieves  were  well  organized,  and  had  their  stations  extending  fnun 
Oregon  to  North  park,  where  were  their  headnuarters.  In  1881  he  enj^iigti! 
in  cattle-raising  on  the  Laramie  river,  JIO  miles  s.  w.  of  the  town  «if  Wyom- 
ing, where  he  had  8  miles  of  river  front. 

The  station  of  Sherman  is  the  highest  {toint  on  the  U.  I'.  11.  K.,  and  has 
2(10  population.  Tie  Siding,  Red  Kutte,  Wyoming,  Cooper  Lake,  Look- 
out, Miser,  Rock  Creek,  and  Wilcox  are  on  tl"  roatf.  Ciinnnins  City  is  on 
tlie  Laramie,  North  I'ark,  and  Pacific  R.  R.,  and  has  ahont  ^{00  voters.  It 
is  a  mining  town  in  the  Braniol  district,  wliich  is  partly  in  this  and  ]iai'tly  in 
<'arl>onco.  Laramie  City  wiis  incorporated  in  1873,  and  reincorporatrd  in 
1884.    Wi/oiii.  SfMA.  t.,iwM,  IS7.'«,  201.  /-/.,  1884,  84. 

Among  tho  fonsmost  of  the  Albany  co.  men  are  the  following:  .laiiu'M  It. 
Hayford,  horn  in  I'ottsduni,  N.  V  .  in  1820,  removed  to  Cheyenne  in  ISliT, 
and  edited  the  liocki/  Motititniii  Stitr  for  two  years,  wlien  ho  came  to  I^araniie 
and  purcliaseil  tlie  Litnnnie  Si'iitiiid.  He  was  appointed  terr.  auditor  in 
IS70.  Mr  llayford  has  Iteen  active  in  forwarding  every  good  undertaking 
in  his  city  and  territory  since  their  foundations  were  laid. 

In  regard  to  newspa^iers,  Laramie  has  had  several  which  did  not  Ioml; 
survive.  That  peripatetic  journ.-il,  the  Frontii-r  Jii<li:r,  lielongin^j;  to  tiir 
erratic  Freeman,  was  the  first  newspaper  published  in  Laramie,  tlie  next 
lieing  the  DiiiUi  Siiiliiifl,  which,  after  running  2  years,  was  changcil  to  a 
weekly.  In  1879  the  7V;/(f'.'i  newspaper  was  first  issued  here.  It  came  from 
Salt  lake  originally,  where  it  had  lieeii  a  llanish  journal.  It  was  moved  to 
Kvanston,  and  thence  to  Laramie  by  C.  W.  Rrainel  anil  L.  I).  Pease.  I'easi' 
ran  it  about  2  years.  In  March  1880  was  organi/.ed  the  Bitomiititnj  Piililisli- 
iiii/  Co.,  wiiich  issued  the  il.  and  w.  Bi>oiiii'nniij,  E.  W.  Nye  editor  and  man- 
ager. The  stock  was  held  by  H.  Wagner,  .1.  J.  Strode,  Jacob  Blair,  A.  S. 
Peabody,  and  others.  The  Tinnn  was  revived  for  a  short  time  as  the  Miss. 
iwj  Link,  and  again  as  the  TriliHiii:  The  Jiixiiiifmnijaiul  thoiS''H</«(7  also  sur- 
vived. 

Robert  Marsh,  an  Knglishinan,  camo  to  Wyoming  in  1808.  He  was  M-ith  thu 
railway  eo,  for  II  years,  in  various  capacities.  Me  waselected  mayor  of  Lara- 
mie in  1880,  through  the  city  council,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  He  was  ou 
the  school  board  7  years;  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  several  years; 
and  appointed  hy  the  county  commissioners  com'r  on  livesttx^k  brands  many 
years  in  succcssitm,  associated  with  S.  F.  Phillips.  He  thorougly  ideiitiliL'd 
himself  with  the  interests  of  Laramie  and  the  county,  and  became  one  <  >f 
the  largest  owners  iu  the  Wyoming  Central  Laud  and  Improvement  con» 


WYOMING, 


795 


the  valleys  of  Sun  Dance  and  Sand  creeks  there  was 
an  agricultural  district  and  settlements.  The  small 
grains  were  found  to  do  well,  and  experiment  proved 
that  it  was  not  necessary  to  irrigate  in  this  region,  the 

l)aiiy,  from  which  lie  hiniitulf  piirchasud  TiO.OlN)  auroa.  He*  inarrivil  a  daugh- 
ter uf  (ieorgu  Harper,  uuu  of  thu  oarliust  ttuttlera  ia  the  county,  and  hun  sev- 
eral children. 

Mortimer  N.  Grant  wiis  Ixtrn  at  I^xington,  Mo.,  in  1851,  and  came  to 
Wyoming  in  18(S9  in  tlio  bcrvico  of  the  gov't  as  surveyor,  and  surveyed  in 
every  part  <»f  the  territory. 

'rhonias  Alsop,  from  iStaffordshiro,  Knglanil,  discovered  the  coal  hanks  at 
Carbon  on  the  railroad,  taking  out  in  the  winter  of  I8U8,  $I'J8,0(M)  wortli  of 
coal,  locating  himself  8  miles  ahovt;  Laramie  City  on  Laramie  river.  He  was 
elected  county  commiiisioner  in  1875. 

Uoliert  K.  Pitch,  Ixirn  in  X.  Y.  in  184:),  came  to  Laraniiu  in  1872,  and 
took  charge  of  the  puMic  schools  until  188'J, 

Ora  Hiilcy,  born  in  cast  Corinth,  Me,  in  1844,  settled  himself  in  Laramie 
City  in  18(>8,  engaging  in  butchering  with  Charles  Hunton.  Haley  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  tcr.  legislature  in  1871,  and  in  188!  to  the 
upper  house;  and  wa.s  cho.scu  a  member  of  the  city  council  in  1878-i)  and 
1880.  He  was  highly  esteemed  in  the  community,  and  felt  a  just  pride  in 
his  success. 

Ciiarles  K.  Clay,  born  in  Va  in  I8.'18,  came  to  Fort  Liiramio  in  18(55.  In 
1875  he  removed  to  Cheyenne;  in  lS8i!  to  Rock  Creek.  His  brother,  William 
Clay,  came  to  Wyoming  in  1875,  and  established  himself  in  cattle-raising  on 
the  Ciiiigwatcr. 

Joiin  H.  Houglas-Willan  was  born  in  1)ublin  in  \H')'2,  of  Scotch  parent- 
age, and  went  to  L:>rimerco.,  Colo,  in  1875  to  engage  in  cattle-raising,  but 
removed  in  1877  to  Wyomini^,  locating  iiimself  on  LaUonte  creek  in  All»aiiy 
CO.  In  188S  he  formed  the  Douglas-\Villaii  Sartoris  co.,  of  which  he  was 
prest  and  manager. 

.1.  K.  Yates,  born  in  (^inadiv  in  18;{4,  came  to  Colo,  and  enlisted  in  the  .'id 
Colorach*  regt  in  18(J4,  and  was  with  Chivington  at  Nand  crei-k.  \\'hen 
Cheyenne  Wiis  founiUd  he  removed  to  this  place,  and  assisted  in  establishing 
y/**"  ijf.ulcr  newspaper.  In  1870  ho  again  removed  to  Laramie,  taking  a 
position  on  the  Sintiml,  managed  by  ,1.  11.  Hayfonl.  In  May  1871  he  en- 
tered into  iiartnershiii  witii  llayfonl,  and  pnrcliased  the  SniHiiff. 

.Michael  11.  Murjitiy,  luirn  in  I'a  in  ]84."i,  caiiif  to  Liiraniie  City  in  18(i!). 
and  in  1875  was  elected  on  tiie  democratic  ticket  to  a  seat  in  tin?  legislatiiri'. 

.Tohii  W.  lilake,  born  in  IJriilgeton,  Me,  came  to  Laramie  in  1874,  stud- 
ied law,  and  was  aibiiitted  to  jiractice  in  1877.  In  1884  he  wa.s  elected  to 
the  up]>er  iionso  of  tlie  legislature. 

Cliarles  W.  Spalding.  i)orn  in  Mary.sville,  Ky,  in  1835,  came  to  Laramie 
ill  187<>,  as  one  of  her  be.  t  citi/ens. 

William  Lawrence,  born  in  Scotland,  came  to  Laramie  in  187(5,  cngageil 
in  divers  business  ventures  witli  success. 

Otto  (iramin,  born  in  Ohio  in  1S45,  came  to  Laramie  City  in  1870.  Tiic 
tire  department  of  Laramie  was  organizcil  by  (tramtii,  aidcil  by  Wanless. 
He  was  on  tlie  school  boaMl  which  made  the  first  purcha.se  of  lots  for  .school 

Kirposes.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  dejit.  fish  commissioner  under  H.  B. 
umsey;  was  sec.  of  the  board  a]>])ointed  by  the  legislature  in  188'2,  and  ap- 
pointed ter.  tish  comini.ssioner  in  1884;  one  of  the  solid  men  of  Laramie,  and 
a  man  of  culture;  was  elected  proliate  judge  and  ctiiinty  treasurer  in  1884 
for  two  years.     In  1885  he  was  elected  city  treasurer. 

William  Crout,  born  in  N.  Y.  in  182(5,  served  in  both  the  Mexican  and 
civil  war,  after  which  he  was  sent  to  the  frontier,  via  Tjcavenworth  and  Fort 
CoUius,  escorting  the  mail  from  Denver  to  iSalt  Lake,  where  he  was  dis- 


.11 
£  ill 


796 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


precipitation  being  sufficient  for  perfecting  crops. 
The  farinin«5  lands  were  surrounded  by  uplands  suita- 
ble for  grazing,  and  the  mountains  were  covered  with 
pino  and  oak  timber.  The  asseflsed  valuation  of 
unproved  land,  town  lots,  cattle,  and  horses,  in  1S77, 
was  $1,607,882,  and  of  ijersonnl  proi)crty  $81,1»87. 

Laramie  county  proper'*  contained  6,800  square 
miles,  and  a  populati<m  of  9,000.  Its  assessed  valua- 
tion in  1883  was  $7,345,055,  more  than  two-thirds  of 
which  was  in  personal  i»ro[>erty.  The  anuiunt  of 
property  represented  by  those  figures,  compared  with 
the  population,  makes  Laramie  one  of  the  wealthiest 
counties  in  this  or  any  other  territory." 

Cheyenne,  the  county  seat  and  capital  of  the  terri- 
tory, had  a  jiopulation  in  1^86  of  alx)ut  7,000.  It 
was  the  centre  of  the  stock  interests  of  Wyoming,  and 
portions  of  Nebraska,  Dakota,  and  Montana,  and  had 
a  large  trade  with  miners,  stockmen,  freight  contract- 
ors, and  with  the  military   establishments  of  Camp 

charged  in  the  spring  of  I  SCO,  an<l  in  1883  engaged  in  stock-raising  in  Car- 
bon CO. ,  60  miles  due  w.  of  Laramie. 

(iustave  Schnitger,  Itorn  in  Prussia  in  I8'23,  was  in  1878  aiti>ointc<l  U.  S. 
marshal  of  Wyoming,  with  headtjuarters  at  Cheyenne.  In  188:{  he  n-muvLil 
to  Laramie.  William  R.  Schnitger  of  Cheyenne,  son  of  Gustave,  was  dep- 
uty m<ar.shal  under  his  father,  and  also  city  marshal  of  Cheyenne,  by  ap- 
pointment and  election. 

'"By  reference  to  U.  S.  Sen.  Doe.,  02.  j..  99,  vol.  ii;  41  cong.,  2  sew.,  itwill 
be  seen  that  an  attempt  was  made  to  hai  e  the  name  of  Ogallala  adopted  in 
place  of  Laramie. 

**The  average  wealth  of  Colorado,  a  notably  rich  state,  is  over  $500  i>er 
capita,  while  the  average  wealth  of  Wyoming  is  nearly  9800.  Th<>  usual  av- 
erage in  agricultural  counties  u  8200  to  .^MO  ]>er  capita.  Carl>on  couiity 
averages  over  8700  jMjr  capita;  Alltany  county  8472;  Sweetwater  8".>*4;  and 
Laramie  over  $800.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  only  one  of  these  distru-tJ 
which  has  no  railroad  projicrty  to  assess  sustains  the  highest  rate  of  value  to 
the  individval.  Copjier  mining  districts  have  l»ecn  formed  in  l.araiiii<> 
county  at  Platte  Caflon,  Rawhide  Ruttes,  Black  Buttes.  Sand  Creek,  and 
Hurricane.  At  Silver  Cr<»wn.  an  abandonctl  district,  new  and  rich  discuv- 
cries  of  copper  were  made  in  11>-S2-  The  first  smelting-works  ei*eote<l  wer-^ 
at  Platte  Carton,  twelve  miles  west  of  Fort  Laramie,  in  l»ec.  1882  by  the 
VVyomin^  Copper  company.  There  is  a  coal  oil  Itasin  in  Crook  county.  :n 
the  vicinity  of  .Jenny's  stockade.  Coal  and  salt  are  found  in  close  proxim- 
ity to  the  oil.  Mica  exists  in  the  Laramie  range,  and  a  ileposit  twenty  mile^ 
north  of  Fort  I.Aramie  was  sold  to  a  New  York  com|viny  in  1882,  whioli 
began  shipping  it  east  This  bo<ly  of  coal  was  discovered  by  Cyrus  IIki  in 
1880.  Associated  with  Iba  in  the  ownership  were  .Tohnstm  and  K<lward  J. 
Baker.  Iba  was  liorn  in  Pa  in  18:i0,  and  after  busy  ami  adventurous  Ufc, 
came  to  Cheyenne  in  187o,  and  tii>;nre  proceeded  to  the  Black  hiUs,  where 
he  made  his  cool  discovery  and  his  fortune. 


WYOMlSi;. 


797 


Carlin  ftnd  Fort  Russell.  It  covered  an  area  of  1,500 
acres,  was  gfiierally  well  built,  autl  uriiauieiitod  with 
shade  trees.  It  had  uiie  street,  Ferguson,  with  more 
liandsunie  residences  than  any  avenue  in  any  town  uf 
equal  jxjpulation  in  the  United  States." 

^  The  liritt  really  tine  Htructuix-K  were  erec-totl  by  atockniea.  Thia  gara 
cnntiileiive  to  tlie  nicrt-haiit!*.  SUtuyhu-r,  Li/':  iuioiniml  H'yo/N.,  MS.,  6.  'J'lia 
Chrifi-mf  Sun  uuhliflhed  an  especial  e^Iition  in  S«pt.  ISK.*t.  illiutraU-<l  witli 
views  of  the  cfiurcbeit,  sch<M>l  'niuoi,  puMio  aniun^ment  halLt,  ainlliaiulKoino 
reitidenees,  which  goes  far  to  Hulwtantiate  SLaughter's  •tatenicnt.  Thi-ru 
wore  32  private  rcHiilcnce^  <lelineate«l,  from  cottage*  to  mansioiiii  coMting 
$40,000;  all  in  excellent  taatc,  an<l  Hliowingthe  preM.-uc-«  of  al>unilaiit  iii<.-uii.i. 
The  presence  of  shailo  trees  Lt  largely  due  to  I>wight  Fi.->k  who  was  mayor 
in  18/7.  Ho  brought  trees  from  Colorado,  and  was  careful  to  att«n<l  to  their 
growth.  Ho  was  bom  in  IHCtO  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.;  settled  hix  If  at 
Cheyenne,  carrying  on  a  business  as  fr)-ight  contractor  for  the  g"  (,  and 
supplying  ties  to  the  railroad.  In  ItMiO  he  erecteil  a  houw  on  L<Mlge  I'tdo 
L'attle-raising.     He  was  a  meuilier  of  the  city  council 


creek,  and  engaged  in  catt 
of  Cheyennu  m  1874-5-0. 


The  BcluH)l-hou8Ss  of  ('heyenn<;,  particularly  the  Central  school,  were  of 
the  be<tt  order,  tlie  latter  seating  5.'iO  pui>il.-i.  Tlie  library  contains  80U  vol- 
umes of  well  chosen  reference  iMioks.  The  graditl  course  rojuires  8  years 
for  its  completiim,  when  the  pupil  is  pre|iare<l  to  enter  the  high  school  for  a 
3  years'  course.  TIio  catholic  academy  is  a  handsome  and  c^tly  e«liiic-e.  It 
is  4  stories  high,  in  tho  French  stylo  of  architecture.  The  whole  number  of 
pupils  enrolled  in  1883  was  604. 

The  courtdtouse  and  jail  completc«l  in  187*2  cn«t  ^7,000.  It  was  u^'^-d 
for  a  capitol  building  in  1873.  The  city  hall,  erected  in  1874,  cost  $1 1.UUO. 
Tho  Cheyenne  clubdiouse  is  a  mislern  improvemcni,  l>eing  erected  in  1881 
for  the  comfort  of  me"  of  wealth,  who  objected  to  hotel  living.  It  was  built 
of  brick,  and  cofit  $40,000.  Thn  club  prohibits  gambling,  auUrctiuires  a  high 
standard  of  character  in  ita  niemlicrs.  The  boarti  of  trade  has  its  hcadouar- 
ters  there,  and  tliere  are  receivetl  the  prices  current  of  the  eastern  niarki  *  *. 
Tho  oitcra-house  wm  built  of  brick,  with  stone  trinunings.  Tlie  tirst  of 
seven  church  organizations  was  of  the  m<>tbodists,  by  D.  \\ .  Scott,  in  .Sept. 
1867.  The  church  etlitice  was  built  of  wood,  in  1871,  and  dedicated  Kept. 
23d.     A  brick  (tarsonage  was  added;  total  cost.  $6,000. 

St  Mark'u  episcopal  church  was  organized  Sept.  27,  1868.  A  wooden 
edifice  was  complt^teil  on  the  23<l  of  Aug.,  1869,  which  was  the  tirst  building 
consecrated  to  worship  in  the  city.  The  convocation  of  Colora«l<i  and  Wy- 
oming was  fonned  in  1879.  St  Marys,  cath<dic.  was  orgauizc<l  in  the  spring 
of  I8(i8,  and  the  same  year  a  building  costing  ^,000  was  complete«l,  which 
was  used  for  two  years,  when  a  new  and  hanilsoiiie  church,  costing  $!t,OUO, 
wa«  erected.  Tlie  1st  congregational  was  organi/c<l  June  13,  iJ^W, l>y  J.  \i. 
Davi.s.  A  church  building  was  crictol  on  Hill  and  19th  streets  in  1879,  ami 
dedicated  Dec.  'i9tli;  cost,  $5,000.  Tlie  l.-*t  presbyterian  was  org:inized, 
with  9  iiicmlwrs,  Feb.  1,  1870.  .\  church  olificc,  costing  $6..'i«lO.  wa.-«  built, 
and  dedicated  July  17,  1870.  In  1883  a  new  church  w;n  en«te<l.  costing 
$l.'>,5fi0.  .\  church  was  erected  in  1881  by  the  U-ptists,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000. 
Tlie  colored  methotlisti  had  their  house  of  worship. 

Tlie  county  hospital,  of  brick  and  woo«l.  cost  $21,000.  Ita  arrangement 
for  the  comfort  of  the  inmates  is  very  complete. 

Tliere  were,  in  1886,  three  oil.l  fellow  I<n]i:< -■<.  Chevenne  \o.  J.  instituted 
April  15,  1868,  Hope  No.  2,  instituteil  .\ug.  .10.  1871,  .\llemania  No.  5 
((Jerman),  institute<l  Jan.  I.  1883.  tt'ifom.  Or.  Lr»l.r,\.0.0.  F  .  1879  Th.re 
were  four  masonic  lodges,  Cheyenne  Xo.  I.  organize<l  Feb.  29.  \fi»tS,  Wyo- 
ming  No.  I,  March  15,  1873,  ^^eatem  Star  (coL),  March  13,  1879,  member- 


:l't'  .. 
ill  I  'M 


RKSOUUCKS  AND  DKVKLOPMENT. 


The  stations  uumcf  the  railroail  have  scanty 
rcsourcoa  and  suiall  populations,  a  condition  which 

•hip  24,  Aug.   18,   ISMO.  jV'.  MfJ-.  Prncf^diwj*  Or.   Lolj,,  18T9.  j>.  93.     The 
KiiightH  of  I'ythiaH,  dioycnno  i<Hlge  No.  '2,  orsanixol  Jan.  9,  \<i'o. 

Cliuyeniie  tiro  (lepartnicnt  organi/i>(l  an  folioWH:  Pionoi-r  If.  ami  I...  co.  in 
IMS?.  ItM  Imildinu  ami  apparatuit  cont  94,>V)0.  Tlio  .\l<>rt  Hohc  co.,  organ- 
ized ill  Out.  1877;  nuiiding  ami  apparatuH,  #3,00C>.  The  Durant  »tcani  tin.' 
engine  no.  organized  in  18lt8;  apiwratua  ctmt  $10,000.  The  J.  T.  CLirk  Imst- 
CO,  orunni7«d  in  1870.  Water  came  from  Lake  Mahi>ahlutah,  1.^  niilcM  n<irth. 
The  city  is  lighteil  1>y  electricity,  \mixg  the  tirxt  towu  in  the  worM  t<>  une 
electric  lightn  liefore  gaH. 

The  Wyoming  Aoaileniy  of  Science,  Arts,  and  Lrttem,  founded  in  ISS'J, 
and  located  at  Cfhcyenno,  is  an  exponent  i>f  tlie  t  rogrowive  ten'^Mu-icii  of 
the  tH-oplo.  The  territorial  library,  at  Cheyenne,  in  iHSki  contained  over 
11,(100  voU. 

The  manufiicturnH  of  Cheyenne  are  ehietly  thotio  connectcil  with  the  rail 
road  car  and  machine  Hhopg,  the  manufactHro  a{  wagons  an<l  harncHu,  hnin,. 
Hmall  hoot  and  shoe  factoricm,  '2  lirowcric.4,  a  ]>laning  mill,  and  foundry  and 
machiiiu   workH,     Thu  numt  intcroflting   industry  pur>ucd  here  is  tllut  of 
making  jewelry  out  of  native  mctalx  and  gems. 

The  lir«t  of  four  hank.s  oxtaldiKhcd  was  the  First  Nat'  mal,  l>y  A.  11.  Con 
vrrKc,  ill  ISTI,  witii  a  paid  tip  capital  uf  $7'>,OilO,  whic*  has  lieci  incn-astil 
to  S'JOO.OdO,  with  a  Burplus  of  j!.")<t,000.  Mr  ConverHe  died  in  the  suiiinicr  uf 
|H8;i,  wht'ii  T.  B.  Hicks  sucrccded  to  the  i>re8idency.  The  Iwtnk  of  Murtoii 
K.  I'ost  &  Co.  was  cHtaMiHhed  in  1S76  l>y  Stehhins,  Post  A  Co.  Stehhin-i 
n'tircd  in  ISS.'i.  The  Stockgrowcrs'  National  hank  Wgan  husiness  in  IhX'J. 
its  organizers  being  J.  M.  Carey,  Thomas  ."^turgis  (president),  II.  (J.  May, 
and  \V.  C.  Lane.  Its  paid  up  capital  in  188.M  wa.<>  ^447.000.  The  l>ankin){ 
house  of  A.  T.  Kent  is  also  a  savings  deposit  Uink.  In  IStW  Mnwry  A. 
Arnold  opi^ned  the  first  savings  bank  in  Wyoming,  which  continued  only 
until  1S7.'<. 

Clicymiio  had  in  IS.SCi  tiirco  newspapers:  Thi"  CIuyrnM  I.nidrr^K*  started 
in  •Inly  l<%7  by  Nathan  A.  Haker  and  .1.  K.  dates.  Baker  sold  in  April 
IST'J  to  11.  Uhifckc,  wlio  owned  it  until  Oct.  1881,  when  it  was  sohl  to  the 
liCiiilcr  I'rinting  co. ,  conijiosed  of  Morton  E.  Post,  A.  II.  Swan,  fJ.  I...  Hall. 
.1.  W.  Collins,  .1.  C.  Baird,  K.  A.  Uccd,  Frank  H.  Clark,  and  H.  B.  Kdly. 
Before  the  year  was  out,  the  conipaiiy  sold  to  W.  C.  Ir\'ine,  and  he  again  to 
Morrow  &  Sullivan.  Soon  after  it  was  owned  by  Morrow  alone,  and  in 
18>'H  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  l>cmocratic  Leader  co.,  composed  of  W. 
C.  Irvine,  .1.  C.  Raird,  N.  N.  Craig,  .John  F.  Coatl,  Fre<l.  .Schwartze,  Luke 
Murrin,  David  Miller,  Thomas  Mm(|ueen,  Charles  F.  Miller,  Luke  Vrmrhie*. 
C.  P.  Organ,  and  others.  The  democrats  iieeiled  a  newsitajwr  for  caiu{>aigii 
puriioses,  and  the  republicans  allowetl  them  to  cet  it. 

Till'  Cfiri/enm  SiiH  was  originally  the  IMlt/  Xfir*,  started  by  Benton  and 
Fisher  in  1875,  and  had  run  about  half  a  year  when  it  was  purfha.«o<l  by  A. 
Fi.  Slack,  and  its  name  changed  to  '/%•  .Sun.  Slack  started  the  linhyrit'li  nt 
at  I.Araiiiic,  a  daily,  changing  its  name  to  77/c  Sun,  and  conferring  the  name 
«>n  the  Xvirn,  as  above.  Slack  was  born  in  N.  Y.  He  8erve<l  in  the  civil 
war,  and  came  to  Wyoming  in  1868,  mining  for  a  time  at  South  jiass.  an<l 
running  a  saw-mill,  which  furni.shed  lumlier  to  the  militar>-  posts,  until  1S71. 
when  ho  went  to  Ljiramic,  and  eogageil  in  new^(>aper  business.  He  became 
Boleproprietor  of  the  Sun. 

The  Xorthn'Mt' Liiy-Mork  Jonrnnl,  devoted  entirely  to  stock  interests,  was 
owned  and  controlled  by  A.  S.  Mercer,  Mho,  with  .S.  A.  Mamey,  started  it 
in  188.*?.  I  have  had  occasion  to  mention  Mercer  in  my  ffiitory  of  WivJiimjtmt. 
216,  this  series,  in  connection  with  the  tcrriiosial  univcrsitj'.  He  wa*  l>orn 
in  111.  in  1839,  and  went  to  Washington  tcr.  as  a  s^'rveyor  for  the  govt  in 
1861.  Tlie  following  year  he  took  charge  of  the  infant  university.  In  18»i3 
he  was  appointed  com'r  of  imnnigratiou,  and  proceeded  ?ast  on  this  business. 


WOMIXli. 


7W 


must  exist  BO  long  aa  (grazing  without  aorrioulturo  con- 
tinues to  bo  the  bias  of  the  people.     A  uiovonient  was 

Ho  liruiight  l>ack  with  Siim  in  1864  »  namlier  of  women  who  wcro  competent 
tiinchcr!*,  Itut  who  iu»tn  ntarnttl.  In  IH65  he  ietunic<l  to  Nvw  Kiiglaml,  ami 
liroiight  out  a  shiuloail  of  !M)  women,  who  aUo  noun  «fttle<i  in  homcii  of  their 
own.  He  erocteii  the  lint  grain  wharf  at  Astona  m  IMj4S.  an«l  originatei! 
tlie  project  of  shipping  ilirvct  to  the  eaat  l>y  aaihng  vesjieU.  He  sent  the 
tirxt  caruo  of  wheat  from  Oregon  to  LirerytutU  aaMiite<l  l<y  a  |mmi1  of  farnier.s. 
In  IS74T10  Hiartetl  the  Orttfm  timmjrr  at  Al)>any,  hut  mhiu  went  to  Texan, 
and  Ktartoil  the  Shmiutn  t  '•mrirr,  ami  no  |e«a  than  5  other  uewi4|ia|H!ni  at  dif- 
ferent i>ointii  in  Tex.  Iiefore  coming  to  C*beyeniie,  in  IHtCi. 

The  Wyomiwt  TriiMH'  waa  starteil  Nov.  '2»,  lMi9.  I*y  t^lwanl  M.  Ixh>. 
Samuel  A.  Briiitol  editor.  It  mnpended  in  Sept.  187'J.  Kriiitol  wait  iMirn  in 
Conn,  in  1841,  migrateil  to4'<Join  l*M>7,  and  to  C'lieveane  in  IMtl.  The  tirnt 
exvluaivoly  joJi  printing  olhi-e  and  Ixiok  hindery  in  Wyiuning  wait  Htarted  in 
May  IHM'J  liy  ItriMtol  aiiil  .li>hn  J.  Knopf,  the  Utter  wmiu  aelling  out  to  Wil- 
liam .M.  Knalnj.  BruUnCA  AVinprprr-  I'ftu,  M.S.,  i«  a  liintory  of  theno 
jouriialM. 

Of  other  puhlicaticm.H  which  ha<l  hut  a  hrief  esiHtence  at  Llicycnno  w.iM 
the  ■*f^(/^  Htarti'cl  liy  O.  T.  H  Williams  in  IMiT,  which  ran  for  alwiut  I  ye.tr. 
Tlie  AfijH*,  a  democratic  newn]ia|ier.  utartetl  in  It:ti7  liy  L.  L.  Keilell,  and 
tmMpeiidud  in  ISOO.  It  wa«  re«u«citate«l  by  Stanton  anil  Ki<-hanUo!-,  prac- 
tical printers,  hut  only  ran  a  few  week*.  The  Chryfimf  Oitz/llr,  cHtiiMiHlied 
Ity  WulMt<;r,  Johii-son,  aiiil  (iarrett  in  1^76,  only  ran  a  few  monthit,  and  wan 
removed  to  the  Black  hilli*.  It  came  originally  from  riattKiiiouth,  Neh.,  to 
liaraniie  City,  where  it  was  callol  the  Vhr>mtrU,  tlie  name  it  l»ore  at  I'latt;*- 
iiiouth.  Uirectoriex  of  Cheyenne  and  Laramie  were  puMiKhe<l  alMiut  IM7.t  hy 
J.  H.  Triggs.  A.  R.  •lohn.-«on  and  T.  N.  luthiU  pulilinhetl  a  ^%if'niif  lUnr- 
tory  in  IH8!t,  from  which  I  have  made  saiint;  <|iiotatious.  F'or  other  iiote.i 
about  Cheyenne,  I  have  coii.<tulte<l  U'tfoinitfj  T-rrU'-rhil  Aff'ur*.  M.S.,  con.nint- 
ing  of  Helected  cxtract.<«  from  the  1 'hri/t nitf  Sin,  lJ»7o;  SLin-jhlT,  L{i'c  in  I'olit 
(itul  Wyoni.,  MS.;  Wffomiitti  Iwil'iiit*  nml  S'lilrr»,  il.S.,  coiiMi.'ttiug  of  selected 
extracts  on  the  .Hiiliject  indicate)!,  taken  from  the  Vlirtfriinr  Suit,  IK7li,  and 
coii*'viiiing  a  pretty  full  hi.ttory  of  the  Bighorn  an<l  Black  hilLi  ex|H>ditioni«: 
WifOiiiiiui  AfiMivlliinif,  M.S.,  com*i.<iting  of  celecteal  extract*  from  the  CA>7/>'m;i>- 
IVirLli/  Trilmiii',  I8IJ9-70;  Bo-Urhrr,  Flm*h  Tui^*  0/ Votnnuto,  MS.,  1;  Jii>irl,M, 
T/ii'  Snufyrl'iii'l  0/  Aiiifri'-'i,  16-17;  Gnijr,'Gni^^iril,' i'olonuln,'J!^:  Simhoru, 
/fnmfliool- of  Wifom.,  Mi  .'.;  /ArW'M,  C/wtf  HVv.  ISH-H;  furUtt.  t\m„<lhi>i  nf 
Chrifetiiw,  MS.;  Ii-jii:*>ll,  Kutftiu-i  Anrnmrl  tk^  RcLir^.  31;  llryl(!ur.  Wyom., 
1881.  and  ISSH,  and  many  private  dictatiomt. 

Tiicre  were  few  towns  in  l^rainie  county.  Hartville,  Fairliank,  and 
M  illerslmrg,  on  the  North  I'lattc  river,  are  <.am|M  lieltmging  Ui  the  copi>er 
minus.  Chugwater  is  a  roa<l  station  at  the  south  end  of  the  timWr  rcgi<in. 
Hat  Creek  is  a  pnst-otfice  iiiervly.  Tliere  are  a  great  number  of  raiichos, 
and  the  land  is  largely  occupioi  and  owuc-<I  liy  cattle  rai'^^rs.  F.  B.  Haight 
lives  at  Chugwater,  and  .Fnhn  Storrie  at  Hat  Creek.  The  amount  of  land 
surveyed,  in  1882,  in  Wyoming  mas  41i,270.tf|  acres:  8<ild.  .V<.:K»7.2r»  acres. 
In  1883  there  were  l,'2Mi.iil  l.iJCt  acres  «ir»-eye«l,  and  IS7.4>vS.(>r>  acri-s  sold. 
In  Laramie  and  .Johnson  connties  there  were  incorparate<l  in  1882-3  seven- 
teen irrigating  canals,  tunn>-ls,  and  ditches. 

Horace  A.  Hoy,  born  in  la  in  lSJi7.  in  ISSI  came  toCheyenne  .as  surveyor. 
He  ran  the  Ilth  auxiliar)'  meridian  17*2  miles,  from  Latham  north  to  Beaver 
creek,  and  the  7th,  8th,  !>th,  anil  10th  standanl  parallels,  suUlividing  and 
sectionizing  this  area,  under  the  contract  of  C.  W.  Brown.  In  ISK4  he  was 
elected  Burveyor  of  L.Tramie  en.,  in  which  he  ran  nearly  2,000  miles  of  lines, 
including  the  irrigating  ditches  of  the  lone  Land  cr*mpany  and  the  Union 
Cattle  company. 

Among  the  leading  residents  of  Cheyenne,  most  of  them  at  some  time 
stock-raisers,  are:  J.  M.  Carey,  who  first  engaged  in  the  business  in  1871 


aoo 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


made  in  the  direction  of  agiiculture  by  the  Wyoming 
Development  company  of  Cheyenne,  which,  in  1883, 

with  luH  brother.     Ho  drove  Texas  cattle  into  the  country,  and  improved 
them. 

One  of  the  first  to  engage  in  atock-raiaing  waa  K.  W.  Whitcomb,  Itorn  in 
Oxford,  Maas,  who  came  to  Wyoming  in  1857,  freighting  for  Johnaon'a  army 
en  route  to  Halt  lake.  In  the  apring  of  18<>8  ho  went  to  the  north  Platte. 
He  made  a  buaineaa  of  atock-raiaiiiK,  including  aheep. 

Another  early  atock-raiaer  waa  H.  U.  Kel^,  bom  in  Mo.  in  18.34.  Hm 
\\-as  elected  to  the  ter.  council  in  1875.  Tlie  following  year  ho  burnt  a  kiln 
of  brick,  and  erected  a  house  on  the  ('hugwater,  where  he  remained  until 
1880,  when  he  aohla  herd  on  that  range  to  the  Swan  Land  and  Cattle  co.  for 
$105,000,  and  put  another  herd  on  the  north  Crazy  Woman  creek  of  Powder 
river,  whicli  he  aoM  aoon  after  for  9100,000,  anil  turned  hia  attentiim  to  rain- 
ing high  grade  bulla.  He  waa  elected  county  commiaaioner  in  1881,  and 
rc<>lccted  1884. 

John  >lunton,  bom  in  Va  in  1839,  came  to  Wyoming  in  1867.  In  1884 
he  incorporated  hia  atock  aa  the  John  Huiiton  Cattle  comuany. 

John  W.  Snyder,  iMira  in  Wia.  in  1837,  after  a  life  of  viciaaitudea,  with 
hia  brother  drove  fn>m  Texaa  3,300  atook  oattle  to  Nebraaka,  and  aold  them 
to  Edward  Creighton  at  Omaha.     In  1870  they  came  to  Cheyenne. 

A.  C.  Snyder,  a  native  of  Pa,  came  to  Cheycnno  in  180U.  Ho  engaged 
in  atock  buaineaa  on  the  Chugwater. 

Mowry  A.  Anmld  ia  of  the  Rh(Mle  iHland  family  which  aettlcd  in  that 
Htate  in  1035;  migrated  to  Colo  in  1805,  au>l  mined  and  taught  achool  at  Cen- 
tral. In  1807  he  came  to  Cheyenne  and  taught.  Hia  wife  waa  elected  aupt 
of  public  achmda  of  Liiramio  co,  in  1871,  holding  the  office  two  yeara. 

Charlea  P.  Coffee  born  in  Mo.  in  1847;  in  M7I  ho  moved  to  Cleyenno 
from  Texaa,  and  raiacd  hisli  grudti  cattle  and  horaca. 

A.  H.  Swan  came  to  Wyoming  in  1872,  and  in  1874  was  joinmlby  liia 
brother,  Thomas  Swan,  and  they  wore  in  time  among  the  largcat  ownora 
north  of  Texas.  Among  their  tirat  inveatments  wtis  the  purchaae  oi  John 
Sparka'  herd  on  the  Cnugwater.  They  invested  heavily  with  a  Scotch 
syndicate  under  tlie  name  of  Swan  Hrothera'  l.aud  and  Cattle  Co.,  and  con- 
trollfi!  200,000  head.  They  puruhaaed  a  large  herd  of  A.  R.  '."onverjte  in 
1884,  and  ma<le  other  purchases  in  the  territory  without  moving  the  cattle, 
and  had  liotween  40  and  50  ranchoa. 

(Je(ir|{o  T.  Morgan,  an  Knglinhmen,  came  to  Wynming  in  IS70  to  look 
alKiu^'  with  tlie  view  of  intrtHlucing  choice  Kngliali  atock.  in  1878  lie  caiiit> 
again  in  rharge  of  a  coiiMignment  of  Hereford  bulla  to  A.  II.  Swan,  tiie  tir.'-t 
introiluocd  into  Wyoming,  and  coat  ♦  10,000  to  import.  In  1883  md  IISHI 
they  iiiipitrtcd  .*((NI  lii'ud  of  thoroiighlircd  i-nttlo.  The  Swan  brotl.erx,  witli 
Morgan  for  iiiiiiiager,  eatabliHlii'tl  the  Wytunit.g  Hereford  aHaocir4tioii,  the 
lar>;ei«t  and  liiieMt  itlnniled  breedi'ig  farui  in  ti;  >  worhl,  conaiating  (<f  4(),0<K) 
aeri'M  iitnler  leiice,  with  f/ood  buiMiiiga,  windmilla  for  lifting  water,  iiii'l 
other  iiii|iriiveiiientH. 

Iliriiiit  S.  Manville,  Ixirn  in  Mas'.  iiil820,  caiiki  to  Wyoming  in  1870.  Alnitit 
1881  A.  K.  CiiiiviTxe  eonibiued  witli  hiiiS;  forming  the  Cmiveriio  Cattle  cciiii- 
ji«liy,  with  a  oitplt'il  nl'  )>.')00,(HKI  Tht-  ollu'ei-M  o?  the  ee'iipHliy  were;  A.  ii 
CcinverMe,  prent;  VV.  C,  Irviiie,  vieepreKt;  Jiiiiiea  S.  IVek,  ni'e.  and  tren.«- 
iirer:  H.  S.  Manville.  gen.  inanager;  and  Judge  A.  C.  -May,  all  of  wIkuh 
Were  tr\inteea. 

Samuel  lliiaa.  a  native  of  Pi»,  is  a  v«ry  prominent  cattle  man  of  Lara- 
mie CO, 

A.  T.  Ilabbitt,  member  «if  the  executive  committee  of  the  atock  grower.i 
a«Ho<i»t)oti,  came  to  Cheyenne  in  1878.     .'n  1881   he  organicoil  the  Standanl 
Cattle  CD.,  eon->iiitinu  ot    A.    T.   Btkblutt  of  Ohio,  (ieovje  U.   Hlanelmrd  <>r 
New  Yo'k,  and  R.  M.   Alley  of  Hoatoii,  of  which   Itiibbitc  waa  inunngii 
Babbitt  ia  the  author  of  the  coinpr  .'henaivu  /^;«or<  on  the  Unmn\i  IiittrrH  tm-/ 


WYOMlNij. 


80] 


■-•»?  ;..  the  territory  for  Zt*'^  »?  •"""'«  the  «„. 
""'I  >8  deep,  «o,„e  cff  it  bei^  '.f  1""?'  PJI***  The 
the  greater  portio,,  eo.SS.  f  '"'''^  '^"'■atio,,,  but 
well  «lapted^t..  irri^a  oT  L" f  IT""  '«""'>•  '■«"' 
been  demonstrated  tyth"\»iltLT  >'  ""  "'"^'i' 
«on  of  valuable  crops  «  "«  ">"«»"  "''u  sui-ces. 


».  -a  Which  Jift-i^^^i^. 


►rning  Vtmfm-  eo.,  .ho* 


^«/  A«;y^,  1884 
works  are  focated 
VMte,!  #200.000, 

Duiiion.  r-— -»«u  ju  jstKi,  itionno  .        :"""-"in 

H«rry  Olerich..  born  i .  H.U  *■•"*•  ^'^  "'W*'^' 

Sr""^~^.^v^rl     "'■■"■^'- »«'  -"^  i. 


Wyoming.     Havititf «./„  ,  i,  *  **'  """  pfri-I  l,e^.      .■      ■  *•"'  reap- 


802 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Btue  Grass  creek,  thenos  into  Sahille,  and  from  the  jatter  stream  into  a 
canal,  the  whole  distance  beins  80  miles,  more  than  half  of  which  was  dug 
out.  Two  hundred  miles  of  lateral  ditches  were  re<|uire«l  to  irrigate  the 
tract.  Nearly  half  a  million  dollars  was  expended  in  completing  the  work, 
which  was  finished  in  1886.  It  is  estimated  that  the  tract  thus  reclainiod 
will  support  a  farming  population  of  3,750,  and  cause  the  buiKling  of  a  town 
of  2,0(M)  inhabitancs.  The  elevation  of  this  tract  is  fn.m  4,000  Ut  5,000  feet, 
and  consequently  its  climate  will  n»t  interfere  with  the  raising  of  any  farm 
products  that  can  lie  matured  anywhere  in  the  neishlioring  states  and  terri- 
tories. The  founders  of  this  enterprise  were  J.  m.  Carey,  If.  ('.  Plunkctt, 
Thomas  Sturgis,  M.  R  Post,  A.  Gdchrist,  W.  C.  Irvine,  and  W.  P.  Max- 
well. Another  land  company  was  organized  in  1K84  under  the  name  of 
Wyoming  Central  Land  and  Improvement  c<>m|>any,  tbeol*jcct  of  which  was 
to  acquire  agricultural,  mineral,  grazing,  ami  timliered  Luids  an<l  railroad 
landn.  an<l  to  sell,  lease,  or  develop  them  at  pleasure:  to  engage  in  stiR'k- 
growing  or  mining,  or  to  cultivate  uy  irrigating  and  fanning  any  jiortion  of 
them  suited  to  agrieulturo. 

Andrew  Gilchrist,  general  manager  of  the  W.  T>.  en.,  was  Itorn  in  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  in  1841;  came  to  Wyoming  and  engaged  in  the  cattle  busi- 
ness, having  several  ranchos,  and  meeting  with  much  success. 

The  advancement  making  in  the  farming  interest  is  further  illustratotl  by 
the  enterprise  of  Thomas  vV.  Kutledge  and  Benjamin  Hellman,  who  in 
188:{  dug  ditches  l>y  which  10,000  acres,  42  miles  north-west  of  Cheyenne, 
were  reclaimed.  In  1883  the  whole  tract  was  fence<l  withwir«,  and  half  of 
it  well  irrigated  and  cultivated.  Tlieir  princi|»al  ditch  was  t!7  miles  in 
length,  20  foot  wide  at  the  mouth,  and  U  feet  at  the  lower  end.  On  the  irri- 
gated land  they  raised  two  and  a  half  tons  of  hay  per  acrv.  oats  weighing 
5'J  pounds  to  the  bushel,  and  wheat  which  averagetl  47  Inuhels  per  acre.  One 
potato  having  22  eyes  produced  22  hills  of  i>otatoes. 

Rutlodgu  was  born  in  Canada  in  1828.  He  migrated  to  Denver  in  1805, 
ami  toChuyonne  in  18<i7. 

The  future  of  the  country,  whether  devotdl  to  fanning  or  grazing,  de- 
IKindn  largely  ujton  irrigation,  although  it  is  almost  univerHally  conceded 
that  ftince  settlemi  at  1>egan,  there  ha.i  Iteeii  a  ehange  in  the  climate  and  a 
>{reatur  rainfall.  In  1880  over  5,000  miles  of  canal  had  lieen  eonxtructe*], 
wliureby  some  2,000,000  acres  had  l)een  reclaimed,  and  it  was  estiniateil  that 
t,Ol)l),0(X)  additional  acres  could  be  placed  under  cultivation.  The  le^islatoro 
of  I87.t  asked  for  the  aid  of  congress  in  irrigating  arid  lamU,  and  congrt-tis,  as  I 
have  licforc  mentione<l,  has  legislated  fin  the  Hubject  of  artesian  wells  in  the 
territories.  Tlie  territorial  laws  also  deal  with  the  sabject  of  irrigation,  each 
county  lieing  authorizo<l  to  appropriate  $^{,.500  for  the  purpose  of  sinking  arte- 
sian wells  at  the  county  seats,  or  at  any  town  where  there  is  a  voting  popula- 
tion of  400  or  more.  The  legislature  of  1 870  protcste«l  by  memorial  to  congress 
a^aiuitt  the  groat  cattle  coiupauios  fencing  streani.4  of  water  away  from  tlic 
public,  where  they  bad  no  title  to  the  lands  enclnee«i,  or  only  a  {tortion.  So 
dittii'ult  is  it  to  combat  a  reputation  CHtabliHhe<l,  however  falsely,  that  no 
etfort  was  made  in  tiiu  Krst  ten  years  of  the  history  nf  the  t«rrit'>ry  to  in- 
troduce farming  anywiicre  except  in  a  few  small  and  com|taratively  low  v:il- 
lovK.  The  census  of  I880oontamod  a  most  di.soouragins  re|Ntrt.  the  numVcr 
of  acn-s  given  as  iui]>roved  being  less  thau  2,0(10.  ami  the  numlter  of  busiicls 
of  wlieat  raised  in  1870  less  tlian  5,000.  This  was  im-rva«eil  t"  2."»,000  in 
I8!S'J.  which  was  good  evidence  of  wliut  the  country  cotdd  pro<luoe  Hhoiild 
farming  Ikj  undertaken  in  earnest.  Tiie  f>at  crop  for  IV*2  urns  47,0110  buwh- 
els.  Till!  vai\ie  of  these  crops  was  $53. .'tOO.  Tlie  potato  crop  amounted  to 
85,000  IiuhIicIs,  worth  104,050.  The  farmers  of  WiK<l  river  valley  alone 
raiHed  48, ;VJO  bushels  of  grain.  It  must  lie  remembered  tliat  the  agricul- 
tural or  land  im|irovement  coi«^panies  had  not  then  got  their  laa<l  under  cul- 
tivation, and  that  the  increase  in  production  would  \te  rapid  after  they  were 
colonized  or  settled.  The  amount  of  cultivable  laml  in  the  territory  was 
estimated  in  1884  to  be  not  loss  than  8,000,000  acres,  and  the  productions 


WYOMING. 


to  protect  tho«ettler  ra  h  '\T  ^'"r  "*'"''""1 
f '^SSii*%ISS-^='Sra  -  l;J^i«X>.  ana  the  capita. 

incnLers  fr„,„  NehlT"^ *''«"<-■'**'<>«.  a.,  .ru'/.  I. /'"":'-'  '"  *!'«  ohjei-t    f 
t'.o  «tate«  eHj;\,V     ri;,'^^^;„^^  ^^-'^X^'^^^'  ''-a,/,,',*,:; 

:^  police  force*!  «*t    ti.o  fe  nKt'''';'''  «"^'-'"'  "'  «    tock   S'^''?'  '•«'"''«'« 
;    power  fro,,,  which   it  Ki^'u')"  *«'«''t  '»  the  c'm  .  r '  *"*•  ,  Jt«'»l'loy« 
/'"'  UL^peution  of  vattV-   •^'*>"lfc  for  ..(r,.,„ierH    ill      ?  ^^  ?'"'  ^•""«tit„tes 
''*8.-i  there  Were    89  "[s  ,1 ""  ""'""•tH-.t  part  .    t'i  e T    *  .  '''^''  toeHca,' 
ranges.     Ovur  I  (im      .  '""I'wte.l  at  |„,j,  ts  of  mI        .'*'''"-'atio„s  I,il,.„.     ',, 

•     Tj,e  8.av*?ri.'"y''.^>'  tl.e  railroa,!   V!..  .:''r.  '•^'.^"nie.I  to  their 


RKSOURCBS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


east  slope  of  the  Wind  river  moantaina,  in  Uinta  county,  ami  near  the  Coio> 
riulo  line  in  Carbon  county.  This  pretty  general  dissentination  of  copper 
(•res  seeins  to  promise  that  it  will  become  in  the  future  a  leading  industry. 

The  uil-basins  before  referred  to  are  two  of  tbein  in  Fremont  county,  two 
ill  Carbon  county,  one  in  Crook  county,  one  on  the  border  between  Carbon 
and  .Johnson  counties,  and  one  in  Uinta  counlnry  near  Aspen  and  Hilliard. 
This  product  is  regarded  as  of  great  value  to  toe  territory,  but  as  yet  has 
not  been  more  than  simply  tested  for  its  (quality,  although  several  com|>aiiieH 
have  lieeii  fonned  to  wiuk  wells.  8o<la  and  mica  are  tliu  only  other  mineral 
prfNlucts  lieiiig  wnrkcil.  A  mine  of  pure  grapliite  was  discovered  near  Lara- 
mie in  18H7.  The  railway  company  erected  furnaces  at  the  soda  lakes  in 
Albany  county  in  ItUCt.  This  de|M»iit  is  a  sulphate,  and  is  several  feet  in 
thickneits,  over  an  area  of  tifty-six  au-es.  There  arc  several  lakes  of  the  bi- 
carlMinate  of  soiia  near  Inileiieiideiioe  rock,  in  Carbon  county,  aggregating 
4tHi  acres.  It  has  lieen  testea  for  gliiHS-makiiig,  and  found  to  l)c  suiicrior  for 
that  purpose,  (ilass  works  li.ivo  l>een  erected  in  Laramie  and  Cneyennt-. 
One  mica  mine  ban  liecn  o|iened  in  I^ramie  county.  Iron,  tire-clay,  natural 
Hoan,  gypsum,  and  buihling  st«me  are  abundant  but  neglected  resourceH. 

Wyoming  has  not  yet  established  a  reputation  as  u  gold  and  silver  mining 
territory,  notwithstanding  the  incorporation  of  varioun  companies  whose 
puriHise  was  to  work  c-ertain  mines  in  certain  districts.     A  small  amount  of 

folil  has  been  annually  extracted  from  the  Sweetwater  mines  ever  sinct; 
808,  but  the  amount  has  liecn  diminishing  rather  than  increasing,  if  we 
may  lielievo  the  reports,  official  and  otherwise.  In  1870  the  prtHluct  was  over 
923,000,  and  but  9«>,000  in  1882.  Tliis  report,  however,  takes  no  account  of 
the  recently  discovered  mining  districts,  applying  only  to  Sweetwater. 
Manufactures  have  almost  no  existence  Ijeyonti  those  operated  by  the  railroad, 
and  half  a  dozen  breweries.  Tha  raw  material  still  awaits  the  application 
of  capital  to  its  development. 

The  animal  fotNl  supply  of  the  territory  has  been  increased  by  the  bmhI 
offices  of  the  iNiaril  of  U.  >S.  fish  commissioners,  for  which  the  laws  of  Wyn- 
tiling  provided  in  aildition  to  the  national  commission.  The  distribution  for 
IMM  was  60,000  whitetish  in  each  of  the  following  streams  and  lakes:  Bear 
river,  (irven  river,  the  lakes  north  of  Kawlins,  Lake  Creighton,  and  in  Lake 
Mapalutah  in  I^ramie  county.  In  Lake  Minnelialia,  the  same  county,  Lake 
liattie  in  Albany  county,  the  lakes  north  of  Kawlins,  in  Green  river  and 
Hear  river  40,000  Uke  trout  each.  In  the  streams  about  Evanston,  25,000 
briM>k  trout;  in  the  streams  almut  Kawlins,  90,000  brook  trout,  and  in  the 
l.aramie  county  streams  2.5,000  of  the  same.  The  legislature  in  1880  aitpro- 
priated  2,000  for  a  luiU'hery,  which  was  not  erected  because  congress  failed 
to  give  a  title  to  the  land  on  which  th<f  improvements  were  to  lie  made,  since 
Mhich  40  acres  have  Iteen  secure4l  for  the  purpose.  At  the  U.  S.  hatchery, 
Ti'iU, 000  trout  and  whiteiish  were  pro«luccd  in  IN80.  The  wild  game  of  tfu' 
territory  is  protected  bylaw,  and  aUo  by  an  association  of  citizens,  who  have 
voluntarily  assumed  the  <liities  of  guanlians  of  the  few  herds  of  buffalo  left 
on  the  plains,  and  the  elk  and  deer  of  the  hills,  to  prevent  their  lieiiig 
slaughtered  merely  for  the  iicltries. 

The  want  of  Wyoming,  after  the  settlement  of  the  Indian  troubles,  wax 
railroads.  These  it  did  not  get  for  some  time,  except  tiic  Union  I'acitic, 
whicii  merely  crossed  tlio  territory  at  its  least  prtshurtive  latitude,  and  tlx' 
branch  to  Denver,  which  was  of  little  value  t4>  the  business  of  Wyoming. 
Cattle,  wiMil,  and  coal  were  all  that  was  to  lie  exported  over  either,  wliilr 
everything  useil  in  the  industries  of  the  territory,  or  that  was  consumed  by 
the  )M)ople,  with  the  exception  of  meat  and  a  small  proiiortion  of  their  brcail 
and  vegetables,  was  iiiiiMirted  at  a  high  rate  of  traiis|iortation.  The  con- 
r'triiction  of  the  Oreuon  •'^hort  Line  railway  was  a  partial  relief  to  the  moNt 
western  division.  The  Central  I'acitic  of  Wyomiiiu,  owned  by  the  Chicnun 
Hiul  Northwestern,  was  a  lieiielit  to  the  central  and  eastern  divisions.  Hut 
there  was  still  the  whole  country  lietwceii  that  road  and  the  Yellowstone 


WYOMING. 


f03 


BchhI 

Wyo- 

ion  for 

Bear 

Lake 

Lake 

r  aii<l 

•26,000 

in  thi- 

iwtro- 

failctl 

sinue 

Icbery, 

lof  tilt- 

lo  liavc 

llo  left 


Ih,  whh 
lucitii'. 
1.1  tlir 
[niinu 
1  wliilf 
ieil  \<y 
llii'cail 
(■(in- 
most 
|iicnf;<> 
Itiit 


river  in  Montana  do|tenilent  entirely  upon  wagon  transportation.  The 
Oheyeuue  ami  Nurtliura  waa  cuinplutod  1*J0  niilcM  to  DoughiM  in  i8MS, 
thertiliy  Hocuring  $400,000  from  Laramie  county  to  tlio  Union  Pacific,  itx 
owner.  The  Chicasu  and  NorthweatArn  in  1887  extended  its  line  from 
l>ouglas  -old  Fort  tetternian — west  to  Fort  (.'aspar,  (JO  miles,  witii  the  evi- 
dent intention  of  continuing  wostwunl  to  meet  the  Oregon  I'licitic.  Rival 
roadx  Hoon  cntereil  the  tiuld,  the  Uurlington  and  MixHouri  runniitg  its  main 
line  from  Broken  Bow  in  Nchraska  to  Fort  Uiramie;  a  hnuieh  from  southern 
Nohraskii  to  Chuyenne;  ami  another  branch  from  tlic  main  line  in  norther:! 
Nohraxka  to  the  Klack  hills  and  northeaxteni  Wyominu.  The  projectt-d 
I^traniio  and  Denver  Short  line  was  .strongly  urged  ahout  thix  time.  Indued, 
it  cannot  he  long  before  railroads  will  penetrate  all  the  vulIuyH  of  Wyoming, 
climbing  the  intervening  nugcs  as  <lo  the  Colorado  lines,  and  extending 
northward  and  westward  to  British  I'oliimbiaand  the  Pacific  ocean.  Where 
they  lead,  immigration  will  follow. 

The  formation  of  a  new  land  district  in  1887  was  indicati\o  of  tlse  drift 
of  {lopulation,  embracing  as  it  did  Johnson  and  Crook  counties.  In  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  ntiw  county  of  Converse  .'WX)  t-cttlers  began  fanning  in 
1887  8.  For  the  first  time  Houring-mills  were  erected.  .\  flouring  niiH  was 
erected  at  Butfalo,  in  Johnson  co.,  one  west  of  ButFalo,  a  third  at  Mheridan, 
in  the  new  county  of  Hiieridan,  and  a  fourth  at  I^iaraniic,  which  went  into 
operation  in  1888.  The  first  woollen  mill  was  erected  at  I^aniniie  1887.  In  the 
upper  Platte  valley  there  were  ii.OOO  oersons  living  upon  farms,  and  SuO.IXJO 
acres  were  sown  to  grain  in  1888.  'Ihis  change  w.iuld  have  come  in  time, 
but  it  was  hasteneil  l>y  the  check  which  was  fMvcn  to  stock-raisuig  by  a  sui  • 
cession  of  severe  winters,  making  it  neccH.sarv  to  cimline  hcnls  within  limits 
where  they  could  be  Mbeltered  and  fed.  'Ihis  could  not  'w  conveniently 
ilonu  whore  the  numlter*  were  very  great,  the  natural  food  supply  becoming 
KtMin  exhausted.  .Men  naturally  retlceted  that  w'lilo  a  few  became  w,*althy 
i|uickly  under  the  former  system,  by  resortir^g  t(t  iarminj;  a  greater  number 
would  become  comfortably  widl  off,  the  cattle  wouid  bj  divided  am^ng  tliem, 
population  would  increase,  taxes  diminish,  and  that  men  were  uf  greater 
v,(lue  to  t'.ie  country  than  herds  of  wild  cattle. 

Cheyenne  and  Laramie  each  maintaineil  a  board  of  trade,  which  pul.<lished 
information  calcidated  to  attract  the  capitalist  ur  the  home-seeker.  I  am, 
myself,  imlobteil  to  them  for  various  interesting  facts  of  importance  in 
liistory. 

Among  those  who  have  assisted  to  build  up  the  state  am  the  following; 
Allen  Thiuni>soii,  born  in  Oswego,  N.  V.,  in  184*.t,  entered  the  union  army  in 
ISIil,  ami  served  tlirougli  the  war.  llo  came  to  Fort  j^ramie  in  IS4i7,  and 
III  I8I('J  to  Cheyenne. 

i'harles  W.  Iliner,  born  in  Ohio  in  IH.M,  went  to  Colo  for  his  health  in 
I8B1»,  and  settled  biiiiself  in  Chcyeiino  in  1870.  He  was  le-ted  to  the  hiwer 
liouse  of  the  legi-dalure  in  bsso,  and  to  tiio  city  eouncil  in  b'(84. 

W.  P.  Carroll  came  to  Clieyemie  in  l.S'S.aiul  w)iaa.ssi>i'iate<l  witli  W.  W. 
Corlett  in  the  prai-tice  of  law.  Me  wa-t  I'lected  county  attorney  in  \H'i  7, 
and  afterwai'ili  I'ity  attorney,  lie  was  appointed  supreme  court  rejiorter  in 
IHSO.  whieh  olliee  ho  retaineil  fur  .several  years. 

K.  F.  .Stable,  born  in  Saii  l''raiieiseo  in  1.S:'0,  in  bSHl  was  appointed  dept 
U.  S.  surveyor  for  the  disi  ..f  Wyoming,  and  for  I  year,  was  engaged  in 
t  'heyenno. 

Charles  F.  Miller  eaine  toChoyeiine  in  l.S(17.  In  .Ian.  |S77  he  was  elected 
probate  juilge.  ami  reeji'i'ted  in  ;87!>.  Ileli.is  an  interest  in  the  Union  .Mer- 
cantile CO.  of  Ciieyeiiiii\  and  was  the  projeetor  of  the  ^'as  co. 

Walter  S.  Hurlbnf,  born  in  Mo  in  ISJO.  niigratiil  to  Coin  in  18«)2,  and 
to  Idaho  in  I8(W.      In  IS84  lie  w.is  ,i|i|i,.i,iled  reeeivcr  in  tlu(  U.  S.  laud  oflicc. 

Will  R.  Swan,  a  native  "f  Ohio,  eaine  to  Wvoiiiing,  ami  engaged  in 
plumhiiiK  and  gas-littiiik;.  having  branch  i  stablisbnients  in  diirereiit  parts  of 
the  territory  and  in  luwa.     Being  a  uututal  UMuhauio,  he  beuamc  interested 


800 


RESOURCES  AND  DKVKLOPMENT. 


in  this  trade,  perMmally  iiu|*<}rintendiiig  the  setting  up  uf  engines  and  steam 
boilers. 

James  E.  Tuttle,  Ixtm  iu  New  Jersey  in  1832,  came  in  1850  to  Colo.  He 
was  eleotetl  treasurer  nf  Park  co.  in  1802,  and  \gain  in  1804.  In  1806  he 
went  to  [>envcr,  aixl  in  1871  to  (.'heyonnv. 

E.  Naglo,  iMtrn  in  Ohio  in  183^1,  came  iu  1808  to  Cheyenne.  He  was  ap- 
pointed penitentiary  oonnn'r  in  1881,  being  chairman  of  the  l)oard.  Ho  waH 
elected  oninty  conim'r  in  1870,  and  waH  tenderetl  the  nomination  as  delegate 
on  the  repuMican  ticket  in  1881. 

Samuel  Aughoy,  naturalist,  l>om  in  Pa  in  18^<2,  found  in  ttia  botanical 
researches  in  Wyoming  72  different  species  of  grass,  whicli  ho  lieheved  might 
Ite  doubled.  The  govt  published  for  him  Notfjton  t/w  Xuture  of  the.  Food  of 
If'ui  Bi.'ilii  (>/' AVArvMRi,  and  other  works  of  the  same  class.  He  was  appointed 
territorial  gooiosist  of  Wyoming  by  liov.  Hale  in  1883. 

A.  J.  (iray,  iMim  in  Mass.  in  Im7,  was  with  (Sen.  Miles  in  his  campaign 
against  the  plaius  Indians  in  1871;  was  in  military  service  10^  years.  Ho 
was  a  memlier  of  the  Mass.  Me<Ii«»l  society,  an<l  vice-prest  of  the  Wyoming 
Academy  of  Science,  ctt;.,  of  which  he  has  lieeu  general  secretary. 

W.  W.  Crook,  liorn  in  Ky  in  18.'<0,  came  from  Kansas  to  VVyoming  in 
1875,  remaining  2  vcars  at  I^ramic  City,  then  removing  to  Cheyenne. 

Orin  C.  Waul,  born  in  Ohio  in  1845,  went  to  N.  Mex.  in  1804,  and  thenro 
to  Wyoming  iu  1867.  He  states  that  in  1880  there  wore  but  three  men  in 
thd  tor.  who  were  ahme  in  the  cattle  business,  namely,  Charles  Hecht, 
Charles  CoHtn,  and  himself,  the  otherti  Iniing  in  couii>anioB. 

A.  H.  Rod,  iwrn  iu  Jacksonville,  111.,  in  18:t7,  came  to  Colo  in  1860.  In 
I860  ha  was  eiucted  a  meml>er  of  the  city  council  on  tliu  dninocratic  ticket, 
which  ofHce  lie  tilled  until  1871,  l.«inK  again  elected  in  1878  fur  three  years. 
He  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  oi  the  legislature  in  I87'i,  to  the  upper 
hoUHe  in  1H77,  ami  reelected  in  1882.  He  was  one  of  tlie  originators  of  the 
Stockgi'owers'  associatiiMi,  of  the  city  water  \ior'cs,  and  one  of  the  incor- 

iHrtratiirs  of  t!io  gas  comimn^.     In  l8S,*>hcwas  chosen  mayor  of  Cheyenne, 
le  was  marrieil  in  Denver  in  1870. 


INDEX. 


Note. —  For  names,  as  of  pioneora,  offioialfi,  etc.,  in  addition  to  alphabetioal 
list,  lee  alao  under  heading  of  '  Names.' 


AdaniH,    Gov.    Alva,    liiog.    of,    634; 

election  of,  1886.  »47. 
Adams,    Lt-gov.    J.  VV.,   election  of, 

192,  biog.  of,  :m. 

Adams,  Samuel,  biog.  of,  fi08. 

Agriculture,  great  basin,  21-3;  Ne> 
vacla,  1852,  73.  244-6,  202  3,  260-7, 
270,  275;  White  Pino  c<..,  279-80; 
Kurekaco.,  284;  Colorado,  soil,  etc., 
330;  first  farming,  355;  IHU4-8,  492; 
public  land  surveys.  53:{;  area  in 
cultivation,  etc.,  18(U>  70,  634-5; 
■oil,  53JM};  irrigation,  S>'M\  et  seq. ; 
canals,  etc.,  5:i8-40;  grain  counties, 
540;  fmit-growing.  Ml;  horticul- 
tural society  luiil  statu  bcuird  of 
agric,  542-3;  stouk-raitiing,  543  th 
sell.;  Fremont  Co.,  (i04;  Wehl  co., 
638;  summary  of,  639;  Wyoming, 
802  et  seq. 

Aiken,  T.  A.,  biog.,  570. 

Aikins,  H.  J.  biog.  of,  576. 

Alamosa,  town,  dcHcriiit.  of,  593. 

Albany  county,  Wvo.,  organi/ud,  730; 
hist,  of,  793-4. 

Albertsoii,  N.,  fouudM  (Vntnil,  382. 

Albrecht,  ('    H.,  niontion  ol',  74. 

Albrecht,  Miss  K.  K.,  inarriim(<!  con- 
tract of,  74. 

Alexander,  Col  K.  B.,  niontion  of, 
697. 


Alexander,  J.  F.,  att'y-gen.,  .'122. 

1,  Caiit. 
Allen,  B.  I  >. .  biog.  of,  :Af2. 


Allen,  Caiit..  mouti 


tt  yg.! 

oil  of, 


KM. 


Allen,  (S.  B  ,  biog.  of,  :<H«). 
Allen,  Mrs,  school  of,  18,>l,  75. 
Allen,  W.  r.,  mention  of,  76. 
Alma,  town,  384. 
Alsnp,  Thos,  bioj^.  of.  79."t. 
Ambrosia,  N.,  mention  ol',  7i>. 
American  desert,  deHcript.  of,  17. 
Anderson,  W.  W.,  biog.  ot,  *i.H. 


Antelope  island,  deacript.  of,  12. 
Anthony,  Edmund,  biog.  of,  654. 
Antit|uitic8,  Colo,  499;  Wyo.,  prehis- 
toric race,  073. 
Ansa,  Col,  expe<l.,  1775,  27. 
A{)acho  cation,  battle  at,  422. 
Applegato,  Jesse,  explor.  of,  62. 
Applegato,  Lindsey,  explor.  of,  62. 
Arapahou  county,  Colo,  nttempted  or- 

gikuization,   etc.,    of,     1858,   401-2; 

hist,  of,   648  et  iie4{. ;    general  de- 
script.,  548^-9. 
Arbutnnot,  S.,  bio^.  of,  570. 
Archuleta,  A.  I).,  biog.  of,  693. 
Archuleta   county,  Colo,  creation  of, 

644;  democratic  riot«trs  in,  048-9. 
Arkansas  valley,  settlement  of,  387  et 

8e<i. 
Armor,  .T.,  founds  Central,  382. 
Armstrong,  A.,  biog.  of,  027. 
Arnold,  M.  A.,  biog.  of,  800. 
Arthur,  .1.  B..  biog.  of,  02»J. 
Ashlev,  Congrussman  D.  K.,  elections 

of,  is8. 
Ashley,  K.  M..  l.iog.  «if,  0,53. 
Ashley,  W.    H.,  mention   of,   38;  ex> 

iJor.  of,  f.Tit-HO. 
Atchison,  •).  H.,  mining  share  of,  107- 

8. 
Atchi8ol^  Topeka,  &  Santa  Fti  K.  H., 

(iratiit  riiAon  contest,  <(05-  7. 
Atkin,  ,1.  I>.,  biog.  of,  054. 
At.kin,  Leoiiiirti,  biog.  of,  058. 
Atkins,  .J.  ■!.,  biog.  of,  787. 
Atlantic   and  Pacilio  Telegraph   «o., 

231. 
Aughoy,  Sani'l,  biog.  of,  80tl. 
Au|[nr.  Ueii'l,  iviuiition  of,  725-0. 
Auraiiii.  Colo,  foiimliii^,   etc.,  of,  367 

ct  H<<\.:  election  at,  I8(U),  40.3. 
.'\ii8tii.,  N.  v.,  hiat.  of,  2t»7  H. 
Auth<    iti.s,    Colo,   Nev.,  and   Wyo., 

list.   vui.   xxvii. 
I  Aux,  ( ieiurge,  biog.  of,  382. 

(W) 


808 


INDEX. 


Avery,  I).  E.,  mention  of,  142. 
Ayre,  Lieut,  Indian  battles  of,  400. 


Babbitt,  A.  T.,  biog.  of,  801.  _ 

Babcock,  DeloB,  niuiition  of,  792. 

Bacon,  ('.,  biou.  of,  I'tl.'i. 

Bacon,  •!.  L.,  biog.  of,  U!iO. 

Bailuy,  .1.  L.,  biog.  of,  MH. 

Bakur,  cxplorationM  of  Tolo,  407-8. 

Bailor,  JauR^M,  bios,  of,  '.ViX 

Balch,  W.  U.,  '  MincH  ami  MinorM,' 
140. 

Baldwin,  A.  W'.,  HucuduH  front  union 
party.  178  0. 

Baldwin,  C.  I'.,  biog.  of,  580-90. 

Baldwin,  .Major  N.,  biog.  of,  787. 

Ballon,  W.  T.,  town  founded  by, 
27«. 

Bancroft,  Dr.  K.  J.,  biog.  of,  072. 

Rank  of  California,  White  Pine  min- 
ing control,  effort  for,  270. 

BankiuK,  <'olo,  567. 

BannackH,  Indiana,  attack  IU'omo'h 
party,  <57-8. 

Barcla,  ('.,  biog.  of,  «}27  8. 

IWkcr,  A.  H.,  Iiiog.  of,  .•«i7. 

Burnunl,  K.  L.,  mention  of,  (Mf-70; 
alMconding  of,  71. 

Barnard,  Friink,  dcatli  of,  70  1. 

Barnard,  .1.  i'.,  niuntioii  of,  70  1  . 

liariiard,  T.  <!.,  mention  of,  71. 

Barney,  Libonx,  bio^.  of,  .'W.'i. 

Burrv,  David,  mention  of,  73. 

Bartlc-Hon,    John,  co.,  etc.,   of,  47   ct 

80(1. 

Bartlflt,  Judge   A.,   appointment  of, 

7:i7. 

BaHMJiik  mine,  liiitt.  of,  5i)G. 
Batcman,  A.  L.,  mention  of,  '20:). 
Bates,   ('apt.,   defeat8   Indi;inM,    1874, 

772. 
BiitcH,  <i.  i',,  biog.  of,  (t">7  8. 
Bfiti's,  Mary   BarKcr,  biog.  of,  057. 
liattlir   mountain,    name,    200;    Nev., 

town,  dcBcrijjt.  of,  207. 
Beall,  .S.  \V.,  delegate  to  WaMliington, 

I84il,407. 
Beaiiian,  .1.  S.,  biog.  of,  010. 
lV.'M\,  Koliert,  mention  of,  42. 
Ik'atic,   H.  H.,  first  lionou   in  (iiiuoa, 

flO  7. 
Bcntty,  Judge  \V.  H.,  biog.  of,  203. 
Beanbien  grant,  liiHt.  of,  MI4. 
Beek,  Judge  W.  K.,  election  of,  452. 
Becker,     (i.     V.,    'Monograph,'   etc., 

140. 
Beckur,  Peter,  biog.  of,  6*24. 


Bockwith,   Capt.   K.  O.,    explor.    of, 

mention  of,  090. 
Beckwith,  C.  L.,  biog.  of,  660. 
Beckwourth,  J.    P.,  mention  of,  46; 

biog.  of,    IVt'I;  in   Ashley 'm  exped., 

080. 
Bee,  F.  A.,  biog.  mention,  228;  tele- 
graph line  budt  by,  230. 
Bcenian,  Nowcll,  biog.  of,  785. 
Belden,     Josiah,     mention     of,     47: 

'Statement,'  48;   further  account, 

54. 
Bolford,    ( 'ongrenaman,    election    of, 

449. 
Bclfonl,  J.  B.,  biog.  of,  445. 
Kolford,  J.  B.,  judge,  1870,  1874,440. 
Belknap,   C.    H.,    election    of,    203; 

assoc.  just,  322. 
Bell,  Dr  \V.  A.,  biog.  of,  604. 
Belty  (VVilliani),  mention  of,  S2. 
Benevolent  societies,  Nev.,  301. 
Bennett,  H.  A.,  bios,  of,  702. 
Bennett,  Delegate  H.  P.,  election  of, 

415-I(>;biog.,  416;  election  of,  1862, 

420. 
lionnott,  Hev.   .T.  L.,  pioneer  clergy- 
man, 203. 
Bennett,  .fohn,  biog.  of,  487. 
Bent  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  674-6. 
Btint  fannly,  biog.  mention,  363. 
Bent,  VV.  \V.,  rept,  etc.,  of,  458. 
Bergh,  Abraham,  biog.  of,  030. 
Berry.  L.  W.,  biog.  of,  616. 
Birry,  Rol.t.  biog.  of,  623. 
Bertlioud,  K.  L.,  survey  of,  .'551. 
HettH,  .1.  A.,  biog.  of,  634. 
Beverly,  .1.  .M.,  biog.  of,  :WI,  615. 
Beverly.  W.  H.,  biog.  of,  615. 
Bibliogranliy.     Nov.,    24;V4,     .•»08-9; 

<  'oloraito,  5'J5  ot  seq. 
Bidwoll,  John,  journey  to  Cal.,  1841, 

47;  troubles  of,  40  et  seq. 
Big  Meadows,  battle  of,  214. 
Bingham,  Lieut,  death  of,  421-2. 
Bishop,  Frederic,  mention  of,  73. 
BiHliop,  .lohn,  mention  of,  100. 
Black  Hawk  camp,  382. 
Bhu^k    hills,  W'yo.    (see  also   mining), 

descript.,   601;    explor.   of,    773   et 

Re(|. 
Blackburn,    Abner,    gobl   discov.    of, 

93. 
Blackburn,     J.   L.,   assasmnation    of, 

107. 
Blackfeet,  Indians,  attack  NidovorH 

party,  40. 
Blake,  J.  J.,  mimtion  of,  90. 
Blake,  .?.  W..  biog.  of,  795. 
Blake  and  Williams,  mention  oi,  371. 
Hlakeslce,  Senator,  mention  of,  200. 


INDKX. 


809 


Blastlel.  Gov.  H.  G.,  election  of.  1864. 
184;  meaaage  of,  185;  re-elect  ion  of , 
1860.  188. 
Blinn,  H.  £.,  biog.  of,  787. 
BloMotn,  J.  A.,  l>iog.  of,  268. 
Blunt,  Gen.,  victory  of,  424. 
Blydenburgh,  C.  £.,  biog.  of,  790. 
Bonanza  tirm,  hist,  of,  134et8eq.;  tax 

troubles  of,  196-8. 
Bonneville,   Capt.    K.   L.,  adventures 

of,  41,  43;  explor.  of,  681. 
Boone,  A.  G.,  mention  of,    430;  Ind. 

treaties  of,  1861,  4f'>8. 
Boswell,  N.  K.,  mention  of,  759 
Boughton,  J.  H.  biog.  of,  627. 
Boulder  county,  hist  of,  575-80. 
Boulder   creek,  Colo,   gold  found  at, 

1859,  575. 
Boulder,  town,  founding  of,  376;  hist. 

of,  576,  579-80. 
Boundary,  Cal.  and  Nov.,  commis. 
appointed  1854,  76;  Colo  and  New 
Mex.,  1869-9.  498-900;  Wye,  de- 
script.,  JiSO;  1868,  740;  survey  of, 
752. 
Bowen,  Senator  T.  M.,  election  and 

biog.  of,  451-2. 
Bowers,  .7.  W.,  mention  of,  574. 
Bowers,  L.  S.,  biog.  of,  171. 
Bowles,  J.  W.,  biog.  of,  385-6. 
Boyd,  Judge  T.  P.,  biog.  410. 
Brace,  C.  ('.,  biog.  of,  .'>79. 
Bradford,    Delegate   A.    A.,    election 
and    biog.    of,   434;    ret-lection   of, 
1868,  4r>  6. 
Bradley,  .Fudge  Guorgu,  appointment 

of,  72. 
Kradley,    (jov.    L.    R.,    election   of, 

1870,  189-90;  biog.  of,  194. 
Brazee,  A.  \V.  judge,  1885,  440. 
Brantncr,  Sanutel,  biog.  of,  386. 
Breenc,  I..ieut-gov.  P.  W.,  election  of, 

1884,  449;  biog.  of,  508. 
Brondlinger,  H.  J.,  biog.  of,  672. 
Brovoort,   Henry,  mining  invent,  of, 

119. 
Uridger,     .lames,    aneetlntca  of,    .1-4; 
cxplorutioUH  of,  37;  biog.,  etc.,  of, 
684-5. 
Brislmnc,  W.  H..  biog.  of.  .'(08. 
Bromwell,   H.    P.  H.,  defeat  of,  elec- 
tion 1874,  etc.,  4.19. 
Brookfiold,  A.  A.,  biog.  of,  r>~G. 
Brown,  Clara,  biog.  of,  616-17. 
Brown,  (Jeorge,  mention  of,  74. 
Brown,  J.,  mention  of,  71. 
Brown,  .1.  M.,  biog.,  .184. 
Brown.  S.  VV..  biog.  of,  .184. 
Buckland,  S.  8.,  mention  of,  200. 
Bucknuni,  Ur  A.  C,  biog.  of,  656. 


Buffalo,  town,  hist,  of,  790-2;  plan  of, 

701. 
Bunker,   B.    B.,    app't'd  U.  8.  att'y. 

187. 
Burdsal,  C.  8.,  bioa.  of,  .185. 
Burlington  and  Colorado  R.  R.  555. 
Burnham,  Dr  N.  G..  biog.  of,  357. 
Burning   Moscow  comi>any,  hist,  of, 

122  et  sen. 
Burritt,  C.  H.,  biog.  of,  792  3. 
Busby,  Michael,  death  of,  214. 
Bute,  explor.  of,  .188. 
Byers,  W.  N.,  biog.  of,  374;   attack 

on,  409. 
Byrnes,  William,  mention  of,  69-70; 

attempted  assassination  of,  71. 


C 


California  legislature,  boundary  reso- 

lutiou   of,    1858,  152;    gov's  mess., 

1861,  153;  volunteers  from    against 

Inds,  212. 
California  gulch,  descript.  of,  396. 
California   Mining  co.,  organization, 

etc.,    of,   136  etseq.;  output,  etc., 

1.17. 
California  State  Telegraph  co.,  231. 
Calkins,  C.  C,  biog.  of,  651. 
Call,  Judge  Anson,  ap't'ment  of.  72. 
Campbell,  C.  A.,  mention  of.  801. 
(..'ampbell,  E.  L.,    «lefeat  of.  gulKirna- 

torial  election,  449. 
Campbell,  H.  A.,  biog.  of,  615. 
Camp1>ell,   Gov.  J.  A.,   apjiointment 

and     biog.    of,    741;   adminiat.   of, 

750. 
Campbell,  R.,  mention  of,  683. 
Canby,  (Jen.,    milit.     movementi*  of, 

1861,  421  et  seq. 
Caflon  City,  founding  of,  391-4:  hist. 

of,  GOitS. 
Caflnii  City  and  San  Juaii  R.  R.,  hist. 

of,  (MHi  8. 
Ciiftoiis,  Colo,  descript.  of,  .126-7. 
<'antlin,  .1.  V.,  biog.  of,  789. 
('ant.)ii,  F.  M.,  biog.  of,  792.  _ 
{ (.'apital,  Colo,  rivalry  for,  417. 
[Capital,  Wyo.,  (k'soript.  of,  7»50. 
Carbon    county,     Wyo.,     organized, 

739;  hist,  of,  788. 
Cardenaa,  Cai)t.    G.  L.   de,  route  ot, 

26;  map,  2( . 
Carey,  J.  M.,  biog.  <.f,  741,  J90  .SOt); 

defeat  and  election  of,  1874,    I8M4, 

749  .-)0. 
Carlin,  Nev..  settlement  of,  276. 
Carlisle,.!.  N.,  biog.  of.  634, 
CarjKinter,  C.< '.,  Black  bill  oxped. ,  7Ti>. 


810 


INDEX. 


of,  570. 
cuD|MUgn  of, 


Carpenter,  M.  R.,  Itiog. 
< 'iirringt4iti,  U.  B.,  Ino. 

7I»  19. 
t'arrull,  W.  l\,  liiog.  of.  805. 
C'araon,  Kit,  mention  of,  24, 353;liiag., 

uto.,  45,  408;  with  Fremont,  57. 
CatMin  City,    founding  of,   1858,  86; 

capital   located  at,    163;  duacript, 

160,  265. 
Carson  eo.,    creation  of,  73;    exodua 

of  Morinona  from,    80-I;    elimina- 
tion of,  105. 
Carson  lake,  mention  of,  13;  deacript. 

of,  14. 

Carson  river,  bridge  over,  1852,  72-3. 
(^arson   valley,    settlement  of,    66  tt 

se<i.;  annexation  |N;tition8  nf,  1H53- 

6,  74-5,  78:  map,  04. 
Carson  and  Colonwlo  K.  R.,  230.  i 

Carstarphen,  <).,  biog.  of,  508. 
Carter  co.,    Wyo.,    organization    of, 

732;  named  changed,  744;  orgaiiiza- ' 

tion  of,  784. 
Cary,  J.  I^,  mention  of,  73,  75. 
Case,  F.  M.,  mention  of,  5:f3,  553. 
Cassidy,  Congrcmman  (S.  W.,  election 

and  biog.  of,  203.  ; 

Castle  island,  doscript.  of,  12.  i 

Catlin,  W.  C,  mention  of,  303.  { 

Caves,  Nevada,  descript.,  4.  I 

Central  City,  Colo,  tounding,  etc.,  of, 

:»0-3;  hist,  of,  «II   I.V 
Central  Pacific  rnilrtMul,    Nevatla,  af- 
fairs of,  232  ct  HtN|. ;   corruption  of, 

etc.,  234-0;  lands  of,  238.  > 

Chaffee  county,  Colo,    hist,  of,  581-5. 
Chaffee,   Senator  J.    U.,    election  of, 

432;    reelection  of,    437;   biog.  of, 

438;  election  of,  1870,  445. 
Chapman,  M.  K.,  biog.  of,  500. 
Charcoal  l>uriit!rs'  riot,  284-5. 
Chase,  John,  biog.  of,  801. 
Chatfielil,  I.  W.,  biog.  mention,  55(i. 
Cheney,  E.  F.,  mention  of,  750.  i 

Cherokeos,  in  Colo,  1858,  363 A. 
Cherry  creek,  descript.  of,  281. 
Cheever,  I>.  A.,  biog.  of,  571. 
Chever,  C.  C,  biog.  of,  384. 
Chcycnnes  (see  also  Indians),  threat- 

ened   attack   of,    Aug.     1804,  44>:{; 

hostilities  of,  711. 
Cheyenne,  t4>wn,  rise  of,  733;  caiiital 

located  at,  etc.,  746;  hist,  of,  «Oii. 
Chilcott,  Senator  (i.  M.,  election  and 

biog.  of,  435;  app'tmentof,  451. 
(.'hilds.  Judge  J.  S.,  mention  of,  74; 

app'tment  of,  84. 
Chiles,  J.  B.,  visit  to  Cal..  1841,  47; 

CO.  of,  1843,  55. 
Chineiie,  Nev.,  202. 


Chivingtoo.  Col,  biog.  of,  421;  .Sand 

creek  ImtUe.  466  et  aeq. 
Cliolera,  Nev.,  1860,  68. 
Chollar  mining  oo.,  litigation  of,  196- 

7,  173. 
Chorpenning,  <>.,  lawsuit  of,  76;  mail 

contracts  of,  22IV-7. 
Church,  Frank,  biou.  of,  653. 
(Iiurchill  county,  Nev.,  hist.  of.  262. 
Civil   War,    Colo,  420  et  se«i. ;  liattb 

Apache  cafton,  422;  Pigeon  nuicho, 

4t«  3;   Perall 

victory,  424. 


4S»  3;   Peralta.   423;    Cabin   creek 


2;  Pigeoi 
123;    f'al 


Clapii,    Alias  H.    K.,  biog.    mention, 

Clark,  mention  of,  72. 
dark,  H.  F.,  mention,  lOCt. 
Clark,  J.  K.,  mention  of,  103. 
Clark,  Judge  I.,  appointment  of,  72. 
<'lark,  \V.7;.,  biog.  of,  444. 
Clarke,  K.  M.,  aUte  att'ygenl,  1865, 

188 
CUrke,  W.  J.,  biog.  of.  702. 
Clay,  C.  E.,  biog.  of.  705. 
Clayton,  P.  H.,  mention  of,  80. 
Clayton,  T.  8„  biog.  of,  654. 
Clear    Creek   county,  Colo,  hist,  of, 

58({  et  SCO. 
Clemens,    Gov.    O.,    acts,    etc.,     for 

boundary,  154-4;  app't'd  terr.  set-., 

157. 
Cleveland,  Pres.,  silver  viewH«if.  201. 
Clevclatiil,  C.  C,  quells  Imi.  tronlde, 

221. 
Climate,  great  iMwiii,  descript.  of,  4- 

0;  Nevaila,  245;  Colo,  tero|>erature, 

etc..  :{20;  storm  and  Hood  at  iNin- 

ver,  184M,  400;  Wyoming,  670. 
tline,  J.  W.,  biog.  of,  380. 
Cloudbursts,  Nev.,  245. 
Cobb,  F.  -M.,  biog.  of.  366. 
Cobb,  K.  W.,  biog.  of,  386. 
Coffee,  C.  F.,  mention  of,  800. 
Coffnian,  K.  .T.,  biog.  nf,  O.'«0. 
Cole,  William,  biog.  of,  .108. 
Colfax    Agricultural    aiid    In<luiitrial 

Colonization     coMi|iaiiy,     hi^it.     oi. 

.TO.".. 
Collier,  I».  C.,  bio>.'.  nf,  .170;  mention 

..f,  407. 
Collins,  l)r  J.  \V.,  biog.  of,  65.5. 
ColliiiM,   Lt-col,  ln<l..victory  of,  71.*'. 
Collins,  K.  J.,  biog.  of,  ."iOO. 
Collins  &  Co.,  mention  of,  HU. 
Colonies,     Nev.,     Mormons,     Cat'^'ii 

valley,    18.^5,  78;  list   of  coI<>iii-<t  -. 

1855,  70;  Mormons  al>aii<l<iii.  SO. 
Colorado,    history    f>f,    323    et    m-.|  : 

physical  features,  323  etseq.;  <\< 

covery  and  occujiation,  XVi  ct  » 


INUKX. 


811 


French  occupation,  M.1;  Pike'a 
exped.,  344  et  wtq.;  Loiitf'a,  346; 
ur<igr««a  of  «ettlenieiit,  ittM-W, 
!l87  et  »e<\. ;  organijwtion  of  govt, 
IHM  Ul,  4UI  ft  aMi.;  terhUiry  or 
uaniuxl,  IMil,  413;  aaal  of.  4IM; 
Iiiilian  warn.  IMU  W,  4.V3  ct  aM]. ; 
mining,  IS-M)  7<\  4W!et  m«|.;  floiHb 
and  In<l.  trouMiii,  4M)eta»|. ;  lM>un- 
lUry  with  New  Mcx.,  mtiM  9.  4ilH 
00;  agriculture  ami  ■t4M:k-raiiiin{;. 
533  ut  MNi. ;  railrovU  of,  .Vt'J  ct  i««<|. ; 
education,  SoH  (iO;  rt-liKion,  .'UiU: 
counties,  574  ut  M!«|.  ;  evcuta,  188(V- 
8,  043  et  M.-<|. 

l'olora<lo  in  lMi3,  niap,  409. 

Colorado  Central  K.  K.,  5.Vi  4.  .Vi<>. 

Ciiloniilo  City,  founding  of,  3X9  90. 

Colorailo  river,  deacript.  of,  16. 

I  'olonulo  MpriuKa,  hiat.  of,  :{HH,  flOO. 

Co]ora4lo  aprinKa  and  vicinity,  hiat. 
of,  000  4;  map,  GOJL 

Colter,  John,  explor.  of,  67.V6. 

Commerce,  Ncv.,  nricca,  I  WO,  68; 
tranM|Mirtation,  'I'M  vt  ae<|.;  Colo- 
rado, 5<i6,  I 

Como,  Nev. ,  di-clinc  f)f.  '.JSS. 

ComatiK-k,  II.  T.  I'.,  career,  etc.,  of, 
98  et  Ne<|.;  diiiiMMal  of  mining  title, 
etc.,  105  «. 

Coinatock,  Henry,  the  fiolil  II HI 
niincM,  109  10. 

ComHt<H.-k  Imle,  f>co  Mining. 

Ciincjoa  county,  Colo,  hiat.  of,  .'i01-3. 


nunty,  i 
U.  S., 


on^reaa,  U.  N.,  Ncv.  iMtundary  com- 
niia.  app't'il,  IMiO,  KVJ;  a<lditional 
t4!r.  granted  to  Ncv.,  IN66,  l.'Ki;  act 
for  H.  U.  aurvoy,  1853,  360;  ailmii 
aion  of  Colit  territory,  IS6I,  413: 
appropr.  for  Colo,  1861!  3,  4'J9;  ap 
propr.,  \m:\  6,  4:U:  18N0  et  m><|., 
450;  appropr.  f4>r  Wyo.,  IJMrt,  6SH. 

Connor,  (Icncral,  o|M-rationN,  etc.,  of, 
'il8  19,  717. 

Connor,  Col,  reciment  of,  181. 

Cimrad,  Cupt.  B.,  Indian  vicliiry  of, 
'*M. 

Conaolidatcd  Virginia,  a«-o  Virginia 
Conaolitlated  Muiing  co. 

Conatitutitin,  Ncv.  State,  vr»t,.  on, 
1863,  184;  umendmentit  to.  'Mi  4. 

Conatitutional  convention,  Colo,  IN60, 
404;  1864,  4.10-1. 

Cunvcntiona,  Nev.,  for  tcrl  gov't,  Si, 
87;  aUte,  186.'!,  177  et  a^Hj.;  1864. 
180. 

Convemi),  A.  K.,  biog.  of,  758. 

Con  vera'    -ounty,  Wyo.,  'H. 

Cook,  mention  of.  51. 

Cook,  Uen.  L>.  J.,  hiog.  of,  76it. 


Cmk.  (i.  W..  hiog.  of,  510-11. 
CViuk,  Kichaiti,  mentioo  of,  62U. 
Cooper,  lt«a.,  def«at  of,  424. 
Cooper.  J.  A.,  kiog.  of,  573. 
(,'ooper,  Thoa,  biog.  of,  580. 
CopeUnd.  .S..  biog.  of,  616. 
Corlett,  \V.  W..  biog.  of,  749. 
Cominir,  ti.  C.,  biog.  <if,  444. 
Corona4bi'>i     cx|ietlition,     failum     in 

reaching  Colo,  338. 
Coaaer,   Mra,   the  Colo  ilivorcu  caae, 

73  4. 
(.'oaaer,  Walter,  mention  of,  73. 
Coaaer,  W.  I'.,  mention  of,  75. 
Coatilla  co.,  hint,  of,  5iM  et  ne4|. 
Coantifw,  Nev.,  organization,  etc.,  of. 

I.V.t,    '.J-Vt;    Colo,    organization    of, 

|H.'i9,    40>_>;     hiat.    of,    .'>74    et    ae<|.; 

Wyoming.  7*4  et  a«|. 
County  commiaaionera,  Nev.,  1861-t!. 

liat.   I6'.>. 
Cowan,  A.,  mention  of,  78. 
i'owan,  Mra  A.,  biog.  of,  171. 
Coyner,  l>.  H.,  'The  Li«it  Trappera,' 

:uo  I. 
Cradleliaugh.    Judge  J.,    atip'tment, 

etc.,  of.  N9;  election  of,    l'*<il,  158. 
Craig,  I^  W.,  biog.  of,  Mti. 
Craig.  W.  li..  biog.  of,  ftS3. 
Cramer.  K..  l»iog.  of,  GM. 
CraiiiUU,  J.  R.,  atwte  line  oi,  'Ml. 
Crane,  J.  M..  t.r1  delegate,  l(C>H,83; 

death  of,  89. 
Crawfonl,  l>.  C.,  biai^.  of,  444. 
Cr-azy    llopM-,    IikU    chitf,    liattlea  of, 

777,  7««»:  death  of,  7Hl. 
Cnitted    Kutt*',    town,    foiiiidiiig    of, 

."rtEI. 
Crime,    Ncv.,    291   '2:    Cob.,    I860  1, 

44IH:  IHiMi,  412:    U-s<lvilb-,  TtV'  13; 

Wyo.,    Cheyt-nnc    vig,    coiiitiiitt«<-, 

IM»7,  T.'Vi;  road  aKciiU.  7.Vi  9. 
Crfiok,  <M'n..   Sioii\  i-auiiiaign,    1876, 

777  et  ac«i. 
Crt»ok,  W.  \V.,  mention  of,  806. 
Crooka  co.,  Wyo.,  lio«in<lary  of,  784. 
CriMiaman,  (^i.   H.,  valley  nanieil  for, 

24. 
Croot,  William,  bioy.  of,  71*5  6. 
Crow,  Henry,  biog.  of,  »*4. 
Crowinahield,  W.,  nx-iition  of,  22H-i». 
Culver,  .1.  B.,  mention  of,  T'.W. 
Cumminga,      l5ov.      A.,     rfori{niiix«Mi 

Caraon    i°».,    -M;    «p|K>intmcnt   of, 

I86.'>,  4:c.. 
Curry,  A.,  menti<Hi,  l««,  l.'iO. 
Currj',  A.  V.  Z.,  foun<U  Carutm  city, 

8ti. 
Curr>-,  C.  W.,  nM-ntian  of,  103. 
Curtia,  Allen  A.,  gift  of,  297. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^     ^/^.^' 


1.0 


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INDEX. 


Curtis,  Gen.  S.  R.,  Ind.  war  ordera 

of,  446. 
Custer,  Gen.,  milit.  exped.  to  Black 

Hills,  1874,  773;    defeat  and  death 

of,  778-9. 
Custer  city,  Wyo.,  foumliug  of,  777. 
Custer  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  595, 


Baggett,  C.  A.,  mention  of,  73. 

Daggett,  C  D.,  elected  pros,  att'y, 
1854,  70. 

IJaggett,  Congressman  R.  M.,  l)iog. 
of,  203;  speech  of,  Fel».  25,  1881, 
235. 

Daley,  D.  (J.,  silver  discov.  of,  493. 

Dargin,  D.  G.,  mention,  622. 

Davis,  H.  C,  322. 

Davis,  J.  A.,  mention  of,  59G. 

Da  is,  J.  C,  biog.  of,  789. 

Daivson,  J.  A.,  biog.  of,  047. 

Dayton,  town,  founding  of,  1856,  79; 
name,  95;  descript.  of,  258. 

Dead  Men's  gulch,  name,  383. 

Death  valley,  dcseript.  of,  3. 

I>ecker,  W.  S.,  biog.  of,  652. 

De  Coursey,  M.  L. ,  biog.  of,  604. 

Deep  creek,  importance  of,  16. 

Defiance  mine,  yield  of,  278. 

Deideshciiner,  Philip,  timbering  sys- 
tem of,  113;  plan  of  cribbing,  114; 
biog.,  etc.,  of,  115;  arrest  of  '  Ophir ' 
men,  123. 

De  la  Martyr,  see  Martyr. 

Delta  CO.,  Coio,  hist,  of,  590. 

Democrats,  see  Politics. 

De  Mont,  Capt.,  co.  of,  etc.,  66. 

Denver,  Lieut-gov.  F.,  election  of, 
1870,  190;  state  prison  war,  314. 

Denver,  Gen.  J.  W.,  nientic^n  of,  372. 

Denver,  founding  of,  3<!9;  capital  cs- 
tabl.  at,  417-18,  551-2;  riots  in 
1879-80,  448;  storm  and  Hood,  1864, 
490;  hist,  of,  1859-86,  548;  incorp. 
of,  land  titles,  etc.,  549;  plan  of, 
550;  immigrant  route  by,  551 ;  mint 
at,  551-2;  R.  R.  lines  to,  552  ct 
seq. ;  street  railways,  558;  ctlucation 
in,  558-(50;  religion,  600-4;  water 
supply,  502;  drainage,  503;  manu- 
factures, 504;  chaml^er  of  commerce, 
565;  banking,  567;  society,  567-70. 

Denver  Circle  R.  R.,  555. 

Denver  expositions,  Wyoming  exhibit 
in,  752. 

Denver  Pacific  R.  R.,  Colo,  C'>3-i. 

Denver,  South  Park,  and  Pacific  U,  R., 
555. 


Denver,  Utah,  and  Pacific  R.  R. ,  555. 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  R.  R.,  strike, 

1885,  453;  extension  of,  1881,  524; 

map  of  the  alignment  around  Dump 

mountain,     organization,     etc.,    of, 

554  ct  seq. ;    Grand  ca&on  contest, 

605-8. 
Deseret,  state  of,  organized,  etc.,  66. 
Deseret  co. ,  creation  of,  72. 
De  Smet,  P.  J.  de,  missionary  labors 

of,  686. 
Dickens,  W.  H.,  ))iog.  of,  650. 
Dickson,   see  Hancock  and  IMckson. 
Dickson,  L.  H.,  biog.  of,  650. 
Ditteurieder,  Mrs  L.   M.,  journal  of, 

73. 
Doanc,  Lieut  G.  C,  milit.  exped.  of, 

1870,  769. 
Doherty,  W.  F.,  biog.  of,  592. 
Dolores  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  597. 
Dominguez,  F.  F.  A.,  explorations  of, 

36. 
Donelson,  T.,  biog.,  .384. 
Dotson,  P.  K.,  biog.  of,  034. 
Dougan,  D.  H.,  biog.  of,  573. 
Douglas,  John  H.,  biog.  of,  795. 
Douglas  CO.,  organization  and  hist,  of, 

253-5,  598. 
Dover,  .lames,  marriage  contract,  etc;., 

of,  74. 
Dovey,    W.  C,  superintendent   pub. 

instruct.,  .322. 
Downey,  Delegate  S.  W.,  election  of, 

750. 
Downing,  .lacob,  biog.  of,  651. 
Doyle,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  371. 
Drake,  G.  W.,  biog.  of,  386. 
Draper,  J.  A      mention  of,  393. 
Drumniir  dge  W.  W.,  boundary 

comin  lou  of,   151-2;    reagita- 

tion  nl  1 1,  audary  question,  156. 
Du  Bois,  J.  J.,  biog.  of,  507. 
Dudley,  J.  H.,  biog.  of,  368. 
Duggau,  Martin,  biog.  of,  512-13. 
Dunugan,  J.  J.,  biog.  of,  055. 
Duncan,  Lieut,  victory  of,  220. 
Duncan,  Ju<lge  C,  mention  of,  72, 
Dyer,  J.  C,  biog,  of,  789. 


D 


Eagle  CO.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  599. 

Earthquakes,  Nov.,  245. 

Eaton,  (Jov.  B.  H.,  election  aiul  bio^. 

of,  449. 
Eaton,  H.  C,  biog.  mention,  018. 
Eberhardt  mine,  278. 
Eckley,  J.  E,>  mention  of,  188. 
Eddy,  H.  H.,  biog,  of,  638. 


INDEX. 


813 


liul  biog. 
|IU8. 


Education,  Nev.,  292-3;  Colorado, 
393,  558-60;  Wyoming,  761. 

Eilers,  A.,  biog.  of,  519-20. 

Elbert,  Gov.  S.  H.,  appointment,  etc., 
of,  436-7;  election  of,  445. 

Elbert  co.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  599. 

El  Dorado,  Colo,  founding  of,  387-9. 

Elections,  see  Politics. 

Elkins,  J.  T.,  biog.  of,  508. 

Elko  county,  Nev.,  hist,  of,  274. 

Elko,  town,  settlement  of,  276. 

Elliott,  V.  A.,  judge,  440. 

Ellis,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  73-4. 

El  Paso  claim  club,  389. 

El  Paso  CO.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  599-604. 

Emigration,  see  Immigration. 

Empire,  town,  hist,  of,  592. 

Escalante,  Fr.  S.  V.  de,  map,  etc., 
of,  35-6;  exped.  of,  3.39  et  seq.; 
map  of  route,  342. 

Esmeralda  co.,  Nev.,  hist,  of,  259;  ju- 
risdiction difficulties  of,  162  et  seq. 

Espinosa's  bandits,  murders  and  death 
of,  424-5. 

Eureka  county,  Nev.,  hist,  of,  281. 

Eureka,  town,  hist,  of,  283. 

Eureka  and  Palisade  R.  R.,  239. 

Evans,  Col,  defeat  of,  218. 

Evans,  Senator  J.,  app't'd  gov.,  427; 
election  of,  432;  call  for  vol't'rs,  461. 

Everett,  Dr  A.  S.,  biog.  of,  656. 

Everts,  Philetus,  biog.  of,  322. 

Expeditions,  Nev.,  earliest,  26  et  seq.; 
Fremont's,  1843-4,  55  et  seq.;  Colo, 
338  et  seq. ;  local  expeds  from  New 
Mex.,  338;  Escalante's  exped.,  339 
et  seq. ;  Pike's,  344  et  seq. ;  Lonc's 
exped.,  348  et  seq.;  Fremont s, 
1842-4,  357;  Gunnison's,  1853,  360; 
miscellaneous  govt,  361-2;  Wheel- 
er's and  King's,  362;  to  Gunnison 
country,  517  et  seq.;  Wyoming, 
Spanish  claims,  672;  Verendyre's, 
1743-4,  674;  Colter's,  675-6;  Lisa's, 
676;  Williams',  676-7;  Hunt's,  679; 
Long's,  679;  Ashley's,  679-80; 
Bonneville's,  681;  Wyeth's  682; 
Fremont's,  1842,  688;  to  open  roads, 
699-700;  Stansbury's,  764;  War- 
ren's, 765;  Raynold's,  765-6;  geol 
survey,  769;  milit.  expeds,  1873, 
169-70. 

Eyser,  Charles,  biog.  of,  386. 
Eyater,  C.  S.,  judge,  1866,  440. 


Fain,  Sheriff  J.  C,  mention  of,  70-1; 
election  of,  1854,  76. 


Fair,  Senator  J.  G.,  mention  of,  118; 
Con.  Virginia  purchase,  134  et  seq.; 
biog.  135;  senator,  203. 
Fairfield,  Samuel,  biog.  of,  789. 
Farrell,  M.  J.,  biog.  of,  239. 
Farwell,  S.  T.,  biog.  of,  792. 
Fennimore,    James,   mention  of,  72; 

career  of,  99  et  seq. 
Ferguson,  Charles,  mention  of,  73. 
Fetterman,   Lt-col,  defeat  and  death 

of,  722-3. 
Finances,    Nev.,    taxes,     J861,     161; 
1871-88,    310;    rejection    national 
currency,  1863-4,  183;   mining   tax 
troubles,    195    et    eeq;    monetary 
standards,    198  et  seq.;   Colorado, 
Gilpin's    treasury    demands,    426; 
banking,  566;   summary  of,  640;  in 
1887,  648;  Wyoming,  755;  territory 
bonds.  760. 
Finfrock,  J.  H.,  biog.  of,  716. 
Finley,  A.,  map,  1S26,  34-5. 
\  Fish   culture,  Nev.,  241;   Wyoming, 
I      804. 

j  Fisher,  A.  N.,  supt  pub.  instruction, 
i      1865,  188. 

i  Fitch,  R.  E.,  mention  of,  795. 
j  Fitch,    Congressman    Thos,    election 
I      and  biog.,  189. 

;  Flaniken,  Judge  R.  R.,  app'tment  of, 
'      89. 
Fleeson,  Capt.,  Ind.  battle  of,  214. 
!  Flood,  J.  C,  Con.  Virginia  purchase, 
134  et  seq.;   biog.,  135. 
Flovd  peak,  height  of,  9;  name,  24. 
1  Flumes,  Nev.,  287-90. 
I  Folf.y,  M.  D.,  biog.  of,  225. 
'  FoUensbee,  George,  mention  of,  71. 
Fontaine  City,  fight  with  Missourians, 

390-1. 
:  Foote,  F.  M.,  biog.  of,  785. 
I  Ford,  Gen.  J.  H.,  mention  of,  467. 
I  Forest  Queen,  mine,  discov.,  etc.,  of, 
523. 
Fort  Leavenworth,  351-2. 
Forts,  Colo,  352-5;  Wyoming,  682  et 
seq.;   Fort  William,  683;   liaramie, 
fort,  hist,  of,    683^;   cut   of,    690; 
govt  purchase  of,  (591 ;   Fort  Lara- 
mie in  1874,  plan,  692;    Fort  Briil- 
ger,  684;   cut  of,  685;    Fort  Platte, 
685;      Fort     Kearny,     established, 
1847,    489  IK);     Fort  Supply,    697; 
Fort   Randal,  710;    Fort    Halleck, 
714;   Fort  Sedgwick,  714-15;    Fort 
Philip     Kearny,    Fetterman,    Ind. 
disaster  at,    720  et  seq;   Fort  Fet- 
terman, 725. 
Fosdick.  H.  M.,  biog.  of,  634. 
Font,  Father  P.,  map,  etc.,  of,  27-8. 


8U 


INDEX. 


Fountain  colony,  hist  of,  600-1. 

France,  occupation  of  Colo,  343. 

France,  James,  biog.  of,  788. 

France,  L.  B.,  biog.  of,  652-3. 

Franktown,  founded,  etc.,  79. 

Fremont,  J.  C,  route,  etc.,  of,  1843, 
55  et  seq. ;  notoriety  of,  exploration, 
65;  explor.  of  Colo,  1842-4,  356; 
explor.  VVyo.,  1842,  688. 

Fremont  county,  Colo,  settlement  of, 
392;  hist,  of,  601-8. 

Fremont  county,  Wyo.,  hist,  of,  78C-8. 

Frost,  John,  biog.  of,  267. 

Fuller,  C.  W.,  mention  of,  256. 

Fulton,  D.  J.,  biog.  of,  385. 

Fur-traders,  Colo,  350-1,  354-6;  Wy- 
oming, 677  et  seq. 


G 


Gage.  S.  T.,  biog.  of,  187. 

Galbraith,  R.  M.,  biog.  of,  789. 

Oale,  Judge  W.  H.,  mention  of,  440. 

Galloway,  B.  S.,  biog.  of,  625. 

Gamble,  James,  mention  of,  231. 

Garber,  Judge,  mention  of,  191. 

Garces,  Father  F.,  explor.  of,  27-31. 

Garfield  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  609. 

Garrison,  A.  F.,  pres't  of  comm.,  404. 

Garrison,  W.  H.,  sale  of  mining  title, 
123-4. 

Geist,  A.  W.,  biog.  of,  634. 

Genoa,  town,  name,  79;  avalanche  at, 
1882,  254. 

Geology,  see  Mining. 

Georgetown,  Colo,  hist,  of,  590-2. 

(Jerry  brothers,  biog.  of,  353. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  mention  of,  463. 

Gest,  J.  H.,  mention  of,  382. 

Geysers,  Wyo.,  668. 

Gibbs,  Elijah,  land  troubles,  etc.,  of, 
430. 

Gibson,  T.,  mention  of,  382. 

Gilclirist,  Anilrew,  biog.  of,  802. 

Gilpin,  Gov.,  app'tment,  etc.,  ofj  413; 
biog.  of,  414;  instructions,  etc.,  of, 
415;  message  of,  419;  organization 
of  troops,  420;  removal  of,  etc., 
426-7;   election  of,  1865,  432. 

Gilpin  county,  Colo,  mines  of,  map, 
380;  hist,  of,  610. 

Gird,  C.  C,  biog.  of,  653. 

Goben,  E.,  mention  of,  280. 

Goddard,  L.  M.,  biog.  of,  508. 

Goddard,  O.  J.,  biog.  of,  559. 

Godey,  mention  of,  57. 

Godin,  exploit  of,  40. 

Gold  Hill  mines,  first  owners,  etc., 
of,  109. 


Gold  cafion,  mining  camps,  etc.,  in, 
1857-9,  94-6. 

Golden,  founding  of,  380-1. 

Golden  Gate,  founding,  etc.,  of,  380-2. 

(ioodwin,  C.  C,  defeat  of,  1872,  191. 

Gore,  Sir  George,  travels  in  Wyo., 
!      695-6. 

Gorsline,  W.  B.,  judge,  1866,  440. 

Gosh  Utes,  hostilities  of,  219. 

Gould,  J.  B.,  biog.  of,  616. 

Government,  see  Politics. 

Graham,  Benj.,  prospecting  exped.  of, 
518. 

Graham,  H.  J.,  delegate  to  congress, 
403. 

Graham  gang,  expulsion  of,  597. 

Gramm,  Otto,  biog.  of,  795. 

Grand  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  616. 

Grant,  Gov.  J.  B.,  election  and  biog. 
of,  449. 

Grant,  M.  N.,  biog.  of,  795. 

Grattan,  Indian  massacre  of,  709. 

Gray,  A.  J.,  biog.  of,  806. 

Great  American  desert,  see  American 
desert. 

Great  Basin,  descript.  of,  1 ;  Fremont, '« 
knowledge  of,  2;  wonders  of,  3; 
climate  of,  4-6;  geology  of,  6;  riv- 
ers of,  14-16;  springs  of,  16,  17; 
deserts  of,  17,  18;  vegetation  of, 
18,  19;  animal  life  in,  19,  20;  min- 
erals of,  20,  21;  agriculture  of,  21-3; 
soils  of,  21-3. 

Great  Salt  Lake,  see  Salt  Lake. 

Greeley,  Horace,  praise  of  Colo,  398; 

Green  river,  descript.  of,  etc, ,  8,  780. 

Greene,  James,  mention  of.  73. 

Greenwood,  John,  mention  of,  60. 

Greenwood,  W.  H.,  biog.  of,  608. 

Gregory,  J.  H.,  biog.  of,  377. 

(Jridley,  charitable  work  of,  182. 

(irigsby-Ide  company,  mention  of,  60, 

Grimes,  C.  M.,  mention  of,  595-6. 

Grimes,  W.  S.,  biog.  of,  656. 

Grosch  Bros.,  silver  discov.  of,  etc., 
96  et  seq, ;  death  and  books  of,  98. 

Gross,  C.  J.,  biog.  of,  571. 

Guerillas,  Colo,  1863,  424-5. 

(luiness,  Lieut,  death  of,  725. 

Gunuell,  A.  T.,  biog,  of,  624. 

Gunnison,  Capt.  J.  W.,  R.  R.  survey, 
etc.,  of,  360-1,  695;  party  of  mas- 
sacred, 360-1. 

Gunnison  county,  organization,  etc, 
of,  522;   hist,  of,  617. 

Gunnison  county,  prospectors  in,  etc, 
516  et  seq.;   rush  to,  1880,  524. 

Gunnison,  mining  region,  map,  621. 

Gunnison,  town,  settlement  of,  521  et 
seq.;  hist,  of,  617-18. 


INDEX. 


816 


m. 


3f,  (50. 
-6. 

etc., 
of,  98. 


^rvcy, 
ma.s- 

ctc, 

I  etc., 


t 


{■ 

%: 


H 


}iaas,  Hermann,  biog.  of,  716. 
Haas,  Sam'l,  mention  of,  801. 
Hague,  J.  D.,  mention  of,  362. 
Haguis,  J.  N.,  mention  of,  393. 
Haines,  James  W.,  biog.  of,  288-9. 
Hale,  Gov.   W.,  appointment,  death, 

etc.,  of,  752-3. 
Haley,  Ora,  biog.  of,  795. 
Hall,  C.  L.,  biog.  of,  623-4. 
Hall,  Frank,  mention  of,  71;  biog.  of, 

440. 
Hall,  Geo.  VV.,  biog.  of,  590. 
Hall,  It.  H.,  biog.  787. 
Hall,  Spaflford,  mention  of,  7:^-4. 
Hall,  W.  L.,  mention  of,  71-3. 
Hallack,  Chas,  biog.  of,  573. 
Hallett,  Judge  M.,  biog.  of,  411-12; 

app'tment,  etc.,  of,  186C,  439-40, 
Hallock,  J.  F.,  comptroller,  322. 
Hallock,  Nelson,  biog.  of,  623. 
Hamilton,  W.  H.,  mention  of,  280. 
Hamilton,  Nev.,  hist,  of,  280. 
Hancliette,  mining  invention  of,  318. 
Hancock    and    Dickson,    explor.    of, 

1804-7,  675. 
Harding,  silver  discov.  of,  103-4. 
Harding,  Justice  S.  8.,  succeeds  Hall, 

439. 
Hardenville,  founding  of,  103-4. 
Harney,  Gen'l,  defeats   Sioux,   1856, 

etc.,  710. 
Harris,  John,  map  of,  32. 
Harris,  M.  C,  mention  of,  793. 
Hart,  Major  B.  J.,  mention  of,  790. 
Hart,    Wm,    the  Oomstock    discov., 

101. 
Harting,  S.  J.,  biog.  of,  658. 
Harvey,  John,  mention,  624. 
Harvey,  T.  J.,  app't'd  Ind.  conuniss., 

208. 
Haskill,    N.  R.,  mention  of,   69;  at- 
tempted murder  by,  71. 
Hastings,    L.  VV.,   '  Emigrant  Guide,' 

etc.,  55;  mention  of,  60. 
Hawes,  Jesse,  biog.  of,  639. 
Hawkins,  R.  T.,  mention  of,  73. 
Hawkins,  DrT.  H.,  biog.  of,  658. 
Hawley,  T.  P.,  mention  of,  191,  322. 
Hayden,    Prof.    F.    V.,    explor.    of, 

361-2,  518-19. 
Haynes,  J.  H.,  mention  of,  73. 
Hays,    Col  J.  C,  Indian  victory  of, 

213  ct  seq. 
Hazzard,  G.  W.,  biog.  of,  385. 
Head,  L^fayette,  biog.  of,  444. 
Healy,  Mrs,  mention  of,  60. 
Hecht,  Charles,  biog.  of,  801. 
Held,  Henry,  mention  of,  793. 


Hell  man,  Benj.,  mention  of,  802. 

Hellroaring  river,  667. 

Helm,  Judge  J.  C.,  election  of,  452. 

Helm,  W.  A.,  biog.  of,  394. 

Henderson,  E.  W.,  biog.  of,  377. 

Henderson,  G.  L.,  biog.  of,  386;  men- 
tion of,  622. 

Henry,  Alexander,  expod.  of,  678. 

Henry,  J.  W.,  Judge,  446. 

Henshaw,  George,  mention  of,  47. 

Hereford,  R.  L.,  biog.  of,  786. 

Herzinger,  J.  L.,  biog.  of,  626. 

Hesse,  Fred.  G.  S.,  mention,  792. 

Hickman,  Bill,  Indian  murders  of, 
205. 

Hickman,  N.  C,  biog.  of,  022-3. 

Hicks,  George,  Sr,  prospecting  party 
of,  364-5. 

Hidden  Treasure  mine,  discov.  of, 
277-8. 

Hinman,  F.  A.,  biog.  of,  790. 

Hinsdale,  G.  A.,  county  named  for, 
618. 

Hinsdale  co.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  618. 

Hunton,  John  A.,  mention  of,  800. 

Hill,  Senator  N.  P.,  election  and  biog. 
of,  450;  mining  developments  of, 
486. 

Hobart,  Seaator  W.  W.,  public  ex- 
pense bill,  1881,  312. 

Hodges,  H.  M.,  mention  of,  76. 

Hoffman,  Maj.  VVm,  mention,  697. 

Hogle,  A.  W.,  biog.  of,  850. 

HoUaday,  Ben,  mention  of,  73. 

Holly,  Justice  C.  F.,  mention  of,  440. 

Holman,  \V.  J.,  gold  discov.,  383. 

Hopper,  Charles,  guide  of  Ti^artleson 
CO.,  53. 

Hoppin,  J.  H.,  biog.  of,  203. 

Hord,  T.  B.,  mention  of,  801. 

Horn,  T.  G.,  mention,  610. 

Hover,  W.  A.,  biog.  of,  652. 

Howe,  Clmrch,  biog.  of,  741. 

Howell,  Eugene,  biog.  of,  274. 

How  land,  J.  D.,  biog.  of,  369. 

Hoyt,  Gov.  J.  W.,  app'tment  of,  751. 

Hudrfano  co.,  Colo,  hist.,  619. 

Huffaker,  G.  W.,  biog.  of,  86. 

Hughes,  B.  M. ,  biog.  of,  572. 

Hughes,  Harvey,  mention  of,  74. 

Humboldt  co.,   Nev.,    hist,  of,  262-4. 

Humbchlt  lake,  deseript.  of,  1 4. 

Humboldt  river,  deseript.  of,  15;  dis- 
cov. of,  36-7. 

Hunt,  Gov.  A.  C,  app'tment  of,  436; 
founds  Salida,  584. 

Hunt,  A.  S.,  app't'd  U.  S.  marshal, 
427. 

Hunt,  W.  P.,  explor.  of,  679. 

Hurd,  E.  P.,  mention  of,  801. 


816 


INDEX. 


Hurlbut,  W.  S.,  mention  of,  805. 
Huston,  G.  W.,  biog.  of,  623. 
Untton,   Levi,  Indians  attack,  1856, 

206. 
Hyde,  Judge  O.,  appointment  of,  76. 
Hyde,  Orson,  curse,  etc.,  of,  80. 
Hylton,  T.  A.,  mention  of,  69-70. 


Iba,  C,  biog.  of,  796. 

Idaho,  Nevada  annexation  scheme, 
317. 

Idaho  Springs,  town,  hist,  of,  598. 

Iliff,  J.  W.,l)iog.  of,  385. 

Illustrations,  see  Maps. 

Immigration,  to  Oregon  and  Cal., 
1839-46, 46;  route  of,  in  Colo,  1841, 
356;  Colo  prospecting  parties,  3'i4 
et  seq. ;  return  of,  375-6;  overland, 
1860-1,  398-400;  Wyoming,  1841-3, 
687. 

Indiana,  Nev.,  victory  of  Pyramid 
lake,  209  et  seq.;  Hays  defeats, 
213otse<x.;  troubles  with,  1861-2, 
217;  victory  of,   218;  treaty  with, 

1862,  218;  1863^,  219;  battles 
with,  1864-6,  219-21;  affairs  of, 
1874-80,  221-3;  reservations,  221- 
3;  hostilities,  etc.,  1849-82,  205  et 
seq.;  attack  on  Huttou  and  Pier- 
son's  party,  1856-7,  206;  hostilities, 
1858-60,  207  et  seq.;  war  council, 
208;  attack  at  Williams'  station, 
209;  Colonido  triLus,  treaties,  etc., 
455-7;  appropr.  foi,  1860,  457;  bri- 
gandage, etc.,  of,  457;  the  Colo 
regiments,  459;  ''ostile  combina- 
tion, etc.,  1864,  460;  outrages,  etc., 
of,  1864,  461;  council  of,  etc.,  July, 
1864,  462;  threatened  devastation, 
463-4;  peace  proposals  of,  465-6; 
the  Sand  creek  battle,  466  et  seq. ; 
renewal  of  hostilities,  1865,  467; 
treaty,  1865,  408;  hostilities  renew- 
ed, 1866-8,  469-70;  Utes,  tribes,  ter- 
ritory,  etc.,    of,    470;    raids,   etc., 

1863,  471;  treaties  with,  1865-8, 
471-2;  head  chief,  472-3;  war  with, 
1878,  474-9;  treaty,  1878,479-81; 
Wyoming,  hostilities  of,  1862-3, 
701;  Sioux  massacre,  CSrattan,  709; 
defeat  of,  710;  Cheycnnes,  711; 
hostilities,  1867,  724;  treaty,  1867, 
726;  Arapahoe  and  Cheyenne  hos- 
tilities,  714-15;    Sioux   hostilities, 

1864,  714-16;  Connor  and  Sully's 
exped.  ag'st,  1865,  717;  treaty  with, 
717-18;  Fetternian  massacre,  720 
et  seq.;  territory    of,    treaty    of, 


1868,  etc.,  766-7;  Arapahoe  depre- 
dations, etc.,  767-8;  Bates  defeats 
Arapahoes,  771-2;  Red  Cloutl, 
agency,  1873,  772-3;  Sioux  hostili- 
ties, 1876,  777  etseq. ;  treaties  aud 
reserves  of,  1877-81,  781-2. 

Industries,  Colo,  summary  of,  639. 

Insane  asylum,  Nev.,  317. 

Iron  CO.,  creation  of,  72, 

Irrigation,  Nev.,  290-1,  317-18;  Colo- 
rado, 536-40;  Wyoming,  801-2. 

Irwin,  J.,  biog.  of,  625. 

Ives,  explorations  of  Colo,  517. 

Ives,  Butler,  boundary  co^imissioner, 
1853,  155. 


I  J.  0.  R.  stump,  cut,  678. 
I  Jackson,  6.,  gold  discov.  of,  376. 
j  Jackson,  H.  B.,  biog.  of,  639, 
j  Jackson,  W.  S.,  R.  R.  president,  555. 
!  Jameson,  H.  H.,  mention  of,  69. 
j  Jamison,    A.    £.,    mining  discov.  of, 
I      1865,  103-4 

[  Janin,  Louis,  mention  of,  142. 
Jefiferson,  Pres.,  encourages  explora- 
tion, 344. 
Jefferson  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  619- 

21. 
Jefferson,    territory  of,  attempt  for, 

1859,  403. 
Jenkins,  J.  W.,  correspondence  with 

Elbert,  436-7;  biog.  of,  653. 
Jenney,  W.  P.,  explor.    Black   hills, 

775. 
Jennings,  Wm,  mention,  98. 
Job,  Moses,  mention  of,  74. 
Johnson,    Pres.,    veto  of  Colo  state 

bill,  432. 
Johnson,  Gov.,  indorses  Nev.  j>etition, 

1858,  83. 
Johnson,  E.  P.,  biog.  of,  748. 
I  Johnson,  W.  T.,  mention  of,  553, 
I  Johnson  county,  Wyo.,  hist,  of,  789- 
I      93. 

I  Johntown,  mention,  95. 
Jones,   delegate,   election  aud  defeat 

of,  1870-2,  749. 
Jones,  H.  F.,  biog.  of,  654. 
Jones,   Judge,    app'tment    of,   1861, 

166. 
Jones,  Judge  W.  S.,  biog.  of,  741-2. 
Jones,   Senator  J.    P.,  biog.    of,  149; 
senator,  1873,  190-1;  reelection  and 
monetary  report  of,  198 et  seq.;  the 
silver  question,  320. 
Jones,  S.  L.,  mention  of,  225. 
Journals,  see  Newspapers. 
Juab  CO.,  creation  of,  72. 


INDEX. 


817 


1 553. 
of,  789- 


defeat 


If,   1861, 

I74I-2. 
lof,  149; 

lion  anil 
^q. ;  the 


Justice,  Nev.  anil  Utah,  and  judges, 
1852,  72;  3d  dist  created,  18io4,  75- 
6;  first  suit  and  trial,  1853,  18.j5, 
76-7;  popular  adiuinist.  of,  80-7; 
U.  8.  court  established,  89;  judicial 
districts,  1861,  ItiG;  administ.  of, 
166  et  seq.,  172;  Colorado,  admin- 
ist. of,  1860-1,  407-8;  judiciarv, 
43<M0,  445-6,  452;  Wyoming,  747. 

Julesburg,  town,  India,  destroy,  715. 


Kansas,  territorial  affairs  of,  401. 
Kansas   Pacific   K.    R.,    Colo,  552  et 

seq. 
Kellog,    S.    B.,    gold  discov.  of,  397; 

biog.  of,  581. 
Kelly,  I).  C,  biog.  of,  788-9. 
Kelly.  H.  B.,  biog.  of,  800. 
Kelly,  Henry,  mention  of,  280. 
Kelsey,  Benj .,  mention  of,  53. 
Kendall,  Congressman  C,  election  of, 

1870,  190;  1872,  191;  bill  of,  291. 
Kennedy,  Richard,  biog.  of,  792. 
Kennedy,  W.  R.,  biog.  of,  624. 
Kenyon,  Asa,  nicntion  of,  74. 
Kern,  E.  M.,  mention  o'.  <i2. 
Ketchum,    Capt.  W.  S.,  mention  of, 

692. 
Kimball,  H.  C,  in  Wyoming,  1847-8, 

694. 
King,  B.  L.,  settler,    1852,   72;   men- 
tion of,  81. 
King,  Clarence,  explor.  of,  3(52. 
Kingman,   Judge  J.  W.,  app'tmcnt, 

etc.,  of,  741-2. 
Kinkea<l,   Gov.   J.    H.,  election  and 

biog.  of,  1878,  193. 
Kiiina  and  Nye,  mention  of,  371. 
Kiasey,  S.  A.,  mention  of,  69,  71. 
Kirby,  Joseph,  the  Comstock  discov., 

100  et  seq. 
Kitely,  W.  J.,  biog.  of,  650. 
Klein,  Jacob,  biog.  of,  172. 
Kline,  Perry  A.,  biog.  of,  484. 
Knott,  E.  U.,  mention  of,  73. 
Knott,  Thomas,  mention  of,  7.3,  75. 
Knox,  T.  W.,  mention  of,  382. 
Kniglit,  Jesse,  biog.  of,  786. 
Kouiitze,  L.,  mention  of,  553. 
Kuykeudall,  W.  L.,  mention  of,  719. 


Lake  county,  Nev.,  jurisdiction  diffi- 
culties (if,  164. 
Lake  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  621-2. 
UisT.  Nev.    52 


Lake  Tahoe,  see  Tahoe. 

Lakes,  Nev.,  descript.  of,   lOctseq. ; 

Colorado,  336-7. 
Lancaster,  A.  B.,  biog.  of,  277. 
Land  grants,  Mexican,  in  Colo,  356. 
Lmder  county,  Nev.,  hist  of,  264-5. 
Lands,  Nev.,  settlement  of,  etc.,  71, 
75,  250-3;  Colorado,  laws  for,  4.30; 
grants  to  Colo,  etc.,  1876,  447;  sur- 
vey of,  533;  Wyoming,  school,  761; 
govt  laws,  etc.,  762,  783. 
Laugford,   N.  G.,   eupt   Yellowstone 

nat.  park,  771. 
La  Plata  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  623. 
Larimer  county,  Colo,  liist.  of,  625. 
;  Laramie,  see  also  Fort  Laramie. 
I  Laramie  city,  Wyo.,  founding  of,  739. 
'  Laramie  county,  Wyo.,  creation,  etc., 
'      of,  736;  hist,  of,  794-801. 
Laramie  hills  and  plains,  660. 
Las   Animas  county,  Colo,  hist,   of, 

627. 
Laa  Animas  grant,  map,  etc.,  631. 
Las  Animas  mining  dist,  formation  of, 

1871,  500. 
La  8alle,  exploration*)  of,  343. 
Lassen,    Peter,   presides  at  meeting, 

1857,  83;  death  of,  207. 
Latter-day  saints,  see  Mormons. 
Law,  John,  biog.  of,  624. 
Lawrence,  W'illiain,  mention  of,  795. 
Lawrence  company,  prospecting  ex- 

ped.  of,  365-6. 
Laws,  Wye,  code,  1868,  745. 
Leadville,  Colo,  founding  of,  .396;  riot, 
1879-80,    448,    514-15;    discov.    of 
silver,    organization,    etc.,    504   ct 
seq.;    name,  509;    population    and 
growth,  510;  business  of  and  map, 
511-12;  crime,  etc.,  512-13;  riot  in, 
514-15. 
Leavenworth,    Col    J.  JL,    com.    of, 

424. 
Leavenworth   company,    founding  of 

Denver,  369. 
Lee,  Judge  Alfred,    appointment  of, 

72. 
Lee,  C.  F.,  biog.  of,  625. 
Lee,  EL  M.,  app't'd  sue.  of  state,  741. 
Legislature,    Nev.,   18(51,   laws,    etc., 
l.)8  et  seq.;  1862-.3,  176;  loyalty  of, 
182-3;  mining   taxes,    194-5;  C«)lo- 
rado,  427-8;  territory  of  .Tutferson, 
406;  Wyoming,  743,  7.">(>-8. 
Lehow,  O.  E.,  biog.  of,  586. 
Leonard,  ().  R.,  chief-just.,  .322. 
Lincoln  county,  Nev.,  hist,  of,  271. 
Linfrook,  W.  E.,  mention  of,  717. 
Lisa,  Manuel,  explor.  of,  (57(5. 
Lobbau,  J.  M.,  biog.  of;  792. 


818 


INDEX. 


Locke,  Juil({u  P.  B.,    decisions,  etc., 

of,  17:{;  reitignatton  of,  174. 
Luiitloiier,  Wolfe,  biog.,  etc.,  412. 
Long,  U.  A.,  hioft.  of,  Go'i. 
Long,    Maj.    S.    U.,  explorations  of, 

.•MS  ct  seq.,  679. 
TiOngniont,  town,  hist,  of,  flVS-O. 
T^ooniis,  AUner,  biog.  of,  02(5. 
Looinis,  Washington,  niuntiou  of,  70; 

execution  of,  7L 
Lovejoy,  F.  W.,  K.  R.  pres.,  555. 
Lovcland,  Chester,  mention  of,  SL 
Loveland,  William  A.    H.,    biog.  of, 

556. 
Luman,  John,  biog.  of,  787. 
Lumber,  Nev.,  254,  287-90. 
Lykius,  D.  J.,  biog.  of,  654. 
Lyon,  J.  E.,  mention  of,  487. 
Lyon  CO.,  Nev.,  bisk  of,  258-9. 


Mackny,  ,T.  W.,  Con.  Virginia  pur- 
chaao,  134  ct  seq.;  biog.,  135. 

Mackay,  Mrs.  J.  \V.,  charitable  gift 
of,  301. 

Mitgin,  Antoine,  'Uistoire  Univer- 
selle,'  3:1. 

Magnus,  I'eter,  biog.  of,  385. 

Magraw,  W.  M.  explor.  of  Colo, 
1857,  361 ;  mention  of,  699. 

Mails,  Nev.,  Salt  Lake  city  and  S. 
Bernardino  routes,  73;  1851-."?,  226- 
7;  daily  overland,  1861,  229-30; 
Colo,  Indian  disturbances  of,  1864, 
462. 

Maiueville,  F.  De,  biog.  mention, 
508. 

Maldonado,  Oabriel,  mention  of,  107. 

Mammoth  cave,  Nev.,  descript.  of,  4. 

Maukin,  John,  Mormon  property 
purchased,  81. 

Manufactures,  Nev.,  1884,  286  et  seq. 

Manville,  H.  S.,  biog.  of,  800. 

Maps  (also  plans  and  illustrations), 
probable  route  of  Cardenas,  27; 
Padre  Font's  map,  1777,  28;  map 
by  John  Harris,  1605,  30;  (iranata 
Nova,  31;  Utah  and  Nevada,  1795, 
32;  Rector's  map,  1818,  .33;  Finley's 
map,  1826,  .34;  Escalante's  route, 
.35;    Fremont's   route,  1843-4,    56; 

,  1845,  map,  61 ;  route  of  the  Oregon 
CO.,  63;  Carson  valley,  94;  Esca- 
lante's route,  342;  mines  of  Oilpin 
CO.,  .^80;  Colorado  in  1863,  409; 
Thornburg  battle-ground,  475;  Un- 
coinpahgre  agency,  478;  Uintah 
reservation,  480;  Saa  Juan  mining 


district,  495;  Lcadvilleand  vicinity, 
511;  plan  of  Uenvt-r,  55U;  niap«. 
alignment  of  the  Denver  and  Hio 
(rrande  K.  K.,  around  Dump  moun- 
tain, 555;  railroads  of  Colo,  556; 
>Salida  and  vicinity,  585;  Coloraiio 
springs  and  vicinity,  602;  Las  Ani- 
mas grant,  631;  J.  O.  K.,  stump, 
cut,  678;  Old  Fort  Bridger,  cut. 
685;  Fort  Laramie  in  1874,  plan, 
692;  P.  R.  builders'  fort,  cut,  7:«; 
Yellowstone  national  park,  770; 
plan  of  Buttalo,  1884,  791. 

Marcy,  Capt.  R.  B.,  exped.  of,  Wyo., 
1857,  699. 

Marsh,  Rob.,  biog.  of,  794-5. 

Marshall,  F.  J.,  biog.  of,  589. 

Marshall,  G.  W.,  biog.  mention,  771. 

Marshall,  J.  Y.,  biog.  of,  507. 

Marshall,    Lieut  W.  L.,    explor.  of, 
362. 

Martial   law,    Colo,  proclamation  of, 
448,  514. 

Martin,  Thomas  S. ,  '  Narrative ' of,  62. 

Martyr,  (i.  Do  L.,  biog.  c.f,  652. 

Marysville  mines,  discov.  of,  566. 

Mather,  Eugene  B.,  biog.  of,  792. 

Mauk,  A.  L.,  mention  of,  789. 

Maxwell  grant,  see  Beaul)ien  grant. 

Maxwell,  J.  P.,  biog.  of,  579. 

May,  David,  biog.  of,  624. 

Mayfield,  Wm,  murder  of  Blackbam, 
167. 

McAllister,  H.,  biog.  of,  600. 

MoAvoy,  J.  A.,  biog.  of,  787. 

McBrown,  I.  E.,  biog.  of,  385. 

McCarty,  Wm,  biog.  of,  789-90. 

McCaslin,  M.  L  ,  biog.  of,  .3«)9. 

MuCook,  Gov.  E.  M.,  app'tment  of, 
etc.,  4.36-7. 

McCoy,  (J.  W.,  biog.  of,  649. 

McCray,  A.  J.,  biog.  of,  790. 

McDougal,  G.,  exped.  of  1885,  64-5. 

McDougal,  J.  H.,  mention  of,  90. 

McDougall,  George,  mention  of,  60. 

McFerran,  Judge  W.  B.,  biog.,  601-2. 

McGaa,  Wm,  biog.  of,  .372. 

Mcllvoy,  D.  D.,  biog.  of,  615, 

iMcKay,  Thomas,  mention  of.  4.5. 

McLaughlin,  C.  H.,  biog.  of,  571. 

McLaughlin,  P.,  the    Comstock   dis- 
cov., 100  et  seq. 

McMarlin,  James,  mention  of,  74,  76. 

McWilliains,  J.  W.,  biog.  of,  268. 

Meek,  Joseph,  mention  of,  43-4. 

Meeker,  N.  C,  app'tment  and  murrle 
of,  473-5. 

Meek,  Stephen,  mention  of,  43-4. 

MeMrum,    J.    M.,    defeat,    election, 
1882,  750. 


INDEX, 


819 


MoMrnm,  N.  H.,  electctl  i-ec.  of  Htate, 
418. 

Muri'or,  A.  S.,  Itiog.  of,  798. 

Miirchatit,  Hiiriiioii,  hiog.  of,  Ci'A. 

Muroilitli,  Huiiry,  doutli  of,  '2\'2. 

Murrill,  Homer,  liiog.  of,  78!). 

Murritt,  Colo,    reliuf  of,  Ute  war,  475. 

M  '*;i  CO.,  (Jolo,  lii.st.  of,  (>'J8. 

'  Moic'cNui '  mini!,  support  sy.stem  of, 
112    cavu  in  of,  1 IH. 

McxiJi),  Ciilo  Ijoiiii'.lary,  (juttleinent  of, 
1819,  :U8. 

Muyers,  W.  It.,  licut-gov.,  449. 

Mijjtiels,  Henry,  l»iog.  of,  170. 

Migliels,  It.  11.,  defeat  of,  election 
1878,    193. 

Mile.i,  Col,  Itiittlo  with  Sioux,  June 
1870,  778;  capture.s  Inil.  supplies, 
etc.,  780. 

Mile*,  A.  H.,  biog.  of,  385. 

Milliuiin,  .lolin,  l)it>g.  of,  385. 

Military,  Nov.,  18(il-3,  1 8 1 ;  Colorado 
posts  and  stations,  1847-57,  3.")9- 
GO;  18()5-t),  4(i9;  troops  organized 
18,J1,  4l»0;  hist,  of  t'.ie  1st  reg't, 
4'21~3;  '21  regiment,  4'J3-4;  Sd  regi- 
nieut,  424;  militia  ill  Ind.  service, 
18;i4,  41)1;  Wyoming,  stations  es- 
tal>.  18K),  088;  post  2onimandcrs, 
18(57,  list.  724. 

Millard  CO.,  creation  c,f,  72. 

Mdlor,  C.  F.,  hiog.  of,  805. 

Miller,  C.  P.,   biog.  of,  «27. 

Miller,  Isaac  C,  biog.  of,  789. 

Miller,  Joseph,  mention  of,  679. 

Minors'  League  of  Storey  co.,  organ- 
ization of,  etc.,  131-2. 

Miners'  Protective  association,  organ- 
iz'ition  of,  130. 

Mining,  Nev.,  geology  of  great  basin, 
1)4-7;  great  basin,  minerals  of,  20-1; 
g(dd  discovery,  1859,  80;  geol.  and 
coulig.  of  Conistock  lode,  92-3; 
early  gold  mining,  Nev.,  93;  the 
Gro.sch  silver  discov.,  1853,  90;  Corn- 
stock's  diseov.,  98  et  seq. ;  claims 
located,  103  et  seq  ;  Hardin's  dis- 
cov., 1819,  103-4;  Rues  s  Itiver  dist, 
103-4;  Potosi  dist,  104;  Washoe, 
name,  etc.,  104;  claims,  etc.,  105 
et  seq  ;  (piartz  law,  18.")9,  107-8; 
Cold  hill  mines,  109;  mills  and  pro- 
cesses, 110  et  seq.;  processes  and 
mauiiinery.  111  et  seq.;  timbering 
system,  etc.,  112  et  seq.;  tailings, 
processes,  etc.,  UOet  seq. ;  desoript. 
of  mining  terms,  121-2;  litigation, 
etc.,  122,  173;  laws,  127,  177; 
stock  board  organized,  1802,  129; 
stocks,  129  et  seq.;  temperature  of 


mine<i,  tibb',  130;  miners"  waives, 
i:iO  et  8c-<j.;  yield,  etc.,  1.32  ft  simj., 
8t4H:ks,  ri.sc  and  dt'iliiie  of,  137  et 
seq. ;  yield  of  Conistock,  1881,  140; 
Sutro  tunnel,  141  et  Kcq. ;  diqillis  of 
mines,  174  8;  g  'ol.  of  Conistock, 
149;  litigation  over,  173;  taxation, 
194;  mineral  prodiictioii.s,  etc.,  201; 
questionable  value  of  mines,  224; 
Oomstock  ethics,  225;  coal,  241  2; 
nii.scellaneous  minerals,  242  3; 
Kee.se  river  mines,  205;  mineral 
land,  253;  White  Pino  mines,  277  9; 
Eureka  CO.,  2.SI  2;  yiidd,  283;  Es- 
meralda county,  2.59;  Elko  county, 
27.5  0;  Lincoln  co.,  271;  miners' 
union,  304;  legislation,  18S7,  318, 
320;  Colorado  geology,  330  2; 
iiiiiieral.s,  332-3;  gold  discoveries, 
]8."»2,  31>3  et  seq.;  prospecting 
cxiHids,  'Mi  et  set].;  di.sappointed 
golil-.seekers,  1859,  374-5;  gold  dis- 
coveries, 18.'>9,  370;  <lregory's  dis- 
covery, 377-9;  laws  adopted,  18.59, 
378;  yield  an.l  Hnd.s.  1859,  379; 
mines  of  Cilpin  county,  map,  380; 
other  Hnils,  18.>9,  381  et  secj.;  .itC.'al. 
gulch,  etc.,  1S(»0-1,  390-7;  mining 
ditch,  18.59.  397;  mills,  etc.,  l.S(iO, 
398;  pro<luction,  18.59-tiO,  419; 
placers,  production  and  decline 
of,  4-82;  quartz-mills,  483;  processes, 
484;  yield,  4H4  5;  silver  discov., 
48.5-6,  492;  Colorado  Smelting  co., 
4<8<»;  le.id,  480-7;  management  of 
mines,  488  9;  mines  and  mills,  494; 
San  Juaa  mining  dist,  map,  etc., 
49.5;  diamonds,  497;  surrender  of 
Ute  reseo'e,  50i ;  mining  in,  .501-3; 
Cal.  gulch,  new  discov.  in,  504  et 
seq. ;  snieltiug,  50S;  miners'  strike, 
513;  smelters,  Leadville,  1879,  510; 
pros|»ectmg,  Ciunni.son  country,  510 
et  seq  ;  coal  di.scov.,  1877,  522  3; 
silver  and  gold  discov 's,  1879,  .523; 
g;<dogy  of  <tunnison  mines,  524; 
ii.itioiial  mining  exposition,  51)5; 
Chadee  county,  581  DO;  Silver  ClilF 
dist,  .51H»  7:  Cilpiu  co..  010;  sum- 
mary of.  639  40;  yieM.  188(1  7.  045; 
Wyomin;»  geology.  (>03;  Do  Sinet's 
gold  <liscov..  6S0  7;  early  prosiioct- 
ing,  695;  gold  discov.  by  RcviioMs. 
etc.,  700:  gold  discov..'  1807,  730; 
onartz.  7.33:CMstvr'sniiner.il  report, 
773;  Black  hilU,  attenqits  to  mir- 
cha.se.  etc.,  774  et  seq.;  coal,  785. 

Mint.    Xev.,    founding,   etc.,  of,  314; 
<  'olorado,  428. 

Mirage,  Nev.,  mention  of,  5. 


823 


INDEX. 


I  ', 


Missionaries,  Wyo.,  18.14-9,  G85-6. 

Missouri  Fur  co.,  077-8. 

Mitchell,  H.  K.,  iiiuiitioii  of,  142;  do- 

fc'iitof,  oluctioii,  18(i«,  188. 
Mott'iitt,  1).  H.,  l>iog.  of  572. 
Mojavus,   Iiuliaiis,    (Purees'    visit  to, 

28-1). 
Mdiiiihan,  I)(^ano,  Iiiog.  of,  801. 
Monetary  ciiiiiinissioii,  Nuvailu's  share 

ill.  I'.)8ets(>(i. 
Monhcimur,  J.  H.,  h'u^^^,  of,  623. 
Moiitroso  county,  Colo,  liist.    of,  G28. 
Moonlight,  (jrov.  T.,  aiip'tinent,   etc., 

of,  7">4. 
Moore,  M.  K.,  l>iog.  of,  58(5. 
Morgan,  ('.  S.,  hiog.  of,  801. 
Morgan.  <r.  T.,  hiog.  of,  800. 
Morgan.  T.  (}.,  hiog.  of,  2(50. 
Morgivn  exiiioring  expcd.,  (57. 
Monniin  hattalion,  Colo,  S57-9, 
Mormon  cave,  Ncv.,  doscript.  of,  4. 
Mormons,  N<iv.,  settlements  of,  0."»-6, 

(58;  ill  Carson  valley,  78;  exodus  of, 

80;   discov.  of  I'otosi    mines,    104; 

legislation    against,  317;  in    Wyo- 
ming, ()04,  C'J(5. 
Morrisites,  Wyo.,  703. 
Morrison,    Hun.    H.,    biog.,    etc.,    of, 

31(5. 
Morrison,  J.  H.,  biog.  of,  384. 
Morrison,  S.  B.,  biog.  of,  384. 
Morrissey,  J.  1>.,  biog.  of,  508. 
Mott,  JuilgefJ.  N.,  aijp'tinent  of,  157, 

l(5(i;  elected  delegate  to  cong.,  18C2, 

17(>;  resignation  of,   173. 
Mottsvillc,  mention  of,  72. 
Mount  Vernon,  founding  of,  380-1. 
Mountain  City,  foumling  of,  382. 
Moynahau,  James,  biog.  of,  573. 
Munkers,  (1.  W.,  biog.  of,  728-9. 
Murat,  H.,  biog.  of,  371. 
Murdock,  N.  E.,    mention   of,  254. 
Murphy   company   in  Nevada,  1844, 

50  CO, 
Murphy,  M.  H.,  mention  of,  795. 
Mus.'scr,  Delegate   J.  .1.,  election  of, 

9;). 
Myers,  J.  W.,  biog.  of,  78(5. 


N 


Nagle,  E.,  biog.  of,  80C. 

N.i'iu's  of  persons(earlypioncers,  etc.), 
Nev.,  nieiidier  of  terl  gov't  meet- 
i-vr  1S."7,  82:  committors  for  govt, 
IS.vS.  83;  oflRoials  .and  candidates, 
fl'ction  1858.  85;  early  settlers, 
80:  minim;  locators  ui>  to  Sept., 
18.")9,    105-6;    locators    OoUl    Hill 


mines,  109;  councilmcn,  rr])reson- 
tiitives,  etc.,  1801,  l.')H  0;  18(523. 
177;  county  coiiiinissioners,  1 8(5 1  2, 
1(52;  Lake  co.  otficiTs,  1(54;  ('arly 
Bchool-tcaciiers,  etc.,  1(58;  nieiiil>ers, 
state  conven,  etc.,  ISOIJ,  179;  I8(!4; 
180;  volunteer  otticers,  ISO;;,  IH|  2; 
state  otJicers,  18(54,  184;  I8(i8  70, 
189  90;  1874-.">,  191-2;  1878  9. 
193  4;  members  legisl.,  18(>,"),  185; 
Uriiisby's  linlian  rangers,  209  et 
scq.;  roadand  railroad  owners,  etc., 
232-3;  railroad  incorporator.-*,  238  et 
8e(j. ;  stock-raisers,  247-8;  clergy- 
men, 293-301;  Colorado  members 
E.scalante's  explor.  party,  339  40; 
rosidoiita  of  I'ueblo,  184(5-7,  3.">8; 
early  prospecting  parties,  3(54  et 
8C(|.;  Cherokeo  prospj-cting  party, 
18.")8,  3(54-5;  founilers  of  l)env(!r, 
3(59;  mine  discoverers,  18.59,  ;579; 
town  founders,  1S.">9,  .381 ;  Arkansas 
valley  settlers,  387  et  sec|. ;  Colorado 
city,  town,  co.,  389  90;  Canon  city 
founders,  ."iOI^;  Fremont  co.  set- 
tlers, 394;  Pueblo  pioneers,  394  5; 
rosideuu  Cil.  gulch,  18(i0,  39(5; 
pioneers  at  (rranito,  .397;  county 
commissioners,  etc.,  18.59,  402;  con- 
stit.  convention  (lelegates,  18(iO, 
405;  ter.  officials  of  Jefiersoii,  18(50, 
4015;  ter.  officers,  18(»1,  413;  grand 
jury,  1801,  414;  members  jegi.sl. 
18(51,  41(5;  councilmcn  2il  session, 
420;  members  constit.  conven., 
18.54,  431;  187(5,  433;  judiciary, 
18(55-75,  4.39-40;  187(5,  415(5;  other 
state  olficiaU,  etc.,  440-3;  state 
officers,  187(5,  444  5;  188(5,  (547;prc.s. 
electors,  1884,  4.'J2;  the  Sand  creek 
participants,  407;  immigrants  to 
Montana,  483;  mines  and  mill 
owners,  483-4;  silver  discoverers, 
49li-4;  bankers,  and  officials  of 
Leadville,  511-12;  explorers  of 
(lunni.son  co.,  51(5  etse(|. ;  journal- 
ists, 527-32;  Denver  officials,  18GI, 
549;  Pioneer  association,  571;  i>ii>- 
neers  Boulder  co.,  575  80;  Chatfee 
CO.  pioneers,  583  et  8Pf|.;  Silver 
Cliff  ofiicials,  1879-81.  ,598;  Gilpin 
CO.  pioneers,  615;  settlers  Oolden 
city,  (520-1;  pioneers  of  Pueblo  en., 
633  at  seq.;  Wyoming.  Missouri 
fur  companv.  077-8;  early  trappr-rs, 
681;  milit.  offifori.  etc..  1847.  (589, 
698;  miners,  18(58,  7.32:  Chevenne 
fouudi^rs,  etc..  734 -.5;  Larainin  co. 
officials.  1867.  7.37;  ter.  oflii-iils, 
1869,    741;     mcinl>cr8    legis.    1870, 


INDEX. 


821 


,  :«)4  r,; 

I),    :«»(•); 

emiuty 

K)'_';  eon- 

i,     ISCiO, 

11,  KSttO, 

;    Hfiintl 

legisl. 

session, 

loiivcn., 

ilii'iary, 

■>;  other 

|<:   Htiito 

7 ;  I'l-cs. 

I  creek 

lUtS     to 

il    mill 

ivercrs, 
ials  of 
ers  of 
lurniil- 
18G1, 

ll;  pi'i- 

:iiatree 

Silver 

Gilpin 

lioluen 

lo    CO., 

ssnuri 

osn, 

Ivenno 

|i<>    CO. 

lli'i-ils, 

1870, 


743;  county  officiuh,  "41;  riieyeiinc 
otiieiiil.'i,  ISliy,  74t»;  judiciary,  747- 
8;  otlicials  tloyt  and  Tliaycr'H  a<l- 
iiiiiiist.,  7">l-'2,  tcr.  ofHcials,  1884, 
75<i;  oHicials  MoonliKlit'n  uUiuiiiiat. ; 
7.">4;  university  r.^geuts,  "til; 
]|leiiil)urs  Doaiiu  s  uxped.  1873,  7<><.l; 
Uinta  CO.  pioiiuers,  etc.,  784-15; 
Wind  river  valley,  787;  Carbou  Co., 
788;  Ciicyeniio  editors,  7!i8-l). 

Natrona  county,  Wyo.,  liiS. 

Nevada,  fjeneral  diseript.  of,  1  etsei]. ; 
origin  of  iiatne,  l!.'l,  l.">t);  earliest  ex- 
plorations of,  '26  et  8e<{. ;  Krst  Euro- 
pean in,  '21;  maps  of,  '27,  28,  :iO-(5; 
iinnii^ration  through,  54;  tirst  Het- 
tleinents,  184!),  (i.'i  (i;  or){anizittion 
of  Deserot,  (i(J;  organization  of  ter., 
etc.,  82  et  sec). ;  C'onistock  mines, 
02  et  8eq. ;  area  ami  Imundaries, 
151  et  He([. ;  organiziition  of  ter., 
18(il,  157;  election  18(il,  1.58;  ter. 
seal,  lUl;  the  silver  question,  198  et 
Be(j. ;  transportation,  etc.,  221)  et 
8e(|.;  general  condition,  1883-0, 
285;  finances  of,  1871-88,  310  et 
8e(].;  polities,  1862  et  secj.,  170; 
admission  as  state,  17!);  state  seal, 
180;  loyalty  to  union,  etc.,  1801-5; 
181  et  se(|. 

Nevada  Central  R.  R.,  238-9. 

Ncvaila,  Colo,  founding  of,  380-1. 

Nevada  silver  association,  organiza- 
tion of,  200. 

Nevada  and  Oregon  Narrow  Gauge  U. 
R.,  240, 

Nevers,  S.  A.,  biog.  of,  81. 

New  Mexico,  Colo  boundary  line, 
1868-9,  498-900. 

New  river,  see  Reese  river. 

Newspapers,  Nev.,  hist,  of,  169;  list 
and  founders  of,  .305-8;  Colorailo, 
527;  Leadville,  515;  Wyoming, 
■Sweetwater  mine,'  732;  Cheyenne 
Argus,  Leader,  and  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Stiir,  7.35;  Laramie  city,  794; 
Cheyenne,  798-9. 

Nickerson,  H.  G.,  biog.  of,  768. 

Nidever,  George,  explor.,  etc.,  of,  39  - 
41 ;  battle  with  Blackfect,  40;  with 
iShoshones,  42-3. 

Niles,  Surveyor  H.  W.,  election  of, 
18.54,  76. 

Noble,  Lieut,  defeat  of,  218. 

Noble,  Worden.  biog.  of,  732. 

Nomenclature,  Neviwia,  23. 

North,  Judee  J.W.,app't  d snrv.-gen., 
1861,  157-8;  app'tment  and  decis- 
ions of,  173;  resignation  of,  174. 

North  American  fur  co.,  679-80. 


pur- 


Northern  mystery,  mention  of,  32. 

Northiiigtoii,  B.  V.,  biog.  ot,  790. 

Nuckolls,  E.,  biog.  of,  ti'.'2. 

Nuckolls,  l>elegatu  S.  F.,  election  of, 
743. 

Nuestra,  >Sefto*a  las  Nieves,  Colo, 
Escalante  at,  ;140. 

Nye,  (Jov.  James  W.,  boundary  ad- 
dress of,  l.'>3;  ap|i'tment  of,  1.57; 
elected  senator,  180  7;  defeat  of, 
1873,  IIM)  I. 

Nye,  M.  C.,  mention  of,  47. 

Nye  CO.,  Nev,  hist,  of,  2o;>. 


O 


Oakcs,  D.  C,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  367,  .373 

et  seq. 
Obiston,  F.  F.,  biog.  of,  .592. 
O'Brien,  Maj.  N.  .J.,  biog.  of.  71.'>. 
O'Brien,  W.    S.,   ('on.    V  irginia   p 

chase,  Uii  et  seq.;  biog.,  135. 
O'Connor,  Dr  J.  W.,  biog.  of,  .584. 
Ogden,  P.  S.,   biog.  and  ex|iloratious 

of,  :«>-37. 
Ohmurtz,  Miss  Millie,  biog.,  584. 
Oil-basins,  Wyo.,  804. 
Old.s,  John,  mention  of,  7.3. 
Olds,  L.,  mention  of,  73. 
Oleriehs,  Harry,  biog   of,  801. 
'Ophir,' mine  discov.,  etc.,  of,  98  et 

seq.;    timbering  system  of,    113  et 

seq.;  lawsuits,  etc.,  of,  122  etseq,; 

yield,  1.32. 
Oregon  battalion,  689. 
Oregon   immigration,    route    of,    60; 

Scott- Applegate   co.,    62;    map    of 

route,  63. 
O'Riley,  Peter,  the  Comstock  di.scov. , 

100  et  seq.;  biog.  and  death,  107. 
Ormsby,  Maj.,  Indian  battle  of,  210; 

death  of,  211. 
Ormsby,  W.  M.,  memorial  of,  83. 
Ormsby  co.,   Nev.,    railroad  troubles 

of,  236  7;  hist,  of,  255. 
Oro  city,  Colo.,  see  Leadville. 
Osborn,  W.  B.,  biog.  of,  62(5. 
O.sburn,  .T.  A.,  member  Ophir  co.,  105. 
Otis,  H.  f!.,  frmiids  Central,  382. 
Ouray,  Ind.  chief,  biog.  of,  473. 
Ouray  co.,  hist,  of,  629. 
Outcalt,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  618. 
Overland  Telecraph  co.,  231. 
Overland  Traffic,  Colo,  398-400. 


Pacific  Coast  Pioneer  society,  305. 


S22 


INDEX. 


Pacific  Telegraph  co.,  Br)')-?. 
PauiticWdotl,  Luiulior,  aud  Fluino  co., 

288  !». 
Pudilltifnnl,    G.     F.,    acttloincnt     of 

Elko,  '270. 
Pail   Utus,   IiuIh,   hostilities  of,  1857, 

200  ot  8cq. ;  re8crviitioii  of,  221. 
Palmer,  J.  A.,  settlomont  of  Carlin, 

270. 
PattJO,  J.  M.,  Wyo.  lottery,  745. 
Pdliner,  (roii.W.  J.,  R.  U.  eatei'iirises, 

etc.,  of,  rw.'i-"),  (HH);  bin^.,  003-4. 
Paris  expofiitioii,  Nev.  mineral  spcci- 

mciia  at,  :{05. 
Park  CO.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  629. 
Parker,  C  M.,  bioj{.  of,  (>r)0-7. 
Parkinson,  Controller  R.  W.,  election 

of,  188. 
Parlis,  gold  discovd  by.  Colo,  .304. 
Parson.H,  prospecting  exped.  of,  ol9- 

20. 
Patio  mining  process,  descript.,  117. 
Patterson,  A.  H.,  biog.  of,  020. 
Patterson,  E.  H.  F.,  silver  discov.  of, 

4<J3. 
Patterson,    Delegate  T.  M.,  election 

of,    1874,   437;    defeat  of,  election 

1878,  44!>. 
Pattie,  biog.  of,  .S.')2. 
Patton,  R.  F.,  bravery  of,  710. 
Paul,   A.  B.,   sec.   sanitary  commia., 

182. 
Paul,  Henry,  biog.  of,  016. 
Pauly,  P.  J.,  biog.  of,  051. 
Payne,  Capt.,  battle  with  Ute8,474-7. 
Pease  CO.,  Wyo.,  boundary  of,  784. 
Peck,  (leo.,  biog.  of,  300. 
Penitentiary,  Nev.,    hist,  of,   314-15; 

Wyo.,  745. 
Peiirod,  Emanuel,  the  Comstock  f  a- 

cov.,  101  etseq. ;  mention  of,  107. 
Peurod,    Comstock,  &  Co.,   mine  of, 

etc.,  10.3. 
Peralta,  battle  at,  423. 
Pesse,    E.  L.,  defeat,  election   1878, 

750 
Peters,  T.  W  ,  biog.  of,  801. 
Petrified  forest,  Nev.,  4. 
Physical  features,  Nev.,  descript.  of, 

0  et  seq. ;  Colo,  323-4,  333-0;  Wyo., 

Or.!»-71. 
Pierce,  J.,  mention  of,  553. 
Pierson,  Capt.,  battle  with  Pali  Utes, 

200. 
Pierson,    O.  H.,   mention  of,  86,  90, 

108. 
Pigeon  rancho,  battle  at,  422-3. 
Pike,  Z.  M.,  e.xplorations  of,   344  et 

seq. 
Pike  8  Peak,  discDV.  of,  345. 


j  Pile,  fiov.,  prospecting  party  of,  500. 
I  Pioche,  F.  L.  A.,  mention  of,  272. 
I  Pioche,    Nev.,    settlement,    etc.,    of, 
272. 

Pioche  and  Bullion ville  U.  R.,  239. 

Pioneer  .Stage  line,  organization  of, 
227. 

Pitkin,  CJov.  F.  W.,  election  and  biog. 
of,  448;  defeat  of,  senatorial  election 
188:i,  451  2. 

Pitkin  CO.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  030. 

Pitt,  Thomas,  mention  of,  74. 

Placerville  and  Humboldt  Telegraph 
CO.,  230. 

Plans,  see  maps. 

Piayter,  J.  H.,  biog.  of,  024-5. 

Plumas  CO.,  Cal.,  jurisdiction  troubles 
of,  1(J4. 

Politics,  Nev.,  elections,  Carson  co., 
1854,  70;  LI,  Ksr.O,  78;  18.">9,  89- 
90;  1801,  158;  1802,  170;  for  state 
conven  1803,  177-8;  18(U,  180- 
4;  1800,  188;  1808  and  1870,  189; 
1874,  1912;  1870,  192;  187S,  193; 
1880.  203-4;  Mormons  and  anti- 
Mormons,  84-5;  state  convention, 
177  et  seq.;  party  Bi)lit,  178  9;  st.kto 
admission,  1804,  190;  1801-5,  181 
et  seq. ;  republicans,  Nev. ,  victory 
of,  1808,  189;  defeat  of,  1870,  189- 
91;  election,  1870,  192;  1878,  193; 
legislative  majorities  of,  198;  de- 
feat of,  20.3-4;  senatorial  elections, 
1805,  180-7,  1873,  190-1;  demo- 
crats, defeat  of,  1808,  189;  victory 
of,  1870,  189-91;  election,  1870, 
192;  1878,  193;  victory  of,  20.3-4; 
1880-7,  320-1;  Colorado  elections, 
at  Auraria,  1800,  403;  1802,  429; 
1874,  430-7;  1870,  442-5;  1878,  449; 
1884,  452;  1880.  047;  coaatit.  con- 
vention, etc.,  1800,  404  et  seq  :  re- 
publicans, victory  of,  election, 
1801,  410;  convention  1861,  415-10; 
politics,  18bl-80,  420-54;  demo- 
crats, organization  of,  1862,  429; 
victory  of,  1874,  430-7;  Wyoming, 
women's  rights  in,  740;  elections, 
time  fixed  fur,  748;  Laramie  countv, 
election,  1807,  737;  1870,  742-3; 
elections  for  delegate,  1870-84, 
749-50. 

Pollock,  I.  J.,  biog.  of,  623. 

Pomeroy,  Justin,  biog.  of,  785-6. 

Pony  express,  213,  228,  399. 

Population,  Nev.,  1800-1.  107  et  seq.; 
Lincoln  county,  273;  Colo,  census, 
1800.  414;  1870.  440;  Wyoming,  783. 

Post,  Delegate  M.  E  .  biog.  of,  734; 
election,  etc.,  of,  750. 


INDEX. 


823 


Potosi  Mining  co.,  litijtatioii  of,  173. 
I'liwuU,  in  tliu  (Jolu  divuruu  caHO,  74. 
I'owuU,  Maj.  J.  \V.,  cxiilor.  of  (Uui- 

iiJHon  country,  517;  Ind.   Wattle  of, 

725. 
Pray,  A.  W.,  mention  of,  2'A. 
I'refilo,  C.  S.,    important  advice  of, 

2.")2. 
Pulilic  liuililings,  Nov.,   314  ot  swi; 

Colo,  ()(M»-^8. 
Pueblo,    <.'olo,    ruHitlunta  of,    1840-7, 

;{.")8;  founding  of,  SSW-O;   hist,   of, 

(;.•«)  3. 
Puulilo  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  030. 
Piirslcy,  .laiiiuM,  gold  discov.  of,  347. 
Putnam,    C.    A.    V'.,    ducted    state 

printer,  litl. 
Pyramid  lake,   doscript.   of,   12;  dis- 
covery of,   1844j  58;  battlo  of,  20'J 

et  8c(|, 


Q 


seq. ; 

fnsus, 

,783. 

734; 


Quivira,  mention,  of,  32-3. 


R 


Railroad  builders'  fort,  cut,  733. 

Railroads,  Nev.,  232  et  seq.;  fares 
and  freights,  2;M-.");  interstiite  com- 
merce bill,  318-19;  business  and 
progress  of,  319-20;  Colo,  act  for 
survey,  1S53,  300;  beginning,  etc., 
of,  552  et  seq. ;  map,  550;  progress, 
1880-8,  640;  Wyo.,  construction, 
etc.,  of,  733,  804. 

RaynoMs,  Capt.  W.  F.,  explor.  of, 
705-0. 

Rector,  William,  map  of,  1818,  33-4. 

Red  Cloud.  Ind.  chief,  718,  769. 

Rudding,  John,  mention  of,  72. 

Reel,  A.  H.,  biog.  of,  800. 

Reese,  John,  mention  of,  07,  73;  trad- 
ing-post, etc.,  08-70;  bridge  fran- 
chise of,  72;  explor.  of  route,  75. 
lawsuit  of,  70. 

Raese  river,  origin  of  name,  24. 

Rcithmaun,  Eiiiile,  biog.  of,  054. 

Roithmann,  J.  J.,  biog.  of,  372. 

Reithmann,  L.  D.,  biog.  of,  372. 

Reitz,  Henry,  biog.  of,  372-3. 

Religion.  Nev.,  29.3-301;  Colo,  560-4. 

Reno,  Major,  Sioux  campaicn,  778-9. 

Reno,  Nev.  hist.,  etc.,  of,  255-6,  293, 
31.5. 

Republicans,  see  Politics. 

RevnohU,  Col,  explor.  of,   .361. 

Re/nolds,  Oen'l.  battle  with  Crazy 
Horse,  1876,  777. 


Reynolds,  James,  robberies  of,  1864, 

425. 
Reynolds,  Capt.   W.    K.,  (^\pll)r.    of, 

185':»,  699,  700. 
Rhodes,  L.  R.,  biog.  of,  055. 
Rico,  J.,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  (ill!{. 
Rieiiards,  J.  W'.,  biog.  of,  ,Sh5. 
Riuhanlson,  A.  1>.,  mention  of,  382. 
Richardson,  IS.,  (iunni.son  exped.  of, 

etc.,  619  et  seci. 
Rickman,  Robert,  mention  of,  47. 
Riley,  Capt.,  milit.  exptMl.  of,  351. 
Riling,  .loiiii,  biog.  of,  023. 
Riner,  C.  W.,  biog.  of,  805. 
Rio  IJuenaventura  mystery,  mention 

of,  3t. 
Rio  Grande  cou;'',   Colo,   hist,    of, 

032. 
Risciie,  biog.  of,  507. 
Rivers   (see   also  Pliysical  Keatmr"), 

Nev.,     d<  >  lipt.    <  '',    14-1(>-.     Colo, 

227-8. 
Roads,  Nov.,  1854,  -'27;  18.56-9,  232; 

Colo,  1859,  .397:  ^^■.vo.,  699. 
Robinson,  Lymiu,  biog.  of,  507-8. 
Robertson,  N.,  biog.  oY,  734. 
.".obison,     Cr.    B.,     assassination   of, 

448. 
Robinson,  Judge  R.,  app'd  boumlary 

comm'rs,  154. 
Roche,  Mayor,  closes  gambling  dens, 

649. 
Rock    Springs,    Wyo.,    riot    against 

Ciiineso,  1885,  753-4. 
Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Co.,  680-1. 
Rogers,  W.  B.,  biog.  of,  654. 
Rollanilet,  Eilward,  biog.  of,  655. 
Roller,  W.  W.,  biog.  of,  582. 
Rollins,  A.  J.,  mention  of,  71. 
Hooker,  Mrs,  at  Denver,  1858,  371. 
Rooney,  8.  R.,  mention  of,  293. 
Roop,  Gov.  S.,  election,  etc.,  of,  90; 

mention,  164. 
Roop  CO.,  Nev.,  descript.  of,  262. 
Rose,  J.  H.,  mention  of,  72,  78,  80-1. 
Rothwell,  Dr  E.  J.,  biog.  of,  657. 
Routes,  post,  in  Colo,  4,38. 
Routt,  Gov.  ,J.  L.,   appointment  and 

biog.  of,  4.37;  election  of,  1870,  444; 

disposal  of  school  lands,  447-8. 
Routt  CO.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  635. 
Rowell,  C.  J.,  biog.  of,  507. 
Roy.  H.  A.,  biog.  of,  799. 
Rudd,  Anson,  biog.  of,  393-4. 
Ruff,    Capt.    C.   T.,   establishes  Fort 

1  .  amv.  689-90. 
Russell.  W.  Cr.,  exped.,  etc.,  of,  364-5; 

journal.  ,373;  ?  iog.,  .379. 
Rns'.ell.  W    H  .  mention  of.  228. 
Rutledge,  T.  W.,  mentioa  of,  802, 


824 


INDEX. 


Kyan,  11.  T.,  1)iog.  of,  .'o9. 
Kyaii,  J.  J.,  Ijiog.  of,  G2G. 


Sabine  Iwuiulary,  arrangeni't  for,  343. 

Sa;;uiiche  co.,  Colo,  liist.   of,  G30. 

S.ila/a,  A.   A.,  biog.  of,  594. 

Salida,  town,  liist.  of,  584;  map  of  and 
vicinity,  585. 

Salomon,  F.  Z.,  mention  of,  371. 

Salt  Lake,  descript.  of,  11. 

Salt  Lake  City,  founders,  mention  of, 
()5. 

Sampson,  A.  J.,  biog.  of,  444. 

San  Fi'ancisco  Stock  and  Exchange 
Koanl,  organization  of,  18G'2,  I'Jt). 

San  Francisco  and  Washoe  R.  R., 
'233. 

San  Juan  co.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  636. 

San  Juan  mining  district,  map,  105. 

San  Miguel  co.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  637. 

Sanborn,  Oen.,  Ind.  treaty  of,  1865, 
468. 

Sand  creek  affair,  Colo,  468  et  seq. 

Sangree  do  Cristo  grant,  see  Beau- 
bien  grant. 

Sanitary  fund,  contributions  to,  Nev., 
18-2 

Santa  F.^  trail,  350-2. 

Sarpey,  1*.  A.,  biog.  of,  353. 

Sawyer,  E.  H.,  mention  of,  608. 

Schleier,  (!.  C,  biog.  of,  369. 

Schnitger,  (Justave,  biog.  of,  796. 

School  land.  Colo,  legisl.  on,  447. 

Schussler,  H.,  survey  of,  257. 

Scott,  J.  D.,  gold  discov.  of,  376. 

Scott  J.  H.,  mention  of,  71,  73. 

Scott,  Levi,  explor.  of,  62. 

Scott  Bluffs,  descript.  of,  693. 

Seal,  territorial,  Nevada,  161;  Colo, 
state,  418. 

Soars,  H.  I).,  mention  of,  76. 

Sears,  J.  P.,  biog.  of,  384. 

Sea,  inland,  Nov.,  supposition  of, 
10-11. 

Seavy,  M.  M.,  biog.  of,  385. 

Seaton  mine,  mention  of,  485. 

Serre,  M.,  in  Btmneville's  party,  681. 

Sessions,  D.  R.,  mention  of,  316. 

Sharon,  Senator  Wm,  withdraws  sen- 
atorial contest,  1873,  190-1;  elec- 
tion of,  1875,  191-2;  biog.  of,  204; 
R.  R.  built  by,  236-7. 

Shattuck,  J.  C.  biog.  of,  445. 

Sheldon,  M.,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  6.'13. 

Sheridan  co.,  Wyo.,  758. 

Sheridan,  (len.,  lud.  reserve  orders, 
1874,  774. 


Sheridan,  town,  hist,  of,  793. 

Sliermautown,  descript.  of,  280-1. 

Slierrer,  Jacob,  biog.  of,  654. 

Shosliones,  Indians,  Nidever's  battle 
with,  42  3. 

Shute,  Rufus,  biog.  of,  622. 

Sibley,  lien.,  milit.  movements  of, 
181)1,  421  ct  seq. 

Sides,  R.  1).,  CO.  treasurer,  18.54,  76. 

Sierra  de  la  Grnlla,  Escalante  names, 
340. 

Silver  congress,  Denver,  1885,  451. 

Simpson,  Capt.  J.  H.,  mention  of,  24, 
699. 

Sinclair,  William,  mention  of,  40-1. 

Sioux,  hostilities  of,  18.54,  IW;  Har- 
ney defeats,  1856,  710;  1867,  724; 
war  with,  1876,  777  et  seq.;  removal 
of,  781. 

Sitting  Bull,  Ind,  chief,  battle  with 
Crook,  June,  1876,  778;  Cu.ster, 
778-9;  in   British    iiossessions,  780. 

Six-mile  cailon,  mining  camps  in,  95. 

Skerritt,  Thoma.s,  bio},'.  of,  ;i84  5. 

Skull  valley,  origin  of  name,  23-4. 

Slack,  A.  K.,  biog.  of,  798. 

Slinjicrlauvl,  Lt-gov.  J.  S.,  election  of, 
188. 

Slough,  Col,  resignation  of,  423. 

Smedley,  Wm,   biog.  of,  6r)5. 

Smith,  A.  J.  mention  of,  4U2. 

Smith,  Capt.  E.,  mention  of,  750. 

Smith,  E.  B.,  biog.  of,  484. 

Smith,  H.  1'.  A.,  resolution  of,  404. 

Smith.  J.  R.,  biog.  of,  793. 

Smith,  J.  S.,  explorations  of,  .38  0. 

Smith,  Martin,  memorial  of,  1858,  8.3. 

Smith,  P.  L.,  biog.  of,  789. 

Smith,  Maj.  S.  P.,  Ind.  vict.  of,  220-1. 

Smith,  Wm,  Ind.  massacre  of,  768. 

Smoke,  Mrs,  mention  of,  371. 

Smythe,  S.  S.,  biojj.  of,  6.56. 

Sness,  Henry,  biog.  of,  6.55. 

Snyder,  A.  C,  mention  of,  800. 

Snider,  E.  N.,  biog.  of,  7IH). 

Snyder,  J.  R.,  mention  of,  60. 

Snyder,  J.  W.,  mention  of,  800. 

Society,  Nov.,  first  marriage,  ball,  and 
divorce,  73;  Mormon  plan  of,  18r)6, 
79;  gandding  penalties,  etc.,  18(il, 
162;  crime,  167,  171-2,  291-2:  Chi- 
nose,  292;  education,  21>2-3;  religion 
and  churches,  29.3-;Wl;  l>enevolent 
societies,  301;  fraternal  societies, 
302;  libraries,  303;  sciences,  3C5; 
newspapers,  30.5-8;  Colo,  crime, 
1860_3,  408-10,  112,  512-13;  general, 
567  70;  summary  of,  ti41-2;  Wyo., 
crime  and  vig.  committee,  Chej'- 
i     enne,  738. 


INDEX. 


825 


and 


18«il, 
I  Clii- 
Igiou 
jtlelit 
Itius, 
l3C5; 
iiiie, 
|ral, 

[>'»'•• 

liey- 


Rolomo.i.  Dr  J.,  biog.  of,  6.')7. 
Soi)ri.s,    Kteluu'il,   bug.,    t'tc,  of,  368, 

382. 
8uuth  IVss  city,  foiuKling  of,  731. 
Southartl,  S.iiiiuol,  biog.  of,  035*. 
Spiuliling,  C.  \V.,  nicntioii  of,  79.i. 
Spencer,  8aniiiel,  wan    -rings  of,  350. 
iSpickenian,  A.  H.,  mention,  &2'2. 
Spink,    Delegate    S.    L.,    eicction  of, 

I81>H,  739. 
SpringnioyiT,  Senator,  mention  of,  200. 
Sipiires,  Al.,  tnention  of,  73. 
iSt  V'rain,  (_'ol  C,  biog.,  3r)3. 
Sta,'e  lines,  Nev.,  1857-9,  227  etseq. ; 

Colo,  399-400. 
Stable,  E.  F.,  biog.  of,  805. 
Stallciip,  J.  C,  biog  of,  573. 
Standart,  S.  H.,  biog.  of,  573. 
Stanford,    Lelaud,   railroad  affairs  of, 

232. 
Stanley,  II.  If.,  biog.  of,  624. 
Stainbury,  t'apt.  H.,  mention  of,  695; 

ex  [dor.  of.  704. 
Stanton,  I.  N.,  V)iog.  of,  635. 
Statehoo.l,    Colo,   etfort.s    for,   1862-4, 

430-1;  adnii.-tsion,  4.32-3. 
Staril,  J.  H.,  Itiog.   of,  585-6. 
Stobbius,  Mart.,  mention  of,  81. 
Stedinan,  Dr  .\.,  biog.  of,  657. 
Steele,  (iov.  R.  W.,  biog.  of,  410. 
Steele,  Delegate  W.  K.,  election!)  and 

defeat  of,   1872  6.  749. 
Sti!iMl)erg(!r,  A.,  delegate  to  congres.-s, 

1858,  40.3. 
Steptoe,  Col,   mention  of,   24,  e.xplor. 

of,  1854,  :«;i. 

Steptoe  valley,  origin  of  name,  24. 

Stevens,  Elislia,  trip  tbnmgh  Nevada, 
59  -60. 

Stevens,  W,  H.,  mineral  discov.  of, 
.i04-5. 

Stevenson,  C.  C,  gov.  1886,  320-1; 
biog.  of,  321. 

Stewart,  Capt.,  Indian  victory  of,  213 
et  seq. 

Stewart,  Frank,  mention  of,  100. 

Stewart,  Senator  \Vm  M.,  pre.s.  Sntro 
Tunnel  CO.,  142;  ntt'y  foes  of,  127: 
biog.,  etc.,  of,  174;  .secedes  from 
Union  party,  178-9;  election  of,  186.5, 
J  86;  1887,  320;  Idaho  annexation, 
317. 

Stiles,  Judge  G.  P.,  ap]iointinent  of, 
76. 

Stock -raising,  Nov.,  247;  Colo,  ."MS  et 
s(M|.;  first  attempts,  etc.,  cattle, 
543^;  grasses,  544;  laws,  545;  cat- 
tle companies,  545-6;  Bbeep  and 
wool,  54<)-7;  horses  and  mulea,  547; 
Wyoming,  802-3. 


.Stotldard,  mention  of,  793. 
.stone,  A.  W.,  judge,  1886,  440. 
Stone,  Judge    \V.    F.,    biog.    oi,  411; 

election  of,  446. 
Storey,  Capt.,  «leatli  and  biog.  of,  215. 
.Storey    county,     Nev.,     ib-»cri]it.   of, 

25«>-7;  R.  R.  trnublis  of.  236-8. 
Stowel,  C.  S.,  (piart/niill  of.  494. 
Stmit,  W.  W.,  biog.,  et.-.,  of,  633. 
Streeter,  Judge  Kii'iizi,  biog.  of,  ().">0. 
Strike,  Denver  &  R.  C.    R.  :    ,  IS8.">, 

453. 
Strock,  D.  I).,  biog.  ..f,  615. 
Sublette,  \V.,  ni.iitii.n  of,  40,  68.3. 
Sully,  Gen.  A.,  Indian  victories,  18;»4, 

714. 
Summit  county,  Colo,  hist,  of,  637. 
Sumner,  E.  C  bi<'g.  of,  3.S5. 
.Sumner,  Col   E.  V.,  defeats  the  Chey- 

ennes,  71 1-12. 
Sunderland.  T.,  mention  of,  236. 
Sutro,   Adiilph.   organiuitiiiii,   etc.,  of 

.Sutro   tunnel,    141    et   see).;  defeat, 

senatorial  contest,  lvS75.  191-2. 
.Sutro  tunnel  co.,  organi/.ati(:n,  hist., 

etc.,  of,  141  et  seij, 
Swan,    Delegate   A.    H.,  election  and 

biog.  of,  7.50,  800. 
Swan,  W.  R.,  biog.  of.  8a".  6. 
.Swa.sey,  W.  F.,  mentmn  of,  60. 
.Sweetwater    co.,  Wvo..    name,     744; 

hist,  of,  786. 
.Svmes,    G.    li.,    congressman,     1S84, 

449 


Tabor,  Senator  H.  A.  W,,  at  Cal. 
gulch,  !84i0.  :«Hi:  wialth  of,  .')07: 
'>iog.  of,  508-9;  eleetetl  lieut-gov., 
448. 

Tahoe,  lake,  descript.  of,  13;  origin 
«.f  name,  24-5. 

TallM)t,  TiieiMlore,  mention  of,  62. 

Taleott,  M.,  mint  ral  dis.-ov.  of,  264. 

Taylor.  D.  C.  biog.  of.  (i.'a. 

Telegraph,  Xev.,  18<;i,  2:{0;  1863-6, 
231;  Colorad...  .*>.V»-8. 

Teller,    .Senator    H.    M..  election  and 
biog.  of.  445;  app't'd  See.  of  Inte- 
rior, 451;  Ind.  .x'Tvice  of,  4«»3. 
'  Ttrritori.al  organization  (.see  also  gov- 
!      ernmcnt  and  polities),  Culo.    IH(')1. 
413;  Wye,  efforts  for,  739;  admis- 
I      sion,  740. 

Terry,  Gen.,  Sonx  campaign,  778. 

Tcschmacher,  H.  E.,  biog.  of,  801. 

Thatcher,  Justice  H.  C,  election  and 
biog.  of,  445. 
I  Thayer,  Gov.  J.  M.,  app'tm't  of,  750. 


INDEX. 


Thomas,  John,  mention  of,  09. 
Tlioiiias,  Kufus,  nieiitiou  of,  09. 
TIk.iiiI.s,  1'.  U..  l),og.  of,  ii:V2. 
TlioHipsoii,  AUt'ii,  biog.  of,  805. 
Tlioinpsoii,  H.  8.,  mention  of,  90. 
Thompson,  .T.  A.,  stage  line  of,  227. 
Tlioiiipsoii,  ^Tnics,  mention  of,  100. 
Tluirnburg,    C.ipt.,    deatli,    etc.,    of, 

474-7. 
Tiioriiburg  battle-gronntl,  map,  475. 
Tliornton,  H.  I.,  mention  of,  191. 
Tlsorriiigton,  W.   B.,  mention  of,  73; 

exeeutiiin,  etc.,  of,  84. 
Tilton,  Virginia,  Virginia  City  named 

for,  108. 
Tiinpanogos  river,  descript.  of,  15. 
Tooele  CO.,  creation  of,  7'J. 
Topograpliy,  great  basin,  descript.  of, 

1  et  se(j. 
Towns,  \ev..  founded  by  Mormons, 

1850,   79;   hist.,  etc.,  2.53  et   seq. ; 

Colo,    birth    of,    ;i80-2;     founded, 

1880-7,  044. 
Tiiwnsund,  U.  S.  marshal,  mention  of, 

427. 
Trading  posts,  Nev.,  00  ct  seq. ;  Colo, 

354-0. 
Treasure  City,  descript.  of,  2S0. 
Trefen,  Rev.  .1.  L.,  Methodist  Mining 

CO.,  295. 
T.itle,  F.  A.,  defeat  of,  1870,  ISK). 
Truckee  river,  mention  of,  10. 
Tucker,  A.  \V.,  biog.  of,  015-10. 
Tucker,  L.  K.,  Leadville  riot,  514. 
Tucker,  expUir.  of,  3SS. 
Tutly,  (t.,  treasurer,  322. 
Tullofli,    James,    mining    convention 

of.  118. 
Turner,  .TuilgeG.,  app't'd  chief  just., 

ISOl,  157,  lOt!;  resign'.ition  of,  174. 
Tutt,  Lieut  J.  W.,  mention  of,  207-8. 
Tuttle,  J.  E.,  biog.  of,  800. 


u 


Uinta  CO.,  Wyo.,  creation  of,  744; 
hist,  of,  784-0. 

Uintah  mount;iins,  descript.  of,  8. 

I'ncompahgre  agency,  map,  478. 

UucompaliL're  co.,  see  Ouray  co. 

Union  Paoitic  R.  R.,  Colo,  552. 

Unionville,  Ncv.,  founding,  etc.,  of, 
203-4. 

United  Str'^esanl  Mexico  Telegraph 
CO.,  557-8. 

T/tah  lake,  descript  of,  12. 

I'rah  territory,  division  of,  72. 

Utah,  western,  see  Nevada  and  Car- 
sou  CO. 


Utc  reservation,  treaty  releasing  por- 
tion, 1873,  301. 

Ute  Inds,  removal  of,  etc.,  450;  ter- 
ritory tribes,  etc.,  of,  470;  raids 
of,  etc.,  1803,  471;  councils  with, 
1805-0,  471  2;  treaty  and  head 
chief,  1808-75,  472;  devastations, 
etc.,  of,  1870,  473;  war  with,  474- 
8;  Thoridturg  battle-jiround,  map, 
475;  treaty,  1878,  479-81. 


Van  Deron,  A.  J.,  biog.  of,  484. 
Van   Sickle,  Henry,   mention  of,  73, 

70. 
Valleys,  Colo,  329. 
Verendrcy,  8.  De  la,  exped.  of,  1743- 

4,  074. 
\'ickers,  W.  B.,  mention  of.  347. 
Vidal,  Louis  P.,  biog.  of,  787. 
Vigilance  committees,  see  Crime. 
Virginia  City,  foundinir,  etc.,  of,  108; 

population,   etc.,   107-8;   hist,    and 

descript.  of,  257. 
Virginia    Consolidated    Mining    co. , 

mill  of,   118;    hist,  of,  133  et  st^q.; 

output  of,   etc.,    137;    taxation  of, 

190. 
Virginia  and  Truckee  R.  R.  co,,  sub- 
sidy to,  etc.,  195,  230-8. 


W 


Wasatch  mountains,  descript.  of,  9. 
Waid,  O.  C.,  biog.  of,  800. 
Waldheinier,  M.  J.,  biog.  of,  573. 
Walker,    E.    T.,    democratic    rioter, 

t)49. 
Walker,  Capt.  R.,  trapping  exped., 

41,  44;  in  lionneville  party,  081. 
Walker,   Joseph,   party  of,  mention, 

02. 
Walker  lake,  descript.  of,  12-13. 
Walker  river,  descript.  of,  15. 
Walrod,  A..,  biog.  of,  307. 
Walsh,  James,  purchase  of  Comstock, 

mining  share,  etc.,  105-0. 
^Valton,  R.,  mention  of,  254. 
Wanless,  John,  defeat,  election  1870, 

719. 
Ward,  .Tudge  J.  .S.,  mention  of,  164. 
Warren,  Gov.  F.  E.,  app'tment,  etc., 

fif,  75,3-4;  bios;.,  754. 
Warren,  Lieut  *>.  K.,  explor.  of,  361, 

765. 
Wiirren,  (i.  W.,  mention  of,  254. 
Waahburne,  H.  D.,  explor.  of,  301. 


INDEX. 


Sl'T 


Wnshington  co.,  crecition  of,  72. 

Wiislioe  CO.,  Nev.,  hist,  ot,  255-6. 

Wasli'w  lake,  water.s  of,  14. 

Washoe  niiiie.s,  name,  104. 

Washoes,  Iml,  troubles,  etc.,  with, 
200-7. 

Wa.-i.-ion,  Warren,  Intl.  agent,  210. 

Water  rights,  Xev.,  mining  ami  other 
purposes,  IS.jo,  77. 

W.itkins,  R.  V..,  Iml.  l)attlo  of,  211. 

Watt,  CuUen,  l.iog.  of,  71*2. 

Wuatherlow,  Wm,  app't'd  Iml.  com- 
niis.,  201). 

Wo  1)1),  K.  H.,  biog.  of,  582. 

Webb,  .loseph,  mention  of,  72. 

Webber,  N.  T.,  biog.  of,  71)2. 

Weber,  Charles,  mention  of,  47. 

Weber  CO.,  creation  of,  72. 

Weber  river,  descript.  of,  15. 

Well,  secretary,  removal  and  death 
of,  427. 

WeM  CO.,  Colo,  hist,  of,  038. 

Wells,  K.  T.,  judge,  440,  445. 

Wills,  tJeo.,  'Book  of  Deetls,'  MS., 
101. 

W.lls,  .1.  H.,  biog.  of,  650. 

Wells,  K.  C,  mention,  022. 

\Vi.'ni)an,  .'Simeon,  biog.  of,  282. 

AVen/.'ll,  C.  H.,  biog.  of,  625. 

Wessels,  <ren.  H.  W.,  mention  of,  724. 

Western  Utali,  see  Nevada  and  Car- 
son CO. 

Westonn,  Eugene,  l)iog.  of,  394. 
Wiieaton,  Gen.,  Ind.  peace  proposals, 

( 1  (. 
Wheeler,  B.  A.,  biog.  of,  653. 
AViieeler.  B.  C,  biog.  of,  651. 
Wheeler,  F.  A.,  biog.,  02.S. 
Wheeler,   Geo.    M.,   e.xplor.  of  Colo, 

.•<62,  519. 
Whitakcr,  Bishop,  ciforts  to  promote 

education,  293. 
Whitcomb,  E   W.,  biog.  of,  800. 
Wiiite,  I).  D.,  mention  of,  483. 
White,  James,  the  Comstock  discov., 

101. 
White  Pine  eo.,  Nov.,  liist.  of,  277. 
AVhits.itt,  R.  E.,  biog.  of,  369. 
Wig'^in,  O.  P.,  biog.  of,  .353. 
Wilkinson,  Cen.,  Pike's  expcd.,  .344.  I 
William",  A.  J.,  biog.  of,  308;  men- 
tion of,  543. 
Williams,  B    r>,,  resolution  of,  404; 

election,  1861,  416. 
WMIiams.  Bill,  mention  of,  62.  \ 

M'illiams,  E.,  wanderings  of,  .3.tO.         j 
Williams,  Evan,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  223,  i 

•JIM). 
Williams,   Ezekiol,   explor,    of,    1807, 

670-7.  1 


]  Williams,  .1.  A.,  mention  of,  76. 

J  Wdliams,   T.    H.,    defeat,    senatoriid 

contest,  1874,  191-2. 
I  Williamson,  (1.  R.,  biog.  of,  369. 

Wilson,  A.  D.,  explorations  of  Colo, 
i      499^ 

I  Wilson,  B.  F.,  biog.  of,  269. 

Wdson,  C.  F.,  biog.  of,  623. 
I  Wilson,  P.  .S.,  biog.  of,  ().")2. 
;  Wilson,  W.  8.,  biog.  of,  266. 

Winnemucca,    Inil.    chief,  208;   trou- 
bles with,  219-20. 

Wiiuiemucca  lake,  descript.  of,  13. 

Winuemuccas,  Inds,  hostilities  of,  L09 
ot  serj. 

Winteruotham's  History,  mention  of, 
33. 

Winters,  J.  D.,  the  Comstock  discov., 
101. 

Withrow,  Chase,  biog.  of,  615. 

Witter,  Daniel,  biog.  of,  572. 

Wolfskdl  party,  mention  of,  .39. 

Womack,    S.    P.,    discov.   of    Seatoi) 
mine,  493. 

Wood,  F.  J.,  biog.  of,  589. 

Woodburn,   W.,    congressman,    1886, 
320. 

Woodruff,  J.  D.,  biog.  of,  787. 

Woodward,  mail  contract  of,  226. 

Woodward,  A.,  mention  of.  (19. 

Wooten,  R.,  mention  of,  371. 

Workman,    .1.,  wanderings  of,  350-1. 

Worrall,  C.  C.,  biog.  ot,  656. 

Worthington,    Congressman    H.    (.'<., 
election  of,  184. 

Wren,  Thos,   defeat,  senatorial  elec- 
tion, ISSO,  204. 

Wright,  A.,  biog.  of,  576. 

Wright,  AVm,  writings  of,  95. 

Wyeth,    N.   J.,    trapping   exped.    of, 
682. 

Wynkoop,  Major,  recovers  Ind.  pris- 
oners, etc.,  464-5. 

Wyoming,  hist,  of,  659  ct  scq.;  boun- 
daries and  fiurfaco,  6.")9-71;  early 
explor.  of,  ()72  et  se([. ;  settlement 
and  prospecting  for  gold,  694;  po- 
lit.,  sociid,  and  material  a*l'airs, 
73f)  et  sc'((.;  railroads,  7.33;  name 
and  admission  of,  IStiH,  740; 
finances  of,  755;  education.  7()1;  re- 
sources and  development,  186S-.S8, 
783  ct  so(|. 

Wyoming  Development  cc,  776,  799- 
8C2. 

Y 

Yamajabs.  sec  Majaves. 
Yates,  J.  E.,  biog.  of,  795. 


828 


INDEX. 


Yellow  hills,  .Jescript.  of  8 
J  e   ow«t.,ne  lake,  ,Uer  pt .  G65 
Vellow«to«e  national  pa/k.;nrp%tc.. 
Vellowstone  river,  deseript    6(34 
iW,  in  Uyonung,  1848,  G94. 


YounffL.  M..  mention  of.  73 
\ou«ker,J.T.,biog.  of.  366-7. 


Zweck,  George,  biog.  of,  649. 


,  73. 

im-7. 


49. 


